prevaricationn.

Brit.

/prᵻˌvarᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S.

/priˌvɛrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/,

/prəˌvɛrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

Forms: Middle English preuaricacion, Middle English preuaricacioun, Middle English preuaricacyoun, Middle English preuarycacion, Middle English preuarycasion, Middle English priuaricacyoun, 1500s preuarycation, 1500s prevaricacion, 1500s–1600s preuarication, 1500s– prevarication, 1600s praevarication, 1600s prevaricatian; Scottish pre-1700 preuaricatioun, pre-1700 prevaricatioun, pre-1700 1700s– prevarication.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French prevaricaciun, prevarication; Latin praevāricātiōn-, praevāricātiō.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman prevaricaciun and Middle French prevarication transgression of divine law (early 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman; also late 12th cent. in Old French as prevaricacion ), unlawful behaviour (1380; French prévarication ) and its etymon classical Latin praevāricātiōn-, praevāricātiō (in legal use) collusion with an opponent, in post-classical Latin also transgression, violation of the law (Vulgate), perversion, deceit (late 2nd cent. in Tertullian) < praevāricāt- , past participial stem of praevāricārī (see prevaricate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan prevarication (13th cent.; Occitan prevaricacion ), Spanish prevaricación (late 14th cent.), Italian prevaricazione (a1290). With sense 3 compare earlier prevaricate v. 3.

a. Deviation from a course thought to be right or proper; transgression of a law or code; an instance of this. Now rare (archaic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > erring > errant conduct > [noun]

prevaricationc1384

obliquity?c1425

prolapsion1581

obliqueness1611

deviation1625

aberrancy1646

society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > [noun] > transgression or offending

witec1175

trespassinga1340

forfeiturec1380

offensiona1382

prevaricationc1384

offendinga1425

transgression1426

defencea1450

digression1517

digressinga1535

transgressing1535

transgress1578

misfaring1595

overloup1827

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Tim. ii. 14 The womman was disceyued in feith, in preuaricacioun [L. prævaricatione] or brekyng of the lawe.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. 16^v/1 He was right couenable by cause of the curyng, the whiche by manere was semblable to the preuaricacion, by lyk and contrarye.

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 4 (MED) Fro the tyme of the preuaricacion of Adam vnto the aduent of his and oure saueoure, alle man-kynd was i-lost.

1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. i ^v Of all oure detestacions, And sinfull prevaricacions, Thou alone, arte the defender.

1603 G. Downame Treat. conc. Antichrist x. 92 The threefold preuarication of Sathan.

1665 G. Wither Medit. upon Lords Prayer 122 It was thereby subject to many infirmities, and inclinable to all manner of Prevarications.

1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit in Wks. (1852) III. 146 It is no small prevarication in some Christians to give countenance to so putid a fiction.

1701 tr. J. Le Clerc Lives Primitive Fathers 337 That all Men do not die through the Death and Prevarication of Adam.

1794 C. Plowden Remarks Mem. G. Panzani i. 161 That Machiavellian guided their steps in the paths of prevarication.

1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 6/2 The Council of Trent declares..that man by reason of the prevarication of Adam has lost his primeval innocence.

b. Departure from a rule, principle, or normal state; perversion or violation of a law, code of conduct, etc.; deviation from truth or correctness, error; an instance of this. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > [noun] > breach of rule or custom

breacha1382

transgression1426

violation1433

prevarication1561

forfeiture1575

contravention1579

infringement1628

temeration1641

contravening1645

infraction1673

society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > [noun]

fiend-thewsc1275

misgovernancec1375

misusing1395

misrule?1406

misgovernmentc1450

misguiding1480

thowlessness1489

miscraft1496

demerit1509

misuse1509

misdemeanoura1513

prevarication1561

misguide1596

malconduct1684

misconduct1717

malversation1752

misdealing1851

1561 T. Paynell tr. N. Hanapus Ensamples Vertue & Vice lxxx. sig. Hh.vii They coulde not be induced to the preuarication and breche of the law [L. ad praeuaricationem legis], nother by fair meanes, nor yet by foul.

1605 R. Mason Reasons Academie 70 It is against nature, for Creatures of one kind, to destroy one an other: which is a great argument of preuarication of the nature and reason of man.

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 258 So is her body a necessary being, a first and not a second intention of Nature, her proper and absolute worke not her error or preuarication.

1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. vi. xii. 533 b On Holi-dayes..men every where runne to the Ale-house, to Playes, to Enterludes, and dances, to the very derision of Gods Name, and the prevarication of the day.

1672 J. Howe Vanity Mortal Life 96 It is equally a prevarication from true Manhood, to be mov'd with every thing, and with nothing.

1857 National Era 2 Apr. 55 The Supreme Court..has rendered a judgment..which is a more monstrous prevarication of truth and right than any to be found in the records of any nation calling itself free and enlightened.

1894 E. Œ. Somerville & ‘M. Ross’ Real Charlotte III. l. 251 ‘I wouldn't leave him,’ she said, taking refuge in a prevarication of the exact truth.

1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 6/1 St. Ambrose..defines sin as a ‘prevarication of the Divine law’.

1951 R. J. Deferrari tr. Hugh of St Victor On Sacraments Christ. Faith xiv. 402 The prevarication of the law is abolished by confession and by oblation.

†c. literal. Divergence from a straight line or course. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > change of direction of movement > [noun] > (a) deviation from straight course

blenching1398

turna1400

misdrawing?a1425

swerving1545

digression1552

sklenting1568

excursion1603

diverting1611

diversion1626

deflection1646

deflexure1656

prevarication1672

deviation1675

evagation1692

departurea1694

swerve1736

twist1798

out-throw1855

throw1858

turnaway1922

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. xix. i. 579 The ploughman, unlesse he bend and stoupe forward..must..leave much undone as it ought to be; a fault which in Latine we call Prevarication [L. arator nisi incurvus praevaricatur]: and this tearme appropriate unto Husbandrie, is borrowed from thence by Lawyers.]

1672 I. Newton Let. 10 Dec. in Corr. (1959) I. 249 How much those errors..are increased or diminished is to be estimated by the prevarication of the rays.

†2.

a. Breach of duty or violation of trust in the exercise of an office; corrupt action, esp. in a court of law. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > [noun] > falling away from duty

fallingOE

departing1526

defection1532

prevarication1541

recreancy1602

1541 T. Paynell tr. Felicius Conspiracie of Catiline vii. f. 11^v Catiline (the whiche a fewe dayes before was by preuarication and falsehod quite of petye theft).

1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 180 Sen our Hely, in his office, Is lyke in Preuaricatioun, He sall ressaif sic lyke Justice, Mak he nocht reformatioun.

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 115 The Inhabitants of Pleskou..charg'd Puskin with prevarication in his Employment, and perfidiousness towards his Prince.

1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. iii. xi. 131 When the Plaintiff was condemn'd for Prevarication, the Defendant was acquitted.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Prevarication is also used for a secret Abuse committed in the Exercise of a public Office, or of a Commission given by a private Person.

1809 Times 13 Dec. 2/5 He was to stand self-convicted of the grossest prevarication; of suborning evidence against the Duke of York.

1837 J. Russell & J. W. Mylne Rep. High Court Chancery 2 664 What shall be said of a crime nearly equal to perjury as to its effects in defeating the ends of justice... I mean prevarication upon oath?

b. Law. The action (esp. in a lawyer or advocate) of pretending to represent or give evidence on behalf of one party whilst in collusion with an opponent. Cf. prevaricate v. 4. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > legal profession > [noun] > practice of > collusion with opponent of client

prevarication1552

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Preuarication..is a collusion done in lawe,..wherby the one partye suffereth the other to obtayne in suite, to the entent to hurte or endomage some other.

1628 R. Le Grys tr. J. Barclay Argenis iii. 256 If it shall appeare, that they haue forfeited their Faith, or wronged their Client by preuarication.

1710 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum II Prevarication, in the Civil Law, is where an Informer colludes with the Defendant, and so makes only a feigned Prosecution.

1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. v. xiv. 244 He complain'd, that Pleadings, and even the Prevarications of them were set to Sale; that Law-Suits were a meer Trade.

a. Avoidance of straightforward statement of the truth; equivocation, evasiveness, misrepresentation; deceit; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > [noun] > evasion of truth

paradiastole1555

equivocating1606

equivocation1609

quidlibet1611

equivoque1631

equivocya1636

prevarication1656

half-truth1658

suppressio veri1677

suggestio falsi1815

oil1917

the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > evasive deception, shiftiness > [noun] > in action

shuffling1579

paltering1580

boggling1640

prevarication1656

whifflinga1677

wriggling1866

caffling1877

sidestepping1902

pussyfooting1956

1656 R. Vines Treat. Inst. Lords-Supper xxxiii. 370 I..shall clearly without any fraud or prevarication declare my opinion.

1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd II. 388 When Doctor Heylin's Divinity shall go for orthodox, or his Prævarications pass for History, you may then..be reputed a Classical Author.

1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. viii. 215 I told the Rector, I had no power over my Nephew's Vote, (God forgive me for such Prevarication !).

1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iii, in Wks. (1815) VIII. 304 Fraud and prevarication are servile vices.

a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1871) III. v. 337 Hume..was a man..utterly incapable of falsehood, or of prevarication of any kind.

1895 T. Hardy Jude vi. i. 416 Sue had not the art of prevarication, and..was startled by the landlady saying suddenly: ‘Are you really a married woman?’

1912 G. B. Shaw Overruled in Eng. Rev. (1913) May 192 On many occasions I have resorted to prevarication; but on great occasions I have always told the truth.

2002 M. Holroyd Wks. on Paper 27 We all need our prevarications and evasions, our sentimentalities, silences, lies.

b. In weakened use: stalling or playing for time by means of evasion or indecisiveness; procrastination, hesitation.

ΚΠ

1794 A. Beatson Sketch War with Tippoo Sultaun II. 235 After much prevarication and loss of time the Vakeels went into the fort on the 11th.

1849 North Star 30 Nov. 2/1 He first applied for the Methodist church, but after much prevarication it was refused.

1962 D. Woodman Making of Burma 313 After much prevarication, the ministers admitted that they had no intention of making the collection.

1995 Independent 23 Jan. 14/3 The Labour front bench's prevarication over rail renationalisation has only added to the mistrust felt by rank and file trade unionists.

2005 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 10 Feb. 17 The more prevarication and delaying tactics used by those not in favour of the scheme..the worse it would be for the town.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	prevarication
释义	prevaricationn. Brit. /prᵻˌvarᵻˈkeɪʃn/, U.S. /priˌvɛrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/, /prəˌvɛrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ Forms: Middle English preuaricacion, Middle English preuaricacioun, Middle English preuaricacyoun, Middle English preuarycacion, Middle English preuarycasion, Middle English priuaricacyoun, 1500s preuarycation, 1500s prevaricacion, 1500s–1600s preuarication, 1500s– prevarication, 1600s praevarication, 1600s prevaricatian; Scottish pre-1700 preuaricatioun, pre-1700 prevaricatioun, pre-1700 1700s– prevarication. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French prevaricaciun, prevarication; Latin praevāricātiōn-, praevāricātiō. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman prevaricaciun and Middle French prevarication transgression of divine law (early 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman; also late 12th cent. in Old French as prevaricacion ), unlawful behaviour (1380; French prévarication ) and its etymon classical Latin praevāricātiōn-, praevāricātiō (in legal use) collusion with an opponent, in post-classical Latin also transgression, violation of the law (Vulgate), perversion, deceit (late 2nd cent. in Tertullian) < praevāricāt- , past participial stem of praevāricārī (see prevaricate v.) + -iō -ion suffix¹. Compare Old Occitan prevarication (13th cent.; Occitan prevaricacion ), Spanish prevaricación (late 14th cent.), Italian prevaricazione (a1290). With sense 3 compare earlier prevaricate v. 3. 1. a. Deviation from a course thought to be right or proper; transgression of a law or code; an instance of this. Now rare (archaic in later use). ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > wrongdoing > erring > errant conduct > [noun] prevaricationc1384 obliquity?c1425 prolapsion1581 obliqueness1611 deviation1625 aberrancy1646 society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > evildoing or wrongdoing > [noun] > transgression or offending witec1175 trespassinga1340 forfeiturec1380 offensiona1382 prevaricationc1384 offendinga1425 transgression1426 defencea1450 digression1517 digressinga1535 transgressing1535 transgress1578 misfaring1595 overloup1827 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) 1 Tim. ii. 14 The womman was disceyued in feith, in preuaricacioun [L. prævaricatione] or brekyng of the lawe. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende f. 16^v/1 He was right couenable by cause of the curyng, the whiche by manere was semblable to the preuaricacion, by lyk and contrarye. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 4 (MED) Fro the tyme of the preuaricacion of Adam vnto the aduent of his and oure saueoure, alle man-kynd was i-lost. 1528 Rede me & be nott Wrothe sig. i ^v Of all oure detestacions, And sinfull prevaricacions, Thou alone, arte the defender. 1603 G. Downame Treat. conc. Antichrist x. 92 The threefold preuarication of Sathan. 1665 G. Wither Medit. upon Lords Prayer 122 It was thereby subject to many infirmities, and inclinable to all manner of Prevarications. 1674 J. Owen Disc. Holy Spirit in Wks. (1852) III. 146 It is no small prevarication in some Christians to give countenance to so putid a fiction. 1701 tr. J. Le Clerc Lives Primitive Fathers 337 That all Men do not die through the Death and Prevarication of Adam. 1794 C. Plowden Remarks Mem. G. Panzani i. 161 That Machiavellian guided their steps in the paths of prevarication. 1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 6/2 The Council of Trent declares..that man by reason of the prevarication of Adam has lost his primeval innocence. b. Departure from a rule, principle, or normal state; perversion or violation of a law, code of conduct, etc.; deviation from truth or correctness, error; an instance of this. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > [noun] > breach of rule or custom breacha1382 transgression1426 violation1433 prevarication1561 forfeiture1575 contravention1579 infringement1628 temeration1641 contravening1645 infraction1673 society > morality > moral evil > wrong conduct > [noun] fiend-thewsc1275 misgovernancec1375 misusing1395 misrule?1406 misgovernmentc1450 misguiding1480 thowlessness1489 miscraft1496 demerit1509 misuse1509 misdemeanoura1513 prevarication1561 misguide1596 malconduct1684 misconduct1717 malversation1752 misdealing1851 1561 T. Paynell tr. N. Hanapus Ensamples Vertue & Vice lxxx. sig. Hh.vii They coulde not be induced to the preuarication and breche of the law [L. ad praeuaricationem legis], nother by fair meanes, nor yet by foul. 1605 R. Mason Reasons Academie 70 It is against nature, for Creatures of one kind, to destroy one an other: which is a great argument of preuarication of the nature and reason of man. 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 258 So is her body a necessary being, a first and not a second intention of Nature, her proper and absolute worke not her error or preuarication. 1633 W. Prynne Histrio-mastix i. vi. xii. 533 b On Holi-dayes..men every where runne to the Ale-house, to Playes, to Enterludes, and dances, to the very derision of Gods Name, and the prevarication of the day. 1672 J. Howe Vanity Mortal Life 96 It is equally a prevarication from true Manhood, to be mov'd with every thing, and with nothing. 1857 National Era 2 Apr. 55 The Supreme Court..has rendered a judgment..which is a more monstrous prevarication of truth and right than any to be found in the records of any nation calling itself free and enlightened. 1894 E. Œ. Somerville & ‘M. Ross’ Real Charlotte III. l. 251 ‘I wouldn't leave him,’ she said, taking refuge in a prevarication of the exact truth. 1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 6/1 St. Ambrose..defines sin as a ‘prevarication of the Divine law’. 1951 R. J. Deferrari tr. Hugh of St Victor On Sacraments Christ. Faith xiv. 402 The prevarication of the law is abolished by confession and by oblation. †c. literal. Divergence from a straight line or course. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > movement > motion in a certain direction > change of direction of movement > [noun] > (a) deviation from straight course blenching1398 turna1400 misdrawing?a1425 swerving1545 digression1552 sklenting1568 excursion1603 diverting1611 diversion1626 deflection1646 deflexure1656 prevarication1672 deviation1675 evagation1692 departurea1694 swerve1736 twist1798 out-throw1855 throw1858 turnaway1922 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. xix. i. 579 The ploughman, unlesse he bend and stoupe forward..must..leave much undone as it ought to be; a fault which in Latine we call Prevarication [L. arator nisi incurvus praevaricatur]: and this tearme appropriate unto Husbandrie, is borrowed from thence by Lawyers.] 1672 I. Newton Let. 10 Dec. in Corr. (1959) I. 249 How much those errors..are increased or diminished is to be estimated by the prevarication of the rays. †2. a. Breach of duty or violation of trust in the exercise of an office; corrupt action, esp. in a court of law. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > morality > duty or obligation > recognition of duty > undutifulness > [noun] > falling away from duty fallingOE departing1526 defection1532 prevarication1541 recreancy1602 1541 T. Paynell tr. Felicius Conspiracie of Catiline vii. f. 11^v Catiline (the whiche a fewe dayes before was by preuarication and falsehod quite of petye theft). 1567 Compend. Bk. Godly Songs (1897) 180 Sen our Hely, in his office, Is lyke in Preuaricatioun, He sall ressaif sic lyke Justice, Mak he nocht reformatioun. 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 115 The Inhabitants of Pleskou..charg'd Puskin with prevarication in his Employment, and perfidiousness towards his Prince. 1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. iii. xi. 131 When the Plaintiff was condemn'd for Prevarication, the Defendant was acquitted. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) Prevarication is also used for a secret Abuse committed in the Exercise of a public Office, or of a Commission given by a private Person. 1809 Times 13 Dec. 2/5 He was to stand self-convicted of the grossest prevarication; of suborning evidence against the Duke of York. 1837 J. Russell & J. W. Mylne Rep. High Court Chancery 2 664 What shall be said of a crime nearly equal to perjury as to its effects in defeating the ends of justice... I mean prevarication upon oath? b. Law. The action (esp. in a lawyer or advocate) of pretending to represent or give evidence on behalf of one party whilst in collusion with an opponent. Cf. prevaricate v. 4. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > law > legal profession > [noun] > practice of > collusion with opponent of client prevarication1552 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Preuarication..is a collusion done in lawe,..wherby the one partye suffereth the other to obtayne in suite, to the entent to hurte or endomage some other. 1628 R. Le Grys tr. J. Barclay Argenis iii. 256 If it shall appeare, that they haue forfeited their Faith, or wronged their Client by preuarication. 1710 J. Harris Lexicon Technicum II Prevarication, in the Civil Law, is where an Informer colludes with the Defendant, and so makes only a feigned Prosecution. 1724 J. Henley et al. tr. Pliny the Younger Epist. & Panegyrick I. v. xiv. 244 He complain'd, that Pleadings, and even the Prevarications of them were set to Sale; that Law-Suits were a meer Trade. 3. a. Avoidance of straightforward statement of the truth; equivocation, evasiveness, misrepresentation; deceit; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > disregard for truth, falsehood > [noun] > evasion of truth paradiastole1555 equivocating1606 equivocation1609 quidlibet1611 equivoque1631 equivocya1636 prevarication1656 half-truth1658 suppressio veri1677 suggestio falsi1815 oil1917 the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > evasive deception, shiftiness > [noun] > in action shuffling1579 paltering1580 boggling1640 prevarication1656 whifflinga1677 wriggling1866 caffling1877 sidestepping1902 pussyfooting1956 1656 R. Vines Treat. Inst. Lords-Supper xxxiii. 370 I..shall clearly without any fraud or prevarication declare my opinion. 1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd II. 388 When Doctor Heylin's Divinity shall go for orthodox, or his Prævarications pass for History, you may then..be reputed a Classical Author. 1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews I. ii. viii. 215 I told the Rector, I had no power over my Nephew's Vote, (God forgive me for such Prevarication !). View more context for this quotation 1797 E. Burke Lett. Peace Regic. France iii, in Wks. (1815) VIII. 304 Fraud and prevarication are servile vices. a1862 H. T. Buckle Hist. Civilisation Eng. (1871) III. v. 337 Hume..was a man..utterly incapable of falsehood, or of prevarication of any kind. 1895 T. Hardy Jude vi. i. 416 Sue had not the art of prevarication, and..was startled by the landlady saying suddenly: ‘Are you really a married woman?’ 1912 G. B. Shaw Overruled in Eng. Rev. (1913) May 192 On many occasions I have resorted to prevarication; but on great occasions I have always told the truth. 2002 M. Holroyd Wks. on Paper 27 We all need our prevarications and evasions, our sentimentalities, silences, lies. b. In weakened use: stalling or playing for time by means of evasion or indecisiveness; procrastination, hesitation. ΚΠ 1794 A. Beatson Sketch War with Tippoo Sultaun II. 235 After much prevarication and loss of time the Vakeels went into the fort on the 11th. 1849 North Star 30 Nov. 2/1 He first applied for the Methodist church, but after much prevarication it was refused. 1962 D. Woodman Making of Burma 313 After much prevarication, the ministers admitted that they had no intention of making the collection. 1995 Independent 23 Jan. 14/3 The Labour front bench's prevarication over rail renationalisation has only added to the mistrust felt by rank and file trade unionists. 2005 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 10 Feb. 17 The more prevarication and delaying tactics used by those not in favour of the scheme..the worse it would be for the town. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1384
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