| 释义 |
profoundadj.n. Origin: A borrowing from French. Perhaps also partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French profound, profond; Latin profundus. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman profound and Anglo-Norman and Middle French profond, profund (French profond ) that has great downward or inward extent, very deep (late 14th cent.; earlier in Old French as profonde (late 12th cent.)), unbroken, complete (1535 in profond tenebres ), (of a bow, etc.) sinking to a great depth (1548), alteration (after classical Latin profundus ) of Anglo-Norman parfound , parfount , parfund , perfond , perfound , Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French parfunt , parfond , parfont , Old French, Middle French perfont (adjective) deep (c1100 in Anglo-Norman), wise, learned (early 14th cent. or earlier), (noun) depths of the sea (early 12th cent. or earlier), depth (c1180), and perhaps partly also < its etymon classical Latin profundus extending a long way down, deep, situated far below the surface, vast, difficult to understand, abstruse, intense, absorbing, in post-classical Latin also (of a person) impenetrable (Vulgate), very learned (13th cent.) (also profundum (use as noun of neuter) deepest or innermost part of something, chasm, abyss, depths of the sea, (plural) innermost secrets or mysteries) < pro- pro- prefix1 + fundus fund n.1; on the development of Anglo-Norman and Old French parfont, parfond, etc., see Französisches etymologisches Wörterbuch at profundus. Compare Old Occitan profond (mid 13th cent.), Spanish profundo (1251; also as perfondo, profondo (both c1250)), Portuguese profundo (14th cent.), Italian profondo (1282).The following senses of Middle French, French profond parallel English senses, but are apparently first attested later: (adjective) intense and lasting (a1527 in amour profonde ; compare sense A. 2b), demanding deep study, research, or consideration (1534 in sciences profundes ; compare sense A. 2a), (of a sigh) originating in or coming from a great depth (1548; compare sense A. 3b), situated far below the surface of the earth (1580; compare sense A. 3c), (noun) deepest or innermost part of something (c1480). Forms in per- may show the influence of Middle French forms in per- , or may simply show variation between per- and pro- in English (compare discussion at pro- prefix1). The β. forms profund , profunde are chiefly a result of alteration after the Latin word (or reflect similar Middle French forms), but in Older Scots probably partly also reflect a phonetic variant. Borrowed earliest in senses at branch A. I. (in some cases perhaps directly after the senses of the Latin word rather than of the French word), and only subsequently in the senses at branch A. II., in which the word has probably always been restricted to more formal, especially literary, registers. Compare deep adj. A. adj. I. Of non-physical depth. 1. the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [adjective] > very learned the world > action or operation > ability > skill or skilfulness > cunning > [adjective] > profound in craft or subtlety c1300 St. Edmund Rich (Harl.) 224 in C. D'Evelyn & A. J. Mill (1956) 500 (MED) Siþþe for [to] beo more profound, to arsmetrike he drouȝ. 1481 W. Caxton tr. (1970) 84 A connyng man and a profounde clerk in many sciencis. 1550 N. Udall tr. P. M. Vermigli sig. Diiiiv If it be lefull in this sort to multiply & to feigne miracles: than euery man that lusteth, maie easily become a profunde clerke in scripture. 1570 J. Dee in H. Billingsley tr. Euclid Math. Præf. sig. ☞v The constant profound Philosopher. 1592 (1973) ii. 85 If you'll be secret and profound, I'll give you twenty angels for your pains. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. ii. 59 A Magitian, most profound in his Art. a1661 T. Fuller (1662) i. 135 Their Abbot..was pious, painfull, and a profound Schollar. 1734 G. Berkeley §3 Those who in this age pass for profound geometers. 1799 6 July 1/4 A profound Machiavelist. 1844 B. Disraeli I. iii. i. 252 The greatest captain and the profoundest statesman of the age. 1869 E. A. Freeman III. xii. 110 The profoundest of metaphysicians and divines. 1908 27 June 786/2 Though never exactly profound, Macaulay invariably scores his point. 1931 H. Read II. 139 He was also profound, with that profound understanding of life which is a complex of sensibility and experience. 1992 S. S. Hall (1993) iv. 95 It's inviting to think..that scientific revolutions begin only with profound thinkers and powerful ideas. the mind > mental capacity > understanding > intelligence, cleverness > high intelligence, genius > [adjective] > of mind, operations: broad, deep, strong the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > unintelligibility > depth, obscurity > [adjective] a1450 (c1412) T. Hoccleve (Harl. 4866) (1897) 363 Þe suffissant clergye, Endowyd of profound intelligence. a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil (1957) v. Prol. 28 The hie wysdome and maist profund engyne Of..Virgile. a1533 J. Frith (?c1536) Pref. sig. Aiii Yf a man prayse a very foole & thyncke his witte good & profounde, then is that person in dede more fole then the other. 1600 W. Shakespeare i. i. 92 To be drest in an opinion Of wisedome, grauitie, profound conceit. View more context for this quotation 1664 H. Power Pref. sig. C3v Their profoundest Speculations. 1710 J. Addison No. 4. ⁋1 The most abstruse and profound tract of school-divinity. 1783 H. Blair II. xxxiv. 243 Some of the profoundest things which have been written. 1834 M. Somerville (1849) xxi. 205 A most profound mathematical inquiry. 1899 H. James ii. viii. 77 I don't know a man of an understanding more profound. 1940 J. Buchan x. 245 He had a profound knowledge of Scottish songs, both words and tunes. 1981 G. Vidal v. iv. 292 She cut short my profound analysis of the military situation in Greece. 2005 Spring 57/2 He has mounted a profound and well-argued defence against those who would cast his grandfather as a monster. 2. the mind > mental capacity > thought > continued thinking, reflection, contemplation > [adjective] > of thought: profound the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > scholarly knowledge, erudition > [adjective] > of knowledge: well-founded, deep ?c1422 T. Hoccleve Ars Sciendi Mori l. 13 in (1970) i. 178 Enforme..me and vn-to me by-wreye..Sotil matires right profownde. c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) ii. 6766 (MED) In-to þe paleis..þei..goon..Musing wher it [sc. a tree] wer artificial..or set by magik natural Or by engyne of werkmen..Or profond castyng of philosophie. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton (BL Add.) (1975) 53 (MED) It is most profunde philosophie, The subtile science of holi Alchymye. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin xix. 114 A higher and profounder doctrine. 1698 J. Fryer 365 It contains profound meanings. 1739 D. Hume I. iv. 332 So far from being able by our senses merely to determine this question, we must have recourse to the most profound metaphysics to give a satisfactory answer to it. 1844 Mar. 137/1 The cant of the muddle-pates who dishonor a profound and ennobling philosophy by styling themselves transcendentalists. 1874 H. Sidgwick 245 A fundamental conflict of ideas, which appears more profound and far-reaching in its consequences the more we examine it. 1902 28 Oct. 3/1 He has..collected from ‘the Elite’ their opinions on these profound questions. 1940 H. G. Wells iii. i. 238 It had conveyed the profoundest things to her, things deeper and truer than anything that had ever come to her mind before. 1991 E. Rayner v. 107 She shows that a profound paradox is inherent in the anal phase. the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] c1450 (a1400) Orologium Sapientiæ in (1888) 10 343 (MED) Sorowfulle þou schalt abyde þe grace of þe hye iustyse..seyinge þus with profounde sorowe of þi herte, [etc.]. 1600 W. Shakespeare v. i. 191 Prince He is in earnest. Claudio In most profound earnest. View more context for this quotation a1659 F. Osborne Observ. Turks in (1673) 273 The fear of lapsing into grosser Idolatry, or profounder Atheism. 1727 M. Davys 161 He..filled the Lady's Ears with his own Profound Merits. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre (1799) II. 331 The sublime impression which they produce becomes still more profound, when they recal to us some sentiment of virtue. a1853 F. W. Robertson (1858) ii. 59 In profoundest ignorance of the opinions. 1871 L. Stephen iv. 242 Profound melancholy seemed to haunt the hollows of the mountain ridges. 1914 17 491 This involves a more profound intermingling of nuclear and cytoplasmic substances than is possible during the typical vegetative life of the cell. 1963 C. Mackenzie II. 169 Both she and her husband had a profound contempt for what they called the Hampshire hogs with whom they were condemned to live. 2004 H. Kennedy (2005) xv. 315 It is still a source of profound dismay that our government is allowing the agenda..to be set by the right. the mind > emotion > intense emotion > [adjective] 1526 W. Bonde iii. sig. KKKviiv The holy fathers & sayntes..had this profounde mekenesse. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iii. 117 I do loue My Countries good, with a respect more tender, More holy, and profound, then mine owne life. View more context for this quotation 1688 5 Their extraordinary respect, and profoundest submission. 1721 in (1766) II. 305 With the profoundest regard and esteem, Sir, your most humble and most obedient servant. 1737 A. Pope ii. ii. 11 They treat themselves with most profound respect. 1836 J. Gilbert iv. 127 A knowledge to which the reflecting mind pays the profoundest homage. 1878 B. Stewart & P. G. Tait Introd. 12 The most profound reverence. 1905 30 Dec. 1/4 I was treated with profound deference and sought by everybody. 1950 D. Hinshaw i. iii. 42 The superb courage, profound humility and tremendous spiritual purpose of Hoover's Quaker forebears colored his life. 1992 W. McGowan (1993) xvii. 349 A gesture of profound respect and devotion. the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [adjective] > type of sleep > deep or unbroken 1536 R. Taverner tr. P. Melanchthon f. 11 Most depe and profounde sylence hath bene in preachinges. 1569 E. Fenton tr. P. Boaistuau f. 83 He fell forthwith into a profounde sleepe of two houres continuance. 1620 T. Shelton tr. M. de Cervantes ii. xxii. 146 Lazing himselfe as if he had wakened out of a..profound sleep. 1677 J. Webster xii. 259 The Witches being cast into a profound sleep, the Devil in the mean time acteth those things by himself. 1711 R. Steele No. 113. ⁋2 Here followed a profound Silence. a1797 E. Burke Ess. Abridgm. Eng. Hist. (rev. ed.) in (1812) V. 722 In the profoundest peace. 1833 L. Ritchie 35 Wearied travellers buried in profound sleep. 1897 4 May 6/1 There was a profound stillness in the court. 1959 E. Connell lxiv. 133 A profound silence, a massive, annihilating silence, greeted her remark. 1991 D. Mortman xxviii. 546 Ilona lay in the unmoving, mesmeric state of profound sleep. II. Of physical depth. 3. the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [adjective] the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [adjective] > very ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 4v (MED) In which is treted of a grete wounde superficiale & noȝt profunde [L. profundo], i. depe. a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville (Vitell.) 21045 (MED) I fond A Maryssh..That peryllous was, and ful profounde. a1500 (Trin. Cambr.) 1180 The diches profunde large brede gan purchas. 1550 J. Coke sig. Hvij A kyng that wolde be lorde of the sea, must haue..great and perfounde waters and Hauyns to kepe his shyps in. 1617 J. Woodall 133 Wounds made..by..a thrust profound or superficiall. 1645 J. Milton On Christ's Nativity: Hymn xxiv, in 11 Naught but profoundest Hell can be his shroud. 1716 A. Pope tr. Homer II. vii. 409 Ample Gates..For passing Chariots, and a Trench profound. 1787 G. Greive tr. F. J. de Chastellux II. 408 The more lofty the mountains of the Cordelliers, the more profound is the bed of the rivers which flow through their vallies. 1823 W. Scott III. i. 33 Surrounded by strong bulwarks and profound moats. 1860 J. Tyndall i. vii. 55 A series of profound crevasses. a1894 R. L. Stevenson (1896) i. xiv. 133 From either hand, out of profound ravines, mounted the song of falling water and the smoke of household fires. 1952 W. J. Miller (ed. 6) xxiii. 422 The profound, master, northwesterly trending San Andreas fault traverses the region. 1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith (1999) viii. 221 The silence was as profound as the ocean. the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [adjective] > coming from a depth c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) iv. 713 (MED) With profounde siȝes depe, Þis Achilles brast oute for to wepe. a1438 (1940) i. 199 (MED) Sche had þes myndys & þes desyrys wyth profownde teerys, syhyngys, & sobbyngys. ?1556 (a1500) (Copland) sig. B.i No comforte..coude he take Nor absteine him fro perfounde syghinge. 1604 W. Shakespeare ii. i. 95 He raisd a sigh so pittious and profound . View more context for this quotation 1619 M. Drayton Odes in (new ed.) 290 Let not a Man drinke, but in Draughts profound. 1705 W. S. 11 Sometimes with a profound Sigh fetch'd from the Stomach, it hinders the Cause of the Hickup. 1797 H. Lee I. 199 ‘Why?’ said Dorsain..with a profound sigh. 1839 R. Dawes II. xii. 44 She sunk for a few moments down upon a heap of dry sea-weed, and after heaving a profound sigh, came to herself again. 1873 J. E. Cooke i. x. 48 The man uttered a sigh almost as profound as a groan. 1900 J. Conrad xxxvii. 371 He said all these things in profound gasps. 1963 E. Crankshaw iii. 27 The world should have heaved a profound sigh of relief. 2005 (Nexis) 28 Sept. a12 Deep, profound sobs from somewhere in the sanctuary..punctured the hush. c1475 (a1449) J. Lydgate Testament (Harl. 218) 592 in (1911) i. 351 592 Of my mende the mydpoynt most profounde. 1568 G. Skeyne v. sig. A7 Frequent puls small & profund. 1669 tr. A. Kircher i. 1 And there Vulcan, as it were, to have his Elaboratories, Shops, and Forges in the profoundest Bowels of Nature. 1694 R. Franck 216 She mingles her Streams with the profound Depths of the Ocean. 1707 J. Floyer 388 The profund Pulse of the Lungs indicates Hæmorrhagies, and Heat and Death. 1798 T. Bellamy II. 54 A road..which led to the natural entrance of the cavern,..and from thence into its profound depths. 1805 Ld. Nelson Let. 11 May in 6–9 Dec. (1905) 131 My departure for the West Indies..you will keep a profound secret. 1842 R. Dunglison (ed. 3) at Profundus Certain muscles are distinguished by the names profound or deep-seated and superficial. 1884 13 Sept. 5/1 The agency of heated water at profound depths. 1902 J. Gairdner viii. 141 The name of the celebrant was kept a profound secret, and to this day it is a matter of uncertainty. 1940 1 July 10/5 War stirs the profoundest depths of the human soul. 1976 I. M. Lewis ii. 65 Down the misty corridors of thought, each offering access to a new and more profound level of structure. 2000 144 3 Several Eurasian, Alpine-type mountain belts exhibit rare, scattered effects of recrystallization at profound depths. the mind > attention and judgement > esteem > respect > [adjective] > bowing or curtseying > of an obeisance: profound or deep 1677 J. Phillips tr. J.-B. Tavernier Persian Trav. iii. xii. 129 in tr. J.-B. Tavernier (1678) Every one that passes by, maks a profound obeysance. 1732 T. Lediard tr. J. Terrasson II. ix. 340 The three ambassadors..made a profound reverence. 1781 W. Cowper 12 July (1979) I. 498 Here you receive a bow profound, down to the ground. 1813 W. Allston 50 Good sir, said one, with bow profound, I joy to meet thee. 1886 A. Badeau vii. 81 They may catch a royal glance and perform the profound genuflection again. 1922 J. Joyce ii. xiv. [Oxen of the Sun] 386 Miss Callan..retired with a profound bow to the company. 1950 C. H. Walker iv. 43 All eyes were upon the two ambassadors and their numerous suite as they made profound obeisances. 1994 B. Chevannes vi. 180 A profound bow is reserved for Dada himself. B. n.the world > the earth > water > body of water > [noun] > deep place or part the world > the earth > water > sea or ocean > [noun] > ocean, open sea, or deep sea the world > space > extension in space > measurable spatial extent > vertical extent > extension downwards or depth > [noun] > great or considerable depth > deep place, part, or thing ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 9v At þe laste bene bonez anathomied for þay bene in þe profound [?c1425 Paris depnesse; Latin profundo] of þe body. 1626 G. Sandys tr. Ovid xi. 234 On that profound Poore I was wrackt; yet thou with-out me drownd. 1640 G. Sandys tr. H. Grotius iii. 242 To raise it from that dark Profound. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer II. viii. 34 Expert to try The vast profound, and bid the vessel fly. 1796 S. T. Coleridge Destiny of Nations in I. 140 She..entered the Profound That leads with downward windings to the Cave Of Darkness palpable. 1807 J. Barlow i. 31 Nor billowy surge disturbs the vast profound. 1845 P. J. Bailey (ed. 2) 29 Probe the profound of thine own nature, man! 1889 T. C. Irwin 4 A gloomy storm from the profound..Still strengthened me. 1915 J. London 48 Sun-flashed water where coral-growths iridesced from profounds of turquoise deeps. 1982 ‘E. Peters’ xiv. 197 He floated down into a prodigious profound of penitence and forgiveness. 1778 ‘P. Pindar’ 3 I never question'd your profound of head. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † profoundv.Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French profonder; Latin profundare. Etymology: Partly < Middle French, French †profonder to sink in (1366), to dig deep (1412), to penetrate into the flesh (1458), to be engulfed (by the ground, the sea) (c1500), to explore in depth (a1475; < profond profound adj.; compare earlier Old French perfonder to dig deep (late 13th cent.)), and partly < post-classical Latin profundare to deepen, to plunge, immerse (from 13th cent. in British and continental sources), to penetrate into the flesh (1363 in Chauliac) < classical Latin profundus profound adj. Compare Catalan profundar (1429), Spanish profundar (first half of the 15th cent. or earlier), Portuguese profundar (15th cent.), Italian profondare (a1294). Obsolete. 1. a1400 tr. Lanfranc (Ashm.) (1894) 79 (MED) A walkyng vlcus..profoundiþ [v.r. profundeþ; L. submergitur] nouȝt depe into þe ground. ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 83v If it [sc. an ulcer] go hider & þider, noȝt mych profounding [L. profundando] in þe flesh, it is said ambulatif. the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > examine closely [verb (intransitive)] 1643 Sir T. Browne (authorized ed.) i. §14 To profound farther, and to contemplate a reason why His Providence hath so disposed and ordered their motions. View more context for this quotation 1661 J. Glanvill 227 Let the most confirm'd Dogmatist profound far into his indeared opinions, and..'twill be an effectual cure of confidence. c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Fabula Duorum Mercatorum (Harl.) 312 in (1934) ii. 497 Whan..Deeply profoundid is heete natural In thilke humydite. c1475 tr. C. de Pisan (Cambr.) (1977) 98 (MED) Ther be but fewe that is substanciall [read substancially] profoundid in the said science. 1643 Sir T. Browne (authorized ed.) i. §55 Vice and the Devil put a Fallacy upon our Reasons, and, provoking us too hastily to run from it, entangle and profound us deeper in it. View more context for this quotation the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > scrutinize [verb (transitive)] 1643 Sir T. Browne (authorized ed.) i. §13 There is no danger to profound these mysteries, no sanctum sanctorum in Philosophy. View more context for this quotation 1654 W. Charleton iii. iv. 184 The illuminated Sons of Hermes, who boast to have, if not attained to the bottom of the mystery, yet out done the endeavours of all other Sects of Philosophers, in profounding it. ?1730 V. Brest 4 It is by this slight way of not profounding or examining deeply the difference of a true Advertisement to that of a Quack, that the Publick is deprived of these Advantages. 1846 L. Hunt II. 164 When Voltaire was a young man, and (to Anglicise a favourite Gallic phrase) fancied he had profounded every thing deep and knowing, he thought nothing of Ariosto. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2021). <  adj.n.c1300 v.a1400 |
