privateern.

Brit.

/ˌprʌɪvᵻˈtɪə/, U.S.

/ˌpraɪvəˈtɪ(ə)r/

Forms: 1600s privateere, 1600s privatere, 1600s– privateer; Scottish pre-1700 privatere, pre-1700 privattire, 1700s– privateer.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: private adj.¹, -eer suffix¹.

Etymology: < private adj.¹ + -eer suffix¹, probably after volunteer n.With sense 1a compare slightly later private man of war n. at private adj.¹, adv., and n. Compounds 2.

a. An armed vessel owned and crewed by private individuals, and holding a government commission known as a letter of marque (see letter of marque n. at marque n.¹ 2) authorizing the capture of merchant shipping belonging to an enemy nation. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > privateer or pirate ship > [noun] > privateer

Dunkirker1588

Dunkirk1599

she-Dunkirk1623

Dunker1630

privateer?1641

private man of war1646

caper1657

letter(s) of mart ship1695

caperera1698

letter of marque ship1703

letter(s) of mart man1704

letter of marque1768

shaving-mill1781

ship-privateer1799

sea-wolf1884

?1641 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1870) I. 216 Love and Loyalty; or a Letter from a Young-Man on Board an English Privateer.

1667 S. Pepys Diary 20 Feb. (1974) VIII. 75 We have done the Spanyard abundance of mischief..by our privateers at Jamaica.

1687 B. Randolph Present State Archipel. 46 There are several other ports and creeks, which are often haunted by the privateers.

1702 Royal Declar. June in London Gaz. No. 3815/3 Her Majesty having Impowered the Lord High Admiral of England to grant Letters of Marque, or Commissions for Privateers.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 279 Men of war are much better provided with all conveniencies than privateers.

1813 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) XI. 143 The capture of a Mediterranean packet by an American privateer.

1880 Harper's Mag. Jan. 181/2 It was the success of these privateers [sc. the ‘Baltimore clippers’] which made Baltimore a peculiar thorn in our adversary's side.

1934 ‘I. Dinesen’ Seven Gothic Tales (1963) 197 The crew of the privateer had turned in, and only young Morten himself and his balker were on deck.

1991 Navy News Oct. 5/3 On April 26 the following year she was captured by the French 44-gun privateer Le Jersey off Waterford, while engaged on convoy duty.

b. The commander or a member of the crew of a privateer. Now historical.Quot. 1664 may belong at sense 1a.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > privateer or corsair

corsair1549

caper1657

privateer1664

crusal1699

privateersman1706

the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > robber > pirate > [noun] > privateer

privateer1664

privateersman1706

1664 Col. T. Lynch in Cal. State Papers, Colon. (1880) 211 The calling in of the privateers will be but a remote and hazardous expedient... What compliance can be expected from men..that have no other element but the sea, or trade but privateering.

1666 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 348 Hamiltoun will sudenly out and severall other privateres that are prepareing themselves.

a1674 Earl of Clarendon Life (1842) 1127/2 It was resolved that all possible encouragement should be given to privateers.

1687 Royal Proclam. 18 Sept. in London Gaz. No. 2279/3 His Majesty will..grant unto such Pirat or Pirats, Privateer or Privateers, a full Pardon for all Piracies or Robberies.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 120 The usual haunt of the buccaneers and privateers.

1850 G. Grote Hist. Greece VIII. ii. lxv. 297 Lysander sent off the Milesian privateer Theopompus to proclaim it [sc. the victory] at Sparta.

1883 S. C. Hall Retrospect Long Life I. 86 Privateers were little scrupulous as to what kind of victim they pounced upon.

1976 W. W. Warner Beautiful Swimmers iv. 66 The bargemen came to be known as picaroons, a venerable term of Caribbean origin synonymous with privateer.

1991 Sun (Brisbane) 24 Apr. 30/1 For his achievements as a self-appointed ambassador, Anthony Sherley, one-time privateer and scoundrel, was knighted by no less than four countries.

†2. A volunteer or freelance soldier. Obsolete.Perhaps only a use of sense 1b, referring to soldiers recruited from privateer crews.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > guerrilla > [noun]

statizer1616

privateer1676

partisan1692

bush-fighter1760

guerrilla1809

guerrillero1832

filibuster1861

mujahid1885

urban guerrilla1946

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > mercenary

wagerc1420

knight wager1513

mercenary1523

lance-knight1530

suddart1542

hireling1547

adventurer1548

venturer1572

lansquenet1577

warmonger1590

mercenarian1598

passe-volant1617

provantman1659

soldier of fortune1661

privateer1676

routier1683

bravo1761

stipendiary1768

free companion1804

freelance1819

free-rider1821

freelancer1854

merchant of death1934

merc1967

1676 I. Mather Hist. King Philip's War (1862) 58 Hearing many profane oaths among some of our Souldiers (namely those Privateers, who were also Volunteers).

1677 W. Hubbard Narr. Troubles with Indians New-Eng. 18 Our Horsemen with the whole body of the Privateers under Captain Moseley..ran violently down upon them.

3. An organization or person acting beyond official or social control for private gain; (in later use) spec. (depreciatively) an advocate or exponent of private enterprise.In early use frequently in figurative context (cf. sense 1).

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > non-manual worker > businessman > [noun] > supporter of free or private enterprise

private enterpriserc1888

free enterpriser1918

privateer1940

1692 Let. 17 Aug. in T. Sprat Second Pt. Relation Wicked Contrivance S. Blackhead (1693) 81 To give notice of him, that there was such a Privateer abroad, and to obviate..the evil Practices of so vile a Man.

1699 G. Farquhar Love & Bottle i. 3 We Masks are the purest Privateers!

1836 C. Dickens Let. 1 Nov. (1965) I. 188 I perceive that ‘Bells Life’—‘The Carlton Chronicle’, and some other Weekly papers, are in the habit of re-publishing my sketches from the Chronicle verbatim... Some remonstrance in the paper might have the effect of inducing the Privateers at all events to acknowledge the source from whence they derive the Articles.

1882 Harper's Mag. July 228/2 Adam and Noah Brown..soon launched several privateers, among them the Yorktown, Teaser..and General Armstrong.

1909 Times 17 Mar. 18/3 The Board of Trade..is refusing anything more than lukewarm sympathy to the petition of Scottish municipalities to be protected against privateer competition in the shape of a power company which proposes to transmit electrical energy by arrangement with the railways.

a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) ii. v. 366 Jerry's a privateer, and women ought not to go off their heads about him.

1940 Amer. Guardian 5 Apr. 4/3 It is the general policy of the privateers never to reduce their rate unless forced to do so by public competition in the shape of municipally or federally owned [electric power] plants.

1965 Spectator 19 Feb. 223/1 These two engaging privateers..are concerned not so much with steel as with the general pattern of British politics.

1995 Our Times July 15/2 The privateers will have a field day. Institutions will be forced to accept more so-called partnerships with industry.

4. Motor Racing (originally and chiefly North American). A competitor who races a privately (often personally) owned vehicle, rather than competing as a member of a manufacturer's team.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > motor racing > [noun] > driver

road racer1885

racing driver1903

racing motorist1904

speed king1913

stock-car driver1955

privateer1969

stock-car racer1976

stocker1976

1969 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 2 Nov. 13/2 The Monte Carlo crowd..watched it all in breathless wonder..hoping desperately that the privateer could do it.

1979 Arizona Daily Star 22 July c10/1 As a privateer, Serrano drove himself to the races and for the last half of the series even served as his own mechanic.

1985 Dirt Bike Mar. 45/1 (advt.) ‘Gold Superpro’ is outrageously overdesigned and intended for working pros or serious privateers only.

2001 Independent 8 Feb. (Thursday Review section) 6/1 In the World Cup rally the following year..she was the first woman privateer home.

Compounds

General attributive and appositive, as †privateer bank, †privateer brig, privateer captain, †privateer schooner, †privateer sloop, etc.

ΚΠ

1675 Cal. State Papers, Colon. (1893) 263 What is due to the Lord Admiral from the privateer captains and their companies that sail under his commission.

1695 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) III. 552 Their King, the nobility and gentry [of France], have subscribed to a new bank (which they call the privateer bank), designing to fitt out yearly a certain number of privateers to disturb the trade of the allies.

1702 R. Cocks Diary 29 Apr. in D. W. Hayton Parl. Diary Sir R. Cocks (1996) 274 The we went into the Committee upon the privateer bill.

1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 3 The Commodore sent out a Privateer Sloop.

1798 Times 28 June 2/2 A French privateer brig of 14 guns.

1848 Southern Literary Messenger May 287/2 I believe that this privateer Captain holds communication with some of the Island.

1897 Catholic World Dec. 415 This pretty little plot is unsuccessful owing to the unexpected turning up of the privateer captain.

1991 N. Longmate Island Fortress (BNC) 175 A French cruiser squadron, led by a famous privateer captain, would sail from Dunkirk to Ireland.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	privateer
释义	privateern. Brit. /ˌprʌɪvᵻˈtɪə/, U.S. /ˌpraɪvəˈtɪ(ə)r/ Forms: 1600s privateere, 1600s privatere, 1600s– privateer; Scottish pre-1700 privatere, pre-1700 privattire, 1700s– privateer. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: private adj.¹, -eer suffix¹. Etymology: < private adj.¹ + -eer suffix¹, probably after volunteer n.With sense 1a compare slightly later private man of war n. at private adj.¹, adv., and n. Compounds 2. 1. a. An armed vessel owned and crewed by private individuals, and holding a government commission known as a letter of marque (see letter of marque n. at marque n.¹ 2) authorizing the capture of merchant shipping belonging to an enemy nation. Now historical. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > privateer or pirate ship > [noun] > privateer Dunkirker1588 Dunkirk1599 she-Dunkirk1623 Dunker1630 privateer?1641 private man of war1646 caper1657 letter(s) of mart ship1695 caperera1698 letter of marque ship1703 letter(s) of mart man1704 letter of marque1768 shaving-mill1781 ship-privateer1799 sea-wolf1884 ?1641 in Catal. Prints: Polit. & Personal Satires (Brit. Mus.) (1870) I. 216 Love and Loyalty; or a Letter from a Young-Man on Board an English Privateer. 1667 S. Pepys Diary 20 Feb. (1974) VIII. 75 We have done the Spanyard abundance of mischief..by our privateers at Jamaica. 1687 B. Randolph Present State Archipel. 46 There are several other ports and creeks, which are often haunted by the privateers. 1702 Royal Declar. June in London Gaz. No. 3815/3 Her Majesty having Impowered the Lord High Admiral of England to grant Letters of Marque, or Commissions for Privateers. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. xiv. 279 Men of war are much better provided with all conveniencies than privateers. 1813 Duke of Wellington Dispatches (1838) XI. 143 The capture of a Mediterranean packet by an American privateer. 1880 Harper's Mag. Jan. 181/2 It was the success of these privateers [sc. the ‘Baltimore clippers’] which made Baltimore a peculiar thorn in our adversary's side. 1934 ‘I. Dinesen’ Seven Gothic Tales (1963) 197 The crew of the privateer had turned in, and only young Morten himself and his balker were on deck. 1991 Navy News Oct. 5/3 On April 26 the following year she was captured by the French 44-gun privateer Le Jersey off Waterford, while engaged on convoy duty. b. The commander or a member of the crew of a privateer. Now historical.Quot. 1664 may belong at sense 1a. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > one who travels by water or sea > sailor > types of sailor > [noun] > privateer or corsair corsair1549 caper1657 privateer1664 crusal1699 privateersman1706 the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > thief > robber > pirate > [noun] > privateer privateer1664 privateersman1706 1664 Col. T. Lynch in Cal. State Papers, Colon. (1880) 211 The calling in of the privateers will be but a remote and hazardous expedient... What compliance can be expected from men..that have no other element but the sea, or trade but privateering. 1666 in H. Paton Rep. Laing MSS (1914) I. 348 Hamiltoun will sudenly out and severall other privateres that are prepareing themselves. a1674 Earl of Clarendon Life (1842) 1127/2 It was resolved that all possible encouragement should be given to privateers. 1687 Royal Proclam. 18 Sept. in London Gaz. No. 2279/3 His Majesty will..grant unto such Pirat or Pirats, Privateer or Privateers, a full Pardon for all Piracies or Robberies. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. i. 120 The usual haunt of the buccaneers and privateers. 1850 G. Grote Hist. Greece VIII. ii. lxv. 297 Lysander sent off the Milesian privateer Theopompus to proclaim it [sc. the victory] at Sparta. 1883 S. C. Hall Retrospect Long Life I. 86 Privateers were little scrupulous as to what kind of victim they pounced upon. 1976 W. W. Warner Beautiful Swimmers iv. 66 The bargemen came to be known as picaroons, a venerable term of Caribbean origin synonymous with privateer. 1991 Sun (Brisbane) 24 Apr. 30/1 For his achievements as a self-appointed ambassador, Anthony Sherley, one-time privateer and scoundrel, was knighted by no less than four countries. †2. A volunteer or freelance soldier. Obsolete.Perhaps only a use of sense 1b, referring to soldiers recruited from privateer crews. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > guerrilla > [noun] statizer1616 privateer1676 partisan1692 bush-fighter1760 guerrilla1809 guerrillero1832 filibuster1861 mujahid1885 urban guerrilla1946 society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > soldier by type of service > [noun] > mercenary wagerc1420 knight wager1513 mercenary1523 lance-knight1530 suddart1542 hireling1547 adventurer1548 venturer1572 lansquenet1577 warmonger1590 mercenarian1598 passe-volant1617 provantman1659 soldier of fortune1661 privateer1676 routier1683 bravo1761 stipendiary1768 free companion1804 freelance1819 free-rider1821 freelancer1854 merchant of death1934 merc1967 1676 I. Mather Hist. King Philip's War (1862) 58 Hearing many profane oaths among some of our Souldiers (namely those Privateers, who were also Volunteers). 1677 W. Hubbard Narr. Troubles with Indians New-Eng. 18 Our Horsemen with the whole body of the Privateers under Captain Moseley..ran violently down upon them. 3. An organization or person acting beyond official or social control for private gain; (in later use) spec. (depreciatively) an advocate or exponent of private enterprise.In early use frequently in figurative context (cf. sense 1). ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > worker > workers according to type of work > non-manual worker > businessman > [noun] > supporter of free or private enterprise private enterpriserc1888 free enterpriser1918 privateer1940 1692 Let. 17 Aug. in T. Sprat Second Pt. Relation Wicked Contrivance S. Blackhead (1693) 81 To give notice of him, that there was such a Privateer abroad, and to obviate..the evil Practices of so vile a Man. 1699 G. Farquhar Love & Bottle i. 3 We Masks are the purest Privateers! 1836 C. Dickens Let. 1 Nov. (1965) I. 188 I perceive that ‘Bells Life’—‘The Carlton Chronicle’, and some other Weekly papers, are in the habit of re-publishing my sketches from the Chronicle verbatim... Some remonstrance in the paper might have the effect of inducing the Privateers at all events to acknowledge the source from whence they derive the Articles. 1882 Harper's Mag. July 228/2 Adam and Noah Brown..soon launched several privateers, among them the Yorktown, Teaser..and General Armstrong. 1909 Times 17 Mar. 18/3 The Board of Trade..is refusing anything more than lukewarm sympathy to the petition of Scottish municipalities to be protected against privateer competition in the shape of a power company which proposes to transmit electrical energy by arrangement with the railways. a1933 J. Galsworthy End of Chapter (1934) ii. v. 366 Jerry's a privateer, and women ought not to go off their heads about him. 1940 Amer. Guardian 5 Apr. 4/3 It is the general policy of the privateers never to reduce their rate unless forced to do so by public competition in the shape of municipally or federally owned [electric power] plants. 1965 Spectator 19 Feb. 223/1 These two engaging privateers..are concerned not so much with steel as with the general pattern of British politics. 1995 Our Times July 15/2 The privateers will have a field day. Institutions will be forced to accept more so-called partnerships with industry. 4. Motor Racing (originally and chiefly North American). A competitor who races a privately (often personally) owned vehicle, rather than competing as a member of a manufacturer's team. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > racing with vehicles > motor racing > [noun] > driver road racer1885 racing driver1903 racing motorist1904 speed king1913 stock-car driver1955 privateer1969 stock-car racer1976 stocker1976 1969 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 2 Nov. 13/2 The Monte Carlo crowd..watched it all in breathless wonder..hoping desperately that the privateer could do it. 1979 Arizona Daily Star 22 July c10/1 As a privateer, Serrano drove himself to the races and for the last half of the series even served as his own mechanic. 1985 Dirt Bike Mar. 45/1 (advt.) ‘Gold Superpro’ is outrageously overdesigned and intended for working pros or serious privateers only. 2001 Independent 8 Feb. (Thursday Review section) 6/1 In the World Cup rally the following year..she was the first woman privateer home. Compounds General attributive and appositive, as †privateer bank, †privateer brig, privateer captain, †privateer schooner, †privateer sloop, etc. ΚΠ 1675 Cal. State Papers, Colon. (1893) 263 What is due to the Lord Admiral from the privateer captains and their companies that sail under his commission. 1695 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) III. 552 Their King, the nobility and gentry [of France], have subscribed to a new bank (which they call the privateer bank), designing to fitt out yearly a certain number of privateers to disturb the trade of the allies. 1702 R. Cocks Diary 29 Apr. in D. W. Hayton Parl. Diary Sir R. Cocks (1996) 274 The we went into the Committee upon the privateer bill. 1743 J. Bulkeley & J. Cummins Voy. to South-seas 3 The Commodore sent out a Privateer Sloop. 1798 Times 28 June 2/2 A French privateer brig of 14 guns. 1848 Southern Literary Messenger May 287/2 I believe that this privateer Captain holds communication with some of the Island. 1897 Catholic World Dec. 415 This pretty little plot is unsuccessful owing to the unexpected turning up of the privateer captain. 1991 N. Longmate Island Fortress (BNC) 175 A French cruiser squadron, led by a famous privateer captain, would sail from Dunkirk to Ireland. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). privateerv. Brit. /ˌprʌɪvᵻˈtɪə/, U.S. /ˌpraɪvəˈtɪ(ə)r/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: privateer n. Etymology: < privateer n. Compare earlier privateering n., privateering adj. Now chiefly historical. intransitive. To act as a privateer (privateer n. 1). Also figurative. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > taking > stealing or theft > robbery > piracy > practise piracy [verb (intransitive)] > practise privateering privateer1691 1691 Commission of Jas. II 29 June (P.R.O.) (Admiralty Prize Pap., bundle 90) We..give leave permit and suffer you..to privateer and seaze the ships of all persons whatsoever onely excepted [etc.]. 1696 N. Luttrell Diary in Brief Hist. Relation State Affairs (1857) IV. 58 To perswade the [French] King..to fitt out all the frigats he has, and to privateer this summer. 1737 London Mag. 442/1 This Gentleman, after having privateer'd as deep into their Consciences, as Turpin could have done into their Purses. 1845 J. H. Ingraham Cruiser of Mist vii. 32 It's no better nor piracy, sir, to privateer after peace is made. 1891 T. Hardy Tess of the D'Urbervilles II. xxii. 17 Mr. Clare..stepped out of line, and began privateering about for the weed. 1976 Econ. Hist. Rev. 29 216 Its location..allowed ships to enter and embark without meeting the French vessels that privateered nearer London and Bristol. 1994 K. Richardson in A. J. Slavin & M. A. Thorp Politics, Relig. & Diplomacy in Early Modern Europe xi. 166 Philip considered himself as much the commander of those who privateered with his license as of his other seamen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.?1641v.1691
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privateern.

Compounds

privateerv.