pronounn.

Brit.

/ˈprəʊnaʊn/, U.S.

/ˈproʊˌnaʊn/

Forms: late Middle English pronownnys (plural), late Middle English–1500s pronowne, late Middle English–1600s pronown, late Middle English– pronoun, 1500s pronoume (Scottish), 1500s–1600s pronoune.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pronoun.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman pronoun (first half of the 14th cent. or earlier; compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French pronom (end of the 14th cent. in Anglo-Norman; second half of the 13th cent. in Old French as pronon ; also in Middle French as pronome (late 15th cent.))) < pro- pro- prefix¹ + noun noun n., after classical Latin prōnōmen , itself after Hellenistic Greek ἀντωνυμία (compare also ἀντώνυμον , rare) pronoun (see antonym n.). Compare Old Occitan, Occitan pronom (a1213), Spanish pronombre, †pronomen (both second half of the 15th cent.), Portuguese pronome (1540), Italian pronome (a1332), and also German Pronomen (c1400).

Grammar.

1. A word that can function as a noun phrase when used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g. I, you) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g. she, it, this).Frequently with preceding modifying word, as interrogative, possessive pronoun, etc.: see the first element.Pronouns belong to a closed word class and constitute one of the traditional parts of speech, often defined as ‘a word used instead of a noun’.In English, several definitive adjectives or determiners are also very commonly used absolutely or pronominally (and were formerly classed as adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives). These include the demonstratives this (plural these), that (plural those), yon (or yonder), and (in certain uses) such; the indefinites all, any, both, each, every (now archaic as a pronoun), either, neither, none, one, other (another), some; and the quantifiers many, few, and enough. One is often used as an indefinite personal pronoun (see one pron. 16, 17).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun]

pronounc1414

pronominal1871

pronoun form1877

c1414 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 108 (MED) Qwen I haue an Englissh of a noun or a pronoun and a participul set forth other vnderstonden an no wort set forthe ny vnderstonden of the quech the worte of þe reson may be gouernet of, hit shall be set in þe ablatif case absolute.

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 36 How knowest a pronoun? A party of reson declynyd, the whych is sette for a propre name and reseueth certayn person. How many pronounes be ther? XV: ego, tu, sui, ille, [etc.].

a1500 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 55 How mony partyse of speche ben þer? VIII..Nowne, pronowne, verbe, aduerbe, partycypull, coniunccion, preposicion, and interieccion.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 74 Pronownes be suche as, standynge in the stede of substantives, may governe verbes to be of lyke nombre and parson with them.

1581 W. Fulke in A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion (1584) iii. sig. T ij Whereto els hath the pronowne (this) relation?

a1634 R. Clerke Serm. (1637) xv. 483 The Pronoune opportunes us. Some Copies have vobis; but the most and best, have Nobis.

1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. ii. §3 As Nouns are notes or signs of things, so Pronouns are of Nouns; and are therefore called Pronomina, quasi vice Nominum, as being placed commonly instead of Nouns.

1725 I. Watts Logick iv. i. 508 When a Sentence is distinguisht into the Nouns, the Verbs, Pronouns, and other Particles of Speech which compose it, then it is said to be analys'd grammatically.

1751 J. Harris Hermes i. v. 73 The genuine Pronoun always stands by itself, assuming the Power of a Noun, and supplying its place.

1838 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth (ed. 2) 1st Ser. 165 They are strange and mighty words, these two little pronouns I and Thou.

1864 G. W. Moon Dean's English (ed. 2) 34 You have so confusedly used your pronouns in the above paragraph, that it may be construed in ten thousand different ways.

1904 C. T. Onions Advanced Eng. Syntax §223 We is often employed colloquially, like ‘you’, as an Indefinite Pronoun = ‘one’.

1958 M. L. King Stride toward Freedom 9 While the nature of this account causes me to make frequent use of the pronoun ‘I’, in every important part of the story it should be ‘we’.

2002 Glamour June 126/1 When one member of a new couple starts using the very loaded pronoun ‘we’ before the other is ready.

2. spec. A third-person pronoun by which an individual chooses to be referred to in order to indicate their gender identity. Frequently in plural with reference to a pair or set of such pronouns (as in ‘my pronouns are they and them’). Also with modifier, as gender pronoun, preferred gender pronoun, preferred pronoun, self-identified pronoun, etc.The terms preferred gender pronoun and preferred pronoun are now often regarded as problematic; see e.g. quot. 2019.

ΚΠ

1977 Psychiatric Opinion Jan.-Feb. 36/1 The therapist must be aware in this setting of his/her responses to changing pronouns, changing appearances, and changing names. It is not unusual to have a client come for sessions alternating between male and female presentations during certain transitional phases.

1998 Bay Area Reporter 8 Jan. 7/1 Can't he at least give the young transsexual character some respect by using the preferred pronouns for an MTF transsexual?

2019 Guide for Supporting Trans & Gender Diverse Students (Amer. Psychol. Assoc.) 3/1 At the beginning of class..students can introduce themselves with their..gender pronouns... In recent years, there has been a shift away from asking for ‘preferred pronouns’ because pronouns are no more a preference than other individual demographics.

2020 @TheElliotPage 1 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 9 Dec. 2020) I want to share with you that I am trans, my pronouns are he/they and my name is Elliot.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive.

pronoun form n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun]

pronounc1414

pronominal1871

pronoun form1877

1877 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 6 476 This view might again be supported by an examination of the corresponding pronoun forms, for ‘him’ is historically a dative, not an accusative.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 269 Among the substantives are some pronoun-forms which, by over~differentiation, do not serve as actors: me, us, him, her, them, whom.

1991 Lit. & Ling. Computing 6 29/2 Several possible constructions exist: aler plus a plus infinitive; aler form plus pronoun object plus infinitive; pronoun form + aler + infinitive; aler plus gerundio; pronoun plus aler plus gerundio.

pronoun object n.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > other specific types of pronoun

relativec1400

demonstrative pronounc1525

question word1878

object pronoun1885

pronoun object1889

common-sex pronoun1922

non-personal1925

1889 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 4 117 ‘Ils veulent emmener son amie. Il leur cria: vous ne l'emmènerez mie,’ i.e. ne l'en menrés mie, with omission of pronoun object, which is not a rare phenomenon.

1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) i. v. 78 To do is used as a notional verb, chiefly in its non-finite forms and with a neuter pronoun-object (something, nothing, this, that, it, what? etc.).

1998 Speculum 73 13 Clause-initial conjunctive ær is sometimes immediately followed by a pronoun object.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pronoun
释义	pronounn. Brit. /ˈprəʊnaʊn/, U.S. /ˈproʊˌnaʊn/ Forms: late Middle English pronownnys (plural), late Middle English–1500s pronowne, late Middle English–1600s pronown, late Middle English– pronoun, 1500s pronoume (Scottish), 1500s–1600s pronoune. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pronoun. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman pronoun (first half of the 14th cent. or earlier; compare Anglo-Norman and Middle French, French pronom (end of the 14th cent. in Anglo-Norman; second half of the 13th cent. in Old French as pronon ; also in Middle French as pronome (late 15th cent.))) < pro- pro- prefix¹ + noun noun n., after classical Latin prōnōmen , itself after Hellenistic Greek ἀντωνυμία (compare also ἀντώνυμον , rare) pronoun (see antonym n.). Compare Old Occitan, Occitan pronom (a1213), Spanish pronombre, †pronomen (both second half of the 15th cent.), Portuguese pronome (1540), Italian pronome (a1332), and also German Pronomen (c1400). Grammar. 1. A word that can function as a noun phrase when used by itself and that refers either to the participants in the discourse (e.g. I, you) or to someone or something mentioned elsewhere in the discourse (e.g. she, it, this).Frequently with preceding modifying word, as interrogative, possessive pronoun, etc.: see the first element.Pronouns belong to a closed word class and constitute one of the traditional parts of speech, often defined as ‘a word used instead of a noun’.In English, several definitive adjectives or determiners are also very commonly used absolutely or pronominally (and were formerly classed as adjective pronouns or pronominal adjectives). These include the demonstratives this (plural these), that (plural those), yon (or yonder), and (in certain uses) such; the indefinites all, any, both, each, every (now archaic as a pronoun), either, neither, none, one, other (another), some; and the quantifiers many, few, and enough. One is often used as an indefinite personal pronoun (see one pron. 16, 17). ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] pronounc1414 pronominal1871 pronoun form1877 c1414 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 108 (MED) Qwen I haue an Englissh of a noun or a pronoun and a participul set forth other vnderstonden an no wort set forthe ny vnderstonden of the quech the worte of þe reson may be gouernet of, hit shall be set in þe ablatif case absolute. c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 36 How knowest a pronoun? A party of reson declynyd, the whych is sette for a propre name and reseueth certayn person. How many pronounes be ther? XV: ego, tu, sui, ille, [etc.]. a1500 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 55 How mony partyse of speche ben þer? VIII..Nowne, pronowne, verbe, aduerbe, partycypull, coniunccion, preposicion, and interieccion. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 74 Pronownes be suche as, standynge in the stede of substantives, may governe verbes to be of lyke nombre and parson with them. 1581 W. Fulke in A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion (1584) iii. sig. T ij Whereto els hath the pronowne (this) relation? a1634 R. Clerke Serm. (1637) xv. 483 The Pronoune opportunes us. Some Copies have vobis; but the most and best, have Nobis. 1668 Bp. J. Wilkins Ess. Real Char. iii. ii. §3 As Nouns are notes or signs of things, so Pronouns are of Nouns; and are therefore called Pronomina, quasi vice Nominum, as being placed commonly instead of Nouns. 1725 I. Watts Logick iv. i. 508 When a Sentence is distinguisht into the Nouns, the Verbs, Pronouns, and other Particles of Speech which compose it, then it is said to be analys'd grammatically. 1751 J. Harris Hermes i. v. 73 The genuine Pronoun always stands by itself, assuming the Power of a Noun, and supplying its place. 1838 J. C. Hare & A. W. Hare Guesses at Truth (ed. 2) 1st Ser. 165 They are strange and mighty words, these two little pronouns I and Thou. 1864 G. W. Moon Dean's English (ed. 2) 34 You have so confusedly used your pronouns in the above paragraph, that it may be construed in ten thousand different ways. 1904 C. T. Onions Advanced Eng. Syntax §223 We is often employed colloquially, like ‘you’, as an Indefinite Pronoun = ‘one’. 1958 M. L. King Stride toward Freedom 9 While the nature of this account causes me to make frequent use of the pronoun ‘I’, in every important part of the story it should be ‘we’. 2002 Glamour June 126/1 When one member of a new couple starts using the very loaded pronoun ‘we’ before the other is ready. 2. spec. A third-person pronoun by which an individual chooses to be referred to in order to indicate their gender identity. Frequently in plural with reference to a pair or set of such pronouns (as in ‘my pronouns are they and them’). Also with modifier, as gender pronoun, preferred gender pronoun, preferred pronoun, self-identified pronoun, etc.The terms preferred gender pronoun and preferred pronoun are now often regarded as problematic; see e.g. quot. 2019. ΚΠ 1977 Psychiatric Opinion Jan.-Feb. 36/1 The therapist must be aware in this setting of his/her responses to changing pronouns, changing appearances, and changing names. It is not unusual to have a client come for sessions alternating between male and female presentations during certain transitional phases. 1998 Bay Area Reporter 8 Jan. 7/1 Can't he at least give the young transsexual character some respect by using the preferred pronouns for an MTF transsexual? 2019 Guide for Supporting Trans & Gender Diverse Students (Amer. Psychol. Assoc.) 3/1 At the beginning of class..students can introduce themselves with their..gender pronouns... In recent years, there has been a shift away from asking for ‘preferred pronouns’ because pronouns are no more a preference than other individual demographics. 2020 @TheElliotPage 1 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 9 Dec. 2020) I want to share with you that I am trans, my pronouns are he/they and my name is Elliot. Compounds General attributive and appositive. pronoun form n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] pronounc1414 pronominal1871 pronoun form1877 1877 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 6 476 This view might again be supported by an examination of the corresponding pronoun forms, for ‘him’ is historically a dative, not an accusative. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. xvi. 269 Among the substantives are some pronoun-forms which, by over~differentiation, do not serve as actors: me, us, him, her, them, whom. 1991 Lit. & Ling. Computing 6 29/2 Several possible constructions exist: aler plus a plus infinitive; aler form plus pronoun object plus infinitive; pronoun form + aler + infinitive; aler plus gerundio; pronoun plus aler plus gerundio. pronoun object n. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > pronoun > [noun] > other specific types of pronoun relativec1400 demonstrative pronounc1525 question word1878 object pronoun1885 pronoun object1889 common-sex pronoun1922 non-personal1925 1889 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 4 117 ‘Ils veulent emmener son amie. Il leur cria: vous ne l'emmènerez mie,’ i.e. ne l'en menrés mie, with omission of pronoun object, which is not a rare phenomenon. 1957 R. W. Zandvoort Handbk. Eng. Gram. (new ed.) i. v. 78 To do is used as a notional verb, chiefly in its non-finite forms and with a neuter pronoun-object (something, nothing, this, that, it, what? etc.). 1998 Speculum 73 13 Clause-initial conjunctive ær is sometimes immediately followed by a pronoun object. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.c1414
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