propagatev.

Brit.

/ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/, U.S.

/ˈprɑpəˌɡeɪt/

Forms: 1500s–1600s propogate (probably transmission error), 1500s– propagate, 1600s propagat, 1700s propogate (past participle, probably transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 propagat, pre-1700 propogat (probably transmission error), pre-1700 1700s– propagate.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin propāgāt-, propāgāre.

Etymology: < classical Latin propāgāt- (also prōpāgāt-), past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of propāgāre (also prōpāgāre) to reproduce (plants) by means of layers or slips, to produce (offspring), to perpetuate, to prolong, to enlarge, extend < pro- pro- prefix¹ + pag- , stem of pangere to fix, fasten, set, plant (see page n.²). Compare classical Latin propāgin- , propāgō (also prōpāgin- , prōpāgō ) layer (especially of a vine), shoot or slip from which a new plant is produced. Compare Middle French, French propager (1480 in estre propagié de ; subsequently from 1752), Spanish propagar (early 15th cent. or earlier), Portuguese propagar (1582), Italian propagare (a1492). Compare earlier propagation n.

a. transitive. To produce (offspring); to cause (a plant, animal, etc.) to reproduce or multiply; to cause (a race, species, etc.) to continue in being by procreation. Also: to produce (a new individual) by natural processes from a parent stock, seed, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)]

kenc825

begeteOE

strenec893

raisec1175

breeda1250

kenec1275

felefolda1300

engendera1325

tiddera1325

multiplyc1350

genderc1384

producea1513

procreatea1525

propagate1535

generate1552

product1577

kind1596

traduce1599

pullulate1602

traduct1604

progenerate1611

store1611

spawna1616

spawna1617

reproduce1650

propage1695

to make a baby1911

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (reflexive)]

publishc1384

propagate1535

propage1695

1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace vi. f. 17^v He deserued also by the transgressynge of the sayd commaundemente: to propagate all his succession in flesshely luste, in whiche also and with whiche euery man afterwardes hath ben conceyued & borne.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Di/2 To Propagate, propagare.

1597 J. Lyly Woman in Moone sig. A ii.^v We craue fayre goddesse..A sure and certaine meanes among our selues, To propagate the issue of our kinde.

1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. ix. 42 Hee had many other sons propagated from seuerall women.

a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 117 To plant, and propagate a Vine.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 101 The Conjunction of Male and Female is founded upon the great Law of Nature, in order to propagate and continue the Species.

1733 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. at Rubus All the other Sorts are propagated from Suckers in the same Manner as the Garden Raspberries.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 271 Men..are often content to propagate a race of slaves.

1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 42 Pigeons..can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate.

1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. iv. 165 Tea is propagated from seed, which may be sown in nurseries.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 10/1 The cell cultures were..trypsinized and propagated in new flasks.

1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food xxi. 652 The strawberry propagates itself by runners straggling over the surface of the soil, and putting down roots.

b. intransitive. To produce offspring; to breed, reproduce, multiply.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (intransitive)]

teemOE

tidderOE

breedc1200

felefolda1300

fructifya1325

creasec1380

multiplyc1390

engendera1400

fawn1481

procreate1576

propagate1601

generate1605

spawn1607

pullulate1618

populate1625

reproduce1650

prolify1660

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. Catal. Words Art Propagat, to grow and encrease, after the manner of Vine braunches, which being drawne along in the ground from the motherstock doe take root.

1640 T. Nabbes Bride i. i T' increase And propagate was the best end of marriage.

1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 54 Fix'd like a Plant on his peculiar Spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot.

1772 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. I. 35 Small and tame animals breed fast, whereas the large and carnivorous ones propagate very slowly.

1858 C. Rossetti From House to Home ix Fat toads were there to hop or plod And propagate in peace.

1896 L. H. Bailey Survival of Unlike iii. 102 It is abnormal for plants to propagate by any such means!

1969 J. Gaskell Sweet Sweet Summer 145 We are all propagating like mad.

1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 156/1 They..form immotile coccoid vegetative cells, and propagate by motile elongated asexual zoospores.

†c. transitive. To grow or yield as produce. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > yield or produce naturally

fruita1382

engendera1393

breeda1398

gendera1398

yielda1400

proferc1425

to bring out1545

generate1563

produce1585

brooda1625

to send forth1626

propagate1699

pan1873

1699 W. Dampier Voy. & Descr. i. vi. 116 The greatest part of the Island of Sumatra propagates this Plant [sc. pepper].

†d. transitive. To people with a race or progeny. Cf. propagation n. 1b. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > [verb (transitive)] > with offspring

propagate1784

1784 Unfortunate Sensibility II. 155 It has always appeared to me ridiculous for people who propagate the world with nothing but miserable dependents, to make any rejoicing at their birth.

†a. transitive. To extend; to make bigger, enlarge; to make longer in duration, prolong. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (transitive)]

broada1250

room?1316

enlargec1380

largea1382

magnifya1382

alargec1384

spreada1387

amplify1432

brede1440

expanse1477

ampliatea1513

dilate1528

propagate1548

widen1566

explicate1578

expatiate1603

diduce1605

engross?1611

dilatate1613

biggen1643

promote1652

intend1658

expand1665

to run out1683

amplificate1731

broaden1744

outstretcha1758

largen1869

big1884

the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (transitive)] > cause to endure, sustain, or prolong

lengOE

drawOE

teec1200

forlengtha1300

lengtha1300

drivec1300

tarryc1320

proloynec1350

continuec1380

to draw alonga1382

longa1382

dretch1393

conservea1398

to draw (out) in, into, at, or on lengtha1400

prorogue1419

prolongc1425

aroomc1440

prorogate?a1475

protend?a1475

dilate1489

forlong1496

relong1523

to draw out1542

sustentate1542

linger1543

defer1546

pertract1548

propagate1548

protract1548

linger1550

lengthen1555

train1556

detract?a1562

to make forth (long, longer)1565

stretch1568

extend1574

extenuate1583

dree1584

wire-draw1598

to spin out1603

trail1604

disabridge1605

produce1605

continuate1611

out-length1617

spin1629

to eke out1641

producta1670

prolongate1671

drawl1694

drag1697

perennate1698

string1867

perennialize1898

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xii He had neyther occasyon by any iust tytle to inuade the duchy of Briteyne, nor yet any displeasure mynistred to hym.., but onely to delate, amplifye and propagate farther his aucthoritie, domynion and possession.

1598 G. Chapman in tr. Homer Seauen Bks. Iliades To Most Honored The matter whereon she works too passiue & drossie to propagate her earthlie residence to eternitie.

1608 G. Chapman Trag. Duke of Byron iv, in Conspiracie Duke of Byron sig. N4 He..emploid it [sc. gold] To propagate his Empire.

1641 L. Roberts Treasure of Traffike 3 So when a Countrey is properly seated for traffik, and the soveraign willing, by forraigne Commerce to inrich his Kingdome, the Merchants advice is questionlesse best able to propagate the same.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 52 Not to enlarge it, by continuing, and propagating the War.

1704 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1896) X. 77 A person..Purchased severall lands, and propagated other Estate as Goods, Cattell, and Chattells.

b. transitive. To cause to grow in numbers or amount; to cause to increase or multiply. Now rare.Sometimes passing into sense 3a.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in amount, number, or frequency

manifoldeOE

multiplya1275

increase1382

plurify?a1425

advance1576

propagate1591

vie1605

mass-produce1923

1591 G. Peele Descensus Astrææ 4 Goddesse liue long, whose honors we aduance, S[t]rengthen thy neighbours, propagate thine owne.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. i. 184 Griefes of mine owne lie heauie at my hart, Which thou wouldst propagate to haue them prest With more of thine.

1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. iii. iii. 103 This practise therefore of acting Vices, doth onely propagate them, not restraine them.

1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 159 It is the very Nature of this Vice to propagate itself..in a way peculiar to itself.

1875 F. H. A. Scrivener 6 Lect. Text New Test. 5 The pernicious effects of this natural fault will propagate themselves rapidly.

1990 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 2 Dec. 56/5 The virus was being propagated during the diskette formatting process in Sydney.

†c. intransitive. To increase or multiply; to grow more numerous. Obsolete.Sometimes passing into sense 3b.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)] > in amount, number, or frequency

waxc897

increasec1315

multiplyc1330

spawnc1400

breed1600

propagate1653

proliferate1915

1653 W. Basse Pastorals & Other Poems in Poet. Wks. (1893) 272 The seede of Sin began as fast To propagate anew, as seede of men.

1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. ii. 53 As Heresie did propagate and increase.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 190/2 Begging Heremits first began to propagate here in England.

1721 J. Arbuckle Glotta 7 A Race of Heroes fam'd in Ages past; Oh, may their Virtues propagate, and last!

1820 R. Anderson Poet. Wks. I. 151 Now I'm a place, where men, where women meet, Lies propagate, enjoy a social treat.

1868 H. Law Beacons of Bible (1869) 34 [Sin] quickly propagates and fearfully extends.

a. transitive. To spread from person to person, or from place to place; to disseminate or promote (a belief, idea, practice, etc.); to spread (lies, scandal, etc.).

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > publish or spread abroad [verb (transitive)]

sowc888

blowc1275

dispeple1297

to do abroadc1300

fame1303

publyc1350

defamea1382

publisha1382

open?1387

proclaima1393

slandera1400

spreada1400

abroachc1400

throwc1400

to give outa1425

promote?a1425

noisec1425

publicc1430

noisec1440

divulgea1464

to put outc1475

skail1487

to come out witha1500

bruit1525

bruita1529

to bear out1530

divulgate1530

promulgate1530

propale?1530

ventilate1530

provulgate1535

sparple1536

sparse1536

promulge1539

disperse1548

publicate1548

forthtell1549

hurly-burly?1550

propagate1554

to set abroada1555

utter1561

to set forth1567

blaze1570

evulgate1570

scatter1576

rear?1577

to carry about1585

pervulgate1586

celebrate?1596

propalate1598

vent1602

evulge1611

to give forth1611

impublic1628

ventilate1637

disseminate1643

expose1644

emit1650

to put about1664

to send abroad1681

to get abroad1688

to take out1697

advertise1710

forward1713

to set abouta1715

circulate1780

broadcast1829

vent1832

vulgate1851

debit1879

float1883

the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (transitive)] > specific something immaterial

sowc888

forspreada1300

breathea1425

diffusea1425

transfusec1425

sparkle?1533

seminate1535

enlarge1553

propagate1554

disperse1576

proseminate1619

disseminate1643

infusea1672

overpass1679

to set abroad1688

vulgate1851

1554 Excellent & Right Learned Medit. sig. A.ii Thy most holy gospel, which..thou diddest geue vs, with such a Prince to propagate and set furth the same.

1589 G. Peele Farewell 6 To Armes,..With noble Norris, and victorious Drake,..To propagate religious pietie, And hewe a passage with your conquering swordes.

1657 tr. J. Buccardus Prayse of Peireskius in W. Rand tr. P. Gassendi Mirrour of Nobility 261 The Family of the Fabricii, had its Original from Pisa, from whence..it was propagated into France.

1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit (1693) 107 The Kingdom of Christ is preserved, carried on and propagated in the World.

1714 J. Swift Publick Spirit Whigs 21 These are the Opinions which Mr. St—le and his Faction..are endeavouring..to propagate.

1724 G. Berkeley Proposal supplying Churches 3 To propagate the gospel in foreign parts.

1782 Ld. Macartney Let. 23 Mar. in Private Corr. (1950) 36 It is industriously propagated that my casting vote alone carried the point.

1802 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 8 195 I have had the pleasure to propagate Vaccination so far as Bagdad.

1868 A. Helps Realmah (1876) xii. 327 Men who made and propagated false rumours.

1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 1129 Two Polish rabbis, who travelled extensively to propagate Sabbathaism.

1935 H. Read Green Child ii. 57 Voltaire was regarded as the arch-fiend who had first propagated Jacobin doctrines.

1961 K. Tynan Curtains i. 117 Bad propaganda plays occur when the idea being propagated is trite and too repetitively stressed.

2005 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 27 Aug. 22 It sets out to tear down the fabric of faith and accuses the clergy of propagating a lie down the centuries.

b. intransitive. To become more widespread; to spread or promote an idea, practice, etc. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (intransitive)] > be widespread or rife

walka1350

ragea1522

enrage1560

propagate1640

1640 W. Vaughan Church Militant 156 Charles after Broiles in this Ninth Age began Three Academes to found for the New-man, To propagate in France and Italy.

1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 23 A Religion that..did expand her self and propagat by simplicity, humblenesse, and meerly by a passive way of fortitude.

a1940 J. Wheelwright Coll. Poems (1971) 230 Poets aim at the head (they propagate, they agitate) but..they address through associations the quiet wisdom of the sentiment.

4. transitive. To spread or pass on (disease) to another individual.

ΚΠ

?1589 T. Nashe Almond for Parrat sig. E I followe the riuers of folly, whiles the fountaines of infection do propagate their poison.

?1631 W. Twisse Doctr. Synod of Dort & Arles 49 When a man, by defiling his body through incontinency, bringes some filthy disease upon him which he propagates to his posteritie, shall we say God imposeth this disease upon him?

1671 J. Tillotson Serm. iii. 135 Intemperance and Lust breed infirmities and diseases, which being propagated, spoil the Strain of a Nation.

1705 J. Pechey Whole Wks. Thomas Sydenham (ed. 4) i. ii. 7 Every Constitution is prone to propagate some other Diseases of Note at the same time more Epidemical.

1799 N. Webster Brief Hist. Epidemic & Pestilential Dis. I. ii. 39 We are not to conclude from this description that the disease is propagated by infection from person to person.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxvii. 349 It is then not syphilis, but the original morbid diathesis modified by syphilis which becomes propagated.

a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) ii. iv. 186 Early in the morning..malicious persons creep into the sleeping village, and stealthily make water at the doors of the houses of young men. Thus they propagate disease.

2002 J. Buckingham Leprosy in Colonial S. India vii. 175 The extent to which leprosy was propagated by contagion and inoculation was found to be ‘exceedingly small’.

5. transitive. To hand down from one generation to another; to pass on to one's children or descendants. Also in extended use. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > transmit > pass on > to offspring

propagate1592

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [verb (transitive)] > pass down through generations

propagate1592

1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (xvii.) f. 63^v Sinne like chaffe being propagated from the father to the son.

1608 T. Middleton Famelie of Love iii. i. sig. D2 When generous houses die, Or propagate their name with Bastardy.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 197 My low and humble name to propagate With any branch or image of thy state.

1684 I. Mather Ess. for Recording Illustrious Providences viii. 284 This vulgar probation..was first taken up in times of Superstition, being..propagated from Pagans to Papists.

1754 Bp. T. Sherlock Disc. (1759) I. iv. 142 These Follies were propagated from Father to Son.

1861 C. Darwin Origin of Species (ed. 3) ii. 46 It may..be doubted whether..great deviations of structure..are ever permanently propagated in a state of nature.

1998 Independent 29 May i. 1/5 Mr Russell said that errors like these are common in school science texts. ‘I call them textbook viruses: they get propagated from generation to generation.’

a. transitive. To extend the action or operation of; to transmit, convey, or spread (a wave, vibration, energy, etc.) in a particular direction or through a particular medium; to cause (a crack) to progress through a material. Usually in passive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > supply with energy [verb (transitive)] > transmit energy

propagate1656

transmit1664

the world > matter > physics > science of sound > sound-waves > emit, transmit [verb (transitive)]

propagate1656

transmit1833

scatter1955

the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > convey or transport > convey by a channel or medium > motion or energy

propagate1656

transmit1664

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > emission of light, radiation > radiate or transmit light [verb (transitive)]

diradiate1651

traject1657

transmit1664

eradiate1678

radiate1794

propagate1854

1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. iii. xv. 158 All Endeavour, whether strong or weak, is propagated to infinite distance; for it is Motion.

1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall xxvii. 207 The structure of the cover..through which the sound was propagated from the Watch to the Ear.

1799 J. Wood Elem. Optics (1811) i. 1 The vibrations of an elastic fluid are propagated in every direction.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxx. 406 It might be thought improbable that irritation, commencing in the kidney or in the bladder, should be propagated through sentient nerves to the spinal cord.

1854 B. Powell Pereira's Lect. Polarized Light (ed. 2) 8 Light emanates, radiates, or is propagated in straight lines.

1902 Science 19 Sept. 460/2 The wave motion along the [transmission] line..is strictly analogous to the wave motion propagated in the water.

1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat xv. 343 At one time it was thought that some medium must be postulated in which the waves are propagated, and so the whole universe was filled with the ether for this purpose.

1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 212/1 In notch brittle materials the notch or crack is propagated with great rapidity under sudden loading conditions.

1975 Nature 8 May 157/1 The flagellum of this organism propagates waves both distally and proximally.

1994 J. A. Williams Engin. Tribology 153 The local stresses become high enough to once again propagate the initial interface crack.

b. intransitive. To be propagated; to travel, progress, spread.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > forward movement > move forward or advance [verb (intransitive)]

wadeOE

agoOE

forthganga1000

forthgoOE

syeOE

kenc1275

to-stepc1275

vaunce1303

forthnima1325

passc1330

throc1330

forthpass1382

to pass forthc1384

to carry forthc1390

proceedc1392

to go alongc1400

to be forthwardc1430

get) groundc1436

to set onc1450

avauntc1460

pretend1481

to make way1490

advance?1507

to get forward1523

promove1570

to rid ground (also space)1572

to rid (the) way1581

progressa1586

to gather grounda1593

to make forth1594

to make on1597

to work up1603

perge1607

to work one's (also its) way1609

to pass on1611

to gain ground1625

to make its way1645

vadea1660

propagate1700

to gain one's way1777

further1789

to pull up1829

on1840

to make (up) ground1921

the world > movement > transference > [verb (intransitive)] > be conveyed through a medium

propagate1700

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > energy [verb (intransitive)] > be transmitted

propagate1700

1700 S. Parker 6 Philos. Ess. 51 It [sc. the Chimist's Fire] does not merely sustain it self, but propagates too, and diffuses upon the ruins of its neighbours.

1875 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 229/2 A tidal wave moves up and down, while it propagates in a horizontal direction.

1929 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Sept. 808 The flame propagates more rapidly through a suspension of powdered coal in air than through a similar ‘cloud’ of powdered semi-coke.

1943 F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. iii. 255 Waves of a variety of types may propagate down a wave guide.

1974 Sci. Amer. Jan. 38/3 In the nerves of both higher and lower animals it is the cell membrane that..enables the nerve impulse to be set up and to propagate.

1994 J. A. Williams Engin. Tribology 192 The median cracks propagate down into the bulk of the solid.

c. transitive (reflexive) with passive meaning. To be transmitted, conveyed, or spread in a particular direction or through a particular medium.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > energy [verb (reflexive)] > transmit

propagate1880

1749 Philos. Trans. 1748 (Royal Soc.) 45 505 Heat propagates itself even within Bodies.

1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xvii. 317 A narrow rent opened beneath his feet, and propagated itself through the ice.

1880 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 10 411 It was further examined whether..the so-called kathode-rays, do really propagate themselves only in straight lines.

1908 H. B. C. Sollas & W. J. Sollas tr. E. Suess Face of Earth III. iv. i. 4 Some kind of wave propagating itself freely through the crust of the earth.

1955 Physics & Chem. Life (Sci. Amer.) vi. 235 Much recent research has been done on the mechanism of the process by which the wave of excitation propagates itself.

1987 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 77 42 If it is assumed that light propagates itself instantaneously, there is no need to imagine the ray itself composed of discrete points along its length.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	propagate
释义	† propagateadj. Forms: late Middle English (in a late copy) 1600s propogate (probably transmission error), 1500s–1600s propagate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin propāgātus. Etymology: < classical Latin propāgātus, past participle of propāgāre propagate v. Obsolete. Begotten; born. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > [adjective] > begotten akennedeOE bikenneda1250 gottena1382 begottenc1384 engenderedc1425 bredc1440 procreate1449 propagate1543 procreated1552 progenerate1610 seminal1646 begot1691 proliferating1866 parented1904 1543 ( Chron. J. Hardyng (1812) 298 (MED) Brutus..Vnto his sonne, Locryne, fyrste propogate, He gaue Logres. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xxx Because he was propagate and descended of the house of Lancastre. 1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 160 A sprig of Rome's hierarchy, propagate by her ambition and deceit. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021). propagatev. Brit. /ˈprɒpəɡeɪt/, U.S. /ˈprɑpəˌɡeɪt/ Forms: 1500s–1600s propogate (probably transmission error), 1500s– propagate, 1600s propagat, 1700s propogate (past participle, probably transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 propagat, pre-1700 propogat (probably transmission error), pre-1700 1700s– propagate. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin propāgāt-, propāgāre. Etymology: < classical Latin propāgāt- (also prōpāgāt-), past participial stem (see -ate suffix³) of propāgāre (also prōpāgāre) to reproduce (plants) by means of layers or slips, to produce (offspring), to perpetuate, to prolong, to enlarge, extend < pro- pro- prefix¹ + pag- , stem of pangere to fix, fasten, set, plant (see page n.²). Compare classical Latin propāgin- , propāgō (also prōpāgin- , prōpāgō ) layer (especially of a vine), shoot or slip from which a new plant is produced. Compare Middle French, French propager (1480 in estre propagié de ; subsequently from 1752), Spanish propagar (early 15th cent. or earlier), Portuguese propagar (1582), Italian propagare (a1492). Compare earlier propagation n. 1. a. transitive. To produce (offspring); to cause (a plant, animal, etc.) to reproduce or multiply; to cause (a race, species, etc.) to continue in being by procreation. Also: to produce (a new individual) by natural processes from a parent stock, seed, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (transitive)] kenc825 begeteOE strenec893 raisec1175 breeda1250 kenec1275 felefolda1300 engendera1325 tiddera1325 multiplyc1350 genderc1384 producea1513 procreatea1525 propagate1535 generate1552 product1577 kind1596 traduce1599 pullulate1602 traduct1604 progenerate1611 store1611 spawna1616 spawna1617 reproduce1650 propage1695 to make a baby1911 the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (reflexive)] publishc1384 propagate1535 propage1695 1535 W. Marshall tr. Marsilius of Padua Def. of Peace vi. f. 17^v He deserued also by the transgressynge of the sayd commaundemente: to propagate all his succession in flesshely luste, in whiche also and with whiche euery man afterwardes hath ben conceyued & borne. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Di/2 To Propagate, propagare. 1597 J. Lyly Woman in Moone sig. A ii.^v We craue fayre goddesse..A sure and certaine meanes among our selues, To propagate the issue of our kinde. 1606 G. W. tr. Justinus Hist. ix. 42 Hee had many other sons propagated from seuerall women. a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 117 To plant, and propagate a Vine. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 101 The Conjunction of Male and Female is founded upon the great Law of Nature, in order to propagate and continue the Species. 1733 P. Miller Gardeners Dict. at Rubus All the other Sorts are propagated from Suckers in the same Manner as the Garden Raspberries. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 271 Men..are often content to propagate a race of slaves. 1859 C. Darwin Origin of Species i. 42 Pigeons..can be propagated in great numbers and at a very quick rate. 1929 H. A. A. Nicholls & J. H. Holland Text-bk. Trop. Agric. (ed. 2) ii. iv. 165 Tea is propagated from seed, which may be sown in nurseries. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 97 10/1 The cell cultures were..trypsinized and propagated in new flasks. 1992 A. Bell tr. M. Toussaint-Samat Hist. Food xxi. 652 The strawberry propagates itself by runners straggling over the surface of the soil, and putting down roots. b. intransitive. To produce offspring; to breed, reproduce, multiply. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > multiply or reproduce [verb (intransitive)] teemOE tidderOE breedc1200 felefolda1300 fructifya1325 creasec1380 multiplyc1390 engendera1400 fawn1481 procreate1576 propagate1601 generate1605 spawn1607 pullulate1618 populate1625 reproduce1650 prolify1660 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. Catal. Words Art Propagat, to grow and encrease, after the manner of Vine braunches, which being drawne along in the ground from the motherstock doe take root. 1640 T. Nabbes Bride i. i T' increase And propagate was the best end of marriage. 1733 A. Pope Ess. Man ii. 54 Fix'd like a Plant on his peculiar Spot, To draw nutrition, propagate, and rot. 1772 J. Priestley Inst. Relig. I. 35 Small and tame animals breed fast, whereas the large and carnivorous ones propagate very slowly. 1858 C. Rossetti From House to Home ix Fat toads were there to hop or plod And propagate in peace. 1896 L. H. Bailey Survival of Unlike iii. 102 It is abnormal for plants to propagate by any such means! 1969 J. Gaskell Sweet Sweet Summer 145 We are all propagating like mad. 1998 L. Margulis & K. V. Schwartz Five Kingdoms (ed. 3) ii. 156/1 They..form immotile coccoid vegetative cells, and propagate by motile elongated asexual zoospores. †c. transitive. To grow or yield as produce. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > [verb (transitive)] > produce or bring forth > yield or produce naturally fruita1382 engendera1393 breeda1398 gendera1398 yielda1400 proferc1425 to bring out1545 generate1563 produce1585 brooda1625 to send forth1626 propagate1699 pan1873 1699 W. Dampier Voy. & Descr. i. vi. 116 The greatest part of the Island of Sumatra propagates this Plant [sc. pepper]. †d. transitive. To people with a race or progeny. Cf. propagation n. 1b. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > [verb (transitive)] > with offspring propagate1784 1784 Unfortunate Sensibility II. 155 It has always appeared to me ridiculous for people who propagate the world with nothing but miserable dependents, to make any rejoicing at their birth. 2. †a. transitive. To extend; to make bigger, enlarge; to make longer in duration, prolong. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > expansion or enlargement > expand or enlarge [verb (transitive)] broada1250 room?1316 enlargec1380 largea1382 magnifya1382 alargec1384 spreada1387 amplify1432 brede1440 expanse1477 ampliatea1513 dilate1528 propagate1548 widen1566 explicate1578 expatiate1603 diduce1605 engross?1611 dilatate1613 biggen1643 promote1652 intend1658 expand1665 to run out1683 amplificate1731 broaden1744 outstretcha1758 largen1869 big1884 the world > time > duration > have duration [verb (transitive)] > cause to endure, sustain, or prolong lengOE drawOE teec1200 forlengtha1300 lengtha1300 drivec1300 tarryc1320 proloynec1350 continuec1380 to draw alonga1382 longa1382 dretch1393 conservea1398 to draw (out) in, into, at, or on lengtha1400 prorogue1419 prolongc1425 aroomc1440 prorogate?a1475 protend?a1475 dilate1489 forlong1496 relong1523 to draw out1542 sustentate1542 linger1543 defer1546 pertract1548 propagate1548 protract1548 linger1550 lengthen1555 train1556 detract?a1562 to make forth (long, longer)1565 stretch1568 extend1574 extenuate1583 dree1584 wire-draw1598 to spin out1603 trail1604 disabridge1605 produce1605 continuate1611 out-length1617 spin1629 to eke out1641 producta1670 prolongate1671 drawl1694 drag1697 perennate1698 string1867 perennialize1898 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VII f. xii He had neyther occasyon by any iust tytle to inuade the duchy of Briteyne, nor yet any displeasure mynistred to hym.., but onely to delate, amplifye and propagate farther his aucthoritie, domynion and possession. 1598 G. Chapman in tr. Homer Seauen Bks. Iliades To Most Honored The matter whereon she works too passiue & drossie to propagate her earthlie residence to eternitie. 1608 G. Chapman Trag. Duke of Byron iv, in Conspiracie Duke of Byron sig. N4 He..emploid it [sc. gold] To propagate his Empire. 1641 L. Roberts Treasure of Traffike 3 So when a Countrey is properly seated for traffik, and the soveraign willing, by forraigne Commerce to inrich his Kingdome, the Merchants advice is questionlesse best able to propagate the same. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 52 Not to enlarge it, by continuing, and propagating the War. 1704 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1896) X. 77 A person..Purchased severall lands, and propagated other Estate as Goods, Cattell, and Chattells. b. transitive. To cause to grow in numbers or amount; to cause to increase or multiply. Now rare.Sometimes passing into sense 3a. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (transitive)] > increase in amount, number, or frequency manifoldeOE multiplya1275 increase1382 plurify?a1425 advance1576 propagate1591 vie1605 mass-produce1923 1591 G. Peele Descensus Astrææ 4 Goddesse liue long, whose honors we aduance, S[t]rengthen thy neighbours, propagate thine owne. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet i. i. 184 Griefes of mine owne lie heauie at my hart, Which thou wouldst propagate to haue them prest With more of thine. View more context for this quotation 1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. iii. iii. 103 This practise therefore of acting Vices, doth onely propagate them, not restraine them. 1726 Bp. J. Butler 15 Serm. ix. 159 It is the very Nature of this Vice to propagate itself..in a way peculiar to itself. 1875 F. H. A. Scrivener 6 Lect. Text New Test. 5 The pernicious effects of this natural fault will propagate themselves rapidly. 1990 Sunday Mail (Brisbane) 2 Dec. 56/5 The virus was being propagated during the diskette formatting process in Sydney. †c. intransitive. To increase or multiply; to grow more numerous. Obsolete.Sometimes passing into sense 3b. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [verb (intransitive)] > in amount, number, or frequency waxc897 increasec1315 multiplyc1330 spawnc1400 breed1600 propagate1653 proliferate1915 1653 W. Basse Pastorals & Other Poems in Poet. Wks. (1893) 272 The seede of Sin began as fast To propagate anew, as seede of men. 1670 G. Havers tr. G. Leti Il Cardinalismo di Santa Chiesa i. ii. 53 As Heresie did propagate and increase. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 190/2 Begging Heremits first began to propagate here in England. 1721 J. Arbuckle Glotta 7 A Race of Heroes fam'd in Ages past; Oh, may their Virtues propagate, and last! 1820 R. Anderson Poet. Wks. I. 151 Now I'm a place, where men, where women meet, Lies propagate, enjoy a social treat. 1868 H. Law Beacons of Bible (1869) 34 [Sin] quickly propagates and fearfully extends. 3. a. transitive. To spread from person to person, or from place to place; to disseminate or promote (a belief, idea, practice, etc.); to spread (lies, scandal, etc.). ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > publish or spread abroad [verb (transitive)] sowc888 blowc1275 dispeple1297 to do abroadc1300 fame1303 publyc1350 defamea1382 publisha1382 open?1387 proclaima1393 slandera1400 spreada1400 abroachc1400 throwc1400 to give outa1425 promote?a1425 noisec1425 publicc1430 noisec1440 divulgea1464 to put outc1475 skail1487 to come out witha1500 bruit1525 bruita1529 to bear out1530 divulgate1530 promulgate1530 propale?1530 ventilate1530 provulgate1535 sparple1536 sparse1536 promulge1539 disperse1548 publicate1548 forthtell1549 hurly-burly?1550 propagate1554 to set abroada1555 utter1561 to set forth1567 blaze1570 evulgate1570 scatter1576 rear?1577 to carry about1585 pervulgate1586 celebrate?1596 propalate1598 vent1602 evulge1611 to give forth1611 impublic1628 ventilate1637 disseminate1643 expose1644 emit1650 to put about1664 to send abroad1681 to get abroad1688 to take out1697 advertise1710 forward1713 to set abouta1715 circulate1780 broadcast1829 vent1832 vulgate1851 debit1879 float1883 the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (transitive)] > specific something immaterial sowc888 forspreada1300 breathea1425 diffusea1425 transfusec1425 sparkle?1533 seminate1535 enlarge1553 propagate1554 disperse1576 proseminate1619 disseminate1643 infusea1672 overpass1679 to set abroad1688 vulgate1851 1554 Excellent & Right Learned Medit. sig. A.ii Thy most holy gospel, which..thou diddest geue vs, with such a Prince to propagate and set furth the same. 1589 G. Peele Farewell 6 To Armes,..With noble Norris, and victorious Drake,..To propagate religious pietie, And hewe a passage with your conquering swordes. 1657 tr. J. Buccardus Prayse of Peireskius in W. Rand tr. P. Gassendi Mirrour of Nobility 261 The Family of the Fabricii, had its Original from Pisa, from whence..it was propagated into France. 1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit (1693) 107 The Kingdom of Christ is preserved, carried on and propagated in the World. 1714 J. Swift Publick Spirit Whigs 21 These are the Opinions which Mr. St—le and his Faction..are endeavouring..to propagate. 1724 G. Berkeley Proposal supplying Churches 3 To propagate the gospel in foreign parts. 1782 Ld. Macartney Let. 23 Mar. in Private Corr. (1950) 36 It is industriously propagated that my casting vote alone carried the point. 1802 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 8 195 I have had the pleasure to propagate Vaccination so far as Bagdad. 1868 A. Helps Realmah (1876) xii. 327 Men who made and propagated false rumours. 1883 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. II. 1129 Two Polish rabbis, who travelled extensively to propagate Sabbathaism. 1935 H. Read Green Child ii. 57 Voltaire was regarded as the arch-fiend who had first propagated Jacobin doctrines. 1961 K. Tynan Curtains i. 117 Bad propaganda plays occur when the idea being propagated is trite and too repetitively stressed. 2005 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 27 Aug. 22 It sets out to tear down the fabric of faith and accuses the clergy of propagating a lie down the centuries. b. intransitive. To become more widespread; to spread or promote an idea, practice, etc. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > space > extension in space > spreading or diffusion > [verb (intransitive)] > be widespread or rife walka1350 ragea1522 enrage1560 propagate1640 1640 W. Vaughan Church Militant 156 Charles after Broiles in this Ninth Age began Three Academes to found for the New-man, To propagate in France and Italy. 1647 J. Howell New Vol. of Lett. 23 A Religion that..did expand her self and propagat by simplicity, humblenesse, and meerly by a passive way of fortitude. a1940 J. Wheelwright Coll. Poems (1971) 230 Poets aim at the head (they propagate, they agitate) but..they address through associations the quiet wisdom of the sentiment. 4. transitive. To spread or pass on (disease) to another individual. ΚΠ ?1589 T. Nashe Almond for Parrat sig. E I followe the riuers of folly, whiles the fountaines of infection do propagate their poison. ?1631 W. Twisse Doctr. Synod of Dort & Arles 49 When a man, by defiling his body through incontinency, bringes some filthy disease upon him which he propagates to his posteritie, shall we say God imposeth this disease upon him? 1671 J. Tillotson Serm. iii. 135 Intemperance and Lust breed infirmities and diseases, which being propagated, spoil the Strain of a Nation. 1705 J. Pechey Whole Wks. Thomas Sydenham (ed. 4) i. ii. 7 Every Constitution is prone to propagate some other Diseases of Note at the same time more Epidemical. 1799 N. Webster Brief Hist. Epidemic & Pestilential Dis. I. ii. 39 We are not to conclude from this description that the disease is propagated by infection from person to person. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxvii. 349 It is then not syphilis, but the original morbid diathesis modified by syphilis which becomes propagated. a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) ii. iv. 186 Early in the morning..malicious persons creep into the sleeping village, and stealthily make water at the doors of the houses of young men. Thus they propagate disease. 2002 J. Buckingham Leprosy in Colonial S. India vii. 175 The extent to which leprosy was propagated by contagion and inoculation was found to be ‘exceedingly small’. 5. transitive. To hand down from one generation to another; to pass on to one's children or descendants. Also in extended use. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > transmit > pass on > to offspring propagate1592 the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > heredity or hereditary descent > [verb (transitive)] > pass down through generations propagate1592 1592 G. Babington Certaine Comfortable Notes Genesis (xvii.) f. 63^v Sinne like chaffe being propagated from the father to the son. 1608 T. Middleton Famelie of Love iii. i. sig. D2 When generous houses die, Or propagate their name with Bastardy. a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) ii. i. 197 My low and humble name to propagate With any branch or image of thy state. View more context for this quotation 1684 I. Mather Ess. for Recording Illustrious Providences viii. 284 This vulgar probation..was first taken up in times of Superstition, being..propagated from Pagans to Papists. 1754 Bp. T. Sherlock Disc. (1759) I. iv. 142 These Follies were propagated from Father to Son. 1861 C. Darwin Origin of Species (ed. 3) ii. 46 It may..be doubted whether..great deviations of structure..are ever permanently propagated in a state of nature. 1998 Independent 29 May i. 1/5 Mr Russell said that errors like these are common in school science texts. ‘I call them textbook viruses: they get propagated from generation to generation.’ 6. a. transitive. To extend the action or operation of; to transmit, convey, or spread (a wave, vibration, energy, etc.) in a particular direction or through a particular medium; to cause (a crack) to progress through a material. Usually in passive. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > supply with energy [verb (transitive)] > transmit energy propagate1656 transmit1664 the world > matter > physics > science of sound > sound-waves > emit, transmit [verb (transitive)] propagate1656 transmit1833 scatter1955 the world > movement > transference > [verb (transitive)] > convey or transport > convey by a channel or medium > motion or energy propagate1656 transmit1664 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > emission of light, radiation > radiate or transmit light [verb (transitive)] diradiate1651 traject1657 transmit1664 eradiate1678 radiate1794 propagate1854 1656 tr. T. Hobbes Elements Philos. iii. xv. 158 All Endeavour, whether strong or weak, is propagated to infinite distance; for it is Motion. 1660 R. Boyle New Exper. Physico-mechanicall xxvii. 207 The structure of the cover..through which the sound was propagated from the Watch to the Ear. 1799 J. Wood Elem. Optics (1811) i. 1 The vibrations of an elastic fluid are propagated in every direction. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xxx. 406 It might be thought improbable that irritation, commencing in the kidney or in the bladder, should be propagated through sentient nerves to the spinal cord. 1854 B. Powell Pereira's Lect. Polarized Light (ed. 2) 8 Light emanates, radiates, or is propagated in straight lines. 1902 Science 19 Sept. 460/2 The wave motion along the [transmission] line..is strictly analogous to the wave motion propagated in the water. 1933 A. W. Barton Text Bk. Heat xv. 343 At one time it was thought that some medium must be postulated in which the waves are propagated, and so the whole universe was filled with the ether for this purpose. 1958 A. D. Merriman Dict. Metall. 212/1 In notch brittle materials the notch or crack is propagated with great rapidity under sudden loading conditions. 1975 Nature 8 May 157/1 The flagellum of this organism propagates waves both distally and proximally. 1994 J. A. Williams Engin. Tribology 153 The local stresses become high enough to once again propagate the initial interface crack. b. intransitive. To be propagated; to travel, progress, spread. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > forward movement > move forward or advance [verb (intransitive)] wadeOE agoOE forthganga1000 forthgoOE syeOE kenc1275 to-stepc1275 vaunce1303 forthnima1325 passc1330 throc1330 forthpass1382 to pass forthc1384 to carry forthc1390 proceedc1392 to go alongc1400 to be forthwardc1430 get) groundc1436 to set onc1450 avauntc1460 pretend1481 to make way1490 advance?1507 to get forward1523 promove1570 to rid ground (also space)1572 to rid (the) way1581 progressa1586 to gather grounda1593 to make forth1594 to make on1597 to work up1603 perge1607 to work one's (also its) way1609 to pass on1611 to gain ground1625 to make its way1645 vadea1660 propagate1700 to gain one's way1777 further1789 to pull up1829 on1840 to make (up) ground1921 the world > movement > transference > [verb (intransitive)] > be conveyed through a medium propagate1700 the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > energy [verb (intransitive)] > be transmitted propagate1700 1700 S. Parker 6 Philos. Ess. 51 It [sc. the Chimist's Fire] does not merely sustain it self, but propagates too, and diffuses upon the ruins of its neighbours. 1875 Manufacturer & Builder Oct. 229/2 A tidal wave moves up and down, while it propagates in a horizontal direction. 1929 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Sept. 808 The flame propagates more rapidly through a suspension of powdered coal in air than through a similar ‘cloud’ of powdered semi-coke. 1943 F. E. Terman Radio Engineers' Handbk. iii. 255 Waves of a variety of types may propagate down a wave guide. 1974 Sci. Amer. Jan. 38/3 In the nerves of both higher and lower animals it is the cell membrane that..enables the nerve impulse to be set up and to propagate. 1994 J. A. Williams Engin. Tribology 192 The median cracks propagate down into the bulk of the solid. c. transitive (reflexive) with passive meaning. To be transmitted, conveyed, or spread in a particular direction or through a particular medium. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > energy or power of doing work > energy [verb (reflexive)] > transmit propagate1880 1749 Philos. Trans. 1748 (Royal Soc.) 45 505 Heat propagates itself even within Bodies. 1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps ii. xvii. 317 A narrow rent opened beneath his feet, and propagated itself through the ice. 1880 London, Edinb., & Dublin Philos. Mag. 5th Ser. 10 411 It was further examined whether..the so-called kathode-rays, do really propagate themselves only in straight lines. 1908 H. B. C. Sollas & W. J. Sollas tr. E. Suess Face of Earth III. iv. i. 4 Some kind of wave propagating itself freely through the crust of the earth. 1955 Physics & Chem. Life (Sci. Amer.) vi. 235 Much recent research has been done on the mechanism of the process by which the wave of excitation propagates itself. 1987 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 77 42 If it is assumed that light propagates itself instantaneously, there is no need to imagine the ray itself composed of discrete points along its length. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < adj.1543v.1535
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† propagateadj.

propagatev.