propugnaculumn.

Brit.

/ˌprəʊpʌɡˈnakjᵿləm/, U.S.

/ˌproʊpəɡˈnækjələm/

Inflections: Plural propugnacula.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin prōpugnāculum.

Etymology: < classical Latin prōpugnāculum bulwark, rampart, defence, protection, defence in argument < prōpugnāre propugn v. + -culum -culum suffix. Compare Spanish propugnáculo (17th cent.), Portuguese propugnáculo (13th cent.), and Italian propugnacolo (14th cent.). Compare earlier propugnacle n.

A bulwark, a rampart. Also figurative: something which affords defence or protection.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence

hornc825

shieldc1200

warranta1272

bergha1325

armour1340

hedge1340

defencec1350

bucklerc1380

protectiona1382

safety1399

targea1400

suretyc1405

wall1412

pavise?a1439

fencec1440

safeguard?c1500

pale?a1525

waretack1542

muniment1546

shrouda1561

bulwark1577

countermure1581

ward1582

prevention1584

armourya1586

fortificationa1586

securitya1586

penthouse1589

palladium1600

guard1609

subtectacle1609

tutament1609

umbrella1609

bastion1615

screena1616

amulet1621

alexikakon1635

breastwork1643

security1643

protectionary1653

sepiment1660

back1680

shadower1691

aegis1760

inoculation1761

buoya1770

propugnaculum1773

panoply1789

armament1793

fascine1793

protective1827

beaver1838

face shield1842

vaccine1861

zariba1885

wolf-platform1906

firebreak1959

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun]

workeOE

forcementa1382

strengtha1382

strengthinga1382

warding1382

closurea1400

bulwarkc1418

propugnaclea1460

fortification1489

munition?c1500

tuition1513

fortifying1523

furniture1577

munificence1596

bloccuz1600

burg-ward1753

propugnaculum1864

1773 J. Boswell Jrnl. 10 Sept. in Jrnl. Tour Hebrides (1785) 198 Before it the ocean roars, being dashed against monstrous broken rocks; grand and aweful propugnacula.

1864 J. R. Lowell Fireside Trav. 235 No elastic propugnaculum had been interposed between the body and the axle, so that we sat, as it were, on paving-stones.

1878 Encycl. Brit. VI. 158/2 The Roman colonies were..valuable as propugnacula of the state.

1907 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 14 Sept. 8/7 With his detergents, deodorizers and disinfectants he is a powerful propugnaculum against disease.

1959 A. P. Thornton Imperial Idea & its Enemies ii. 53 Where in such a scheme could be fitted in the propugnacula of Empire, stations such as Hong Kong, Gibraltar, and Malta?

2002 P. Mirowski Machine Dreams vii. 438 Something rather paradoxical has been happening to this Self, this base camp of behaviorism, this propugnaculum of steadfastness.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	propugnaculum
释义	propugnaculumn. Brit. /ˌprəʊpʌɡˈnakjᵿləm/, U.S. /ˌproʊpəɡˈnækjələm/ Inflections: Plural propugnacula. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin prōpugnāculum. Etymology: < classical Latin prōpugnāculum bulwark, rampart, defence, protection, defence in argument < prōpugnāre propugn v. + -culum -culum suffix. Compare Spanish propugnáculo (17th cent.), Portuguese propugnáculo (13th cent.), and Italian propugnacolo (14th cent.). Compare earlier propugnacle n. A bulwark, a rampart. Also figurative: something which affords defence or protection. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > [noun] > means of protection or defence hornc825 shieldc1200 warranta1272 bergha1325 armour1340 hedge1340 defencec1350 bucklerc1380 protectiona1382 safety1399 targea1400 suretyc1405 wall1412 pavise?a1439 fencec1440 safeguard?c1500 pale?a1525 waretack1542 muniment1546 shrouda1561 bulwark1577 countermure1581 ward1582 prevention1584 armourya1586 fortificationa1586 securitya1586 penthouse1589 palladium1600 guard1609 subtectacle1609 tutament1609 umbrella1609 bastion1615 screena1616 amulet1621 alexikakon1635 breastwork1643 security1643 protectionary1653 sepiment1660 back1680 shadower1691 aegis1760 inoculation1761 buoya1770 propugnaculum1773 panoply1789 armament1793 fascine1793 protective1827 beaver1838 face shield1842 vaccine1861 zariba1885 wolf-platform1906 firebreak1959 society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > [noun] workeOE forcementa1382 strengtha1382 strengthinga1382 warding1382 closurea1400 bulwarkc1418 propugnaclea1460 fortification1489 munition?c1500 tuition1513 fortifying1523 furniture1577 munificence1596 bloccuz1600 burg-ward1753 propugnaculum1864 1773 J. Boswell Jrnl. 10 Sept. in Jrnl. Tour Hebrides (1785) 198 Before it the ocean roars, being dashed against monstrous broken rocks; grand and aweful propugnacula. 1864 J. R. Lowell Fireside Trav. 235 No elastic propugnaculum had been interposed between the body and the axle, so that we sat, as it were, on paving-stones. 1878 Encycl. Brit. VI. 158/2 The Roman colonies were..valuable as propugnacula of the state. 1907 Daily Northwestern (Oshkosh, Wisconsin) 14 Sept. 8/7 With his detergents, deodorizers and disinfectants he is a powerful propugnaculum against disease. 1959 A. P. Thornton Imperial Idea & its Enemies ii. 53 Where in such a scheme could be fitted in the propugnacula of Empire, stations such as Hong Kong, Gibraltar, and Malta? 2002 P. Mirowski Machine Dreams vii. 438 Something rather paradoxical has been happening to this Self, this base camp of behaviorism, this propugnaculum of steadfastness. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1773
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