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单词 process
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processn.

Brit. /ˈprəʊsɛs/, U.S. /ˈprɑˌsɛs/
Forms: Middle English procees, Middle English proceis, Middle English procesce, Middle English procese, Middle English proscese, Middle English proscesse, Middle English proses, Middle English prosis, Middle English prossesse, Middle English–1500s proces (plural: see note below), Middle English–1600s proces, Middle English–1600s processe, Middle English–1600s prosses, Middle English– process; Scottish pre-1700 proceis, pre-1700 proces, pre-1700 procese, pre-1700 processe, pre-1700 procis, pre-1700 prorsus (probably transmission error), pre-1700 prosceiss, pre-1700 prosces, pre-1700 proses, pre-1700 prosous, pre-1700 prosses, pre-1700 prossis, pre-1700 1700s– process. N.E.D. (1908) also records forms Middle English proseys, Middle English prosisse.
Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French procés, procès; Latin prōcessus.
Etymology: < (i) Anglo-Norman procés, procees, procese, processe, proscés and Middle French procès (French procès ) legal contract (c1178 in Old French), advance, progress, course, development (1209 in Old French (Picardy) as pruches in pruches de tans course of time; 1250 in Old French in general use), legal proceedings, legal action (1277–8 or earlier in Anglo-Norman), narrative, account (late 13th cent. in Old French in procès verbal ), course or content of a narrative (1350), discourse, treatise (late 14th cent.), and its etymon (ii) classical Latin prōcessus advance, progress, course or development of an action, protuberance, outgrowth, in post-classical Latin also lapse of time (2nd or 3rd cent.; 4th cent. in processus temporis course of time), emanation (12th cent. in a British source), legal proceedings (frequently c1130–1684 in British sources), procedure (1286, c1460 in British sources), natural process (1623, 1633 in Bacon: compare quots. 1638, 1733 at sense 8a) < prōcēdere proceed v. + -tus, suffix forming verbal nouns. Compare Old Occitan proces legal proceedings (1270 in a Gascon source), course of action, procedure (late 13th cent.), advance, progress, course (c1300), legal document (1340), Spanish proceso series of actions or events (c1250), legal proceedings (c1250), course (of time) (1255), Portuguese processo advance, progress, course (1302), legal proceedings (15th cent.), Italian processo advance, progress, course, series of actions or events (a1294), legal proceedings (a1348), procedure (1569), and also Middle Dutch proces course, account, narrative, legal proceedings (Dutch proces legal proceedings), Middle Low German prōces legal proceedings, formal mandate or edict, Middle High German process formal mandate or edict (German Prozess legal proceedings), Old Swedish proces course of action, procedure (Swedish process legal proceedings).In Middle English occasionally unchanged in the plural after the unchanged French plural procès. In process of law (see sense 5a) after Anglo-Norman procés de ley (1347 or earlier). With sense 8e compare French procès (1927 in linguistic use). In verse in Middle English, early modern English, and Older Scots with variable stress. Stress on the final syllable is particularly common in rhyming position; thus still in Milton and other poets of the 17th and even 18th cent. (compare discussion at access n.). N.E.D. (1908) gives the alternative British pronunciation (prǫ·ses) /ˈprɒsɛs/. This pronunciation is given by Walker and several authorities cited by him, and offered as a rare alternative in editions of D. Jones Eng. Pronouncing Dict. up to 1988.
I. Going on, continuous action, proceeding.
1. That which goes on or is carried on; a continuous action, or series of actions or events; a proceeding; (occasionally) a course or mode of action, a procedure. Now rare or merged in sense 8.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > [noun]
thingOE
processa1325
fare1340
dancea1352
passage1569
play1581
procedure1590
carriage1609
conduct1706
démarche1721
affair1797
proceeding1801
the world > action or operation > manner of action > [noun] > system or way of proceeding > a particular
processa1325
procedure1590
manual1598
manoeuvre1770
technica1782
proceeding1801
technique1883
technic1905
a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) vii. 31 In suuch cas is ordeined suuch proces, þat anon se hit is iiuged to þe destreinaunt retourn of þe bestes.
c1375 G. Chaucer Monk's Tale 3511 Hir batailles, who so list hem for to rede..And how that al this proces fil in dede..Lat hym vn to my maister Petrak go.
a1425 (a1400) Prick of Conscience (Galba & Harl.) (1863) 235 (MED) Þe bygynnyng of alle þis proces Ryght knawyng of a man self es.
c1430 N. Love Mirror Blessed Life (Brasenose e.9) (1908) 258 (MED) Oure lady saide sche wolde gladly here of that processe that bifelle at that soper.
a1500 (?a1390) J. Mirk Festial (Gough) (1905) 58 (MED) Yn mynde of þys processe, when a woman cometh to þe chyrche-dyrre..þe pryst..clansuþ hur.
a1535 T. More Hist. Richard III in Wks. (1557) 50/1 Troweth the protector..that I parceiue not whereunto his painted processe draweth.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 11910 The grekes..With proses and pres puld vp þere ancres.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. iii. 29 Behinde the Arras I'le conuay my selfe To heare the processe . View more context for this quotation
1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 46 Ignorance of the true process of Nature.
1770 H. Brooke Fool of Quality V. 53 I wished, after the Process of my divine Master, to be despised and rejected of Men.
1838–9 F. A. Kemble Jrnl. Resid. Georgian Plantation (1863) 27 The shutting of a door is a process of extremely rare occurrence.
1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 610 I gladly accepted this generous offer and proceeded to wait for the Nachtigal, and a very pleasant process this was.
1949 Times 17 Aug. 3/1 Sixty-two thousand million [tonnes of coal] has been produced since 1900. Comparative figures for petroleum emphasize the shortness of time during which this devastating process has occurred.
2.
a. The passing or lapsing of time, years, seasons, etc. Chiefly in in (also †by) (the) process of time: in the course of time, as time goes on; gradually, in due course. Formerly also †by (also in) process.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [noun] > course or passage of time
process1357
concoursec1400
coursec1460
successionc1485
passing-by1523
by-passing1526
slacka1533
continuancea1552
race1565
prolapse1585
current1587
decurse1593
passage1596
drifting1610
flux1612
effluxion1621
transcursion1622
decursion1629
devolution1629
progression1646
efflux1647
preterition1647
processus1648
decurrence1659
progress1664
fluxation1710
elapsing1720
currency1726
lapse1758
elapse1793
time-lapse1864
wearing1876
the world > time > [adverb] > in course of time or as time goes on
on (also upon) hand (also hands)c1200
in (also by) (the) process of time1357
by (also in) process?1523
in success of time1546
in continuancea1552
in length of time1697
J. Gaytryge Lay Folks' Catech. (York Min.) (1901) 18 And so þis chirche has þre statys be processe of tyme.
c1385 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 2967 By proces and by lengthe of certeyn yerys, Al stynted is the moornynge.
?c1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (Paris) (1971) 193 Sewynge..accordeþ to torne woundes..in þe whiche some þing is to be drawen oute by processe [?a1425 N.Y. Acad. Med. in processe].
c1440 (?a1396) W. Hilton in G. G. Perry Eng. Prose Treat. (1921) 20 Therfor we muste abide and wirke be processe of tyme.
a1470 T. Malory Morte Darthur (Winch. Coll.) 1212 And they thus overryde oure londis, they shall by proces brynge us all to nought.
1489 W. Caxton tr. C. de Pisan Bk. Fayttes of Armes i. xxiii. 70 That is by long proces of tyme chaunged.
?1523 J. Fitzherbert Bk. Husbandry f. xl The sappe woll nat ronne into the toppe kyndely. But by processe the toppe wolle dye.
1581 G. Pettie tr. S. Guazzo Ciuile Conuersat. (1586) i. 28 b In processe of time she was detected to be one of a naughtie slanderous tongue.
1609 W. Shakespeare Sonnets civ. sig. G2v Three beautious springs to yellow Autumne turn'd, In processe of the seasons haue I seene. View more context for this quotation
a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) i. §12. 8 All Man-kind succeeding..afterward in processe to be derived from him.
1654 R. Codrington tr. Justinus Hist. xviii. 267 After the process of many yeers..they took shipping again.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 297 To found this nether Empire, which might rise By pollicy, and long process of time. View more context for this quotation
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 154. ⁋2 In due Process of Time I was a pretty Rake among the Men.
1736 L. Welsted Scheme & Conduct Providence iv. 32 That the same thing would, in process, have happened of itself.
1767 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. (new ed.) II. 75 Villeins, by this and many other means, in process of time gained considerable ground on their lords.
1838 T. Arnold Hist. Rome I. 31 The city of the Palatine Hill grew in process of time, so as to become a city of seven hills.
1842 Ld. Tennyson Locksley Hall in Poems (new ed.) II. 106 The thoughts of men are widen'd with the process of the suns.
1903 E. MacCulloch Guernsey Folk Lore 61 In process of time they [sc. lands] came to be sub-fieffed by their possessors.
1956 Life 2 Apr. 66/1 The Charter became in the process of time an enduring witness that the power of the Crown was not absolute.
2000 G. M. Winrow Dialogue with Mediterranean ii. 43 In the process of time the parties concerned will become more familiar with each other.
b. gen. The fact of going on or being carried on, as an action or series of actions; progress, course. in (the) process of (doing something): in the course of; in the act of carrying out (a particular task, etc.). in process: going on, being done; in progress.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > [noun] > proceeding or carrying on an action > fact of being carried on
processc1395
the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > in progress [phrase]
in handc1405
in expeditiona1616
on (also upon) the anvil1645
on the wheel1677
in progress1849
in the works1870
in process1906
in the pipeline1945
c1395 G. Chaucer Franklin's Tale 1345 It is agayns the proces [v.rr. prosses, processe, process] of nature.
?a1475 Ludus Coventriae (1922) 232 (MED) Yf he procede be prossesse, oure lawys he wyl felle.
1549 M. Coverdale et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. II. 2 Pet. i. f. xviv Confirmed nowe by longe processe of godlynes in the acquainted knowledge of the trueth.
a1620 M. Fotherby Atheomastix (1622) ii. iii. §3. 217 What then, in Causes can there be an infinite processe; And can no End bee found?
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 423 Saturnian Juno now, with double Care, Attends the fatal Process of the War.
1714 W. Forbes Jrnl. Session 200 It was a Principal and not a Copy of the Contract was produced in the Process of Constitution.
1781 S. Johnson Addison in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets V. 104 The whole drama is..engaging in its process, and pleasing in its conclusion.
1802 Med. & Physical Jrnl. 8 268 In the process of his examination, he is stripped of his borrowed plumes.
1845 C. Darwin Jrnl. (ed. 2) v. 100 This granulo-pulpy matter was in process of being converted into ova.
1869 H. S. Osborn Metallurgy Iron & Steel 685 The iron must now be raked up..while a kind of fermentation, called ‘coming to nature’ is in process.
1906 E. F. Scott 4th Gospel i. 18 A judgment is in process and we follow it stage by stage to the great climax.
1951 N. Monsarrat Cruel Sea (1953) i. viii. 43 These awkward factors were in process of spoiling what had looked like an agreeable billet.
1955 A. Hano Day in Bleachers v. 70 Westrum, usually so alert at the plate, was in the process of either picking up his glove or his mask as the ball dribbled toward him.
1998 B. Kingsolver Poisonwood Bible (1999) v. 404 At that time Axelroot was just in the process of getting set up in Johannesburg.
c. Philosophy. The course of becoming as opposed to static being.Used esp. in and with reference to the work of A. N. Whitehead (1861–1947).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > absolute idealism > [noun] > organism or process philosophy > elements of
prehension1925
process1926
1926 A. N. Whitehead Relig. in Making iii. 114 In this fusion of ground with consequent, the creative process brings together something which is actual and something which, at its entry into that process, is not actual. The process is the achievement of actuality by the ideal consequent, in virtue of its union with the actual ground. In the phrase of Aristotle, the process is the fusion of being with not-being.
1949 O. Lee Existence & Inquiry 11 Because the world seen as process was very different from what it had been before, a new theory of inquiry was needed to deal with it. Dialectic was the answer first proposed—a logic of process.
1964 E. E. Harris Found. of Metaphys. in Sci. xxii. 45l Samuel Alexander, J. C. Smuts, Lloyd Morgan and Henri Bergson..expounded theories of process and evolutionary pluralism. Whitehead..like Hegel, attempted to reconcile pluralism with monism and process with holism.
1977 Theology 80 187 The world is a dynamic totality of events..hence it is a process, from the given past through the present..and towards a future.
2000 E. E. Harris Apocalypse & Paradigm vi. 94 Of his [sc. Whitehead's] doctrine of process in which each actual entity prehends every other, it would be true to say that [etc.].
3. Succession of things in order; sequence; progression. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > [noun] > order of succession
ordera1382
processa1387
course1558
sequence1592
series1594
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 31 Touchynge the cours of the worlde and þe processe [?a1475 anon. tr. ordre; L. seriem] of Holy Writt, þe firste kyngdom was..from Adam to Moyses; þe secunde..from Moyses to Saul; [etc.].
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 33v Þe proces is suche; first, fleume is bred as an humour half sode; secounde, blood þat is parfitliche I-sode.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 13 (MED) Multeply ȝe sall Ay furth in fayre processe.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 147 (MED) Þis heepe [of teachings]..schal be..oute of ordre, and oute of dewe processe to gider clumprid.
4.
a. A narration, a narrative; an account; a story; a play; a discourse or treatise of any kind; an argument, a reasoned discussion, a disquisition. Now only in verbal process n. at verbal adj. and n. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > narration > [noun] > a narrative or account
talec1200
historyc1230
sawc1320
tellinga1325
treatisec1374
chroniclec1380
process?1387
legendc1390
prosec1390
pistlec1395
treatc1400
relationc1425
rehearsal?a1439
report?a1439
narrationc1449
recorda1450
count1477
redec1480
story1489
recount1490
deductiona1532
repetition1533
narrative1539
discourse1546
account1561
recital1561
enarrative1575
legendary1577
enarration1592
recite1594
repeat1609
texture1611
recitation1614
rendera1616
prospect1625
recitement1646
tell1743
diegesis1829
récit1915
narrative line1953
?1387 T. Wimbledon Serm. (Corpus Cambr.) (1967) 69 (MED) For oure proces of þis firste partie of þis sermoun, ȝe shal wite þat þer beþ þre bayleis þat shullen be clepid to þis streyte rekenyng.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 269 A tale in remembrance, Which is a long process to hiere.
c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 116 (MED) Þese powers of þe soule, resoun and wil, neden not eny body as an instrument for her worchingis, as is now bifore in þis processe arguyd.
1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. d iij Here endyth the proceis of hawkyng.
1523 Ld. Berners tr. J. Froissart Cronycles I. i. 1 Who so this proces redeth, or hereth, may take..ensample.
?a1525 (?a1475) Play Sacrament l. 75 in N. Davis Non-Cycle Plays & Fragm. (1970) 60 And yt place yow..To see the conclusyon of þis lytell processe Hertely welcum shall yow bene.
1533 T. More Apologye 12 b They preache some tyme a longe processe to very lytle purpose.
c1540 (?a1400) Gest Historiale Destr. Troy 247 When Pelleus his proses hade puplishit on highe..Jason was Joly of his Juste wordes.
c1550 Clariodus (1830) ii. 1671 If I sould tell ȝow all the long proces [rhyme exces].
c1600 Alisaunder 171 To profre þis process prestly too here, I karp of a kid king Arisba was hote.
1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet i. v. 37 So the whole eare of Denmarke Is with a forged Prosses of my death rankely abusde.
1671 J. Webster Metallographia xviii. 251 The way of doing which may be found in many authors,..in Manuscripts, and written Processes.
?1776 J. L. De Lolme tr. J. Boileau Hist. Flagellants ix. 215 Express mention was..made of the above beating, in the written process that was drawn of the transaction.
1784 R. Bage Barham Downs I. 296 Kitty, having heard these dialogues and processes repeated by Molly's mother, who had an excellent knack at this kind of rehearsals.
1809 Times 20 June 4/1 The dead body of Major Schill..was carried [to the Town Hall of Stralsund] by several of his men..and a verbal process was drawn up of their depositions.
2003 Africa News (Nexis) 8 Oct. The conversations will end on Thursday with the signing of a protocol in the area of petrol and a verbal process.
b. The course or content of a narrative, treatise, argument, etc.; drift, tenor, gist. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > intelligibility > meaning > meaning of linguistic unit > drift, tenor, purport > [noun]
sentence?c1225
intent1303
tenora1387
intendment1390
strengthc1390
porta1393
meaningc1395
process1395
continencea1398
purposec1400
substance1415
purport1422
matterc1450
storyc1450
containing1477
contenu1477
retinue1484
fecka1500
content1513
drift1526
intention1532
vein1543
importing1548
scope1549
importance1552
course1553
force1555
sense?1556
file1560
intelliment?1562
proporta1578
preport1583
import1588
importment1602
carriage1604
morala1616
significancy1641
amount1678
purview1688
sentiment1713
capacity1720
spirit1742
message1828
thrust1968
messaging1977
Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 70 (MED) Poul trauailide more..than ony other apostle dide, as it is opin by processe of his pistlis and of Dedis of apostlis.
?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng Chron. (Petyt) ii. 216 Þei teld him þe processe of alle þer comon sawe.
?c1430 (?1382) J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1871) III. 518 As it is knowen by alle þe processe of þe gospel.
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 1 The rubryis..be the quhilkis men may better knaw the process of the said buke and of euery chapter.
1563 J. Man tr. W. Musculus Common Places Christian Relig. 35 This is the processe of the Decalogus [L. Hic est contextus Decalogi].
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 236 We shall haue occasion to treate of [these] in the processe of our Iournall.
1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §22 No man will be able to prove it, when, from the process of the Text, I can manifest it may be otherwise. View more context for this quotation
1696 J. Sergeant Method to Sci. Pref. sig. b3 He does not seem either at the beginning, or in the Process of his Book, to know, at least to build upon this Truth and stand to it, that [etc.].
1775 T. Malton Compleat Treat. Perspective iii. i. 110 In the process of this Book, after some necessary observations..I shall..shew how to [etc.].
c. A passage of a discourse. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > speech-making > [noun] > a discourse or lecture > passage of
sentencec1400
processa1425
passagec1550
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) Prol. iii. 4 This proces of Genesis shulde stire cristen men to be feithful.
a1425 (?a1400) Bk. Priue Counseling in P. Hodgson Cloud of Unknowing (1944) 147 (MED) As Salamon seiþ in þis processe, ‘ȝif þou slepe..þou schalt not drede any peril.’
c1449 R. Pecock Repressor (1860) 55 Eny proces or parti writen in Holi Writt.
c1454 R. Pecock Folewer to Donet 7 (MED) Grete clerkis..vndirstonde not derk processis of þe bible in latyn.
c1534 T. Cranmer Let. in Remains (1833) I. 123 Ye take for your purpose some processes of Scripture.
1555 J. Harpesfeld in E. Bonner Homilies 44 b This processe of Scripture hath in it many circumstaunces to be noted.
5. Law.
a. The whole of the proceedings in any legal action; an action, a suit; a case, cause, or hearing; the course, procedure, or method adopted in carrying on an action. due process: see due process n.In quot. 1395: a legal remedy, a (right of) appeal.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > [noun]
process1395
practice1588
proceeding1591
procedure1602
placitum1706
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > [noun] > a lawsuit
speechc897
mootc1225
pleadingc1275
pleac1300
actiona1325
quarrela1325
suit1348
pursuit1380
sokena1387
process1395
plead1455
pleament1480
suit in law1530
ployc1600
suit in equity1604
suit in chancery1621
lawsuit1624
instance1654
legal action1656
lis1932
Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 81 (MED) King Jon..oblisshide his rewme..in a thousand mark, to be paied yeer bi yeer..withouten ony other proces, if this payment were behinde.
c1400 Simonie (Peterhouse) (1991) l. 274 Þat haþe dryue Trewth out of lond without proces of lawe.
1414 Rolls of Parl. IV. 57/1 The processe of myn outelawery was unlawefully made.
1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 17/1 Upon that defaute the same Justices have fulle power..to yeve Jugement..by dewe processe atte common lawe.
a1450 York Plays (1885) 324 (MED) Þer witnesse..Some hatred in ther hartis agaynes hym haue hent And purpose be this processe to putt down þis page.
a1500 (c1410) Dives & Pauper (Hunterian) (1976) i. 160 (MED) It is nouȝt leful to ony man for to slen a þef aȝens þe kyngis lawe and withoutyn proces of londis lawe.
1538 J. Husee Let. 16 Feb. in Lisle Papers (P.R.O.: SP 1/129) f. 62v The processe was commencyd agaynst Mr. Buttler.
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cviij All suytes and proces in the lawe, commenced for Religion, shal in the meane tyme be let falle and suspended.
1627 W. Duncomb tr. V. d'Audiguier Tragi-comicall Hist. our Times vii. 122 It was a little before the feast of Christmas after which time Calista's processe was to be judged.
1640 J. Yorke Union of Honour 124 He..without processe, was executed at Bridgewater.
1701 J. Swift Disc. Contests Nobles & Commons ii. 15 The Power of judging certain Processes by Appeal.
1736 H. Purefoy in Let. 19 May in G. Eland Purefoy Lett. (1931) I. ii. 26 'Twill be very hard if she is to pay anything for processe wch the Apparitor threatens her with, when she actually proffered to take the Oath before you.
1781 J. Moore View Soc. Italy (1790) I. xv. 180 They may..search his papers, make his process and in conclusion, put him to death.
1828 N. Webster Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. at Sherif The sherif, by himself or his deputies, executes civil and criminal process throughout the county.
1858 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire VI. lii. 99 He was allowed to..turn the charge against himself into a process against his accuser.
1892 Law Times 93 551/1 The process of the court had been used by the solicitor professedly for one purpose, to levy a debt, but really for another purpose.
1918 Deb. Mass. Constit. Convention xiv. 1037 I should like to ask the member who is speaking why he thinks that those statutes were passed if it was not on account of some abuse of process by the district attorneys.
1973 P. Campbell 35 Years on Job 15 The processes of the law are known to be exceptionally expensive and tedious for those involved in them.
2000 A. Rashid Taliban (2001) 194 [They] publicly executed a murderer in front of 2,000 spectators in defiance of the legal process.
b. The formal commencement of any legal action; the mandate, summons, or writ by which a person or thing is brought into court for litigation.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > process, writ, warrant, or order > [noun] > summons
citationc1325
summonancec1410
process1423
summons1429
summonitionc1455
venire facias1463
letters citatory1465
summonda1500
interpellation1579
butterfly1583
exploit1622
monition1649
cital1760
venire1763
exaction1816
assignation1884
blister1903
bluey1909
blue1939
1423 Petition in Fenland Notes & Queries (1907–9) 7 308 (MED) Thai have sued writtes of errour and oder processe.
1433 Rolls of Parl. IV. 447/2 The said John was endited..and proces made out upon the same enditement.
1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 391 (MED) Yf the seid pleintif require eny seriaunt to serue the seid processe, [etc.].
1482 Rolls of Parl. VI. 208/1 Power..to awarde processe by Capias, and to make other such processes into every Countie of Englond.
1577 in W. H. Turner Select. Rec. Oxf. (1880) 390 They of the Towne had servid proces upon him.
1620 J. Chamberlain Let. 8 Jan. (1939) II. 281 The Earle of Suffolke is hardly persued for his fine and prosses gone out to make seasure of his lands.
1635 Mass. Bay Rec. I. 140 Mr Allerton shalbe sent for, by processe, to the nexte Court of Assistants.
1735–6 S.-Carolina Gaz. 7 Feb. 2/2 All Process, Issuable out of the said Court may be had at my Office in Charlestown.
1768 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. III. xix. 279 The next step for carrying on the suit, after suing out the original, is called the process; being the means of compelling the defendant to appear in court.
1827 H. Hallam Constit. Hist. Eng. I. vi. 371 The chancellor..had a court of his own..out of which process to compel appearance of parties might..emanate.
1883 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 11 545 An attachment granted to enforce compliance with the order of court is process of a punitive and disciplinary character.
1930 Michigan Law Rev. 29 104 Since the statute ceding jurisdiction reserved the right to the state to serve process, the summons was not invalid.
1991 Internat. Jrnl. Law & Family 5 331 Concealed spouses cannot have process served upon them and can thereby elude the law completely.
6. That which follows on from something; an outcome or result. Also: an intended outcome, a purpose, a goal. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > effect, result, or consequence > [noun]
proofc1330
worka1382
workinga1382
consequentc1386
effectc1390
processa1400
consequencec1400
sequel1477
efficacea1492
operation1525
branch1526
efficacy1549
trial1559
ensuing1561
repercussion1603
success1606
productiona1610
salutation1609
succeedinga1616
pursuancea1626
spawna1631
income1635
result1638
importance1645
consequency1651
product1651
causal1652
causate1656
consectary1659
propter hoc1671
inference1673
corollary1674
resultment1683
produce1698
recussion1754
development1803
suitea1806
eventuation1813
sequent1838
sequence1853
causatum1879
sequela1883
ramification1925
a1400 tr. Lanfranc Sci. Cirurgie (Ashm.) (1894) 96 (MED) Bigynne to mortifie it wiþ sum maner of poudre..& loke aftirward þe prosis of þi worchinge.
c1450 J. Capgrave Life St. Augustine (1910) 54 (MED) All þe processe of þese bokes and all þe wordes are steryng on-to þe loue of God.
a1475 Revelations St. Birgitta (Garrett) (1929) 14 (MED) Who euer purpose to do any goode dedes, yf he..caste in hys mynde..what wyrshyp shall come to God þer-of..the werke shall haue good processe & goode ende.
a1500 (a1450) Partonope of Blois (BL Add.) (1912) 3745 (MED) Sythe off yowr wylle thus ys the fyne Thatt fro thus prosses [v. r. porpose] ȝe wylle not goo, I canne no more saye ther-too.
7. A formal command, mandate, or edict, issuing from a person in authority. Cf. sense 5b. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > command > command or bidding > [noun] > ordinance, prescription, or appointment > an ordinance or authoritative utterance
setnessc950
sandc1000
edict1297
statutec1300
proclamationa1325
justifyinga1382
rescritec1384
decree?a1400
thewsc1400
justification?a1475
ordinationc1499
dictamena1513
golden bull1537
dictate1604
process1604
dictament1615
dictation1651
fiata1750
diktat1941
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iv. iii. 65 And England, if my loue thou hold'st at ought,..thou mayst not coldly set Our soueraigne processe, which imports at full..The present death of Hamlet. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Antony & Cleopatra (1623) i. i. 28 Where's Fuluias Processe? (Cæsars I would say) both? View more context for this quotation
8. A continuous and regular action or succession of actions occurring or performed in a definite manner, and having a particular result or outcome; a sustained operation or series of operations. (Now the most common use.)
a. With reference to natural or involuntary action.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > [noun] > a form or kind of operation > natural or involuntary
process1626
1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §528 In which Operation, the Processe of Nature still will be, (as I conceiue,)..that there will be a New Confection of Mould, which perhaps will alter the Seed.
1638 W. Rawley tr. F. Bacon Hist. Nat. & Exper. Life & Death Canon iii. 383 There are Foure Processes [L. Processus] of the Spirit; To Arefaction; To Colliquation; To Putrefaction; To Generation of Bodies.
a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) 124 Extraordinary singular courses, sometimes intervenient in naturall processes, alter not the generall, stated, habituall course of nature.
1670 S. Gott Divine Hist. Genesis World vi. 113 These [were created] in Six several Days, Gradualy, and Orderly, according to the Natural Process of Generation which was then first Instituted.
1733 P. Shaw tr. F. Bacon Mythol. Ancients i. viii, in Philos. Wks. I. 568 He who knows the Properties, the Changes, and the Processes [L. processus] of Matter.
1799 H. Davy in T. Beddoes Contrib. Physical & Med. Knowl. 188 Plants, in the process of etiolation, lose the light combined with their leaves, and become white.
1811 J. Pinkerton Petralogy I. 151 The first step in the process of crystallisation is the formation of grains; the second is [etc.].
1871 B. Stewart Heat (ed. 2) §91 Ice is not instantly converted into water but the process is gradual.
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 174 In order to obtain..a deeper insight into the processes of growth..it is necessary to follow up the history of development.
1928 A. B. Callow Food & Health 9 They [sc. the higher animals] also require a good many special substances which they cannot manufacture in their own bodies, and yet which are necessary for their vital processes.
1965 ‘W. Trevor’ Boarding-house i. 10 He felt himself dying, a process which began below and overcame his body.
1997 Shout 20 June 12/3 You might not be able to see the full effects now, but UV light (from the sun's rays) speeds up the ageing process.
b. With reference to artificial or deliberate action (in later use esp. in manufacturing or other industry).In early use also: a method or procedure for carrying out such an action or series of actions.In patent law: any method of obtaining a useful result by an action other than mechanical (e.g. chemical).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > [noun] > a form or kind of operation > artificial or voluntary
process1663
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing
process1663
processing1876
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun]
process1856
1663 R. Boyle Some Considerations Usefulnesse Exper. Nat. Philos. ii. i. xx. 299 Those venturous Empiricks, who..think Receipts or Processes alone can enable them to cure the Sicknesses they know not.
1665 J. Glanvill Sciri Tuum: Authors Defense 39 in Scepsis Scientifica Little can be collected from the Chymical Processes he speaks of.
1711 tr. N. Lémery New Curiosities Art & Nature i. i. 30/2 Pouring them gently into the said Vessel, continue this Extraction and Process as long as the Vinegar will colour it.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 500 I diverted my self with many processes in Chymistry.
1763–6 W. Lewis Commercium Philosophico-technicum 50 The process of gold-beating is considerably influenced by the weather.
1800 tr. E. J. B. Bouillon-Lagrange Man. Course Chem. I. 296 These explanations induce us to prefer the process of Fourcroy and Vauquelin.
1807 T. Thomson Syst. Chem. (ed. 3) II. 329 The method of procuring it [sc. Prussian blue] remained concealed..till Dr. Woodward published a process in the Philosophical Transactions for 1724.
1856 Chambers's Encycl. VII. 511/1 Photo-Glyphography..a process invented by Mr. Fox Talbot.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. iii. 25 Explained to me the process of making cheese.
1886 Sci. Amer. 24 July 49/3 They produce by a new process colored prints, so-called photo-chromotypes.
1920 T. J. Wise Bibliogr. Writings J. Conrad i. 4 Ex-library copies of Almayer's Folly..have recently been made attractive and marketable by the apparently simple process of re-casing them in cloth.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) X. 640/1 Production engineering as a planning activity takes place between product design and the planning of the over-all manufacturing process.
1982 J. Benedetti Stanislavski: Introd. ii. 38 In the fourth process, ‘physicalizing’, the actor creates visibly, for himself.
1999 PS 32 593/1 We typically treat writing as a product rather than a process. By doing so we fail to teach students the benefits of drafting and revising.
2002 Water Gardener July 74/3 Pondsticks tend to be lighter than pellets because the process used to manufacture them allows them to float naturally without the addition of material to increase buoyancy.
c. With preceding modifying word indicating the inventor of the process, the substance or means used, etc., as Bessemer process, collodion process, contact process, dry process, Fox-Talbot process, gelatin process, heliotype process, Pattinson process, Solvay process, wet process, etc.: for more established compounds see the first element.
ΚΠ
1816 G. W. Singer Researches Hist. Playing Cards 158 This fac-simile..is curious as being a production of the newly invented Lithographic process.
1842 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 51 388 Having their portraits taken by the photogenic process.
1844 J. Liebig Familiar Lett. Chem. 2nd Ser. x. 185 It is upon this power of substances undergoing decay, to increase the attraction of all organic substances for oxygen..that a speedy process for acidifying alcohol is based, which is termed the ‘quick vinegar process’.
1845 Athenæum 203 The delicately sensitive film which is formed on the silver plate in the Daguerréotype process.
1904 Westm. Gaz. 13 Dec. 4/2 Mr. Montagu suggested..the making of all roads..by the Tarmac process.
1938 R. Hum Chem. for Engin. Students xxvii. 759 The fused alumina, produced as a slag in the thermite process..is used, as an abrasive, under the name of corubin.
1972 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 1971 106/1 The sulfur dioxide may then be removed by use of one of the systems designed for treating dilute gases. One large commercial installation uses the Haldor Topsoe process, which is similar to the Monsanto Cat-Ox process.
2001 New Scientist 30 June 46/2 The Kroll process converts titanium ore into titanium tetrachloride and then reacts it with liquid magnesium to produce titanium metal and magnesium chloride.
d. Social Sciences. The continuing interaction of human groups and institutions, esp. as observed through its effects in social, political, cultural, etc., life, with the aim of finding underlying patterns of behaviour in the available data. See also social process n. at social adj. and n. Compounds 2.Frequently contrasted with the study of such aspects of society through its structures.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [noun] > process
social process1789
process1887
1887 S. Moore & E. Aveling tr. K. Marx Capital I. i. i. 12 The different proportions in which different sorts of labour are reduced to unskilled labour as their standard, are established by a social process [Ger. Prozess] that goes on behind the backs of the producers, and, consequently, appear to be fixed by custom.
1898 E. A. Ross in Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 860 Everything that is being done to bring to light the processes of socialization and control contradicts the easy-going theory that actual society is a spontaneous product due to the social instincts of man.
1939 Jrnl. Psychol. 8 389 The question may be raised whether any light upon this situation can be obtained by examining the process of personality development for leads to..more satisfactory methods and procedures.
1951 R. F. Bales Interaction Process Anal. p. iii An attempt to formulate some of the basic structural characteristics and dynamic processes one would expect to find in small groups.
1958 Polit. Stud. 6 243 The term ‘process’ seems to enter social and political discourse today in two different ways: it can be used widely or it can be used more specifically.
1958 Polit. Stud. 6 248 Here I think we probably find a plausible separate use for this process notion—to refer to an isolable complex of interactions between procedural rules..and the internal and external relations of various kinds of social groups.
1971 R. F. Murphy Dialectics of Social Life i. 31 The study of ‘process’ and ‘dynamics’ is thus not as processual and dynamic as we would like to believe, for it commonly approximates a seriation of structures through time.
2001 A. Tostensen et al. Associational Life Afr. Cities i. 8 Urbanisation is both a change in the pattern of settlement and a social process.
e. A linguistic operation or change.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > [noun] > linguistic change > process in
process1954
1954 Word 10 230 ‘Items’..are either morphemes or sequences of morphemes, but still one has to contend with the independent status of order, constructions, and hierarchical structure. Even so, there is a clear difference between taking some phonemic material as ‘root’ (= item) and some as ‘marker’ of processes.
1964 R. H. Robins Gen. Linguistics v. 212 Different forms of the paradigms are then described as the result of processes, vowel change..etc. applied to the root form. (Process in this use is a descriptive term; it has nothing to do with historical processes in time or with changes in the forms of the language through the years.)
1974 R. Quirk Linguist & Eng. Lang. v. 92 Educated opinion here is well-informed about the ‘existing processes’ of English.
1997 P. H. Matthews Conc. Oxf. Dict. Linguistics 297 In many accounts, a representation of a passive sentence is derived by a syntactic process, or process at the level of syntax, from that of a corresponding active.
f. Computing. An instance of the execution of a program in a multitasking operating system, typically in an environment that protects it from other processes.Each process may comprise multiple threads of concurrently executing instructions; cf. thread n. Additions a.
ΚΠ
1966 J. H. Saltzer Traffic Control in Multiplexed Computer Syst. (Sc.D. thesis, Mass. Inst. Technol.) iii. 20 A process is basically a program in execution by a processor. This definition, while it appears to be precise, is in fact somewhat vague because the terms ‘program’ and ‘processor’ can be given widely varying interpretations.
1986 Network World 3 Nov. 44/1 The resource server must run MS-DOS as a process under Unix.
1999 S. Oaks & H. Wong Java Threads (ed. 2) i. 4 Depending on the operating system running on your computer, there are several ways in which the processes can send each other various messages.
2009 S. Pugh Wicked Cool Ruby Scripts iii. 51 If a process has been expending CPU cycles for more than a reasonable amount of time, then it's time to kill the process.
9. A print produced from a process block. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > a print
photoprint1862
process1886
1886 Daily News 9 Dec. 5/2 There were no photogravures then, nor hideous scratchy and seamy ‘processes’.
10. U.S. (in African-American usage). The action of straightening and styling the hair, esp. by chemical means; (also) a chemical preparation used to accomplish this; a hairstyle produced in this way.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > [noun] > process of straightening
process1958
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > preparations used on the hair > [noun] > chemicals for straightening hair
process1958
the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > styles of hair > [noun] > straightened
process1958
1930 Times 2 Apr. 11/1 All have locks of raven hair, straightened by some process and sometimes ‘marcelled’ again on a very different wave-length from that of negro nature.]
1958 Chicago Sunday Tribune 14 Sept. iii. 15/3 The manufacture of ‘process’ products has today developed into a thriving industry.
1963 L. Hairston in Freedomways Winter 57 By Friday my process'd need retouchin'.
1963 L. Hairston in Freedomways Winter 52 Sonny rubbed the process in so thick with his rubber gloves, it started stingin' a little t'rough the heavy layer of grease he packed in my scalp.
1967 Trans-action Apr. 8/1 Time may pick up when a familiar car cruises by and a few dudes drive down to Johnny's for a ‘process’ (hair straightening and styling).
1972 B. G. Cooke in T. Kochman Rappin' & Stylin' Out 64 The ‘process’ of hair straightening is now considered demeaning; most black brothers have abandoned it.
1974 D. Goines Daddy Cool vii. 89 ‘I just had my hair done and I don't want it to get messed up.’ Even as he spoke, he raised his hand and patted the old-fashioned process.
1994 B. A. Staples Parallel Time vii. 104 Davy..wore his hair in a process, as all the cool guys did... When the process was fresh, the hairdresser pressed in finger waves. The waves could be dizzying. When the process got old, it became tufty and hackled with new growth.
II. Onward movement, progress, projection.
11.
a. Onward movement in space. Also in non-material sense, of action, time, etc.: progress, progression; advance; development. Cf. procession n. 5. Chiefly literary and poetic in later use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > forward movement > [noun]
forthgangc900
racea1400
processa1450
remuea1450
profectiona1538
procession1585
advance1593
nod1597
progressa1599
riddance1598
run1626
advancement1637
incession1651
progression1651–3
march1683
progrediency1701
waygate1825
the world > action or operation > continuing > progress, advance, or further continuance > [noun]
progressionc1385
proceeding?c1425
progressc1443
proceedc1450
procession1585
gate1604
procedure1640
foreholda1642
process1642
promotion1649
sailing1827
sledding1839
on-go1870
a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) 3669 Eche Bysschope made hys processe To the dore of hys chambre be sermoun.
1642 H. More Ψυχωδια Platonica sig. H A point the line doth manfully retrude From infinite processe.
1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 131 But presently our Glass-tube..began to leak, and let in Ayr; so we could make no further process in the Experiment.
1702 in Rous's Academia Cœlestis ix. 136 Daily to make a Process in his Learning.
1747 W. Gould Acct. Eng. Ants 40 The process of Ant Vermicles is remarkable and worth Observation.
1813 T. Busby in tr. Lucretius Nature of Things I. i. Comm. p. xxvi Virgil..most admirably describes the gradual process of the fire.
1850 Ld. Tennyson In Memoriam lxxx. 112 Eternal process moving on, From state to state the spirit walks. View more context for this quotation
1875 H. James Passionate Pilgrim 41 The whole..surrounding prospect lay answering in a myriad fleeting shades the cloudy process of the tremendous sky.
1957 C. W. Hostler Turkism & Soviets ii. 21 This was the last great phase of the Turkification of Azerbaijan and its slow process makes it difficult to describe the early Turkish history of Azerbaijan.
1983 J. Fenton Memory of War & Children in Exile 91 Baffled in sunlight by gardens..where the process of the seasons is something Unfortunate.
b. Degree of progress or advance. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > quantity > degree or relative amount of a quality, action, etc. > [noun]
prickOE
degreec1380
greec1386
largenessa1398
rate1523
size1534
pitcha1568
pin1584
scantling1586
intension1604
assize1625
proportion1641
process1655
to a certain extent1671
intensity1794
level1897
1655 H. L'Estrange Reign King Charles 137 Nor was this a Schisme of an ordinary assise, but grew to that processe, to that degree, as..Altar was erected against Altar.
1774 Child of Nature II. 171 That great man..calculated the process and degree, at which our effeminacy would be followed by a contempt of liberty, and a surrender of the invaluable rights we have inherited from our ancestors.
Categories »
c. Logic. illicit process: see illicit adj. c.
12. The act of proceeding or coming forth from a source, emanation; = procession n. 2. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > going or coming out > [noun] > from a source
progressionc1385
progressc1530
process1537
emanation1570
1537 Abp. Lee in J. Strype Eccl. Memorials (1721) I. App. lxxxviii. 229 The proces of grace in this sacrament cometh from him by whose authority it is institute.
a1641 R. Montagu Acts & Monuments (1642) 552 Beginning with the processe of our Saviour's Fore-runner, John the Baptist.
1877 E. Caird Crit. Acct. Philos. Kant Introd. ii. 18 The process of the infinite out of itself into the finite.
13. A projection from the main body of something; an outgrowth; a protuberance.
a. Anatomy and Zoology. A protuberance or projection, esp. from a bone. mastoid, mamillary, odontoid, pterygoid, transverse, zygomatic process, etc.: see the first element.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > projection or protuberance > [noun]
boss1386
process1565
pitch1566
promontorium1791
promontory1793
papula1795
papule1821
outgrowth1855
upgrowth1870
the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > parts of bones > [noun] > natural outgrowth or projecting part
process1565
production1578
apophysis1611
processus1664
probole1684
spine1706
ramus1731
spinous process1732
plectrum1792
buttress1824
epicondyle1828
spiculum1873
1565 J. Hall Anat. 1st Treat. i. 3 in tr. Lanfranc Most Excellent Woorke Chirurg. The sclender processes or forthe goynges of bones are called in Latyn Ceruices & colla.
1578 J. Banister Hist. Man i. f. 25v These bones are endewed with two notable productions, or Processes.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes Corona,..a thicke and pointing processe of bones much like to the snagge of a Hartshorne.
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 79 In woemen two processes or productions passe from the wombe to the vpper part of the neck of the same.
1682 T. Gibson Anat. (1697) 20 It has two remarkable Processes in men placed before, by the os pubis, on each side one.
1774 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 64 349 The mammoid process of the temporal bone.
1797 J. Abernethy Surg. & Physiol. Ess. iii. 28 I could..touch the transverse spinous process of the sphenoid bone.
1839–47 Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 734/1 The..naso-frontal process as the basis for the lachrymal bone.
1893 Brain 16 136 I propose therefore to term the axis-cylinder or nerve-fibre processes neurons; and the protoplasmic processes dendrons.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xviii. 472 In the South American horned toads (Ceratophrys) some species have an upright flexible process or horn.
1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xix. 307 The coronoid process, also on the ulna, and near the elbow, articulates with the radius, which lies lateral to the ulna on the thumb side of the forearm.
1977 Sci. Amer. Aug. 108/2 In the nervous system a network of nerve cells with elongated processes communicate with one another by secreting neurotransmitters.
b. figurative and in extended use. Obsolete except as in sense 13c.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > [noun] > a projecting part
hornc1275
outshooting1310
nosec1400
startc1400
spout1412
snouta1425
outbearingc1425
outstanding?c1425
relish1428
jeta1500
rising1525
shoulder1545
jutting1565
outshootc1565
prominence1578
forecast1580
projection1592
sprout1598
eye1600
shooting forth1601
lip1608
juttying1611
prominent?1611
eminence1615
butting1625
excursiona1626
elbow1626
protrusion1646
jettinga1652
outjetting1652
prominency1654
eminency1668
nouch1688
issuanta1690
out-butting1730
outjet1730
out-jutting1730
flange1735
nosing1773
process1775
jut1787
projecture1803
nozzle1804
saliency1831
ajutment1834
salience1837
out-thrust1842
emphasis1885
cleat1887
outjut1893
pseudopodiuma1902
1775 S. Johnson Taxation no Tyranny 23 Mere extensions or processes of empire.
1839 T. De Quincey Lake Reminiscences in Tait's Edinb. Mag. July 455/2 Mighty fells, immediate dependencies and processes of the still more mighty Helvellyn.
1870 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 V. liii. 264 The assailants turned the cannon upon the lower processes of the fortress.
c. Botany. An outgrowth; spec. (in a moss) one of the main divisions or segments of the inner peristome.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > part defined by form or function > [noun] > appendage
fulcrum1754
fulcre1793
adminiculum1848
process1862
1862 C. Darwin On Var. Contrivances Orchids Fertilised ii. 81 [The stigmas] form two protuberant, almost horn-shaped processes on each side of the mouth of the nectary.
1876 Bot. Bull. 1 30 Peristome hypnoid, processes as long as the teeth, more or less split in the keel, ciliolæ not seen.
1898 Bryologist 1 92 Inner peristome a very short basal membrane with sixteen slender processes without intermediate cilia.
1914 F. E. Fritsch & E. J. Salisbury Introd. Study Plants xviii. 239 Tubular corollas may produce outgrowths, usually near the top of the tube, which either arise independently from each petal (e.g. the teeth-like processes of the Campion..) or from a united fringe.
1959 Brittonia 11 91 This species is obviously near U. membranata Malta of New Zealand and Tasmania, but the spores are even larger and the processes of the inner peristome much narrower.
1992 Bryologist 95 272/2 In Polytrichastrum..the epiphragm..has erect, peristome tooth-like processes which are opposite the peristome teeth.

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive, objective, etc., chiefly with reference to industrial and manufacturing processes (cf. sense 8b).
process approach n.
ΚΠ
1939 E. S. Griffith Impasse of Democracy 361 Nor is there a genuine correspondence between a category of social phenomena and a particular inborn drive in a classification of such phenomena in terms of objectives or ‘processes’ rather than by institutions... This ‘process approach’ is meaningful as a dynamic frame of reference, in so far as [etc.].
1972 W. P. Lehmann in Language 48 266 Recent grammatical study has led to a preference for a process approach in linguistic analysis.
2004 Information Week (Nexis) 12 July 32 Bill Ashton, director of IT for the town of Herndon, Va., says a process approach lets him automate some tasks and turn over others to users.
process cost n.
ΚΠ
1911 Amer. Econ. Rev. 1 145 The factors absolutely inherent to each are the cost of material, the cost of labor.., the process cost, and the interest on costs during the period of conversion.
1926 S. I. Levy Introd. Industr. Chem. ii. 47 The process cost sheets reveal clearly the great importance of chemical efficiency.
1998 Textile Month June 48/1 SSM's DPC1-C Digicone precipex system is said to reduce process costs by up to 60%.
process costing n.
ΚΠ
1920 Times 16 Nov. 3/1 (advt.) Cost Accountant required... Candidates must have had actual experience in process costing, preferably in the chemical industry.
1968 Times 16 Sept. 18/1 (advt.) The chemical engineers will support the research and development work with pilot-plant design and operation and by providing process costings.
1990 R. Izhar Accounting, Costing, & Managem. ii. xvii. 259 Process costing is used in continuous flow, mass-production industries such as chemicals, oil-refining, flour-milling and motor manufacture.
process engineer n.
ΚΠ
1918 Fort Wayne News & Sentinel 12 Apr. 3/3 Howard Miller, process engineer in the superintendent's office at the Electric works, has returned to this city.
1948 W. H. Schutt Process Engin. i. 1 The process engineer must visualize exactly how the article should be made and what equipment, tools, and floor space are required.
1993 J. Kay Found. Corporate Success iv. xi. 172 The ‘two-thirds’ rule of process engineers arises because the material needed to form a container rises less than proportionately with the volume it will hold.
process industry n.
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1919 Papers & Proc. 31st Ann. Meeting Amer. Econ. Assoc. (Amer. Econ. Rev. Vol. 9 No. 1 Suppl.) 26 (heading) Unit costs for continuous process industries.]
1927 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 4 Nov. 16/4 (advt.) Executives of the process industries are invited to take advantage of the unusual service extended by Goodrich.
1951 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Dec. 2695 (heading) Quality control in the process industries.
2000 Paper Technol. Feb. 33/2 The challenge facing process industries at the dawn of the new millennium is to sustain prosperity without destroying the environment on which we all depend.
process inventor n.
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1890 W. J. Gordon Foundry xi. 215 Half tints have been the difficulty of all process inventors.
2004 San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News (Nexis) 19 Mar. qa She was dubbed ‘the Queen of Technicolor’ by the process inventor himself.
process operation n.
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1945 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 22 Sept. 8/6 (advt.) Men wanted to learn process operations.
1958 IRE Trans. Industr. Electronics 7 23/1 Process operations are characterized by the continuous and cyclic handling of large liquid, gas, and bulk flow streams.
1991 Hydrocarbon Processing May 109/1 Two of the most common process operations in natural gas liquids (NGL) plants are lean oil extraction and cryogenic extraction of NGL liquids.
process owner n.
ΚΠ
1877 R. W. Raymond Statistics Mines & Mining 3 Both parties..are..interested in a favorable result: the ore-owner, because it may lend new value to some hitherto refractory and unprofitable material; the process-owner, because it may enlarge the field of his operations.
1998 F. M. Moghaddam & C. Studer Illusions of Control i. 5 The leader appoints the process owner, who convenes a reengineering team to reengineer the process.
process plant n.
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1898 Times 14 June 13/6 The capital expenditure amounted to £16,962, and was almost entirely for completing the additional power scheme and the second process plant.
1928 C. S. Darling Exhaust Steam Engin. ix. 188 It is..possible in a process plant to obtain useful heat from the condenser of a turbine.
2000 Rev. No. 53. 5/1 The company is alert for expansion opportunities..whether they are green fields projects (new mines or process plants) or brown fields (expanding existing operations).
process technology n.
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1951 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 23 Nov. 10/2 He will supervise the company's two-year process technology program.
1972 Proc. Acad. Polit. Sci. 30 142 Technical knowledge is needed for feasibility studies and market surveys;..for engineering design of new production facilities;..and for the process technology proper.
2000 Paper Technol. Feb. 29/1 [It is] viewed not as an effluent treatment plant, but as process technology incorporated into the refining process.
process-type adj.
ΚΠ
1952 R. E. Hartley et al. Understanding Children's Play i. 14 All observers used were given initial orientation talks which included specific suggestions for making the observations and recordings in the form of process-type diary records.
1966 McGraw-Hill Encycl. Sci. & Technol. (rev. ed.) X. 642/1 Processes have..been classified into continuous or process-type operations, as in an oil refinery, and intermittent (or repetitive) or manufacturing-type operations.
2000 Organization Sci. 11 431 The need to reduce cost while maintaining efficient production makes manufacturing dependent on R&D for new process-type projects.
b. Designating a container, enclosed structure, etc., in which something is subjected to an industrial or manufacturing process.
ΚΠ
1884 Daily News (Frederick, Maryland) 5 Dec. The salvage consists of a 25-horse-power boiler, process kettle and some cages.
1910 Times 23 Mar. 15/1 (advt.) Kermode's liquid fuel systems... For merchant steamers, for land boilers, and for industrial process furnaces.
1957 G. Wendt Prospects Nucl. Power & Technol. xi. 288 The actual process vessels have a separate air system which keeps them at a pressure of about one inch less than that of the cells.
1993 Progress 92 Environm. Rep. 8/1 ICI Films has found a new use for the 1,000 tonnes per year of ethylene glycol residue from its process vessels.
2002 Commerc. Appeal (Memphis, Tennessee) (Nexis) 5 Mar. b4 Memphis-based Voip Telecom is transforming itself from a telecommunications company to a company that provides materials and services for high-temperature process containers.
C2.
process annealing n. Metallurgy heat treatment applied to an alloy after cold working to prepare it for further cold working.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > [noun] > hardening, tempering, or annealing > types of annealing
box annealing1884
Réaumur process1898
pot annealing1925
subcritical annealing1930
process annealing1936
1936 Metals Handbk. (Amer. Soc. Metals) 211 Process annealing, heating iron base alloys to a temperature below or close to the lower limit of the critical temperature range followed by cooling as desired.
1977 R. B. Ross Handbk. Metal Treatm. 322 The purpose of Process annealing is to remove work hardening prior to further cold work.
1999 Amer. Machinist (Nexis) 1 Mar. 160 Recrystallization occurs during this process, which is closely related to process annealing of low-carbon steel.
process black n. a black printing ink suitable for use in process printing (see process printing n.).
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > materials
resist1886
process black1907
photoresist1953
1907 Yesterday's Shopping (1969) 471/1 Process black..for use in drawings intended for process reproduction.
1964 E. Chambers Camera & Process Work xv. 208 The ink manufacturers make inks suitable for proofing, these are usually sold under such names as half-tone black, process black or press black.
2004 Converting Mag. (Nexis) 1 May 22 The 31.5-in. Webtron ZigZag press..applied PMS 186 red, process magenta, PMS 109 yellow, process cyan, process black and line black in that order.
process butter n. originally and chiefly U.S. butter made by melting together other, low-quality or rancid butters, and purifying, colouring, and salting the mixture.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > butter > [noun] > types of butter
May-butter?a1425
clarified butter1562
pot-butter1616
manteca1622
grass butter1648
green butter1654
drawn butter1661
cacao butter1662
ghee1665
rowen1673
ruskin1679
orange butter1696
whey-buttera1722
rowen butter1725
fairy butter1747
grease1788
Cambridge butter1830
stubble-butter1856
black jack1858
maître d'hôtel butter1861
Normandy butter1868
creamery butter1881
pound butter1888
renovated butter1888
samn1888
process butter1898
pool butter1940
garlic butter1942
yak butter1962
Normandy1973
cannabutter1994
1898 Massillon (Ohio) Independent 1 Sept. The first step in the making of the average grade of process butter is the securing of the spoiled natural butter, which forms the foundation.
1911 W. H. Simmons & C. A. Mitchell Edible Fats & Oils iv. 44 The preparation of ‘process’ butter from stale or unsaleable genuine butter.
1945 Cullman (Alabama) Banner 12 July 2/3 Butter remains unchanged at 24 points per pound for creamery butter and 12 points for country or process butter.
1997 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 1 June 9 t It features an oversized 1/4-cent per pound tax stamp issued in 1903 for the Internal Revenue Service, signifying a tax on ‘renovated’ or ‘process’ butter.
process camera n. a camera designed for taking photographs for use in photomechanical printing.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [noun] > scientific and technical
heliograph1848
revolver1876
spectrograph1884
photochronograph1891
photogrammeter1891
process camera1895
gun-camera1921
microcamera1928
phototimer1942
ballistic camera1945
monorail camera1958
1895 Jrnl. & Trans. Royal Photogr. Soc. June 313 In the construction of a process camera rigidity and parallelism and ability to stand wear and tear have to be carefully studied.
1974 J. Craig Production for Graphic Designer 72 The first step in making a printing plate is to photograph the copy..using a special camera, called a process camera.
1991 Photographer Aug. 28/1 The two pictures..have not been anywhere near a litho scanning or repro house, let alone a process camera.
process chart n. a chart or diagram setting out the different stages in a process, esp. an industrial or commercial one.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] > stages or charts of production
mark1482
flow-line1882
flowsheet1912
flow chart1920
process chart1939
flow diagram1943
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > other types of diagram
map1797
base map1862
polar diagram1879
Gantt chart1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
pie graph1930
histomap1931
process sheet1935
rose diagram1938
process chart1939
stereodiagram1945
wall chart1958
network1959
concept map1967
polar1975
mind map1987
1939 Bismarck (N. Dakota) Tribune 30 Mar. 5/1 (advt.) Ask to see the process chart of materials.
1941 F. H. Colvin & F. A. Stanley Running Machine Shop vi. 256 Process charts can also be made to follow the operator instead of the part or product.
1968 B. Yuill Supervision Princ. & Techniques xxi. 240 The layout must be carefully planned by using such techniques as materials and man process charts, which show the proposed courses of materials and the movement of manpower through the plant.
2004 Rev. Econ. & Statist. (Nexis) May 514 Finally, from these records and process charts, we produced a list of price change process participants, the time required, and the costs involved.
process cheese n. originally U.S. = processed cheese n. at processed adj. Compounds; also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dairy produce > cheese > [noun] > varieties of cheese
goat cheeseOE
green cheesec1390
rowen cheesea1425
bred-cheesec1440
hard cheesec1470
ruen cheese1510
parmesan1538
spermyse1542
angelot1573
cow-cheese1583
goat's cheese1588
Cheshire Cheese1597
eddish-cheese1615
nettle cheese1615
aftermath cheese1631
marsolini1636
Suffolk cheese1636
Cheddar cheesea1661
rowen1673
parmigianoa1684
raw-milk cheesea1687
fleet cheese1688
sage-cheese1714
Rhode Island cheese1733
Stilton cheese1736
Roquefort cheese1762
American cheese1763
fodder cheese1784
Old Peg1785
blue cheese1787
Dunlop cheese1793
Wiltshire1794
Gloucester1802
Gruyère1802
Neufchâtel1814
Limburger cheese1817
Dunlop1818
fog cheese1822
Swiss cheese1822
Suffolk thumpa1825
Stilton1826
skim dick1827
stracchino cheese1832
Blue Vinney1836
Edam1836
Schabzieger1837
sapsago1846
Munster1858
mysost1861
napkin cheese1865
provolone1865
Roquefort1867
Suffolk bang1867
Leicester1874
Brie1876
Camembert1878
Gorgonzola1878
Leicester cheese1880
Port Salut1881
Wensleydale1881
Gouda1885
primost1889
Cantal1890
Suisse1891
bondon1894
Petit Suisse1895
Gervais1896
Lancashire1896
Pont l'Évêque1896
reggiano1896
Romano1897
fontina1898
Caerphilly cheese1901
Derby cheese1902
Emmental1902
Liptauer1902
farmer cheese1904
robiola1907
gjetost1908
reblochon1908
scamorza1908
Cabrales1910
Jack1910
pimento cheese1910
mozzarella1911
pimiento cheese1911
Monterey cheese1912
processed cheese1918
Tillamook1918
tvorog1918
anari1919
process cheese1923
Bel Paese1926
pecorino1931
Oka1936
Parmigiano–Reggiano1936
vacherin1936
Monterey Jack1940
Red Leicester1940
demi-sel1946
tomme1946
Danish blue1948
Tilsit1950
St.-Maure1951
Samsoe1953
Havarti1954
paneer1954
taleggio1954
feta1956
St. Paulin1956
bleu cheese1957
Manchego1957
Ilchester1963
Dolcelatte1964
chèvre1965
Chaource1966
Windsor Red1969
halloumi1970
Montrachet1973
Chaumes1976
Lymeswold1981
cambozola1984
yarg1984
1923 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press-Telegram 26 Apr. 5/1 A bill to require that all kinds of cheese, American, Limburger, Cream, Swiss, or others, which had undergone any kind of ‘making over’ process, would have to be labeled ‘Process cheese’.
1951 M. McLuhan Mech. Bride 24/1 These wondrous totalitarian techniques for mashing the public into process cheese.
1972 Federal Register 37 11722/3 The amendments..will have the effect of providing for optional use of buttermilk in pasteurized process cheese food.
2004 Hindu (Nexis) 25 Aug. 2 ounces of process cheese could contain 800 milligrams [of sodium].
process control n. the (esp. automatic) regulation and control of the physical aspects of an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun] > production engineering
production engineering1902
process control1918
1918 Science 18 Oct. 382/1 The section maintains an officers' training school at Carney's Point for training for inspection, testing and process control of explosives.
1931 Electronics Oct. 144 (heading) Electronic oscillators for industrial process control.
1977 Sci. Amer. Sept. 122/3 A small process-control computer monitors the temperature, directs the insertion and withdrawal of the wafers and controls the internal environment of the furnace.
1994 Sci. Amer. Jan. u19/2 Other technologies include road fuel marking systems and process control for the rotomoulding of plastics.
process controller n. a person who or device which regulates and controls an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > producer > [noun] > production engineer
production engineer1904
process controller1922
1922 Times 11 Nov. 3/6 (advt.) Pre-war chemist and process controller for 10 years in U.S.A.
1951 Proc. Inst. Electr. Engineers 98 ii. 609/1 The output signal of the process controller is transmitted to the regulating unit, which adjusts the physical quantity upon which the controlled quantity depends in order to restore it to the desired value.
1984 Datamation 15 Dec. 70/3 The market for industrial products (bar code equipment, process controllers, transactors, numerical controls, and so forth) is expected to hit $12 billion in 1989.
2005 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 3 Apr. (Business section) 31 Owen is a process controller for a drinks company and Claire runs her own public relations consultancy.
process engineering n. the branch of engineering that is concerned with industrial processes.
ΚΠ
1938 Research: National Resource (U.S. Government) 80 Separate units devoted solely to process engineering appear in 17 companies.
1980 Jrnl. Royal Soc. Arts May 326/2 ‘Design for Production’ is a discipline which involves both product and process engineering.
2005 Chem. Engin. (Nexis) 1 Dec. 8 The use of microtechnology in process engineering offers great potential in the design, optimization and implementation of innovative chemical and biotechnological processes.
process gas n. a gas used in or produced by an industrial process.
ΚΠ
1911 Science 1 Dec. 749/2 Other fuels are investigated by the chemist and we are familiar with the use of ‘process-gas’ and petroleum burners.
1945 H. D. Smyth Gen. Acct. Devel. Atomic Energy Mil. Purposes x. 105 Uranium hexafluoride has been mentioned as a gas that might be suitable for use in the plant as ‘process gas’.
1992 Harper's Mag. Apr. 63/1 On October 23, 1989, 85,000 pounds of process gases roared through the sprawling Phillips 66 chemical complex in Pasadena, Texas.
process heat n. heat supplied or required for an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [noun] > heat for an industrial process
process heat1933
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > heat for industrial process
process heating1926
process heat1933
1933 E. Molloy Newnes Engin. Pract. III. 794/2 The faster the machine..ran, the greater the amount of steam that would be available for process heat.
1947 O. Lyle Efficient Use of Steam xx. 597 The two principal uses of process heat are for the heating of water or watery solutions and for the evaporation of water.
2005 Nucl. News (Nexis) Apr. 64 ANS [sc. American Nuclear Society] has also endorsed the use of nuclear power reactors as an environmentally benign source of process heat for desalination of seawater.
process heating n. the application of heat to an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > [noun] > heat for industrial process
process heating1926
process heat1933
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > [noun] > processing > types of heating process
burning1559
firework1560
roast1582
coction1684
kelp-burning1845
hot drawing1897
process heating1926
the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > heating or making hot > [noun] > for industrial processes
process heating1926
1926 S. I. Levy Introd. Industr. Chem. iii. 65 (heading) Process heating by steam.
1971 Materials & Technol. II. xii. 751 Steam has found considerable employment as a heat carrier for process heating. It can easily be ducted from a boiler to the vessel or column wherein the processes take place.
2005 Nitrogen & Methanol (Nexis) 1 Jan. Unless the power is to be imported, it is difficult to avoid the need to burn fuel either for process heating needs or for generating electricity.
process lens n. a highly corrected photographic lens capable of producing high-quality images suitable for use in process printing (see Compounds 3).
ΚΠ
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXI. 696/2 In the ‘Process’ lens, Series V. f/8, the combination is adjusted to secure identical size and sharpness of each colour-image in three-colour process work.
1961 A. L. M. Sowerby Dict. Photogr. (ed. 19) 426 For photographing documents for reproduction and for copying paintings lenses having special colour corrections, called process and apochromatic process lenses, are used.
1991 Photographer Sept. 67 (advt.) Apo-Ronar; classic process lens for high contrast flat field reproduction.
process-maker n. rare a maker of process blocks (cf. sense 9).
ΚΠ
1900 Fortn. Rev. Jan. 65 Engraving..as a profession, and as a means of obtaining fame, has entirely died out; the engraver nowadays is a process-maker.
process model n. a diagram or chart outlining the various steps involved in a particular process or set of processes; = process chart n.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > flow chart
flowsheet1912
flow chart1920
block diagram1924
flow diagram1943
process model1961
1961 A. Etzioni Compar. Anal. Complex Organizations vii. 157 A discussion of this indirect effect of recruitment supplies an opportunity to relate some of the variables discussed here and in the preceding chapter in the form of a flow or process model.
1972 W. P. Lehmann in Language 48 267 I should like to propose that support for a process model of language has been provided by recent typological studies.
1991 Hydrocarbon Processing Sept. 97/1 The OPSO program uses a set of process models and an optimization routine to select optimal values for..heater outlet pressure (COP) and other key variables.
process morphophonemic adj. Linguistics rare concerning the alteration of morphophonemes (cf. sense 8e).
ΚΠ
1977 Trans. Philol. Soc. 1975 23 The earliest generative (‘process morphophonemic’) solution I know of to this problem is that of Bloomfield (1933, §13.9).
process-oriented adj. that emphasizes or focuses on processes, systems, or procedures rather than results or underlying causes.
ΚΠ
1951 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 45 1078 If the group were highly process-oriented relative to the departmental purpose system, then..the favorable balance might lean towards integration.
1993 Sun (Baltimore) 15 Aug. e1/1 Abstract expressionism is process-oriented, pop is product-oriented.
2003 T. E. McSween Values-based Safety Process iii. 24 Employees who work in a process-oriented culture tend to attack problems and change processes without identifying..problems that may be rooted in behavior and personal relationships.
process philosophy n. philosophy based on the idea of process (sense 2c); an instance of this.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > absolute idealism > [noun] > organism or process philosophy
organism1925
process philosophy1940
1940 Jrnl. Philos. 37 47 We need not run with Bergson to the extreme of his process-philosophy, according to which there are only changings and no things which change.
1941 W. M. Urban in P. A. Schilpp Philos. Whitehead 319 The general group of modern philosophies which are called process philosophies, philosophies, which, in Bergson's terms, find more of reality in becoming than in that which becomes.
1949 B. M. Loomer in D. Brown et al. Process Philos. & Christian Thought (1971) 76 The second criticism..runs to the effect that process philosophy, being a kind of naturalism and consequently predisposed in favour of continuity of explanation, neglects the discontinuous qualities of existence.
1971 D. Brown et al. Process Philos. & Christian Thought p. v In recent years, however, process philosophy has come to mean especially, though not exclusively, the philosophy of Alfred North Whitehead and his intellectual descendants, most notably Charles Hartshorne.
1993 Weekend Austral. 15–16 May (Review Suppl.) 7/3 His previous book, On Purpose, applied the ‘process philosophy’ of Alfred North Whitehead to argue that spiritual meaning and purpose are inherent in all forms of life.
process printing n. photomechanical printing; spec. colour printing involving the superimposition of half-tones (see Compounds 3).
ΚΠ
1878 Scribner's Monthly Oct. 906/2 Personally, we must regret that so much process-printing is employed in ‘L'Art’.
1893 Times 27 Dec. 5/2 If any use is to be made of them, it must be through some of the reproductions which modern process-printing makes possible.
1931 R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades xvi. 161 Process printing. By the use of three transparent colors, red, yellow, and blue, illustrations may be printed that contain all the colours of the rainbow.
2006 Impressions (Nexis) 1 Feb. I prefer rigid metal frames for critical work such as process printing.
process projection n. Film projection of a film on to the back of a translucent screen, the front of which is used as a background for ordinary filming (used chiefly as an alternative to filming on location); also called back-projection, background projection.
ΚΠ
1939 Jrnl. Soc. Motion Picture Engineers 32 589 Developments in process projection equipment and technology.
1951 A. Cornwell-Clyne Colour Cinematogr. (ed. 3) vii. 583 Process projection, called in Britain ‘background projection’, a somewhat more precise description, assumed great importance economically in ratio to the continuous rise in the cost of film production.
2003 Malay Mail (Nexis) 27 Feb. His first showbiz job was as art director, miniature-set builder and process projection supervisor.
process schizophrenia n. Psychology severe, progressive schizophrenia.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > types of schizophrenia
hebephrenia1883
process schizophrenia1953
1953 Lancet 5 Dec. 1209/2 Dementia præcox or, as it is usual to term it nowadays, ‘process schizophrenia’.
1962 Psychol. Bull. 59 329/1 Process schizophrenia involves a long-term progressive deterioration..with little chance of recovery.
2004 Psychiatric Times (Nexis) 1 Jan. 21 Of those with ‘process schizophrenia’, 57% remitted, but if the illness was allowed to go untreated into ‘post-process’ schizophrenia, only 6% remitted.
process schizophrenic n. Psychology a person affected with process schizophrenia.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > types of schizophrenia > person
hebephreniac1884
process schizophrenic1961
1961 Jrnl. Psychosomatic Res. 5 211 Process schizophrenics were less responsive than were reactive schizophrenics.
1967 E. R. Hilgard & R. C. Atkinson Introd. Psychol. (ed. 4) xxi. 536/2 Process schizophrenics might respond..in a manner similar to patients with diagnosed brain damage.
2000 Times (Nexis) 23 June The defence sought to project [him]..as a teenage failure who had become, in the words of Dr William Carpenter, a ‘process schizophrenic’.
process server n. a person who serves processes (sense 5b) or summonses; a bailiff.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > one who administers justice > an officer of the court > [noun] > official who executes orders of court > bailiff
beadlec1000
ridemanlOE
cacherela1325
outrider1332
bailiff1377
catchpolea1382
bailiec1386
officer?1387
sheriff's manc1400
attacher1440
messenger1482
tipped staffc1500
servitor1527
bailie-errant1528
processar1534
bum-bailiff1560
tipstaff1570
nut-hook1600
saffo1607
servera1612
bailiff-errant1612
bum-bailey1615
process servera1616
buckle-bosom1622
bumbee1653
exploiter1653
moar1656
bum1659
bummer1675
bumbail1696
bulldog1699
sheriff's officer1703
bum-trap1749
bound-bailiff1768
shelly-coata1774
body snatcher1778
lurcher1785
fool-finder1796
messenger1801
bugaboo1809
borough-bailiff1812
sheriff mair1812
speciality1815
grab1823
legalist1835
candy man1863
writter1882
sheriff1928
a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) iv. iii. 94 I know this man well, he hath bene since an Ape-bearer, then a Processe-seruer (a Bayliffe) then [etc.] . View more context for this quotation
1795 A. O'Connor Speech on Catholic Bill 20 It has made him one in a company with valuators, with proctors, with process servers, and with civil bill attornies.
1842 S. C. Hall & A. M. Hall Ireland II. 96 The pioneers of the law, called ‘Process-servers’.
1988 Daily Tel. 4 June 1/7 Mr McMillan read an affidavit by Mr Alexander Horne, 26, a sheriff officer and process server saying he had served the summons.
process-serving n. the serving of a process (sense 5b) or summons; the occupation or practice of a process server.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > process, writ, warrant, or order > [noun] > summons > summoning or issuing of summons > serving of
process-servinga1676
a1676 M. Hale Consideration Amendm. or Alteration Laws vii, in F. Hargrave Coll. Tracts Law Eng. (1787) I. 281 Near one half [of suits] thereof are under 40s. at least in some counties, besides those many, that are ended upon process serving and before they come to tryall.
1856 C. J. Lever Martins of Cro' Martin xxxix. 398 Is it rack-renting, process-sarving, exterminating, would make them popular?
1992 Chatelaine June 130/2 Process serving may cost about $40 or more, depending on the number of attempts made and the travel required.
process sheet n. = process chart n.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > representation > a plastic or graphic representation > graphic representation > drawing plans or diagrams > [noun] > diagram > other types of diagram
map1797
base map1862
polar diagram1879
Gantt chart1918
pie diagram1921
pie chart1922
pie graph1930
histomap1931
process sheet1935
rose diagram1938
process chart1939
stereodiagram1945
wall chart1958
network1959
concept map1967
polar1975
mind map1987
1935 Proc. Inst. Production Engineers 14 165 Process sheets are drawn up showing the operations to be performed on each component in their correct sequence.
2003 Assoc. Managem. (Nexis) 1 July 25 Each IMTA activity is now spelled out on a process sheet, with progress reported in a central database updated each Thursday.
process shot n. Film a shot made using process projection.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > filming > shot > [noun] > types of
long shot1858
glass shot1908
close-up1913
aerial shot1920
angle shot1922
medium shot1925
far-away1926
travelling shot1927
zoom1930
zoom shot1930
process shot1931
close-medium shot1933
medium close-up1933
reverse angle1933
reverse shot1934
three-shot1934
tilt shot1934
medium-close shot1937
reaction shot1937
tracking shot1940
pan shot1941
stock shot1941
Dutch angle1947
cheat shot1948
establishing shot1948
master-scene1948
trucking shot1948
two-shot1949
bridging shot1951
body shot1952
library shot1953
master shot1953
mid shot1953
MS1953
pullback1957
MCU1959
noddy1982
arc shot1989
pop shot1993
1931 Bee (Danville, Va.) 14 Sept. 7/2 Various improved process shots, made in the studio but when screened appearing to have been photographed against actual remote backgrounds, frequently eliminate expensive location trips.
1960 K. Amis New Maps of Hell ii. 61 Slow-motion process shots of newts.
1994 Q. Tarantino & R. Avary Pulp Fiction ii. 35 Vincent Vega looks really cool behind the wheel of a 1964 cherry-red Chevy Malibu convertible... The background is a colorful process shot.
process steam n. steam supplied or required for an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > [noun] > steam
process steam1924
1924 Power Engineer 19 454/2 In view of the scattered nature of the works, it is not advantageous to attempt to collect condensed process steam.
1954 E. Molloy Power & Process-steam Plant i. 4 Breweries require large amounts of process steam.
2000 Paper Technol. Feb. 36/2 This mill had already installed a pre-evaporator..which achieved additional liquor evaporation without using any process steam.
process theologian n. a student of or expert in process theology.
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theology > systems of theology > [noun] > Process > adherent of
process theologian1957
1957 A. A. Cohen Martin Buber ii. 57 In stating the formula of the process-theologians, Buber comments: ‘there is a becoming of the God that is’.
1974 M. Wiles Remaking Christian Doctr. vi. 110 For the process theologian there is no essential problem about the transcendent God's activity in the world.
2004 Tulsa (Oklahoma) World (Nexis) 24 Apr. a14 Process theologians teach that God is a causal factor, but never the unilateral cause of events on Earth.
process theology n. theological theory based on the idea of process (sense 2c).
ΘΚΠ
society > faith > aspects of faith > theology > systems of theology > [noun] > Process
process theology1963
1963 B. Martin Existentialist Theol. Paul Tillich vi. 176 Insofar as he also attempts to include some of the insights of modern process theology, his ‘being-itself’ does, in the final analysis, seem to have the same qualities of [etc.].
1977 F. Young in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate ii. 42 Evolutionary theology and process theology are not foreign to the Christian tradition.
2000 D. Brown in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 567/2 It is this fundamental assumption that is challenged by process theology in its conviction that science has disclosed all reality to be in the process of change.
process water n. water supplied or required for an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > [noun] > liquids
intinction1559
liquor1583
steep-water1838
sweet-water1885
process water1927
1927 Times 29 Aug. 7/2 The trouble was of a dual character, pollution arising from ‘wash water’ and caused by ‘process water’.
1949 G. E. H. Lewis Factory Steam Plant iii. 46 Where process water heating is not feasible the air preheater merits consideration.
1994 Up Here (Yellowknife, N.W. Territories) Nov. (Finding Common Ground) 7/2 The operation requires no chemicals other than environmentally safe flocculants to clarify the process water.
process work n. (a) process printing (see Compounds 3); (b) work characterized by the use of industrial processes.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > industry > manufacture or production > [noun]
makinglOE
workinga1382
forge1390
fashion1463
facture1574
workmanship1578
fabrication1602
manufaction1602
opificec1616
manufacture1622
makec1631
manufactorya1641
manufact1647
manufacturage1665
manufacturing1669
production1767
mfg.1854
artificing1866
process work1881
machine-production1898
metal-bending1964
society > communication > printing > manner or style of printing > [noun] > printing in colours
colour printing1822
chromotypography1851
chromotypy1851
process work1881
society > communication > printing > specific methods or processes > [noun] > others
stereotype1800
typolithography1825
fluorography1840
glyphography1843
photoprocess1875
process work1881
recess printing1887
process engraving1889
screening1894
rotogravure1913
offset printing1915
thermography1928
electrography1953
flexography1954
recess1958
impact printing1966
1881 Bangor (Maine) Daily Whig & Courier 29 Nov. The tendency is now to depend on process work where speed is the desideratum.
1894 Herkomer in Daily News 28 Apr. 6/7 To use process work for the reproduction of line alone, leaving tone-work to express the more complete work of the artist, which must be rendered again by an artist-engraver.
1924 C. A. Suckan Supervision & Maintenance of Steam-raising Plant v. 77 Where steam is used for process work such as boiling.
1936 E. Castle in Graphic Arts 236 The development in various directions of process work..has no doubt helped much to popularize the book-plate.
2003 Converting Today (Nexis) Sept. 24 Such a result dramatically improves the printing sharpness particularly with delicate process work.
process worker n. a person who works in process printing (see Compounds 3), or in an industrial process.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printer > [noun] > printer using specific system
glyphographer1843
plate printer1847
process worker1885
process engraver1892
society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > manual or industrial worker > worker performing process or spec. task > [noun]
process worker1885
processer1891
processor?1893
1885 Sci. Amer. 21 Nov. 328/1 The art of printing photographs and other half-tint subjects on a type press has been brought to great perfection, and many of the best process workers are experimenting in this field.
1974 Nature 15 Feb. 421/1 The death of a 71 year-old former process worker at ICI is being investigated.
2005 Guardian (Nexis) 12 Nov. (Rise section) 2 I've been a process worker for 12 years and have just graduated from the Open University.
C3. Printing. Used with reference to printing in which the design to be printed is created by a chemical or mechanical process rather than manually; sometimes spec. designating or relating to a kind of colour printing in which a continuous and wide range of colours is produced by superimposing half-tones in each of three or four different colours (in process colour, process ink; see also process black n. at Compounds 2).
process block n.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > engraving > relief engraving > [noun] > wood engraving and cutting > block
block1728
hand block1775
wood-block1837
wood1839
process block1884
1884 Times 13 Aug. 3/1 Process blocks from autographic drawings.
1888 C. T. Jacobi Printers' Vocab. 104 Process blocks, illustrations in relief produced by any mechanical process.
1960 A. L. M. Sowerby Dict. Photogr. (ed. 19) 40 Half-tone or Process Blocks by the Bitumen Process. A copper or zinc plate is coated with bitumen, and it is exposed... After development, or the removal of the superfluous bitumen, the plate is etched.
2000 Southland (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 15 Mar. 74 There were no process block makers in Invercargill, and the wooden ‘block’ used was the work of Mr W Robertson, a teacher at the Southland Technical School.
process colour n.
ΚΠ
1910 Post Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 10 May 15/1 (advt.) Working foreman competent to take charge of medium sized pressroom. Must be familiar with process color work.
1926 F. B. Wiborg Printing Ink xx. 241 Process color inks. These inks are made exclusively for the purpose of printing pictorial subjects... Special process inks are made for this class of printing.]
1962 S. W. Hayter About Prints viii. 102 A print of Becker's, made from four plates each carrying a different colour (and in this case one of the four process colours used in reproduction).
1968 Heidelberg News Sept. 4/3 Only use process colour when it is justified. Four colour work is seen at its best, has most impact, alongside black and white.
1991 Personal Computer World Feb. 155/2 It's supposed to save you time and money by letting you separate colour PageMaker and TIFF files into the four process colours of cyan, magenta, yellow and black.
process cut n.
ΚΠ
1887 Atlantic Monthly Jan. 142/1 The text in this edition has appeared before, but the illustrations, which are line-engravings, mezzotints, and process cuts, are new in this volume.
1932 J. J. Lankes Woodcut Man. 97 He cut around the black lines of the drawing on the block, so that the finished result was like a modern process cut, only, as a general thing, not so good.
process department n.
ΚΠ
1926 Times 21 Sept. 8/2 (advt.) The plate passes through the dark room—developed, printed, fixed and ready for the ‘process’ department.
1967 Times 18 Jan. 16/7 Process department, prepares photographs and line drawings as plates.
2003 Leicester Mercury (Nexis) 30 Oct. 23 [He] was promoted again to the Leicester Mercury's process department when the two papers merged in 1963.
process embossing n.
ΚΠ
1921 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent 2 Apr. 8/5 (advt.) Ask us to show you samples of our Process Embossing for your stationery.
1931 R. R. Karch Printing & Allied Trades xvii. 166 Thermography is known as ‘raised letter’ printing, and ‘process embossing’.
1948 R. R. Karch Graphic Arts Procedures i. 7 Imitation engraving is known by several names, among which are raised-letter printing, process embossing.
process engraver n.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > printer > [noun] > printer using specific system
glyphographer1843
plate printer1847
process worker1885
process engraver1892
1892 Colorado Springs Gaz. 18 Aug. (advt.) The plates are the finest photo-engravings that could be secured from the best photographs, by the leading process engravers of Philadelphia, Boston and Chicago.
1923 H. A. Maddox Printing x. 126 Process engravers usually adapt their filters to certain ink standards.
1951 R. G. Radford Letterpress Machine Work II. xii. 127 Discoveries..have made it possible for the process engraver to make a set of three- or four-colour half-tone plates by photo-mechanical means.
1971 R. Brewer Approach to Print vi. 77 The carbon-arc lamps used by process engravers can be used for exposing the image, but I have seen collotype plates being exposed to contact negatives by ordinary daylight.
process engraving n.
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > printing > specific methods or processes > [noun] > others
stereotype1800
typolithography1825
fluorography1840
glyphography1843
photoprocess1875
process work1881
recess printing1887
process engraving1889
screening1894
rotogravure1913
offset printing1915
thermography1928
electrography1953
flexography1954
recess1958
impact printing1966
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > photogravure or phototypography
heliography1845
photoglyphography1856
photoglyphy1858
phototypy1859
photogravure1873
dallastype1875
phototypography1875
heliogravure1879
autogravure1885
typogravure1885
helio-engraving1886
process engraving1889
gravure1893
colour gravure1900
1889 Olean (N.Y.) Weekly Democrat 31 Oct. They have carried process engraving to a point which we have not yet attained.
1894 Amer. Dict. Printing & Bookmaking 464/1 Process printing or engraving, a method by which engravings are made by the aid of photography.
1965 Listener 23 Sept. 462/3 The year was 1872, when..Punch's tentative introduction of process engraving first heralded the disappearance of the laborious procedure of reproducing line drawings by wood engraving.
2003 Jerusalem Post (Nexis) 14 Mar. 1 b He cropped the scene into a tight composition and darkened the backgrounds, achieving the contrasts needed in the days of rough and ready process engraving.
process ink n.
ΚΠ
1912 Times 10 Sept. 32/5 The contrast between a common ‘news’ ink at 4d. a lb. and a ‘process’ ink at 5s. a lb. is sufficiently eloquent on this point.
1974 J. Craig Production for Graphic Designer 109 Because process inks are transparent, it is the light reflected from the paper's surface that supplies the light to the ink.
1999 Paper Focus Nov. 32/2 Flush based inks are more likely to be used for heatset web offset and sheet fed four colour process inks.
process photography n.
ΚΠ
1937 T. A. M. Craven et al. in Technol. Trends & National Policy (U.S. National Resources Committee, Subcommittee on Technol.) iii. iv. 243 Technical and mechanical developments in the field of process photography and the manufacture of paper and inks are also aiding the progress of these more recent processes.
1970 C. C. Ammonds Printing: Basic Sci. x. 158 Correction for two colours in the achromatic lens is adequate for the simpler forms of color photography, but for process photography..much greater correction is necessary.
2001 Sunday Mail (S. Afr.) (Nexis) 17 June 23 They..have taken courses in fitting and turning, pattern-making, foundry practice, computing and process photography.
process picture n.
ΚΠ
1887 Science 4 Nov. 227/2 The history of the Brisinga..which ‘Living Lights’ gives amply, and illustrates by process picture from the original.
1898 N.Y. Times 16 Apr. The contents of all the great galleries were made familiar by such works, much as is now the case through photogravures and process pictures.
1913 Times 26 July 4/6 The garden Press teems with process-pictures of successful instances.
process plate n.
ΚΠ
1884 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 856/2 The execution of the process plates compares unfavourably with American work.
1937 Hammond (Indiana) Times 2 Nov. 1/4 Calumet Engraving company makes photo engravings, including zinc etchings, half tones, color and process plates, and advertising illustrations.
1995 S. Sillars Visualisation in Pop. Fiction iv. 74 Illustrative material was also an important draw... The availability of cheap photographic process-plates helped greatly in this.
process print n.
ΚΠ
1887 Atlantic Monthly May 704/2 The twenty-six full-page plates of the volume comprise twelve etchings, six wood-engravings, five ‘process’ prints, one steel-engraving, one lithograph, and one photogravure.
1965 C. Zigrosser & C. M. Gaehde Guide to Collecting Orig. Prints iv. 71 All prints made by photomechanical methods are called process prints.
2004 San Antonio (Texas) Express-News (Nexis) 6 Aug. 3 c A plan was worked out to make a limited run of 100 giclee process prints.
process printer n.
ΚΠ
1901 Edinb. Rev. Apr. 551 A few..were found ready to submit their work to the uncertainties and vagaries of the process-printer.
1911 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 427/1 Persons engaged in the production of books and other printed matter (including lithographers, copper, steel plate and ‘process’ printers, bookbinders, publishers, booksellers and distributors).
1960 Classif. of Occup. (General Register Office) 88/2 Printer;..process.
process reproduction n.
ΚΠ
1880 Scribner's Monthly Dec. 320/1 Notably we find an etching and a ‘process’ reproduction of Henner's ‘La Fontaine’.
1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Apr. 525/3 There are eight steel engravings after Turner, reproduced absolutely facsimile—line for line. This is close to the edge of possibility in process reproduction.
C4. With reference to philosophical and theological ideas based on the concept of process (sense 2c). See also process philosophy n., process theologian n., process theology n. at Compounds 2.
ΚΠ
1965 Jrnl. Relig. 45 341/2 The extent to which Thomist criticism of Tillich and the criticism offered by such process thinkers as Charles Hartshorne converge at epistemological points.
1967 C. Michalson Worldly Theol. i. 19 Daniel Day Williams..was the first theologian to bring the process motifs into combination with other theological traditions.
1969 Times 15 Mar. 12/5 In North America there is an increasingly significant movement in theology known as ‘process thought’.
1972 D. A. Pailin in C. B. Cox & A. E. Dyson 20th-cent. Mind iii. iv. 130 Process theism cannot deal adequately with the nature of God's actuality.
1990 D. Zohar Quantum Self iv. 41 For Bohm, as for Whitehead and de Chardin before him, this process view of reality leads him to consider the presence of proto-conscious (Nagel's proto-mental) properties at the level of particle physics.
2004 Christian Cent. (Nexis) 13 July 32 Could a Whiteheadian process view of God have developed within a medieval world system, and could process theism provide better answers to some of these agelong questions?
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

processv.1

Brit. /ˈprəʊsɛs/, U.S. /ˈprɑˌsɛs/, Scottish English /ˈprosɛs/, Irish English /ˈproʊsɛs/
Forms: 1700s– process; Scottish pre-1700 proces, pre-1700 processe, pre-1700 1700s– process.
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: process n.
Etymology: < process n. Compare Middle French processer to prosecute (1240 in Old French in an apparently isolated attestation; subsequently in 16th cent.). Compare earlier processing n.1
Originally Scottish.
1. transitive. Chiefly Scottish and Irish English. To institute a process or legal action against, to sue, prosecute; to obtain a process or summons against; to serve a process on. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > administration of justice > process, writ, warrant, or order > [verb (transitive)] > summon or issue summons against
cravec1000
summonc1300
summonda1400
convenec1425
cite1438
accitec1475
process1493
convent1538
convent1548
ascite1563
clepe and call1597
exact1607
sist1641
summons1659
society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > carry on or institute (an action) [verb (transitive)] > sue or institute action against
pleada1325
implead1387
follow1389
pursue1454
process1493
to put in suit1495
to call (a person) unto the law?a1513
sue1526
suit1560
prosecute1579
to fetch a person over the hips1587
trounce1638
law1647
prosecute1656
action1734
to fetch law of1832
court1847
chicane1865
actionize1871
run1891
1493 in Acts Lords of Council Civil Causes (1839) I. 315/2 To..delay þe warding of þe said thomas & James, vnto þe tyme þai be lauchfully Journayit & processit þerto according to Justice.
1525 in C. Innes Registrum Episcopatus Aberdonensis (1845) I. 390 The said Androw Elphinstoun hes been lauchfullie procest jornat and summond to this cowrt..to schaw his haldyng.
1532 in J. B. Paul Accts. Treasurer Scotl. (1905) VI. 111 That sche wald be processit for non payment of hir taxt.
1573 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 284 Being processit and put to the horne thairfore.
c1650 J. Row & J. Row Hist. Kirk Scotl. (1842) 95 John Durie made a large narration how and for what he had bene processed before the King and his Councill.
1704 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion III. x. 28 The Chancellor of Scotland told him..that all England would joyn against him as one Man to process, and depose him.
1734 E. Lee Statute-law of Irel. Common-placed 341 No Probat of Nuncupative Will shall be granted before 14 Days after the Death of such Testator, and the Widow or next of Kin, to be processed to contest it.
1768 C. Varlo Mod. Farmers Guide I. p. liv If they miss payment, they are sure to be processed at the assizes.
1809 M. Edgeworth Ennui v, in Tales Fashionable Life I. 100 He was at the quarter sessions, processing his brother for tin and tinpence, hay-money.
1883 H. W. V. Stuart Egypt 137 The debt for which they were processed was made up entirely of interest at most usurious rates.
1896 M. Hamilton Ulster Bog xiii They're saying the father of the child is that young Archie Kennedy..and I suppose they'll be processing him.
1909 Times 23 Oct. 12/6 20 tenants..who were processed by the Irish Land Commission for various amounts due by them for the purchase of their holdings.
2. intransitive. To go on, take place; = proceed v. 6a. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > a proceeding > proceed or carry on an action [verb (intransitive)]
workeOE
doOE
proceedc1390
movec1400
precedec1425
deal1470
plough furrow1597
walka1653
process1835
1835 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 37 883 The hollow murmur of the earth in the spring season, which some take to be the sound of vegetation, in its multitudinous forms, processing on her surface.
3.
a. transitive. To subject to or treat by a special process; to operate on mechanically or chemically; spec. to preserve or alter (food, a foodstuff, etc.) in this way. Also, more loosely: to deal with (something), esp. according to an established procedure. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preserving or pickling > pickle or preserve [verb (transitive)]
souse1387
conditec1420
comfit1484
pickle1526
confect1558
preserve1563
marl1598
murine1656
marble1661
mango1728
caveach1739
to put down1782
process1878
1878 Burlington (Iowa) Hawk-eye 24 Jan. 7/3 Some have been adding a sufficient quantity of that non-crystallizable substance, known as glucose. Honey thus ‘processed’ will not thicken, but it is certainly not pure.
1894 Davenport (Iowa) Tribune 5 Sept. It was explained that the meat had been preserved by what is known as the ozone process... It is strange to be sure, but meat so processed is not affected by the atmosphere.
1896 Westm. Gaz. 24 July 3/3 It is often not made on the premises, but is brewer's yeast imported from England, then processed, and sent back to England.
1902 Encycl. Brit. XXVI. 558/1 As a general rule fruits and vegetables are only processed once, meats and fish twice.
1948 A. Toynbee Civilization on Trial 84 The form in which this culture has been ‘processed’ for export.
1957 B.B.C. Handbk. 47 The News Bureau..selects and processes news and other items of urgent information for transmission by teleprinter to the news departments.
1958 Newnes Compl. Amateur Photogr. 283 Pakolor film can be processed by the user.
1968 Listener 4 July 17/3 Rock music is the most efficient medium of creative expression. A song can be composed, processed and broadcast round the world in a week.
1971 Nature 11 June 344/1 It may take two months for this volume of vaccine to be processed.
1976 P. Hill Hunters v. 43 We're processing the statements that have already been taken.
1987 R. Thom Buying from N.Z.: Food & Drink 74 (advt.) Wanganui Trawlers Ltd has over 20 years experience in catching, processing and exporting a wide range of New Zealand finfish and squid.
1995 Richmond State 12 Oct. 9/1 Natural food stores carry ‘clean’ food products and focus on foods that are minimally processed.
b. transitive. To reproduce (a drawing, etc.) by a mechanical or photographic printing process (cf. process n. Compounds 3). Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > change > change to something else, transformation > transform [verb (transitive)] > in character or function
reduce?a1425
convert1557
resolve?a1560
transnature1567
transnaturalize1631
transmutate1632
transdignify1655
process1881
denaturate1895
denature1907
the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > subject to action or operation > subject to a process
medicatec1660
treat1816
process1881
service1948
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > process [verb (transitive)]
process1881
1881 Scribner's Monthly Oct. 956/1 The figures by M. Renouard (some engraved and some ‘processed’) are very clever in the expression of character.
1884 N.Y. Evening Post 28 Jan. 3/2 Every cut in Mr. Pyle's admirable book was ‘processed’—to use a new verb invented to fit a new thing.
1899 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 29 335 The illustrations she gives, processed from photographs, are helpful.
c. transitive. To register or interpret (information, data, etc.); Computing to operate on (data) by means of a program (cf. data processing n., word-process v.).
ΘΚΠ
society > computing and information technology > data > database > data entry > enter data [verb (transitive)] > process
process1943
manipulate1962
batch-process1964
1943 Yale Law Jrnl. 52 279 Intensiveness is a function of the complexity or simplicity of the method utilized in recording and processing data.
1959 J. Jeenel Programming for Digital Computers ix. 419 Random-access storage would permit input data to be processed efficiently in the chronological order in which they arise.
1968 Brit. Med. Bull. 24 189/2 Only data which can be explicitly formulated..can be processed by a computer.
1970 Daily Tel. 20 May 2/4 The heart of the system is a computer which processes radio signals and continually plots the airliner's position on a moving chart.
1972 Language 48 271 The right hemisphere of the human brain can also process oral symbols for concrete nouns. But only the hemisphere with a specialized speech center can process verbs.
1989 J. Gatenby GCSE Computer Stud. iv. 68 Large files may need to be processed in several stages by loading blocks of data from tape into memory.
2001 P. Caldwell Sleep really Well (2003) x. 220 He likens the brain to a huge computer that, in order to function effectively, must have some ‘down’ time to sort and file information—to process it—to put memories in the memory bank.
d. transitive. To purée or liquidize (food) in a blender, food processor, etc.
ΚΠ
1962 Post-Standard (Syracuse, N.Y.) 23 Oct. (Unusual Fall Recipes section) 8/6 Place eggs and milk in blender... Add flour and salt and process until smooth.
1988 M. Stewart Quick Cook Menus ii. 80/1 Process the mixture in 2-cup batches in a food processor until smooth.
1994 M. Blacker Easy Malaysian-Style Cookery 6/2 Blend or process galangal, lemon grass, chillies and ginger until finely chopped.
4. transitive. Originally U.S. To subject (a person) to a process, as of registration, examination, or analysis. Cf. sense 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > operation upon something > have effect on [verb (transitive)] > subject to action or operation > subject to a process > specifically a person
process1925
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > investigation, inspection > close examination, scrutiny > scrutinize [verb (transitive)] > assess conduct, suitability, etc.
sift1573
to watch a person's water1640
to put (a horse, etc.) through (its, etc.) paces1766
to check up (on) (also to check on)1911
vet1924
process1925
to check out1962
1925 N.Y. Times 23 Aug. ii. 1/2 The policemen arrived with others..and were processed in the usual way, turning in their civilian clothing and being fitted out with olive drab.
1935 Sun (Baltimore) 16 Apr. 4/1 900 applicants were put through medical examinations and transported to army camps to be ‘processed’.
1948 D. Soibelman Therapeutic & Industr. Uses of Music vi. 132 One physician has reported that, since installing music in his waiting room, he has found the average time taken to process a patient reduced by..one-half.
1959 Times Lit. Suppl. 27 Mar. 173/2 Maupassant, Lautrec, Gauguin—one by one the wild boys are being expertly processed, attractively jacketed, to emerge as items suitable for ticking off on library lists.
2000 D. Ginsberg Waiting iii. 50 I checked into the main office and was processed like a piece of salmon caught in a net.
5. transitive. To come to understand or accept (something, often a complex emotion or difficult personal situation), esp. over a period of time. Also intransitive.
ΘΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > absence of resistance > accept without resistance [verb (transitive)] > put up with or become reconciled to
bear1540
reconcile1543
to take up with1609
to come to terms1860
to live with ——1937
1973 H. Kirschenbaum in S. B. Simon & H. Kirschenbaum Readings in Values Clarification 98 It was probably necessary to process numerous emotions..before coming to a better understanding of which choices one would prize or cherish the most.
1995 P. A. Resick & M. B. Mechanic in A. R. Roberts Crisis Intervention & Time-limited Cognitive Treatm. v. 115 This approach aims to alleviate PTSD and depression by helping clients to process the trauma fully.
2013 @joannepgarcia 20 Dec. in twitter.com (accessed 30 June 2022) Just finished watching Saving Mr Banks - so good! i need time to journal and process.
2021 India Today Online (Nexis) 3 May It is necessary to give each other time to process the death of a dear one.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

processv.2

Brit. /prəˈsɛs/, U.S. /prəˈsɛs/
Origin: Formed within English, by back-formation. Etymon: procession n.
Etymology: Back-formation < procession n., after progress v., transgress v., etc. Compare Middle French processer to go in procession (1528 in an apparently isolated attestation; < procès process n.).
Originally colloquial.
1. intransitive. To go, walk, or march in procession.
ΘΚΠ
society > travel > [verb (intransitive)] > go in procession
to go, walk (etc.) in (formerly also on, to, with) processionOE
procession1706
processionize1774
process1814
walk1863
society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > a public show or spectacle > type of show or spectacle > [verb (intransitive)] > go on parade or procession
ridea1350
procession1706
parade1748
process1814
1814 J. Train Strains of Mountain Muse 83 As venerably as when they Process on Dedication day.
1824 Countess Granville Let. 1 Jan. (1894) I. 243 On Christmas Day we processed into the chapel.
1888 Mrs. H. Ward Robert Elsmere III. vi. xxxviii. 157 The cassocked monk-like clergy might preach and ‘process’ in the open air as much as they pleased.
1902 To-Day 20 Aug. 113/1 Neither Barnum nor the new Lord Mayor will be able to process this year.
1953 H. Nicolson Diary 4 July (1968) 242 We process in robes to the City Hall where there are many graduands.
1971 K. Thomas Relig. & Decline of Magic iii. 63 They also involved processing across the field with cross, banners and bells to drive away evil spirits and bless the crops.
1994 A. Theroux Primary Colors 160 In marriage rites the Chinese bride formerly wore red and processed to the wedding in a red sedan chair.
2. transitive. To lead or carry (a person, etc.) in procession; to go along or through (a street, an area) in procession.
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society > travel > [verb (transitive)] > traverse or go round in procession
procession1887
process1959
society > travel > [verb (transitive)] > lead or carry in procession
process1959
1959 Times 10 Dec. 14/7 The Lord of Miracles is solemnly processed all round the city.
1968 D. M. Smith Hist. Sicily II. lii. 484 The flagellants then processed the streets as they had done in 1647 and 1773.
1974 D. Avery Not on Queen Victoria's Birthday vii. 117 Most of the families left their feasting to attend the sermon in the church under the impression that the saint was to be processed afterwards.
1998 N. Rogers Crowds, Culture, & Politics Georgian Brit. vi. 202 At Halifax..the local benefit societies processed the town ‘wearing blue silk sashes round their shoulders and cockades in their hats’.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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