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单词 beforehand
释义

beforehandadv.

Brit. /bᵻˈfɔːhand/, U.S. /bəˈfɔrˌhænd/, /biˈfɔrˌhænd/
Forms: Middle English beforhand, Middle English befornhonde, Middle English biforand, Middle English biforehand, Middle English biforenhond, Middle English biforhand, Middle English biforhond, Middle English bifornhand, Middle English bifornhond, Middle English bifornhoond, Middle English biuorehond, Middle English biuorenhond, Middle English byforehond, Middle English byforehonde, Middle English byforhand, Middle English–1500s beforehonde, Middle English–1500s byforehand, Middle English–1600s beforehande, Middle English– beforehand, 1500s beeforehande, 1500s–1600s beeforehand; Scottish pre-1700 beforehande, pre-1700 beforhand, pre-1700 1700s– beforehand. N.E.D. (1887) also records a form Middle English biforen honde.
Origin: Formed within English, by compounding; modelled on a French lexical item. Etymons: before prep., hand n.
Etymology: < before prep. + hand n., in later use perhaps partly after Anglo-Norman avantmain in advance (c1285 or earlier, both in specific use with reference to payment and in general use), Old French avant les mains in advance (1295), Anglo-Norman and Middle French avant la main in advance, previously (a1321 or earlier; frequently with reference to payment; French †avant la main in advance). Compare aforehand adv., forehand adj. 2.Further structural parallels in other European languages. Compare classical Latin prae manū , prae manibus ‘at hand, in readiness, in hand’, also used in a Middle English context in sense 1b: c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. iv. l. 301 Ich halde hym ouer-hardy oþer elles nouht trewe Þat pre manibus ys payed. Compare also Anglo-Norman devant la main , devant main (with reference to payment) on the spot, in cash (end of the 13th cent. or earlier), in advance (a1321 or earlier). Occasional synonymous formations in English. Compare beforehands , alteration of beforehand adv., probably partly after adverbs ending in -s suffix1, and partly after classical Latin prae manibus :c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) (1910) 15 Of whiche couenaunt..take he þe half byfore handez [L. præ manibus].a1475 in A. Clark Eng. Reg. Godstow Nunnery (1905) i. 304 The..Abbesse and Covent yaf hym vj. shillings..before handys.1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Before handes, Præ manibus, Præ manu. Auant la main. Compare also Older Scots (rare) before the hand ( < before prep. + the adj. + hand n., perhaps after Middle French avant la main):?a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Sheep & Dog l. 1233 in Poems (1981) 50 Ane soume I payit haue befoir the hand. A presumed adjectival use. N.E.D. (1887) included an obsolete and rare adjectival sense, ‘ready, prepared’, illustrated by the following quot.:1692 R. L'Estrange Fables vi. 6 What's a Man's Contending with Insuperable Difficulties, but the Rolling of Sisiphus's Stone up the Hill, which is soon before-hand, to Return upon him again? This form of the quotation also appears in Johnson (1755) and some other dictionaries. However another state of the 1692 text reads, more convincingly, ‘is sure before-hand’, making this a use of the adverb. Word division in early use. In early use frequently written as two words. (Word division in Middle English examples below often reflects the editorial choices of modern editors of texts, rather than the practice of the manuscripts.)
1. Ahead of something in time, in advance; in anticipation of or in a way connected with a later event.
a. Generally.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb] > in advance or beforehand
yeteOE
forea1225
beforehand?c1225
alreadyc1300
forrow1489
aforehanda1500
sincea1556
tofore1597
forwarda1604
preventively1646
anticipatelya1677
ahead1835
anticipatively1864
anticipatorily1878
?c1225 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Cleo. C.vi) (1972) 158 Habeoð þe lasse tomeanen þet ha biforen hond leorneð hare meoster to makien grim chere.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xiii. 3 He was torned aȝeyn..vnto þe place in þe which befornhond [a1425 Corpus Oxf. biforhond; L. prius] he had fitchid a tabernacle.
1534 Bible (Tyndale rev. Joye) 2 Cor. ix. 5 To come before honde [c1384 E.V. bifore] vnto you for to prepare youre good blessynge.
1551 R. Record Pathway to Knowl. Pref. He..was so skylfull in Astronomie, and coulde tell before hande of Eclipses.
1611 Bible (King James) Mark xiii. 11 Take no thought before hand what ye shall speake. View more context for this quotation
1675 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 10 490 That useful instrument the Baroscope, telling the changes of the weather beforehand.
1710 R. Steele Tatler No. 86. ⁋1 I thought it proper to acquaint you before-hand..that you might not be surpriz'd therewith.
1789 Parson's Wife 281 I should have had notice a week beforehand, to prepare myself for the affecting interview.
1850 C. Dickens Let. 9 Dec. (1988) VI. 228 It is not possible for him to say beforehand..what it will cost.
1871 B. Taylor tr. J. W. von Goethe Faust I. iv. 94 Prepare beforehand for your part.
1936 A. Christie ABC Murders xv. 112 This man must have been spying out the land beforehand and discovered your brother's habit of taking an evening stroll.
1992 N.Y. Times 26 Mar. a23/6 A pre-appointment would be presumptuous, but voters should know beforehand what sort of First Ladyship is in store.
b. spec. In reference to money transactions. Also in figurative contexts.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > payment > [adverb] > in advance
beforehandc1325
upfront1972
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) l. 10028 (MED) Þe hundred þousend marc were ipaid biuore hond.
1445 in J. D. Marwick & R. Renwick Charters rel. Glasgow (1906) II. 440 A certane sowm..beforehand..payit be the said Davy and in myne use turnit.
1583 P. Stubbes Second Pt. Anat. Abuses sig. E7 To pay a yeere or two yeeres rent before hande.
1638 A. Hodges tr. Achilles Tatius Loves of Clitophon & Leucippe 115 You shall have halfe your pay beforehand.
1659 P. Heylyn Examen Historicum ii. 145 Before which Agreement as to the taking of the Solemn League and Covenant by all the Subjects of both Kingdoms, and the payment of Advance-Money beforehand to the Sum of an hundred thousand pounds, the Scots resolv'd not to stir a foot in their way towards England.
1725 ‘H. D.’ Life J. Wilde 40 Mr. Wild..told him, that if he wou'd leave ten Guineas, he might have the Chair the next Day; the Man made some Difficulty of leaving the Money before-hand.
1831 J. A. St. John Lives Celebrated Travellers I. 214 These kind offices were uniformly repaid with abundant flattery, if not with gratitude; and the skilful practitioners invariably discharged a portion of the debt beforehand.
1863 G. O. Trevelyan Dawk Bungalow ii. 37 I was foolish enough to pay these hurrumzarders beforehand.
1919 Southwestern Reporter 212 733/2 I want you to help me sell it, and when we sell it I will pay the note; if I get the money beforehand I will pay it beforehand.
2010 A. Amend Stations West iv. 49 He pays beforehand, puts the coins discreetly on the dresser behind the vase of fake flowers.
2. (Without the idea of anticipation or connection.) Before the time in question, previously. Relatively rare in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > [adverb]
erea900
beforeeOE
forec1000
toforec1175
therebeforec1200
toforehand1258
forne toc1275
orc1275
andersitha1300
alreadyc1300
rather?1316
beforehandc1330
erstc1330
aforec1350
theretoforea1375
aforehanda1387
forthwitha1400
forwitha1400
or?a1400
ereward14..
toforetimec1400
aforetimes1429
aforetime1433
afore seasons1463
heretoforetime1481
forouth1487
aforrow?a1513
beforrow1568
paravant1590
antecedently1593
formerly1596
precedently1611
preveniently1633
preallably1652
previously1655
precedaneously1657
somewhiles1657
antecedaneously1661
aft1674
prior1675
anteriorly1681
antecedent1690
previous1712
priorly1742
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) l. 5496 (MED) As y ȝou seyd bifornhand.
a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) (1959) Gen. xxviii. 19 Þe cyte Bethell, þat befornhonde [a1425 Corpus Oxf. bifornhoond; L. prius] was clepid Luza.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Gött.) l. 3393 His sede suld multipli, Als godd him had biforand [a1400 Vesp. be-for, Fairf. be-fore, Trin. Cambr. to fore] hiht.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) iv. i. f. lviii The Appel..was hanged vpon this drye tree, whiche that grewe before hand vpon this grene florisshynge tree.
1530 Myroure Oure Ladye (Fawkes) (1873) ii. 186 As I haue sayde ofte before hande.
1701 F. Atterbury Additions to 1st Ed. Rights Eng. Convocation 49 The Clergy had never beforehand so apply'd it.
1835 Q. Jrnl. Agric. 5 No. 28. 620 An extra 2 qrs. 22 lb. are added to the quantity as beforehand directed to be used.
1854 L. P. Hopkins Guiding Star 167 He had told them so many times beforehand that he should rise.
2010 Daily Tel. 3 Feb. 10/5 Women's memories remained as good during pregnancy as they had been beforehand.
3. In or into a condition of having more than enough to meet present demands or future contingencies; to have (also get) beforehand: to possess, acquire, more than enough to meet present demands or future contingencies. See also to be beforehand in the world, to be beforehand with the world at world n. Phrases 16b. Obsolete.Passing into adjectival use.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > solvency > be solvent [verb (intransitive)]
able to tine or win1340
to have (also get) beforehand1526
to keep (also hold, etc.) one's head above water1608
to pay one's way1786
1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. RRiii He wyll..labour dilygently, to bring hym selfe beforehande agayne, and to recouer his losse.
1591 G. Fletcher Of Russe Common Wealth iii. f. 9v [They] regard not to lay vp any thing, or to haue it before hand.
a1645 D. Featley in T. Fuller Abel Redevivus (1651) 484 He brought the Colledge much before hand, which before..was very much impoverished.
1712 R. Steele Spectator No. 450. ⁋3 Having little or nothing before~hand, and living from Hand to Mouth.
a1790 B. Franklin Autobiogr. (1981) i. 45 I now began to think of getting a little Money beforehand.
1849 C. Dickens David Copperfield (1850) xi. 121 ‘And then,’ said Mr. Micawber,..‘I shall, please Heaven, begin to be beforehand with the world,..if—in short, if anything turns up.’

Phrases

to be beforehand with: to act in anticipation of; to act early with regard to; to be prepared for; to outstrip or forestall in action; see also to be beforehand with the world at world n. Phrases 16b.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > occur earlier or go before [verb (intransitive)] > act in advance or anticipate
to be beforehand with1574
to take time, opportunity, etc. by the forelock1589
proact1956
the world > time > relative time > the past > antecedence or being earlier > precede or come before [verb (transitive)] > anticipate or forestall
before-takea1382
preventc1425
devance1485
prevenea1500
lurch1530
to take before the bounda1556
to be aforehand with1570
to be beforehand with1574
to meet halfwaya1586
preoccupate1588
forestall1589
fore-run1591
surprise1591
antedate1595
foreprise1597
preoccupy1607
preoccupy1638
pre-act1655
anticipatea1682
obviate1712
to head off1841
beat1847
to beat out1893
pre-empt1957
1574 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Job (new ed.) cxxvi. 647/2 When he forgiueth vs our sinnes, why is it? Not for that we are worthy of it: not for that we are able too bee beforehande with him [Fr. non pas que nous le puissions preuenir].
a1616 W. Shakespeare King John (1623) v. vii. 111 Let vs pay the time: but needfull woe, Since it hath beene before hand with our greefes. View more context for this quotation
1618 S. Daniel Coll. Hist. Eng. 30 Then was hee before hand with Pope Alexander..promising likewise to hold it of the Apostolique Sea.
1701 W. Wooton Hist. Rome i. 203 If you are not before-hand with them, you will perish.
1734 J. Dryden & N. Lee Duke of Guise v. i. 71 in N. Lee Dramatick Wks. II. My Time is all ta'en up on Usury; I never am beforehand with my Hours, But every one has Work before it comes.
1778 H. Brooke Charitable Assoc. i. ii. 212 I see Mr. Gadabout has been beforehand with me.
1791 W. Huntington Funeral of Arminianism in Wks. (1811) X. 351 The ancient Prophets were often beforehand with their funerals. The Prophet Isaiah preached the funeral sermon of the King of Babylon some hundred years before he was born.
1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters ix. 222 Like Napoleon, he knew the value of being beforehand with an enemy.
1884 Pop. Sci. May 82 Mr. Spencer must really help us to think further on than he has yet done; or he will find the Christian clergy..will be beforehand with him.
1941 H. F. Stewart Secret of Pascal i. 25 His sister..was beforehand with him and had set him an example.
2010 D. Schneider & C. J. Schneider First Ladies (ed. 3) 375/2 She came across..as a brisk, intelligent, efficient pragmatist who likes to be beforehand with her work.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2013; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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