proconsuln.¹

Brit.

/prəʊˈkɒnsl/, U.S.

/proʊˈkɑns(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English– proconsul, 1500s–1600s proconsull; Scottish pre-1700 preconsull, pre-1700 proconsule, pre-1700 1700s– proconsul.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin prōcōnsul.

Etymology: < classical Latin prōcōnsul (in sense 1a) < prō cōnsule person acting for the consul, use as noun of prō cōnsule for the consul < prō pro prep. + cōnsule , ablative of cōnsul consul n. Compare Middle French, French proconsul (late 15th cent. with reference to the ancient world; 1797 with reference to commissioners during the French Revolution), Old Occitan proconsul (c1140), Catalan procònsol (1343), Spanish procónsul (13th cent.), Italian proconsole (a1292).With the form preconsull compare discussion at pro prep.

a. Roman History. In the Roman Republic: an officer, usually an ex-consul, who acted as governor or military commander of a province and who had most of the authority of a consul. In the Roman Empire: the governor of a senatorial province. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > consul > proconsul

proconsulc1384

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > proconsul

proconsulc1384

lieutenant1388

vice-consul1559

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xiii. 7 A fals prophete, Jew..was with the proconsul Sergius Poul, prudent man.

c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 9 (MED) Jon þe euangeliste..was in ephese and preched þere..Than þe proconsul of þe cite defended him his preching.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1872) IV. 173 (MED) They were deuicte..by Marchus, the proconsul [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. consul] of Rome.

1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. ix. sig. Dv^v He [sc. Marcus Antoninus] aduanced hym [sc. Proculus] to be proconsul.

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Evi Our Proconsul and chief Prouost Christ Iesus.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. vii. 8 He creates Lucius Pro-Consull .

1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 83 The spatious province of the Proconsul of Asia.

1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome 270 He was appointed to go as Legate to the Proconsul of Afric.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 36 The proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, claimed a pre-eminence, which was yielded to the remembrance of their ancient dignity.

1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxiv. 275 The proconsul, P. Sempronius..endeavoured to rouse the adjacent Illyrian tribes against Macedonia.

1884 P. B. Watson Marcus Aurelius Antoninus vii. 291 Polycarp was summoned..to appear before the proconsul of the province.

1904 W. M. Ramsay Lett. to Seven Churches ix. 97 The provincial administration exercised the full authority of the Roman Empire, delegated to the Proconsul for his year of office.

1990 Oxf. Illustr. Hist. Christianity (BNC) What was a Roman proconsul to do with a Christian who explained that he paid his taxes..because it was the command of the Lord?

b. In extended use: a governor of a modern dependency, colony, or province; a civic leader. In later use also: (in a conquered territory) the chief civilian representative of the conquering power.In the earlier period of the French Revolution the title was borne by certain commissioners who accompanied the revolutionary armies in insurgent departments, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun]

grievec950

warden1297

presidenta1382

procuratora1382

governora1393

seneschalc1400

lieutenant1423

promissary?c1500

governator1522

provincial1590

ethnarch1602

state governor1608

proconsul1650

stadholder1704

superintendent1758

meridarch1866

prez.1919

1650 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 15. 192 A Letter from the Proconsulls, and Burgimasters of the Commonwealth of Hamburgh was this day read.

1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 104 They elect four Stadthalters or Proconsuls out of the 24 Masters of the Companies.

1729 J. Ogilvie tr. P. Giannone Civil Hist. Kingdom Naples I. vii. 352 We read of another Synopsis of Michael Attaliatus Proconsul and Judge, made in the Year 1071, by the Order of the Emperor Michael Dux.

1797 tr. J. Necker On French Revol. II. 76 One of their colleagues, proconsul in a department, and afterwards one of the most zealous accusers of Robespierre.

1841 T. B. Macaulay Warren Hastings in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 242 Such was the aspect with which the great proconsul presented himself to his judges.

1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah v. 149 It is a fine thing to see a homely old pro-consul retiring from the government of a region as large as France and Austria together, with a clear conscience and a sound digestion.

1893 J. H. McCarthy Red Diamonds I. 2 The poets and proconsuls who made the Hanoverian rule illustrious.

1933 Times 6 Mar. 7/2 The days of the great Proconsul—days when the destinies of Egypt seemed to be so intimately linked with those of the British Empire.

1985 Time Mag. (Nexis) 30 Sept. 54 He became Mao's proconsul for the vast empire of southwest China.

2. In form pro-consul. A deputy consul (consul n. 8). Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > diplomacy > [noun] > ambassador or envoy > resident ambassador > vice-consul

vice-consul1601

proconsul1804

1804 Ld. Nelson Let. 29 June in Dispatches & Lett. (1846) VI. 87 Had the Dey yielded this point.., I should have had no difficulty in placing a Pro-Consul at Algiers... I should have appointed Mr. M^cDonough Consul pro tempore.

1897 Liverpool Courier 12 Mar. 8 The residence of Mr Mason, acting British Pro-Consul at Santiago, has been searched by the Spanish authorities.

1939 Times 12 Jan. 9/4 The British pro-Consul, who was arrested by the Nationalists..is held in the Ondarreta prison.

1988 B. Cooper Alexander Kennedy Isbister i. iv. 74 The differences between Governor Simpson and his fiercely independent pro-consul extended to small tactical matters as well as questions of grand strategy.

2003 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 30 Mar. a17 The American pro-consul in Ottawa, the American consul in Calgary and their political and military masters in Washington.

3. A resident member of a British trading community abroad. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad

consula1513

coucher1607

comptoir1722

proconsul1939

1939 Sunday Times 8 Jan. 13/1 A pro-Consul..is a resident member of a British trading community abroad, generally a shipping agent or merchant of repute.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Proconsuln.²

Brit.

/prəʊˈkɒnsl/, U.S.

/proʊˈkɑns(ə)l/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin Proconsul.

Etymology: < scientific Latin Proconsul, genus name (A. T. Hopwood 1933, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 11 98) < pro- pro- prefix² (with the sense ‘ancestor of’) + Consul, the nickname of a number of performing and zoo chimpanzees of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, probably punningly after proconsul n.¹

Palaeontology.

Any of several extinct apes belonging to the genus Proconsul, first known from Miocene fossil remains discovered in East Africa by Louis Leakey in 1932, and perhaps ancestral to many later apes and hominids.Most of the subgenera formerly included in Proconsul have been upgraded to full genera.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > order Primates > suborder Anthropoidea (higher primates) > [noun] > group Catarrhinae (Old World monkey) > member of superfamily Hominoidea (apes and humans) > family Pongidae (ape) > fossil or extinct types

Dryopithecus1862

Sivapithecus1915

Australopithecus1925

Proconsul1933

Ramapithecus1934

Plesianthropus1938

australopithecine1941

australopith1949

Kenyapithecus1961

ramapithecine1972

Afropithecus1986

1933 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 38 457 It would seem that the dentition of Proconsul is more primitive than that of the chimpanzee.

1954 New Biol. 17 12 The remains of fossil apes are especially abundant [on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria],..of which the most famous has been Proconsul.

1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 284 Proconsul, an animal about the size of a small baboon, is known from a good skull, jaws and some limb bones.

1996 Daily Tel. 10 Dec. 7/1 Careful excavation revealed the fossilized remains of the Miocene Proconsul, an ancestor of both apes and early humans.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	proconsul
释义	proconsuln.¹ Brit. /prəʊˈkɒnsl/, U.S. /proʊˈkɑns(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English– proconsul, 1500s–1600s proconsull; Scottish pre-1700 preconsull, pre-1700 proconsule, pre-1700 1700s– proconsul. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin prōcōnsul. Etymology: < classical Latin prōcōnsul (in sense 1a) < prō cōnsule person acting for the consul, use as noun of prō cōnsule for the consul < prō pro prep. + cōnsule , ablative of cōnsul consul n. Compare Middle French, French proconsul (late 15th cent. with reference to the ancient world; 1797 with reference to commissioners during the French Revolution), Old Occitan proconsul (c1140), Catalan procònsol (1343), Spanish procónsul (13th cent.), Italian proconsole (a1292).With the form preconsull compare discussion at pro prep. 1. a. Roman History. In the Roman Republic: an officer, usually an ex-consul, who acted as governor or military commander of a province and who had most of the authority of a consul. In the Roman Empire: the governor of a senatorial province. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > holder of office > Roman magistrates and officials > [noun] > consul > proconsul proconsulc1384 society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > governors by country > [noun] > ancient Roman > proconsul proconsulc1384 lieutenant1388 vice-consul1559 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Deeds xiii. 7 A fals prophete, Jew..was with the proconsul Sergius Poul, prudent man. c1450 J. Capgrave Solace of Pilgrims (Bodl. 423) (1911) 9 (MED) Jon þe euangeliste..was in ephese and preched þere..Than þe proconsul of þe cite defended him his preching. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1872) IV. 173 (MED) They were deuicte..by Marchus, the proconsul [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. consul] of Rome. 1531 T. Elyot Bk. named Gouernour i. ix. sig. Dv^v He [sc. Marcus Antoninus] aduanced hym [sc. Proculus] to be proconsul. 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Evi Our Proconsul and chief Prouost Christ Iesus. a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. vii. 8 He creates Lucius Pro-Consull . View more context for this quotation 1652 M. Nedham tr. J. Selden Of Dominion of Sea 83 The spatious province of the Proconsul of Asia. 1701 W. Wotton Hist. Rome 270 He was appointed to go as Legate to the Proconsul of Afric. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall II. xvii. 36 The proconsuls of Asia, Achaia, and Africa, claimed a pre-eminence, which was yielded to the remembrance of their ancient dignity. 1844 C. Thirlwall Hist. Greece VIII. lxiv. 275 The proconsul, P. Sempronius..endeavoured to rouse the adjacent Illyrian tribes against Macedonia. 1884 P. B. Watson Marcus Aurelius Antoninus vii. 291 Polycarp was summoned..to appear before the proconsul of the province. 1904 W. M. Ramsay Lett. to Seven Churches ix. 97 The provincial administration exercised the full authority of the Roman Empire, delegated to the Proconsul for his year of office. 1990 Oxf. Illustr. Hist. Christianity (BNC) What was a Roman proconsul to do with a Christian who explained that he paid his taxes..because it was the command of the Lord? b. In extended use: a governor of a modern dependency, colony, or province; a civic leader. In later use also: (in a conquered territory) the chief civilian representative of the conquering power.In the earlier period of the French Revolution the title was borne by certain commissioners who accompanied the revolutionary armies in insurgent departments, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > governor of province, dependency, or colony > [noun] grievec950 warden1297 presidenta1382 procuratora1382 governora1393 seneschalc1400 lieutenant1423 promissary?c1500 governator1522 provincial1590 ethnarch1602 state governor1608 proconsul1650 stadholder1704 superintendent1758 meridarch1866 prez.1919 1650 Severall Proc. Parl. No. 15. 192 A Letter from the Proconsulls, and Burgimasters of the Commonwealth of Hamburgh was this day read. 1673 J. Ray Observ. Journey Low-countries 104 They elect four Stadthalters or Proconsuls out of the 24 Masters of the Companies. 1729 J. Ogilvie tr. P. Giannone Civil Hist. Kingdom Naples I. vii. 352 We read of another Synopsis of Michael Attaliatus Proconsul and Judge, made in the Year 1071, by the Order of the Emperor Michael Dux. 1797 tr. J. Necker On French Revol. II. 76 One of their colleagues, proconsul in a department, and afterwards one of the most zealous accusers of Robespierre. 1841 T. B. Macaulay Warren Hastings in Edinb. Rev. Oct. 242 Such was the aspect with which the great proconsul presented himself to his judges. 1864 G. O. Trevelyan Competition Wallah v. 149 It is a fine thing to see a homely old pro-consul retiring from the government of a region as large as France and Austria together, with a clear conscience and a sound digestion. 1893 J. H. McCarthy Red Diamonds I. 2 The poets and proconsuls who made the Hanoverian rule illustrious. 1933 Times 6 Mar. 7/2 The days of the great Proconsul—days when the destinies of Egypt seemed to be so intimately linked with those of the British Empire. 1985 Time Mag. (Nexis) 30 Sept. 54 He became Mao's proconsul for the vast empire of southwest China. 2. In form pro-consul. A deputy consul (consul n. 8). Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > international politics or relations > diplomacy > [noun] > ambassador or envoy > resident ambassador > vice-consul vice-consul1601 proconsul1804 1804 Ld. Nelson Let. 29 June in Dispatches & Lett. (1846) VI. 87 Had the Dey yielded this point.., I should have had no difficulty in placing a Pro-Consul at Algiers... I should have appointed Mr. M^cDonough Consul pro tempore. 1897 Liverpool Courier 12 Mar. 8 The residence of Mr Mason, acting British Pro-Consul at Santiago, has been searched by the Spanish authorities. 1939 Times 12 Jan. 9/4 The British pro-Consul, who was arrested by the Nationalists..is held in the Ondarreta prison. 1988 B. Cooper Alexander Kennedy Isbister i. iv. 74 The differences between Governor Simpson and his fiercely independent pro-consul extended to small tactical matters as well as questions of grand strategy. 2003 Edmonton (Alberta) Jrnl. (Nexis) 30 Mar. a17 The American pro-consul in Ottawa, the American consul in Calgary and their political and military masters in Washington. 3. A resident member of a British trading community abroad. rare. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > trader > merchant > [noun] > resident abroad consula1513 coucher1607 comptoir1722 proconsul1939 1939 Sunday Times 8 Jan. 13/1 A pro-Consul..is a resident member of a British trading community abroad, generally a shipping agent or merchant of repute. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Proconsuln.² Brit. /prəʊˈkɒnsl/, U.S. /proʊˈkɑns(ə)l/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin Proconsul. Etymology: < scientific Latin Proconsul, genus name (A. T. Hopwood 1933, in Ann. & Mag. Nat. Hist. 11 98) < pro- pro- prefix² (with the sense ‘ancestor of’) + Consul, the nickname of a number of performing and zoo chimpanzees of the late 19th and early 20th centuries, probably punningly after proconsul n.¹ Palaeontology. Any of several extinct apes belonging to the genus Proconsul, first known from Miocene fossil remains discovered in East Africa by Louis Leakey in 1932, and perhaps ancestral to many later apes and hominids.Most of the subgenera formerly included in Proconsul have been upgraded to full genera. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > order Primates > suborder Anthropoidea (higher primates) > [noun] > group Catarrhinae (Old World monkey) > member of superfamily Hominoidea (apes and humans) > family Pongidae (ape) > fossil or extinct types Dryopithecus1862 Sivapithecus1915 Australopithecus1925 Proconsul1933 Ramapithecus1934 Plesianthropus1938 australopithecine1941 australopith1949 Kenyapithecus1961 ramapithecine1972 Afropithecus1986 1933 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 38 457 It would seem that the dentition of Proconsul is more primitive than that of the chimpanzee. 1954 New Biol. 17 12 The remains of fossil apes are especially abundant [on Rusinga Island in Lake Victoria],..of which the most famous has been Proconsul. 1977 A. Hallam Planet Earth 284 Proconsul, an animal about the size of a small baboon, is known from a good skull, jaws and some limb bones. 1996 Daily Tel. 10 Dec. 7/1 Careful excavation revealed the fossilized remains of the Miocene Proconsul, an ancestor of both apes and early humans. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1384n.²1933
随便看	ward system ward table ward teacher ward work ward-alderman ward-book ward-dyke ward-fee ward-fire ward-guard ward-heeler ward-heeling ward-hill ward-holding ward-hole ward-keeper ward-land ward-leonard ward-like ward-minor ward-plate ward-silver ward-staff ward-vassal ward-ware

proconsuln.1

Proconsuln.2

proconsuln.¹

Proconsuln.²