professionn.

Brit.

/prəˈfɛʃn/, U.S.

/prəˈfɛʃ(ə)n/,

/proʊˈfɛʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English persescion (transmission error), Middle English profectyon (probably transmission error), Middle English profescion, Middle English profescioun, Middle English profesioune, Middle English professione, Middle English professioun, Middle English professiun, Middle English professyoun, Middle English proffeschoun, Middle English proffessyoun, Middle English profiseon, Middle English–1500s professyon, Middle English– profession; Scottish pre-1700 professione, pre-1700 professioun, pre-1700 professiowne, pre-1700 professyown, pre-1700 professyowne, pre-1700 proffessioun, pre-1700 1700s– profession.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French profession; Latin professiōn-, professiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman professioun, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French profession (French profession ) declaration of faith (1155 as professiun ), vows taken when entering a religious order (c1174), condition, occupation (1362 as prophecie ; 1404 as prophecion ; a1417 as profession ; 1495 as profection ), action of teaching publicly, professorship (1596) and its etymon classical Latin professiōn-, professiō open declaration, avowal, public declaration of one's person and property, public register of people and property, vocation or occupation that one publicly avows, in post-classical Latin also vow made by a person entering a religious order, particular condition, declaration of faith, faith (4th cent.), promise (9th cent.), monastic order (9th cent.; from c1160 in British sources), monastic rule (1135), function or office of a university professor (1302, 1577 in British sources; from 15th cent. in continental sources) < profess- , past participial stem of profitērī profess v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan professio (13th cent.; Occitan profession), Catalan professió (14th cent.), Spanish profesión (mid 13th cent. as profession), Italian professione (a1321).

I. Senses relating to the declaration of faith, principles, etc.

a. The declaration, promise, or vow made by a person entering a religious order; (hence) the action of entering such an order; the fact or occasion of being professed in a religious order.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [noun]

profession?c1225

conversionc1340

professing1502

clothing1628

vesture1639

novitiation1792

monachization1813

?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 4 Nan ancre..ne schal bi mi read makien professiun, þet is, bihaten heste alswa ase heste, buten þreo þinges..obedience, chastete, & studestaðeluestninge.

1340 Ayenbite (1866) 225 Huanne þe beheste is solempne ase be hand of prelat oþer be profession of religion.

c1390 G. Chaucer Shipman's Tale 1345 This swere I yow on my professioun.

a1425 Ordination of Nuns (Lansd.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 143 Sho sall rede hir professiun..& þe nouyce sal make a crosse on þe buke of hir profession.

c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 72 (MED) Of þis same mannes handes took Gilbert þe habite of profession.

a1500 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Adv.) (1843) 1938 (MED) They wer gud relygyous As freris, monkys, nonnis, and channonis That welle heldon hor proffessyounis.

?1550 J. Bale Apol. agaynste Papyst 22 I frire N. make my profession and promyse obedience to God, to S. Frances..to live without propre and in chastite accordynge to the rule of the sayd ordre.

1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1288 The searching after such science, is as it were a profession and entrance into religion.

1671 A. Woodhead tr. Life St. Teresa i. iv. 13 When I consider the manner of my Profession, and the great resolution and gust wherewith I made it.

1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses I. 181 He was called to Rome to take upon him the profession of the four vows.

1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 151/1 Madame Louisa of France took the veil of professions at the convent of the Carmelites.

1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. xi. 308 The novice kneeling before him, made her profession.

1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xvii. 89 He had received the second profession of Maurilius, the Primate who still for a short time longer filled the metropolitan throne of Rouen.

1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) A religious or regular profession is ‘a promise freely made and lawfully accepted, whereby a person of the full age required, after the completion of a year of probation, binds him- (or her-) self to a particular religious institute approved by the Church’.

1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 516/1 After her profession in the following year she became very seriously ill.

1995 Times 3 Oct. 18/8 Deaths... On October 1st 1995 Dom Anthony Howard Williams, Monk of Elmore Abbey, aged 91 years and in the 46th year of his profession.

b. Any solemn declaration, promise, or vow.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [noun] > vow or oath

hesta1200

vow1297

professionc1300

sermenta1325

avow1330

sacrament1430

votec1540

troth-plight1570

upon my Sam1939

advower-

c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 1405 (MED) Mi professioun ich habbe to Jesu Crist ido.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 115 (MED) Þe bisshop of Meneuia..made non professioun..to non oþer chirche.

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. i. 98 (MED) Dauid..dubbide kniȝtes, Made hem to swere..to serue treuþe..Þat is, þe professioun apertly þat apendiþ to kniȝtes [c1400 C text ii. 97: Trewely to take and treweliche to fyȝte, Ys þe profession and þe pure ordre þat apendeþ to knyȝtes].

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 190 (MED) Þes prestis..stiren hym to wraþþe..þat han rentes &..lordischipes & parische chirchis approprid to hem..for singuler profession maade to foolis & in cas to fendis of helle.

1582 G. Whetstone Heptameron Ciuill Disc. vi. sig. U.iij In lofty loue we found dainger: in base loue lothesomnesse and inconstancy..so that now wee shall be dryuen to renounce our profession.

1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 882 The Church..makes a visible profession of fealty to him.

1711 H. C. De Luzancy Serm. preach’d at Assizes County of Essex 9 Not only in a private but a publick Profession of Obedience to all those Rules of Decency which they conceive to be most for his Honour.

1874 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Jan. 26 That constitution made no profession of allegiance to the King of England, nor did it acknowledge any dependence on the English Parliament.

1999 Associated Press (Nexis) 28 Jan. Religious parties passed the law requiring a profession of allegiance to the Orthodox Rabbinate.

†2.

a. A particular order of monks, nuns, or other professed persons. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious order > [noun]

order?c1225

religion?c1225

sectc1380

professiona1393

congregation1493

society1581

religious society1610

community1728

society > faith > church government > monasticism > [noun] > monastic rule > order observing particular rule

order?c1225

religion?c1225

sectc1380

professiona1393

congregation1493

communityc1525

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 2383 (MED) If thou er this Hast ben of such professioun, Discovere thi confessioun.

c1395 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 1925 So forth al the gospel may ye seen Wher it be likker oure professioun [v.r. profescioun] Or hirs that swymmen in possessioun.

c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 1 (MED) A gentill woman, desired of me..to translate hir..oute of Latyn, þe lif of Seynt Augustyn..Sche desired þis þing of me..because þat I am of his profession.

a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 46 (MED) Thei be ashamed to were the habyte and kepe thestate of their professione.

b. Christ's profession n. Obsolete Christianity.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > [noun]

gospelc950

the WayOE

ChristendomOE

crossc1325

the faithc1384

Christianitya1400

Christenhoodc1443

Christ's professionc1475

Christianism1554

Xtianity1634

Christism1842

c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxvii Eche man þat liueþ not after þe reule of Cristis professioun.

c1480 (a1400) St. George 696 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 196 George wes þe trewest knycht to crist ymang al þat lyf mycht, þat vndir knychtly habit kyd cristis professione had vnhyde.

1621 R. Brathwait Natures Embassie (1641) 85 Soile to his soule, and so to Christs profession, For He no Christ profest, but thought't a scorne That God made man.

1694 J. Strype Memorials T. Cranmer 20 Even at the Beginning of Christs profession Diotrephes desired gerere primatum in Ecclesia, as saith S. Iohn in his last Epistle.

†3. Particular character, nature, or condition. Also: a person's disposition. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [noun]

birtha1250

the manner ofc1300

formc1310

propertyc1390

naturea1393

condition1393

qualitya1398

temperc1400

taragec1407

naturality?a1425

profession?a1439

affecta1460

temperament1471

essence?1533

affection1534

spirit?1534

temperature1539

natural spirit1541

character1577

complexion1589

tincture1590

idiom1596

qualification1602

texture1611

connativea1618

thread1632

genius1639

complexure1648

quale1654

indoles1672

suchness1674

staminaa1676

trim1707

tenor1725

colouring1735

tint1760

type1843

aura1859

thusness1883

physis1923

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. 4768 (MED) Crafft and nature sue the professioun [Fr. profession, L. professionem] Bi thordynaunce set in ther courage; And ech man folweth his condicioun.

tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iii. 64 (MED) Se the profession Of euery wyne & wherein they myscheue.

c1450–4 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 150 viij thinggis..byn full nessessarij to knowe to come to þe tru persescion [read profescion] of þis langage.

a. The declaration of belief in and obedience to religion, or of acceptance of and conformity to the faith and principles of any religious community; (hence) the faith or religion which a person professes.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > [noun]

anyetenessc1175

anyetingc1175

avowry1340

beknowledging1340

confessionc1384

professiona1513

owning1535

acknowledgement1574

avowment1581

submission1597

avowancea1603

confessing1611

avowinga1677

avowal1732

society > faith > aspects of faith > [noun] > acknowledgement or profession of

professiona1513

testimony1550

society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > a religion or church > [noun]

churcheOE

kirkc1175

spousea1200

lawa1225

lorea1225

religionc1325

faithc1384

sectc1386

seta1387

leara1400

hirselc1480

professiona1513

congregation1526

communion1553

schism1555

segregation1563

sex1583

hortus conclususa1631

confessiona1641

dispensation1643

sectary1651

churchship1675

cult1679

persuasion1732

denomination1746–7

connection1753

covenant1818

sectarism1821

organized religion1843

a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1965) II. 50 Quhethir the apostlis of Jhesu maid this creid in professioun of the faith of Jhesu or nocht.

1531 W. Tyndale Expos. Fyrste Epist. St. Jhon sig. A.ii To haue this profession wrytten in thyne herte, is to consente vnto the lawe that it is righteous.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lxiiij Graunt vnto all..that they maye exchew those thinges that be contrary to their profession, and folow all such thinges as be agreable to thesame.

1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 5 Certaine Persians..Pagans by profession.

a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1659) i. 39 True profession without honest conversation, not only saves not, but increases our weight of punishment.

1689 W. Popple tr. J. Locke Let. conc. Toleration 27 It is in vain for an Unbeliever to take up the outward shew of another mans Profession.

1728 E. Haywood tr. M.-A. de Gomez Belle Assemblée (1732) II. 15 Several who made profession of the Protestant Religion.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvi. 550 Could we suppose that the Bishop of Carthage had employed the profession of the Christian faith only as the instrument of his avarice or ambition, it was still incumbent on him to support the character which he had assumed.

1845 W. L. Garrison in F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass Pref. p. xii A slaveholder's profession of Christianity is a palpable imposture. He is a felon of the highest grade.

1876 J. B. Mozley Serm. preached Univ. of Oxf. ii. 45 As the standard of goodness rises the standard of profession must rise too.

1910 New Eng. Mag. July 588 A convict who works the churches and is insincere in his profession of religion is called a ‘mission stiff’.

1969 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism (rev. ed.) iv. 37 The famous shahāda or profession of faith..: ‘There is but one God, Mohammed is the Apostle of God,’ is not found in this composite anywhere in the Koran.

2005 Ashville (N. Carolina) Citizen-Times (Nexis) 12 May 9 a What a novel idea. Your life should match your religious profession... Imagine that, Christians living out with integrity what they claim to believe.

b. A religious system, denomination, or body. Now rare except as merged with 4a.

ΚΠ

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. vii. 293 They embrace no religion at all, being neither Christians, Mahumetans, nor Iewes, nor of any other profession [L. fidem].

1646 J. Gregory Notes & Observ. iii. 20 Whatsoever the moderne practice is, the ancient must be to bury towards Jerusalem..for all professions buried towards the place they worshiped.

1705 Boston News-let. 5 Nov. 2/1 Some will not count it remarkable, that there should be Bad people among the Quakers, as well as among the People of other Professions.

a1714 Earl of Cromarty Hist. Family Mackenzie in W. Fraser Earls of Cromartie (1876) II. 502 The King, perswadit by many Popish Lords, wes to bring back the Roman profession.

1839 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity (1858) 131 How think himself safe in a profession, which was without temple, without priest, without altar, without victim?

1850 A. McGilvray Poems 59 The kirk-attender always has A most prodigious Advantage o'er the stupid ass Who's not religious. Belong, at least, to some profession, And try to get among the session.

1904 R. Small Hist. U.P. Congregat. i. 72 At the close of his Arts course, he ‘left his profession’ and joined the Relief.

5. The action or an act of declaring, affirming, or avowing an opinion, belief, custom, etc., or of laying open claim to a particular quality or feeling. In later use sometimes with suggestion of insincerity or falsity, or with implied contrast to practice or fact: cf. profess v. 3a, professed adj. 2.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > statement > [noun] > a statement or declaration

pretence1440

mentiona1470

profession1526

resolution1594

definitive1595

propound1599

enunciation1628

expression1635

express1646

declarative1651

assert1655

statement1775

enouncementa1856

sayable1957

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > [noun] > act or instance of

dissimulationc1384

likenessc1384

pretencec1487

profession1526

masqueradea1670

fobbery1688

artificialism1835

barney1859

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Ciii Outher by his owne feyth & profession, or els in the feyth of their spiritual parentes.

1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 370 Thai mak plane professioun that the establissing of religioun will nocht content thame.

1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 142 Having made profession of my great respect to him.

1662 H. More Coll. Philos. Writings (ed. 2) Pref. Gen. p. xxvi That I may not seem injurious to my self, nor give scandal unto others by this so free profession.

1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 353 There are Friends of Profession, that take a pride in following our Party at random, and upon all Occasions.

1740–1 Bp. J. Butler Serm. before Lords 30 Jan. in Wks. (1874) II. 256 These false professions of virtue..must have been originally taken up in order to deceive.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. v. 69 Cecilia..found little difficulty in returning her friendly professions.

1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India III. vi. i. 50 Here, too, profession was at variance with fact.

1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. viii. 218 Such a man was already a saint in practice, if not in profession.

1871 R. Browning Balaustion 88 Nor she, who makes profession of my birth And styles herself my mother, neither she Bore me.

1904 H. James Golden Bowl II. xxxviii. 288 Her profession of trust in his mistress had been an act of conformity exquisitely calculated.

1963 M. L. King Strength to Love iv. 26 One of the great tragedies of life is that men seldom bridge the gulf between practice and profession, between doing and saying.

1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 June 45/4 Did he believe in his scientific tinkerings, or mean his professions of ignorance?

†6. Roman History. The public registration of people and property. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire IV. xxxix. 428 The census of the provincials..bore a different name from that of the citizens. The provincial profession, as it was designated, extended wherever the land tax was exacted.

II. Senses relating to professional occupation.

a. An occupation in which a professed knowledge of some subject, field, or science is applied; a vocation or career, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification. Also occasionally as mass noun: occupations of this kind.In early use applied spec. to the professions of law, the Church, and medicine, and sometimes extended also to the military profession.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > [noun]

lawc1405

professiona1425

long robe1586

side-robe1658

robe1662

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > skilled occupation

professiona1425

the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > practice of healing art > [noun] > medical profession

professiona1425

society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun]

wara1375

chivalrya1387

chiefalrie1548

soldiery1579

profession1581

military art1590

militia1590

warcrafta1661

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > [noun] > profession of

calling1544

profession1682

a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 25 (MED) Plato was taken of þefes, sold & so mad þral..for he was a philosophore, he was betere þan his biȝere, A gentil professioun þat made þe seruaunt more þenne his lord.

?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Aj^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens The parties of the art of Medycyne..can not be seperated one from the other without the dommage and great detryment of all the medicynall professyon.

1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. A v b Such as I am, (whose profession should chiefelie bee armes).

1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Aa3 Amongst so many great Foundations of Colledges in Europe, I finde strange that they are all dedicated to Professions, and none left free to Artes and Sciences at large.

1682 J. Dryden Religio Laici Pref. sig. a2 Speculations, which belong to the Profession of Divinity.

1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 21. ¶1 The three great Professions of Divinity, Law, and Physick.

1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. viii. 10 The Captain looks upon himself in the Military Capacity, as a Gentleman by his Profession.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1846) IV. xliv. 186 Arms, eloquence, and the study of the civil law, promoted a citizen to the honours of the Roman state; and the three professions were sometimes more conspicuous by their union in the same character.

1839 F. D. Maurice Lect. Educ. Mid. Classes 186 Profession in our country..is expressly that kind of business which deals primarily with men as men, and is thus distinguished from a Trade, which provides for the external wants or occasions of men.

1870 L. Oliphant Piccadilly ii. 46 The Church..compared with other professions..holds out no inducements for young men of family.

1888 W. Besant Fifty Years Ago xix. 262 New professions have come into existence, and the old professions are more esteemed. It was formerly a poor and beggarly thing to belong to any other than the three learned professions.

1942 G. M. Trevelyan Eng. Social Hist. xvii. 548 The Crimean War had one serious and beneficent consequence, the institution of nursing as a profession for trained women of a better type than Mrs. Gamp.

1978 K. Hudson Jargon of Professions 8 In order to be recognised as a profession, an occupation..has to satisfy these requirements: 1. Entry to it..must be permitted only to those who have satisfied an examining and supervisory body they have reached a satisfactory standard of training [etc.].

2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) vii. 159 Soon only posh kids will be able to afford such study and training and the Bar will once again become the profession of the cosseted and privilege.

b. More widely: any occupation by which a person regularly earns a living. N.E.D. (1908) notes: ‘Now usually applied to an occupation considered to be socially superior to a trade or handicraft; but formerly, and still in vulgar (or humorous) use, including these.’

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession

workeOE

mysteryc1390

facultyc1405

business1477

industrya1500

roomc1500

trade1525

pursuit1529

function1533

calling1539

profession?1552

vocation1553

entertainment1568

station1574

qualitya1586

employment1598

way of lifea1616

state1625

cloth1656

avocation1660

setworka1661

employ1669

estate1685

walk of life?1746

walk1836

?1552 Duncan Laideus' Test. in C. Innes Black Bk. Taymouth (1855) 151 My maister houshald wes heich Oppressioun, Reif my stewart,..Murthure, Slauchtir, ay of ane professioun.

1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 5^v Princes..delighted with the profession of husbandry.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. App. 364 Their profession is to robbe and steale from their neighbours, and to make them slaues.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 5 Know you not (Being Mechanicall) you ought not walke Vpon a labouring day, without the signe Of your Profession? Speake, what Trade art thou?

1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. v. vii. sig. Ll3^v This Gard'ner..inherits..of Adam..that Primitive profession that imploy'd and recompenc'd his Innocence.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 326/1 A Graver..is also used for many uses about the Plummers Profession.

1740 C. Cibber Apol. Life C. Cibber vii. 139 The different Conduct of these rival Actors may be of use, to others of the same Profession.

1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 59 Another serjeant-painter in this reign was John Brown, who if he threw no great lustre on his profession, was at least a benefactor to it's professors.

1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxix. 225 The veteran thief assumes the same sort of lofty port and high-toned consequence over the juniors of the profession, that the veteran warrior..does.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 17 Nov. 7/3 He is doing a very nice trade in the muffin ‘profession’.

1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child i. vii. 84 Kirk's painting had always been more of a hobby with him than a profession.

1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 44 A fisherman..whose beard and profession combined to make me identify him with St. Peter.

1990 J. Burchill in Sex & Sensibility (1992) 123 These days, actors agonize over their piddling profession as though it was a cross between winning the Second World War and working with lepers.

2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 13 Mar. i. 23/1 While no group tracks the number of parent coaches, a profession that did not appear to exist until a few years ago, coaching schools are reporting a surge in enrollment.

c. by profession: by way of an occupation; professionally.

ΚΠ

1580 H. Gifford Posie of Gilloflowers i. sig. F.2^v Both of them by profession were souldiers.

1639 Distiller of London Pref. 10 Our duty requires us all (that are Distillers by profession and Trade) to acknowledge [etc.].

a1681 G. Wharton Fasts & Festivals in Wks. (1683) 28 Saint Matthew, who being..a Publican or Toll-customer by Profession, became a Disciple, an Apostle, an Evangelist, and Martyr.

1733 T. Gent Antient & Mod. Hist. Rippon 49 Joseph her Spouse, by Profession a Carpenter.

1782 Lady Llanover in M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1862) 2nd Ser. III. 80 To apologize for his niece's being an embroidress by profession.

1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. vii. 148 The raillery of some wag by profession.

1895 tr. E. Ferri Criminal Sociol. 255 The hardened recidivists, who ought to be considered as..criminals by profession.

1927 C. A. Lindbergh ‘We’ ix. 172 I am not an author by profession, and my pen could never express the gratitude which I feel towards the American people.

2003 Yours Oct. 77/3 Another Sunday-morning barber..was a gamekeeper and rat-catcher by profession.

d. The body of people engaged in a particular occupation or calling; sometimes with defining word, as legal, medical, etc.With the: actors or other performing artists collectively.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > members of the same profession

qualitya1586

calling1589

profession1610

chip1763

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > actor > [noun] > collectively

qualitya1586

profesh1871

profession1899

pomping folk1968

1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 52 To take reuenge of the whole profession, and so to punish one for an others offence.

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. iii. 222 Lawyers are too wise a Nation, T' expose their Trade to Disputation:..In which whoever wins the day, The whole Profession's sure to Pay.

1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical vi. 67 A Company of the Common Profession in Dishabilie.

1765 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) III. 45 Emulation seldom unites a whole profession against one, unless he is clearly their superior.

1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxx. 316 The public offices of the legal profession, where writs are issued..and numerous other ingenious little machines put in motion.

1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. iv. 34 Mrs. Bolton was herself in the profession once, and danced at the Wells.

1899 Westm. Gaz. 25 Nov. 2/1 A heavy tragedian and his leading lady..confronting a provincial landlady. ‘Do you let apartments to—ah—the profession?’

1972 P. G. Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin ix. 138 He was suffering from an ailment known to the medical profession as the heeby-jeebies.

1994 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Feb. a2/6 The firm... recently appointed its first part-time partner, among the first in the profession.

2002 Washington Post (Home ed.) 15 Apr. c1/4 The prestigious international honor [is] the architecture profession's equivalent of a Nobel Prize.

e. euphemistic and humorous. = prostitution n. 1. Frequently in oldest profession n. at oldest adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun]

bordelc1300

prostitution1553

trugging1591

trade1592

putanism1672

street1750

Magdalenism1840

the life1858

profession1888

social evil1901

hustling1924

game1926

sex trade1931

1888 R. Kipling In Black & White 78 Lalun is a member of the most ancient profession in the world.

1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. iv. ii. 862 There's only Miss Carlyle who's in the profession and comes in sometimes a little late.

1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Apr. 338/4 Blackham has attempted a comprehensive survey of the activities of womankind from ‘the oldest profession’ to the magistracy.

1977 Time 19 Dec. 61/1 Even the members of the world's oldest profession have drifted elsewhere to more prosperous locations.

2005 Inter Press Service (Nexis) 8 July When Father Herman Klein-Hitpass decries prostitution, it's not about the moral pitfall of sex work that drives him to denounce the ‘profession’.

†III. Senses relating to the office of professor.

8. Chiefly Scottish. The function or office of professor in a university or college; a professorship. Also: public teaching by a professor. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > systematic or formal teaching > [noun] > teaching as professor

profession1579

society > education > teaching > teacher > university or college teacher > [noun] > professor > position of

profession1579

professorship1631

university chair1711

chair1816

professorate1831

professoriat1856

professoriate1862

1579 Acts Parl. Scotl. III. 179/2 And depriuatioun of sic as salbe thocht..not doing thair dewitie faythfullie and diligentlie in that professioun quhairvnto they happyne to be electit [sc. in St Andrews University].

1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 110^v There are..in this Island two famous Uniuersities, the one Oxforde, the other Cambredge, both for the profession of all sciences.

1621 Acts Parl Scotl. (1816) IV. 682/2 Vnderstanding the alteratioun..within the vniuersitie of Sanctandros to haif bred suche vncertantie in professioun of sciences and obseruatioun of ordoures [etc.].

1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons vi. 60 in Elements Philos. There will need but one House, and the endowment of a few Professions.

1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1737) ii. iii. x. 443 There is a new Profession erected in the University of Edinburgh, for the Law of Nature and Nations.

1712 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1889) III. 391 His Entrance upon the Profession of the Greek tongue.

1719 in A. Morgan Univ. Edinb. Charters (1937) 170 A profession of universall history is extreamly necessary..this profession being very much esteemed and the most attended at all the universitys abroad.

1799 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XXI. 24 When any of the higher offices became vacant, those who were in the lower were commonly advanced a step; and the new chosen regent had the profession of Greek for his department.

Compounds

attributive, in sense 1.

† profession-book n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1450 Ordination of Nuns (Vesp.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 147 Scho sal..lay hir profession-boke a-pon þe auter.

1857 G. Oliver Coll. Hist. Catholic Relig. Cornwall 313 From the profession-book of Lambspring Abbey, I learn that he was born at Ramsbury.

† profession-ring n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 3217 (MED) Þe ladyes..tokon seynt Wultrude profession-rynge, & abouȝt his nekke þey hongedone hit þo.

1489 Will of Marg. Darcy (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/8) f. 168^v My profession Ryng.

† profession-making n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. in Wks. (1853) XI. 600 Such an one may forsake the external profession of Christianity, or cease profession-making.

Derivatives

ˈprofession-like adj. rare

ΚΠ

1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra i. xvi. 123 That under a smoother and profession-like behaviour, (when they are stirred up to Persecute) the rigour might seem just.

1975 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 69 1038/1 The least profession-like faculty sectors are most receptive to faculty unionism.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	profession
释义	professionn. Brit. /prəˈfɛʃn/, U.S. /prəˈfɛʃ(ə)n/, /proʊˈfɛʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English persescion (transmission error), Middle English profectyon (probably transmission error), Middle English profescion, Middle English profescioun, Middle English profesioune, Middle English professione, Middle English professioun, Middle English professiun, Middle English professyoun, Middle English proffeschoun, Middle English proffessyoun, Middle English profiseon, Middle English–1500s professyon, Middle English– profession; Scottish pre-1700 professione, pre-1700 professioun, pre-1700 professiowne, pre-1700 professyown, pre-1700 professyowne, pre-1700 proffessioun, pre-1700 1700s– profession. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French profession; Latin professiōn-, professiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman professioun, Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French profession (French profession ) declaration of faith (1155 as professiun ), vows taken when entering a religious order (c1174), condition, occupation (1362 as prophecie ; 1404 as prophecion ; a1417 as profession ; 1495 as profection ), action of teaching publicly, professorship (1596) and its etymon classical Latin professiōn-, professiō open declaration, avowal, public declaration of one's person and property, public register of people and property, vocation or occupation that one publicly avows, in post-classical Latin also vow made by a person entering a religious order, particular condition, declaration of faith, faith (4th cent.), promise (9th cent.), monastic order (9th cent.; from c1160 in British sources), monastic rule (1135), function or office of a university professor (1302, 1577 in British sources; from 15th cent. in continental sources) < profess- , past participial stem of profitērī profess v. + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan professio (13th cent.; Occitan profession), Catalan professió (14th cent.), Spanish profesión (mid 13th cent. as profession), Italian professione (a1321). I. Senses relating to the declaration of faith, principles, etc. 1. a. The declaration, promise, or vow made by a person entering a religious order; (hence) the action of entering such an order; the fact or occasion of being professed in a religious order. ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > sacrament > order > monastic profession > [noun] profession?c1225 conversionc1340 professing1502 clothing1628 vesture1639 novitiation1792 monachization1813 ?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 4 Nan ancre..ne schal bi mi read makien professiun, þet is, bihaten heste alswa ase heste, buten þreo þinges..obedience, chastete, & studestaðeluestninge. 1340 Ayenbite (1866) 225 Huanne þe beheste is solempne ase be hand of prelat oþer be profession of religion. c1390 G. Chaucer Shipman's Tale 1345 This swere I yow on my professioun. a1425 Ordination of Nuns (Lansd.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 143 Sho sall rede hir professiun..& þe nouyce sal make a crosse on þe buke of hir profession. c1451 J. Capgrave Life St. Gilbert (1910) 72 (MED) Of þis same mannes handes took Gilbert þe habite of profession. a1500 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Adv.) (1843) 1938 (MED) They wer gud relygyous As freris, monkys, nonnis, and channonis That welle heldon hor proffessyounis. ?1550 J. Bale Apol. agaynste Papyst 22 I frire N. make my profession and promyse obedience to God, to S. Frances..to live without propre and in chastite accordynge to the rule of the sayd ordre. 1603 P. Holland tr. Plutarch Morals 1288 The searching after such science, is as it were a profession and entrance into religion. 1671 A. Woodhead tr. Life St. Teresa i. iv. 13 When I consider the manner of my Profession, and the great resolution and gust wherewith I made it. 1691 A. Wood Athenæ Oxonienses I. 181 He was called to Rome to take upon him the profession of the four vows. 1772 Ann. Reg. 1771 151/1 Madame Louisa of France took the veil of professions at the convent of the Carmelites. 1797 A. Radcliffe Italian I. xi. 308 The novice kneeling before him, made her profession. 1871 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest IV. xvii. 89 He had received the second profession of Maurilius, the Primate who still for a short time longer filled the metropolitan throne of Rouen. 1885 W. E. Addis & T. Arnold Catholic Dict. (ed. 3) (at cited word) A religious or regular profession is ‘a promise freely made and lawfully accepted, whereby a person of the full age required, after the completion of a year of probation, binds him- (or her-) self to a particular religious institute approved by the Church’. 1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 516/1 After her profession in the following year she became very seriously ill. 1995 Times 3 Oct. 18/8 Deaths... On October 1st 1995 Dom Anthony Howard Williams, Monk of Elmore Abbey, aged 91 years and in the 46th year of his profession. b. Any solemn declaration, promise, or vow. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [noun] > vow or oath hesta1200 vow1297 professionc1300 sermenta1325 avow1330 sacrament1430 votec1540 troth-plight1570 upon my Sam1939 advower- c1300 Life & Martyrdom Thomas Becket (Harl. 2277) (1845) l. 1405 (MED) Mi professioun ich habbe to Jesu Crist ido. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 115 (MED) Þe bisshop of Meneuia..made non professioun..to non oþer chirche. c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. i. 98 (MED) Dauid..dubbide kniȝtes, Made hem to swere..to serue treuþe..Þat is, þe professioun apertly þat apendiþ to kniȝtes [c1400 C text ii. 97: Trewely to take and treweliche to fyȝte, Ys þe profession and þe pure ordre þat apendeþ to knyȝtes]. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 190 (MED) Þes prestis..stiren hym to wraþþe..þat han rentes &..lordischipes & parische chirchis approprid to hem..for singuler profession maade to foolis & in cas to fendis of helle. 1582 G. Whetstone Heptameron Ciuill Disc. vi. sig. U.iij In lofty loue we found dainger: in base loue lothesomnesse and inconstancy..so that now wee shall be dryuen to renounce our profession. 1686 J. Scott Christian Life: Pt. II II. vii. 882 The Church..makes a visible profession of fealty to him. 1711 H. C. De Luzancy Serm. preach’d at Assizes County of Essex 9 Not only in a private but a publick Profession of Obedience to all those Rules of Decency which they conceive to be most for his Honour. 1874 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Jan. 26 That constitution made no profession of allegiance to the King of England, nor did it acknowledge any dependence on the English Parliament. 1999 Associated Press (Nexis) 28 Jan. Religious parties passed the law requiring a profession of allegiance to the Orthodox Rabbinate. †2. a. A particular order of monks, nuns, or other professed persons. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > monasticism > religious order > [noun] order?c1225 religion?c1225 sectc1380 professiona1393 congregation1493 society1581 religious society1610 community1728 society > faith > church government > monasticism > [noun] > monastic rule > order observing particular rule order?c1225 religion?c1225 sectc1380 professiona1393 congregation1493 communityc1525 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 2383 (MED) If thou er this Hast ben of such professioun, Discovere thi confessioun. c1395 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 1925 So forth al the gospel may ye seen Wher it be likker oure professioun [v.r. profescioun] Or hirs that swymmen in possessioun. c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 1 (MED) A gentill woman, desired of me..to translate hir..oute of Latyn, þe lif of Seynt Augustyn..Sche desired þis þing of me..because þat I am of his profession. a1500 tr. A. Chartier Traité de l'Esperance (Rawl.) (1974) 46 (MED) Thei be ashamed to were the habyte and kepe thestate of their professione. b. Christ's profession n. Obsolete Christianity. ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > [noun] gospelc950 the WayOE ChristendomOE crossc1325 the faithc1384 Christianitya1400 Christenhoodc1443 Christ's professionc1475 Christianism1554 Xtianity1634 Christism1842 c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxvii Eche man þat liueþ not after þe reule of Cristis professioun. c1480 (a1400) St. George 696 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) II. 196 George wes þe trewest knycht to crist ymang al þat lyf mycht, þat vndir knychtly habit kyd cristis professione had vnhyde. 1621 R. Brathwait Natures Embassie (1641) 85 Soile to his soule, and so to Christs profession, For He no Christ profest, but thought't a scorne That God made man. 1694 J. Strype Memorials T. Cranmer 20 Even at the Beginning of Christs profession Diotrephes desired gerere primatum in Ecclesia, as saith S. Iohn in his last Epistle. †3. Particular character, nature, or condition. Also: a person's disposition. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > existence > intrinsicality or inherence > character or nature > [noun] birtha1250 the manner ofc1300 formc1310 propertyc1390 naturea1393 condition1393 qualitya1398 temperc1400 taragec1407 naturality?a1425 profession?a1439 affecta1460 temperament1471 essence?1533 affection1534 spirit?1534 temperature1539 natural spirit1541 character1577 complexion1589 tincture1590 idiom1596 qualification1602 texture1611 connativea1618 thread1632 genius1639 complexure1648 quale1654 indoles1672 suchness1674 staminaa1676 trim1707 tenor1725 colouring1735 tint1760 type1843 aura1859 thusness1883 physis1923 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. 4768 (MED) Crafft and nature sue the professioun [Fr. profession, L. professionem] Bi thordynaunce set in ther courage; And ech man folweth his condicioun. tr. Palladius De re Rustica (Duke Humfrey) (1896) iii. 64 (MED) Se the profession Of euery wyne & wherein they myscheue. c1450–4 W. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 150 viij thinggis..byn full nessessarij to knowe to come to þe tru persescion [read profescion] of þis langage. 4. a. The declaration of belief in and obedience to religion, or of acceptance of and conformity to the faith and principles of any religious community; (hence) the faith or religion which a person professes. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > acknowledgement, avowal, or confession > [noun] anyetenessc1175 anyetingc1175 avowry1340 beknowledging1340 confessionc1384 professiona1513 owning1535 acknowledgement1574 avowment1581 submission1597 avowancea1603 confessing1611 avowinga1677 avowal1732 society > faith > aspects of faith > [noun] > acknowledgement or profession of professiona1513 testimony1550 society > faith > aspects of faith > religion > a religion or church > [noun] churcheOE kirkc1175 spousea1200 lawa1225 lorea1225 religionc1325 faithc1384 sectc1386 seta1387 leara1400 hirselc1480 professiona1513 congregation1526 communion1553 schism1555 segregation1563 sex1583 hortus conclususa1631 confessiona1641 dispensation1643 sectary1651 churchship1675 cult1679 persuasion1732 denomination1746–7 connection1753 covenant1818 sectarism1821 organized religion1843 a1513 J. Irland Meroure of Wyssdome (1965) II. 50 Quhethir the apostlis of Jhesu maid this creid in professioun of the faith of Jhesu or nocht. 1531 W. Tyndale Expos. Fyrste Epist. St. Jhon sig. A.ii To haue this profession wrytten in thyne herte, is to consente vnto the lawe that it is righteous. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Celebr. Holye Communion f. lxiiij Graunt vnto all..that they maye exchew those thinges that be contrary to their profession, and folow all such thinges as be agreable to thesame. 1601 W. Parry New Disc. Trauels Sir A. Sherley 5 Certaine Persians..Pagans by profession. a1656 J. Hales Golden Remains (1659) i. 39 True profession without honest conversation, not only saves not, but increases our weight of punishment. 1689 W. Popple tr. J. Locke Let. conc. Toleration 27 It is in vain for an Unbeliever to take up the outward shew of another mans Profession. 1728 E. Haywood tr. M.-A. de Gomez Belle Assemblée (1732) II. 15 Several who made profession of the Protestant Religion. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. xvi. 550 Could we suppose that the Bishop of Carthage had employed the profession of the Christian faith only as the instrument of his avarice or ambition, it was still incumbent on him to support the character which he had assumed. 1845 W. L. Garrison in F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass Pref. p. xii A slaveholder's profession of Christianity is a palpable imposture. He is a felon of the highest grade. 1876 J. B. Mozley Serm. preached Univ. of Oxf. ii. 45 As the standard of goodness rises the standard of profession must rise too. 1910 New Eng. Mag. July 588 A convict who works the churches and is insincere in his profession of religion is called a ‘mission stiff’. 1969 H. A. R. Gibb Mohammedanism (rev. ed.) iv. 37 The famous shahāda or profession of faith..: ‘There is but one God, Mohammed is the Apostle of God,’ is not found in this composite anywhere in the Koran. 2005 Ashville (N. Carolina) Citizen-Times (Nexis) 12 May 9 a What a novel idea. Your life should match your religious profession... Imagine that, Christians living out with integrity what they claim to believe. b. A religious system, denomination, or body. Now rare except as merged with 4a. ΚΠ 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. vii. 293 They embrace no religion at all, being neither Christians, Mahumetans, nor Iewes, nor of any other profession [L. fidem]. 1646 J. Gregory Notes & Observ. iii. 20 Whatsoever the moderne practice is, the ancient must be to bury towards Jerusalem..for all professions buried towards the place they worshiped. 1705 Boston News-let. 5 Nov. 2/1 Some will not count it remarkable, that there should be Bad people among the Quakers, as well as among the People of other Professions. a1714 Earl of Cromarty Hist. Family Mackenzie in W. Fraser Earls of Cromartie (1876) II. 502 The King, perswadit by many Popish Lords, wes to bring back the Roman profession. 1839 J. Martineau Stud. Christianity (1858) 131 How think himself safe in a profession, which was without temple, without priest, without altar, without victim? 1850 A. McGilvray Poems 59 The kirk-attender always has A most prodigious Advantage o'er the stupid ass Who's not religious. Belong, at least, to some profession, And try to get among the session. 1904 R. Small Hist. U.P. Congregat. i. 72 At the close of his Arts course, he ‘left his profession’ and joined the Relief. 5. The action or an act of declaring, affirming, or avowing an opinion, belief, custom, etc., or of laying open claim to a particular quality or feeling. In later use sometimes with suggestion of insincerity or falsity, or with implied contrast to practice or fact: cf. profess v. 3a, professed adj. 2. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > statement > [noun] > a statement or declaration pretence1440 mentiona1470 profession1526 resolution1594 definitive1595 propound1599 enunciation1628 expression1635 express1646 declarative1651 assert1655 statement1775 enouncementa1856 sayable1957 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > dissimulation, pretence > [noun] > act or instance of dissimulationc1384 likenessc1384 pretencec1487 profession1526 masqueradea1670 fobbery1688 artificialism1835 barney1859 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection i. sig. Ciii Outher by his owne feyth & profession, or els in the feyth of their spiritual parentes. 1565 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1877) 1st Ser. I. 370 Thai mak plane professioun that the establissing of religioun will nocht content thame. 1617 F. Moryson Itinerary i. 142 Having made profession of my great respect to him. 1662 H. More Coll. Philos. Writings (ed. 2) Pref. Gen. p. xxvi That I may not seem injurious to my self, nor give scandal unto others by this so free profession. 1692 tr. C. de Saint-Évremond Misc. Ess. 353 There are Friends of Profession, that take a pride in following our Party at random, and upon all Occasions. 1740–1 Bp. J. Butler Serm. before Lords 30 Jan. in Wks. (1874) II. 256 These false professions of virtue..must have been originally taken up in order to deceive. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia III. v. v. 69 Cecilia..found little difficulty in returning her friendly professions. 1817 J. Mill Hist. Brit. India III. vi. i. 50 Here, too, profession was at variance with fact. 1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. viii. 218 Such a man was already a saint in practice, if not in profession. 1871 R. Browning Balaustion 88 Nor she, who makes profession of my birth And styles herself my mother, neither she Bore me. 1904 H. James Golden Bowl II. xxxviii. 288 Her profession of trust in his mistress had been an act of conformity exquisitely calculated. 1963 M. L. King Strength to Love iv. 26 One of the great tragedies of life is that men seldom bridge the gulf between practice and profession, between doing and saying. 1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 14 June 45/4 Did he believe in his scientific tinkerings, or mean his professions of ignorance? †6. Roman History. The public registration of people and property. Obsolete. ΚΠ 1856 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire IV. xxxix. 428 The census of the provincials..bore a different name from that of the citizens. The provincial profession, as it was designated, extended wherever the land tax was exacted. II. Senses relating to professional occupation. 7. a. An occupation in which a professed knowledge of some subject, field, or science is applied; a vocation or career, especially one that involves prolonged training and a formal qualification. Also occasionally as mass noun: occupations of this kind.In early use applied spec. to the professions of law, the Church, and medicine, and sometimes extended also to the military profession. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > [noun] lawc1405 professiona1425 long robe1586 side-robe1658 robe1662 society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession > skilled occupation professiona1425 the world > health and disease > healing > art or science of medicine > practice of healing art > [noun] > medical profession professiona1425 society > armed hostility > war > war as profession or skill > [noun] wara1375 chivalrya1387 chiefalrie1548 soldiery1579 profession1581 military art1590 militia1590 warcrafta1661 society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > [noun] > profession of calling1544 profession1682 a1425 Dialogue Reason & Adversity (Cambr.) (1968) 25 (MED) Plato was taken of þefes, sold & so mad þral..for he was a philosophore, he was betere þan his biȝere, A gentil professioun þat made þe seruaunt more þenne his lord. ?1541 R. Copland Galen's Fourth Bk. Terapeutyke sig. Aj^v, in Guy de Chauliac's Questyonary Cyrurgyens The parties of the art of Medycyne..can not be seperated one from the other without the dommage and great detryment of all the medicynall professyon. 1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. A v b Such as I am, (whose profession should chiefelie bee armes). 1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Aa3 Amongst so many great Foundations of Colledges in Europe, I finde strange that they are all dedicated to Professions, and none left free to Artes and Sciences at large. View more context for this quotation 1682 J. Dryden Religio Laici Pref. sig. a2 Speculations, which belong to the Profession of Divinity. 1711 J. Addison Spectator No. 21. ¶1 The three great Professions of Divinity, Law, and Physick. 1728 J. Gay Beggar's Opera i. viii. 10 The Captain looks upon himself in the Military Capacity, as a Gentleman by his Profession. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1846) IV. xliv. 186 Arms, eloquence, and the study of the civil law, promoted a citizen to the honours of the Roman state; and the three professions were sometimes more conspicuous by their union in the same character. 1839 F. D. Maurice Lect. Educ. Mid. Classes 186 Profession in our country..is expressly that kind of business which deals primarily with men as men, and is thus distinguished from a Trade, which provides for the external wants or occasions of men. 1870 L. Oliphant Piccadilly ii. 46 The Church..compared with other professions..holds out no inducements for young men of family. 1888 W. Besant Fifty Years Ago xix. 262 New professions have come into existence, and the old professions are more esteemed. It was formerly a poor and beggarly thing to belong to any other than the three learned professions. 1942 G. M. Trevelyan Eng. Social Hist. xvii. 548 The Crimean War had one serious and beneficent consequence, the institution of nursing as a profession for trained women of a better type than Mrs. Gamp. 1978 K. Hudson Jargon of Professions 8 In order to be recognised as a profession, an occupation..has to satisfy these requirements: 1. Entry to it..must be permitted only to those who have satisfied an examining and supervisory body they have reached a satisfactory standard of training [etc.]. 2004 H. Kennedy Just Law (2005) vii. 159 Soon only posh kids will be able to afford such study and training and the Bar will once again become the profession of the cosseted and privilege. b. More widely: any occupation by which a person regularly earns a living. N.E.D. (1908) notes: ‘Now usually applied to an occupation considered to be socially superior to a trade or handicraft; but formerly, and still in vulgar (or humorous) use, including these.’ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > [noun] > regular occupation, trade, or profession workeOE mysteryc1390 facultyc1405 business1477 industrya1500 roomc1500 trade1525 pursuit1529 function1533 calling1539 profession?1552 vocation1553 entertainment1568 station1574 qualitya1586 employment1598 way of lifea1616 state1625 cloth1656 avocation1660 setworka1661 employ1669 estate1685 walk of life?1746 walk1836 ?1552 Duncan Laideus' Test. in C. Innes Black Bk. Taymouth (1855) 151 My maister houshald wes heich Oppressioun, Reif my stewart,..Murthure, Slauchtir, ay of ane professioun. 1577 B. Googe tr. C. Heresbach Foure Bks. Husbandry i. f. 5^v Princes..delighted with the profession of husbandry. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. App. 364 Their profession is to robbe and steale from their neighbours, and to make them slaues. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) i. i. 5 Know you not (Being Mechanicall) you ought not walke Vpon a labouring day, without the signe Of your Profession? Speake, what Trade art thou? View more context for this quotation 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. v. vii. sig. Ll3^v This Gard'ner..inherits..of Adam..that Primitive profession that imploy'd and recompenc'd his Innocence. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 326/1 A Graver..is also used for many uses about the Plummers Profession. 1740 C. Cibber Apol. Life C. Cibber vii. 139 The different Conduct of these rival Actors may be of use, to others of the same Profession. 1762 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting I. iv. 59 Another serjeant-painter in this reign was John Brown, who if he threw no great lustre on his profession, was at least a benefactor to it's professors. 1827 P. Cunningham Two Years New S. Wales II. xxix. 225 The veteran thief assumes the same sort of lofty port and high-toned consequence over the juniors of the profession, that the veteran warrior..does. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 17 Nov. 7/3 He is doing a very nice trade in the muffin ‘profession’. 1919 P. G. Wodehouse Their Mutual Child i. vii. 84 Kirk's painting had always been more of a hobby with him than a profession. 1960 C. Day Lewis Buried Day ii. 44 A fisherman..whose beard and profession combined to make me identify him with St. Peter. 1990 J. Burchill in Sex & Sensibility (1992) 123 These days, actors agonize over their piddling profession as though it was a cross between winning the Second World War and working with lepers. 2005 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 13 Mar. i. 23/1 While no group tracks the number of parent coaches, a profession that did not appear to exist until a few years ago, coaching schools are reporting a surge in enrollment. c. by profession: by way of an occupation; professionally. ΚΠ 1580 H. Gifford Posie of Gilloflowers i. sig. F.2^v Both of them by profession were souldiers. 1639 Distiller of London Pref. 10 Our duty requires us all (that are Distillers by profession and Trade) to acknowledge [etc.]. a1681 G. Wharton Fasts & Festivals in Wks. (1683) 28 Saint Matthew, who being..a Publican or Toll-customer by Profession, became a Disciple, an Apostle, an Evangelist, and Martyr. 1733 T. Gent Antient & Mod. Hist. Rippon 49 Joseph her Spouse, by Profession a Carpenter. 1782 Lady Llanover in M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1862) 2nd Ser. III. 80 To apologize for his niece's being an embroidress by profession. 1806 J. Beresford Miseries Human Life I. vii. 148 The raillery of some wag by profession. 1895 tr. E. Ferri Criminal Sociol. 255 The hardened recidivists, who ought to be considered as..criminals by profession. 1927 C. A. Lindbergh ‘We’ ix. 172 I am not an author by profession, and my pen could never express the gratitude which I feel towards the American people. 2003 Yours Oct. 77/3 Another Sunday-morning barber..was a gamekeeper and rat-catcher by profession. d. The body of people engaged in a particular occupation or calling; sometimes with defining word, as legal, medical, etc.With the: actors or other performing artists collectively. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > follower of occupation as profession > members of the same profession qualitya1586 calling1589 profession1610 chip1763 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > actor > [noun] > collectively qualitya1586 profesh1871 profession1899 pomping folk1968 1610 A. Willet Hexapla in Danielem 52 To take reuenge of the whole profession, and so to punish one for an others offence. 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. iii. 222 Lawyers are too wise a Nation, T' expose their Trade to Disputation:..In which whoever wins the day, The whole Profession's sure to Pay. 1700 T. Brown Amusem. Serious & Comical vi. 67 A Company of the Common Profession in Dishabilie. 1765 H. Walpole Vertue's Anecd. Painting (ed. 2) III. 45 Emulation seldom unites a whole profession against one, unless he is clearly their superior. 1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxx. 316 The public offices of the legal profession, where writs are issued..and numerous other ingenious little machines put in motion. 1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. iv. 34 Mrs. Bolton was herself in the profession once, and danced at the Wells. 1899 Westm. Gaz. 25 Nov. 2/1 A heavy tragedian and his leading lady..confronting a provincial landlady. ‘Do you let apartments to—ah—the profession?’ 1972 P. G. Wodehouse Pearls, Girls, & Monty Bodkin ix. 138 He was suffering from an ailment known to the medical profession as the heeby-jeebies. 1994 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 26 Feb. a2/6 The firm... recently appointed its first part-time partner, among the first in the profession. 2002 Washington Post (Home ed.) 15 Apr. c1/4 The prestigious international honor [is] the architecture profession's equivalent of a Nobel Prize. e. euphemistic and humorous. = prostitution n. 1. Frequently in oldest profession n. at oldest adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] bordelc1300 prostitution1553 trugging1591 trade1592 putanism1672 street1750 Magdalenism1840 the life1858 profession1888 social evil1901 hustling1924 game1926 sex trade1931 1888 R. Kipling In Black & White 78 Lalun is a member of the most ancient profession in the world. 1914 C. Mackenzie Sinister St. iv. ii. 862 There's only Miss Carlyle who's in the profession and comes in sometimes a little late. 1936 Times Lit. Suppl. 18 Apr. 338/4 Blackham has attempted a comprehensive survey of the activities of womankind from ‘the oldest profession’ to the magistracy. 1977 Time 19 Dec. 61/1 Even the members of the world's oldest profession have drifted elsewhere to more prosperous locations. 2005 Inter Press Service (Nexis) 8 July When Father Herman Klein-Hitpass decries prostitution, it's not about the moral pitfall of sex work that drives him to denounce the ‘profession’. †III. Senses relating to the office of professor. 8. Chiefly Scottish. The function or office of professor in a university or college; a professorship. Also: public teaching by a professor. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > systematic or formal teaching > [noun] > teaching as professor profession1579 society > education > teaching > teacher > university or college teacher > [noun] > professor > position of profession1579 professorship1631 university chair1711 chair1816 professorate1831 professoriat1856 professoriate1862 1579 Acts Parl. Scotl. III. 179/2 And depriuatioun of sic as salbe thocht..not doing thair dewitie faythfullie and diligentlie in that professioun quhairvnto they happyne to be electit [sc. in St Andrews University]. 1580 J. Lyly Euphues & his Eng. (new ed.) f. 110^v There are..in this Island two famous Uniuersities, the one Oxforde, the other Cambredge, both for the profession of all sciences. 1621 Acts Parl Scotl. (1816) IV. 682/2 Vnderstanding the alteratioun..within the vniuersitie of Sanctandros to haif bred suche vncertantie in professioun of sciences and obseruatioun of ordoures [etc.]. 1656 T. Hobbes Six Lessons vi. 60 in Elements Philos. There will need but one House, and the endowment of a few Professions. 1708 Chamberlayne's Magnæ Britanniæ Notitia (1737) ii. iii. x. 443 There is a new Profession erected in the University of Edinburgh, for the Law of Nature and Nations. 1712 T. Hearne Remarks & Coll. (1889) III. 391 His Entrance upon the Profession of the Greek tongue. 1719 in A. Morgan Univ. Edinb. Charters (1937) 170 A profession of universall history is extreamly necessary..this profession being very much esteemed and the most attended at all the universitys abroad. 1799 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XXI. 24 When any of the higher offices became vacant, those who were in the lower were commonly advanced a step; and the new chosen regent had the profession of Greek for his department. Compounds attributive, in sense 1. † profession-book n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1450 Ordination of Nuns (Vesp.) in E. A. Kock Rule St. Benet (1902) 147 Scho sal..lay hir profession-boke a-pon þe auter. 1857 G. Oliver Coll. Hist. Catholic Relig. Cornwall 313 From the profession-book of Lambspring Abbey, I learn that he was born at Ramsbury. † profession-ring n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1450 St. Edith (Faust.) (1883) 3217 (MED) Þe ladyes..tokon seynt Wultrude profession-rynge, & abouȝt his nekke þey hongedone hit þo. 1489 Will of Marg. Darcy (P.R.O.: PROB. 11/8) f. 168^v My profession Ryng. † profession-making n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. in Wks. (1853) XI. 600 Such an one may forsake the external profession of Christianity, or cease profession-making. Derivatives ˈprofession-like adj. rare ΚΠ 1677 R. Gilpin Dæmonol. Sacra i. xvi. 123 That under a smoother and profession-like behaviour, (when they are stirred up to Persecute) the rigour might seem just. 1975 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 69 1038/1 The least profession-like faculty sectors are most receptive to faculty unionism. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?c1225
随便看	chloritisations chloritization chloritizations chloritize chloritoid chloritous chlormagnesite chloro chloro- chloro-aurate chloro-benzamide chloro-benzene chloro-benzide chloro-benzil chloro-benzoic chloro-cyanilide chloro-ethane chloro-methyl chloro-perchloric chloro-propionic chloro-salicin chloroaurate chlorobenzamide chlorobenzene chlorobenzenes