prisonern.²

Brit.

/ˈprɪznə/,

/ˈprɪzn̩ə/, U.S.

/ˈprɪznər/,

/ˈprɪzn̩ər/

Forms:

α. Middle English prisener (in a late copy), Middle English prisouner, Middle English prisounner, Middle English prisowner, Middle English prysoiner, Middle English prysonere, Middle English prysonier, Middle English prysowner, Middle English pryssonere, Middle English–1500s prisonere, Middle English–1600s prysoner, Middle English– prisoner, 1500s priesoner, 1500s prisnar, 1500s prysonar, 1500s–1600s prisner, 1600s prisnor, 1600s prisonner, 1600s prisonnour, 1600s prisonour, 1600s prisonr, 1600s prissioner, 1600s prissoner, 1600s prissonner, 1600s prissonour, 1600s–1700s pris'ner; Scottish pre-1700 prisionere, pre-1700 prisionr, pre-1700 prisonar, pre-1700 prisonare, pre-1700 prisonere, pre-1700 prisonnair, pre-1700 prisonner, pre-1700 prisonnere, pre-1700 prisonour, pre-1700 prisounair, pre-1700 prisounare, pre-1700 prisounere, pre-1700 prissonar, pre-1700 prissoneir, pre-1700 prissoner, pre-1700 prissouner, pre-1700 prysonare, pre-1700 1700s– prisoner.

β. Middle English preisiner, Middle English presonere, Middle English presounner, Middle English presownere, Middle English pressouner, Middle English presunnere, Middle English–1500s presonar, Middle English–1500s presoner, 1500s presnare, 1500s presonner, 1800s pres'ner (Irish English (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 personaris (plural, transmission error), pre-1700 preasonar, pre-1700 preasoner, pre-1700 presiner, pre-1700 presionr, pre-1700 presonair, pre-1700 presonar, pre-1700 presonare, pre-1700 presoneir, pre-1700 presoner, pre-1700 presonere, pre-1700 presonner, pre-1700 presonnere, pre-1700 presounar, pre-1700 presouner, pre-1700 presownare, pre-1700 presownere, pre-1700 pressenar, pre-1700 pressonar, pre-1700 pressoner, pre-1700 pressounar, pre-1700 presunir, pre-1700 prewssanar, pre-1700 preysoner.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French prisoner.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman prisoner, prisonner, prisuner, prisoneur, Anglo-Norman and Middle French prisonnier, Middle French prisonier, presoner (c1170 in Old French, also in Old French as prissonier ; French prisonnier ) < prison prison n. + -ier -ier suffix; compare -er suffix². Compare post-classical Latin prisionarius (14th cent.), prisonarius (frequently 1279–1458 in British sources; 15th cent. in continental sources as presonerius , prisonerius , prisonnarius ), prisonaria (feminine; 15th cent. in British sources), Old Occitan preisonier , prisonier (13th cent.), Spanish prisionero (1300–5), Italian prigionero (14th cent.); also Middle Dutch prisonier ( < French). Compare earlier prison n. 2.

1. A person who has been captured or who has surrendered to an opponent in war; a captive. Cf. prisoner of war n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > defeated or conquered > [noun] > prisoner of war

prizec1330

prisonera1375

prison1438

prisoner of war1608

POW1903

the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > restriction of free action > [noun] > one who is constrained or confined

prisonera1375

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > [noun] > one who is confined or prisoner

prisonera1375

footfasta1400

a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1267 (MED) William..profered him þat prisoner..to do þan wiþ þe duk what him dere þouȝt.

c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1297 Presented him þe presoneres in pray þat þay token.

c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) 412 (MED) For prysoner Y mot me yeld As ouer-come yn feld.

c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 509 He toke him þere to presunnere.

1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 v. iii. 10 This sword hath ended him, so shall it thee Vnlesse thou yeeld thee as my prisoner .

1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes i. viii. 154 All the Chinois Prisoners should pay ransom vnto particular men that took them, except those which carryed the name of Kings, who should pay one hundred thousand Crownes for peace with his Armes.

1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 305 To make Exchange of Prisoners.

1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. x. 275 The emperor was made a prisoner, and his astonished troops laid down their arms.

1819 W. Scott Legend of Montrose xv, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. IV. 326 This gentleman continued..to discharge his duty..until he was made prisoner..upon the field of Philliphaugh.

1860 J. Abbott Amer. Hist. I. ix. 261 The American Indians..were extremely cruel in the treatment of prisoners captured in war.

1892 A. Conan Doyle Adventures Sherlock Holmes x. 256 Frank had been a prisoner among the Apaches, had escaped,..and had gone to England.

1904 J. Conrad Nostromo iii. ii. 283 While Captain Mitchell was being led down the staircase, an officer passed him, running up to report to Sotillo the capture of more prisoners.

1995 D. E. Houston Hell on Wheels 185 One prisoner, Lieutenant Colonel Altini, said that the main reason many surrendered was to escape the artillery and mortar fire.

2. A person who is kept in prison or in custody; spec. one who is legally committed to prison as the result of a legal process, either as punishment for a crime committed, or while awaiting trial for an offence.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun]

prisona1225

prisonerc1384

enpresonéc1425

bird1580

warder1584

canary bird1593

penitentiala1633

convict1786

chum1819

lag1819

lagger1819

new chum1819

nut-brown1835

collegian1837

canary1840

Sydney duck1873

forty1879

zebra1882

con1893

yardbird1956

zek1968

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. iv. 10 Aristark, myne euene caytyf, or prisoner with me [L. concaptivus meus], greetith ȝou wel.

c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. iii. 126 (MED) She..letiþ passe prisoners [v.r. prisouns]..And ȝiueþ þe gaileris gold.

c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 9598 She was algate abowte ffor to haue this presonar [a1400 Vesp. prisun, a1400 Gött. presun, a1400 Trin. Cambr. prisoun] owt.

a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 983 (MED) Herbard caried dalton..to the Castelle of Gloucetter; There was dalton prisonere ful longe.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour iii. sig. L.viii^v The rest in Egypt, thay did sende Presonaris, to thare lyuis ende.

1637 Privy Council Reg. in S. Gardiner Documents Proc. against W. Prynne (1877) 68 A letter..for the removing of William Prinne from the Goale or Castle of Carnarvon,..to one of the two Castles of the Isle of Jersey,..to be there kept close prisoner.

1670 Act 22 & 23 Chas. II c. 20 §13 That it shall not be lawful hereafter..,to put, keep or lodge Prisoners for Debt and Felons together in one Room.

1704 Boston News-let. 19 June 1/2 The Council for the Prisoner, and the Prisoner himself being fairly heard, The Court was cleared.

1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xxii. 296 The justice, before whom such prisoner is brought, is bound immediately to examine the circumstances of the crime alleged.

1824 Act 5 George IV c. 85 §26 If there be indorsed upon such Pass..the Words ‘Pass of a discharged Prisoner’.

1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 416/2 When a convict or prisoner (for that is the colonial phrase) becomes free, either by serving out the period of his sentence of transportation or by obtaining a pardon.

1848 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. 75 Standing in a firm and graceful attitude, at the end of the prisoner's bench, he gazed deliberately upon the audience.

1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xxxi. 372 ‘Take the prisoner back to jail’, the judge said.

1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville ix. 197 Thus a harmless schizophrenic will be classified by the staff as a ‘barmpot’ and by the prisoners as a ‘nutter’.

1997 Sight & Sound Jan. 47/3 George doesn't even attempt to make emotive use of the ‘comms’, the defiant, often very moving letters written by the prisoners to their colleagues on the outside.

3. In extended use.

a. A person who or thing which is confined to a place or position.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > [noun] > of free action > one who is restricted or confined

prisonerc1400

c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. 168 (MED) Beggeres..bredlees þei soupe..haue reuthe on þise riche men þat rewarde nouȝte þi prisoneres.

c1475 (a1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 323 Siche bildyngis makyn pride & not comfort of goddis prisounneris.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. GGiiii This worlde is the prison and we be the prisoners.

c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme xlix. 14 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 45 Death his prisoner neuer will forgoe.

1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. i. 5 An vntimely Ague Staid me a Prisoner in my Chamber.

1717 A. Pope Elegy Unfortunate Lady in Wks. 359 Most souls, 'tis true, but peep out once an age, Dull sullen pris'ners in the body's cage.

1763 F. Brooke Hist. Lady Julia Mandeville II. Epistle 37. 146 My Lord is just come from Lord Melvin, who insisted on being his prisoner, till Harry was out of danger.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion ix. 399 A few short hours of each returning day The thriving Prisoners of their Village school.

1867 H. Latham Black & White 115 Here we remain, still prisoners at Fortress Monro..the steamboat never came to take passengers to Norfolk.

1878 J. Ruskin Let. in Hortus Inclusus (1887) 53 I came to see Prince Leopold, who has been a prisoner to his sofa lately.

1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xvi. 220 She bound her son with chains, she held him her everlasting prisoner.

1964 I. Murdoch Italian Girl (1967) viii. 72 I was a prisoner of the situation.

1988 R. Rendell Veiled One (1989) xii. 157 So many people are their own prisoners, jailers of themselves.

2004 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 1 May rb10 She degenerates over the course of the novel into a thoroughly unlikeable woman—violent, cruel to both her son and her husband, a complete prisoner to drink.

b. A captive in the game of prisoners' bars. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > hiding or chasing game > [noun] > prisoner's base > participants

prisoner1801

chevy1859

1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod ii. ii. §12 If the person sent to relieve his confederate be touched by an antagonist before he reaches him, he also becomes a prisoner, and stands in equal need of deliverance.

2004 B. King Big Bk. of Boy Stuff 108 Two equal armies are formed, and each army takes half of the field. There are no prisoners at this time.

†c. Mechanics. A connecting piece of iron held securely between two adjacent parts of the rim of a flywheel. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1897 F. R. Hutton Mech. Engin. Power Plants xvii. 346 A piece of wrought iron may be inserted into a recess in the interior of the rim, and..bolts driven through the rim keep this wrought iron a prisoner... These prisoners may be of sections of an I, or they may be of the shape of an oval link.

Phrases

P1.

a. to take (a person) prisoner: to seize and hold (a person) as a prisoner, esp. in war.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive

takeOE

caitive1382

seizea1400

captivec1430

to take (a person) prisonera1475

to take captive1535

overthrallc1540

captivatea1575

stay1590

encaptive1592

capture1796

to hold captive1884

a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 130 (MED) The Erlis..rose ayenest thair kynge..and toke hym and his sonne prisoners in the ffelde.

1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Bij^v The gouernour..so by crafte circumuented him, that he toke him priesoner, and commaunded him to be hanged on the sayle yarde of the shyp.

1581 T. Lupton Persuasion from Papistrie 79 For the Emperour thought belike, that it was as lawful for him to take the Pope prisoner, as to put his owne father out of his kingdome.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) v. iii. 36 In Parthia did I take thee Prisoner, And then I swore thee, sauing of thy life, That whatsoeuer I did bid thee do, Thou should'st attempt it.

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. iii. 200 The Infernal Conjurer Pursu'd, and took me Prisoner.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. v. lxxvi. 347 Ali was taken prisoner and blinded.

1797 H. Lee Canterbury Tales I. 336 He was taken prisoner by the Infidels at Damietta.

1827 Q. Rev. 35 87 On the overthrow of his party he was taken prisoner, and carded to death.

1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands iii. xv. 360 Montfort was taken prisoner; his countess, one of the virago heroines of the time, was besieged in Hennebon.

1901 ‘Linesman’ Words by Eyewitness (1902) 311 The confusion, terror, and indignation of the surprised gives little scope or will to take prisoners those of the beaten surprisers whom it is impossible to shoot.

1968 V. Ehrenberg From Solon to Socrates v. 130 The Naxians took to the hills, but a few were taken prisoner.

2002 E. J. Hess Lee's Tar Heels 40 The Tar Heel general was ashamed of having been taken prisoner.

(a) to take no prisoners.

(i) In a military conflict: to kill all enemy combatants; to take no prisoners of war.

ΚΠ

1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 1128 It is likely, that in ciuil warres..there should be greater slaughter..bicause they take no prisoners of either side: for those they should take, would serue them to no good purpose.

1660 A. Moore Compend. Hist. Turks 1012 The rest were all slain: the Christians resolved to take no prisoners.

1703 J. Drake Historia Anglo-Scotica 110 They..slew the most of them, having ade an Order amongst themselves to take no Prisoners.

1859 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 182/1 Thenceforward Bolivar's men took no prisoners.

1946 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Amer. 19 May 11/5 Their young commander ordered them to take no prisoners and give no quarter in the desperate Nazi counteroffensive hurled at the Allies..just before Christmas, 1944.

1984 W. Deverell Dance Shiva (1986) i. 8 Ambush... They took no prisoners.

(ii) figurative. To be ruthlessly aggressive or uncompromising; to be merciless.

ΚΠ

1915 N.Y. Times 19 Aug. 6/5 When the Cubs arrived at Ebbets Field, the Dodgers fell into full retreat... The Cubs took no prisoners,..the Dodgers escaping with nothing but their uniforms and bat bag.

1972 Manitowoc (Wisconsin) Herald-Times 2 Sept. 14/3 Ability to stick is not one of their shortcomings and they take no prisoners.

1990 Esquire May 83/3 Loomis is a kick-ass guy who takes no prisoners.

2000 Minx Aug. 30/1 It's a Hollywood diet for Hollywood divas: thinness at all cost, and take no prisoners.

(b)

take-no-prisoners adj. colloquial ruthless, aggressive; uncompromising.

ΚΠ

1974 Nevada State Jrnl. 1 Dec. (Family Weekly section) 14/2 I have never been a ‘take-no-prisoners’ type of guy.

1990 Guardian 23 Oct. 17/4 The take-no-prisoners attitude that saw the Brazilian clinch his second world championship at the Japanese Grand Prix.

1998 Boards May 43/1 Unless you are absolutely certain that a full-on, take-no-prisoners racing machine is what you want..then look elsewhere.

2004 Washington Post 23 Mar. (Home ed.) a1/1 Dick certainly did infuriate a lot of his interagency colleagues with his take-no-prisoners style.

P2.

prisoner at the bar n. a person in custody on a criminal charge, and on trial in a court of justice.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > awaiting trial or held in custody

prisoner at the bar1556

détenu1803

detainee1928

chummy1948

undertrial1966

1556 J. Ponet Shorte Treat. Politike Power sig. Fv Her will is furthewith satisfied, matier ynough against Naboth prisoner at the Barre.

1595 W. Burton Rowsing of Sluggard vi. 107 And being conuicted, haue all cryed like the prisoner at the barre, O my Lord be good vnto me now, and I will neuer do the like againe.

1620 T. Cooper Cry & Reuenge of Blood vi. 52 You Prisoners at the barre, whose liues now stand wayting vpon death, as you looke vp to vs with feare, so wee looke downe vpon you with sorrow.

1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 132 When this Pickthank had told his tale, the Judge directed his speech to the Prisoner at the Bar .

1758 in T. B. Howell State Trials (1813) XIX. 1369 I have often received from the prisoner at the bar letters of a post-night to carry to the office in Lombard-street.

1770 Trial W. Wemms 8 Clerk. Gentlemen of the Jury. Upon each and every of these several indictments, the prisoners at the bar have been arraigned, and upon their arraignment have pleaded not guilty.

1874 A. Trollope Phineas Redux II. xxvii. 216 In this case it might not improbably seem to them that the gentleman who had so long stood before them as a prisoner at the bar had been the victim of a most singularly untoward chain of circumstances.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xii. [Cyclops] 309 They should well and truly try and true deliverance make in the issue joined between their sovereign lord the king and the prisoner at the bar.

1990 Toronto Star (Nexis) 16 Dec. d6 ‘I didn't refuse to blow, Your Honor,’ declared the prisoner at the bar. ‘I couldn't blow.’

P3.

prisoner of state n. [compare French prisonnier d'État (1679)] a person confined or imprisoned for political or state reasons.

ΚΠ

1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo i. 20 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors In the Province of Gualor, or Gualier..there is a Cittadel, wherein the Mogul confines such as are prisoners of State.

1698 J. Dunton Let. in E. MacLysaght Irish Life in 17th Cent. (1969) 386 To y^e castle belongs an officer called y^e Constable of the Castle who receaves Prisoners of State when committed, as y^e Lieutenant of y^e Tower does.

1723 tr. M. C. d'Aulnoy Hist. John of Bourbon (ed. 2) 101 The Gentleman who had left them safe there, acquainted them with Benavidez's being made a Prisoner of State.

1845 B. Disraeli Sybil III. v. viii. 110 She was on her way to Bow Street to be examined as a prisoner of state.

1998 R. Butterwick Poland's Last King & Eng. Culture 1 Stanisław August died in St Petersburg on 12 February 1798, part honoured guest, part prisoner of state.

P4.

prisoner of (also †for) conscience n. a person detained or imprisoned for his or her political or religious views.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > political or prisoner of conscience

state prisoner1677

prisoner of conscience1738

political prisoner1828

political1884

1738 J. Besse Abstr. Sufferings Quakers II. iii. 147 We shall close our Account of this County, with representing to the reader the Usage of the Prisoners for Conscience in Durham-Goal.

1897 A. E. Barr (title) Prisoners of Conscience.

1961 Amnesty 11 July 2/1 There are thousands of them and each one is a human being, a prisoner of conscience behind bars because of his political views or religious beliefs.

1970 Times 20 Apr. 6/5 A great many prisoners of conscience, it claims, are sent with or without trial ‘to the so-called special psychiatric hospitals’.

2000 P. Prentice Pinter Ethic 273 Pinter found himself increasingly engaged—joining CND, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and crusading on behalf of prisoners of conscience.

Compounds

C1. General attributive and appositive.

ΚΠ

1423 in E. F. Jacob & H. C. Johnson Reg. Henry Chichele (1937) II. 267 I be whethe..to ich prisoner hows in London vj s. viij d., also to ich prisoner hous in Northampton vj s. viij d.

1620 J. Rogers Disc. Christian Watchfulnesse 52 A prisoner woman conuerted the Iberians.

1712 Boston News-let. 25 Mar. 2/1 They..kill'd about 80 men, and took about 130 Prisoners Slaves... Some of the Prisoner Slaves Inform'd, that Capt. Welch had taken as many Slaves as Capt. Hastings did.

1807 in Hist. Rec. Austral. (1916) 1st Ser. VI. 147 Prisoner servants of the Crown are allotted to Settlers.

1846 C. G. Prowett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound 8 Thou com'st to find A prisoner-God.

1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha xiii. 183 With his prisoner-string he bound him.

1878 W. Pater Wks. (1901) VIII. 196 On one of those two prisoner days when Lewis was sick.

1896 Daily News 21 Nov. 8/2 His medical attendant..remained with the prisoner-patient throughout a considerable part of the night.

1904 A. Griffiths Fifty Years Public Service xix. 277 He cut off remorselessly the prisoner gardeners and the prisoner stable-man.

1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville v. 103 Much of the actual work is done by a prisoner-clerk in Pentonville, who handles all the papers including the committal warrants.

1988 Hamilton (Ont.) Spectator 19 Apr. a3/4 Defence lawyers also argued Ivan was killed in a prisoner revolt at Treblinka in August 1943.

C2. Compounds with prisoner's.

prisoner's dilemma n. [a description by Tucker, dated May 1950, has been published in the UMAP Jrnl. (1980) 10] Philosophy Logic a non-zero-sum game in which two people each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime (see quot. 1994).

ΘΚΠ

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > plea of guilty > specific

confessal1589

plea bargaining1940

prisoner's dilemma1957

plea bargain1961

1957 R. D. Luce & H. Raiffa Games & Decisions v. 95 We turn now to a different example of a non-zero-sum game. This one is attributed to A. W. Tucker... The following interpretation, known as the prisoner's dilemma is popular: Two suspects are taken into custody [etc.].

1963 Jrnl. Abnormal Psychol. 64 308/2 Trust of the other person plays a critical role in determining choices made in Prisoner's Dilemma games.

1991 S. Smith Econ. Policy & Division Wealth within Family i. 12 Since individuals know that other individuals care about the level of provision, a form of ‘prisoner's dilemma’ arises, in which the public goods are underprovided because each individual tries to ‘free ride’ on the others' willingness to pay for their provision.

1994 S. Blackburn Oxf. Dict. Philos. 302/1 Prisoner's dilemma, the classic problem in game theory. Two prisoners jointly charged with a crime are held apart, and each is given the option of confessing, or not confessing. If neither confesses, the prosecutor will find a lesser charge, and each will serve two years. If each confesses, he convicts them both, and they will serve six years each. If A confesses and B does not, A is released and B serves an aggravated ten years. If B confesses and A does not, B is released, and A serves an aggravated ten years... The surprising truth about the game is that whatever the other prisoner does a prisoner does better by confessing.

prisoner's friend n. Military an officer who represents a defendant at a court martial.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer according to function > [noun] > officer representing prisoner at court-martial

prisoner's friend1847

society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > one who pleads > one who defends another > at a court martial

prisoner's friend1847

1847 Times 20 Jan. 8/6 Mr. James Hoskins, solicitor, of Gosport, officiated as the prisoner's ‘friend’.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 24 Nov. 10/1 Lieutenant ——..was assigned as advocate for the prisoner, or ‘prisoner's friend’, as the term stands in the military system of jurisprudence.

2004 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 14 Aug. 83 The play's single character..is ‘the prisoner's friend’, the name given to the officer detailed to represent the defendant in a wartime court martial.

Derivatives

ˈprisonership n. the state or condition of being a prisoner.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > condition of

prisonership1864

1864 G. Junkin Let. June in D. X. Junkin Reverend George Junkin (1871) 557 Dr. Handy, in the eleventh month of his prisonership, is doing a blessed work.

1895 G. Meredith Amazing Marriage II. xxv. 9 It is the feet are so desirous. I feel them so this morning, after prisonership.

1906 M. Prichard-Agnetti tr. A. Fogazzaro Saint Introd. 14 That other fiction, the Pope's prisonership in the Vatican.

1997 Irish Times (Nexis) 26 Aug. 17 It means access to capital for expansion and debt repayment and an end to political prisonership.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	prisoner
释义	† prisonern.¹ Forms: Middle English pressonere, Middle English prisuner. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: prison n., -er suffix¹. Etymology: < prison n. + -er suffix¹. Compare post-classical Latin praesonerius (1285), prisonarius , prisonator (both c1290 in a British source). Compare jailer n. N.E.D. (1908) also has the following note by J. A. H. Murray: ‘still sometimes so used dialectally. It was familiar to me in childhood.’ Sc. National Dict. s.v. prison records the word as still in use in Roxburghshire in 1870. Obsolete. The keeper of a prison; a jailer. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > jailer jailerc1290 prisonera1325 officer?1387 claviculer1447 javeler?c1450 key turner1606 baston1607 twistkey1617 prison keeper1623 detainer1647 prison officer1649 turnkey1655 imprisoner1656 phylacist1656 cipier1671 wardsman1683 goodman1698 prison guard1722 screw1812 dungeoner1817 dubsman1839 cell-keeper1841 prison warder1854 warder1855 dubs1882 twirl1891 hack1914 correction officer1940 a1325 (c1250) Gen. & Exod. (1968) l. 2042 An litel stund quile he [sc. Joseph] was ðer, So gan him luuen ðe prisuner. c1450 (c1405) Mum & Sothsegger (BL Add. 41666) (1936) 1251 (MED) Pouerte hath a pressonere whenne he doeth passe bondes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online December 2020). prisonern.² Brit. /ˈprɪznə/, /ˈprɪzn̩ə/, U.S. /ˈprɪznər/, /ˈprɪzn̩ər/ Forms: α. Middle English prisener (in a late copy), Middle English prisouner, Middle English prisounner, Middle English prisowner, Middle English prysoiner, Middle English prysonere, Middle English prysonier, Middle English prysowner, Middle English pryssonere, Middle English–1500s prisonere, Middle English–1600s prysoner, Middle English– prisoner, 1500s priesoner, 1500s prisnar, 1500s prysonar, 1500s–1600s prisner, 1600s prisnor, 1600s prisonner, 1600s prisonnour, 1600s prisonour, 1600s prisonr, 1600s prissioner, 1600s prissoner, 1600s prissonner, 1600s prissonour, 1600s–1700s pris'ner; Scottish pre-1700 prisionere, pre-1700 prisionr, pre-1700 prisonar, pre-1700 prisonare, pre-1700 prisonere, pre-1700 prisonnair, pre-1700 prisonner, pre-1700 prisonnere, pre-1700 prisonour, pre-1700 prisounair, pre-1700 prisounare, pre-1700 prisounere, pre-1700 prissonar, pre-1700 prissoneir, pre-1700 prissoner, pre-1700 prissouner, pre-1700 prysonare, pre-1700 1700s– prisoner. β. Middle English preisiner, Middle English presonere, Middle English presounner, Middle English presownere, Middle English pressouner, Middle English presunnere, Middle English–1500s presonar, Middle English–1500s presoner, 1500s presnare, 1500s presonner, 1800s pres'ner (Irish English (northern)); Scottish pre-1700 personaris (plural, transmission error), pre-1700 preasonar, pre-1700 preasoner, pre-1700 presiner, pre-1700 presionr, pre-1700 presonair, pre-1700 presonar, pre-1700 presonare, pre-1700 presoneir, pre-1700 presoner, pre-1700 presonere, pre-1700 presonner, pre-1700 presonnere, pre-1700 presounar, pre-1700 presouner, pre-1700 presownare, pre-1700 presownere, pre-1700 pressenar, pre-1700 pressonar, pre-1700 pressoner, pre-1700 pressounar, pre-1700 presunir, pre-1700 prewssanar, pre-1700 preysoner. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French prisoner. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman prisoner, prisonner, prisuner, prisoneur, Anglo-Norman and Middle French prisonnier, Middle French prisonier, presoner (c1170 in Old French, also in Old French as prissonier ; French prisonnier ) < prison prison n. + -ier -ier suffix; compare -er suffix². Compare post-classical Latin prisionarius (14th cent.), prisonarius (frequently 1279–1458 in British sources; 15th cent. in continental sources as presonerius , prisonerius , prisonnarius ), prisonaria (feminine; 15th cent. in British sources), Old Occitan preisonier , prisonier (13th cent.), Spanish prisionero (1300–5), Italian prigionero (14th cent.); also Middle Dutch prisonier ( < French). Compare earlier prison n. 2. 1. A person who has been captured or who has surrendered to an opponent in war; a captive. Cf. prisoner of war n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > defeated or conquered > [noun] > prisoner of war prizec1330 prisonera1375 prison1438 prisoner of war1608 POW1903 the world > action or operation > difficulty > hindrance > restriction of free action > [noun] > one who is constrained or confined prisonera1375 society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > confinement > [noun] > one who is confined or prisoner prisonera1375 footfasta1400 a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 1267 (MED) William..profered him þat prisoner..to do þan wiþ þe duk what him dere þouȝt. c1400 (?c1380) Cleanness (1920) 1297 Presented him þe presoneres in pray þat þay token. c1450 (a1400) Libeaus Desconus (Calig. A.ii) (1969) 412 (MED) For prysoner Y mot me yeld As ouer-come yn feld. c1475 (?c1425) Avowing of King Arthur (1984) l. 509 He toke him þere to presunnere. 1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 v. iii. 10 This sword hath ended him, so shall it thee Vnlesse thou yeeld thee as my prisoner . View more context for this quotation 1625 S. Purchas Pilgrimes i. viii. 154 All the Chinois Prisoners should pay ransom vnto particular men that took them, except those which carryed the name of Kings, who should pay one hundred thousand Crownes for peace with his Armes. 1665 T. Manley tr. H. Grotius De Rebus Belgicis 305 To make Exchange of Prisoners. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall I. x. 275 The emperor was made a prisoner, and his astonished troops laid down their arms. 1819 W. Scott Legend of Montrose xv, in Tales of my Landlord 3rd Ser. IV. 326 This gentleman continued..to discharge his duty..until he was made prisoner..upon the field of Philliphaugh. 1860 J. Abbott Amer. Hist. I. ix. 261 The American Indians..were extremely cruel in the treatment of prisoners captured in war. 1892 A. Conan Doyle Adventures Sherlock Holmes x. 256 Frank had been a prisoner among the Apaches, had escaped,..and had gone to England. 1904 J. Conrad Nostromo iii. ii. 283 While Captain Mitchell was being led down the staircase, an officer passed him, running up to report to Sotillo the capture of more prisoners. 1995 D. E. Houston Hell on Wheels 185 One prisoner, Lieutenant Colonel Altini, said that the main reason many surrendered was to escape the artillery and mortar fire. 2. A person who is kept in prison or in custody; spec. one who is legally committed to prison as the result of a legal process, either as punishment for a crime committed, or while awaiting trial for an offence. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] prisona1225 prisonerc1384 enpresonéc1425 bird1580 warder1584 canary bird1593 penitentiala1633 convict1786 chum1819 lag1819 lagger1819 new chum1819 nut-brown1835 collegian1837 canary1840 Sydney duck1873 forty1879 zebra1882 con1893 yardbird1956 zek1968 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. iv. 10 Aristark, myne euene caytyf, or prisoner with me [L. concaptivus meus], greetith ȝou wel. c1400 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Trin. Cambr. R.3.14) (1960) A. iii. 126 (MED) She..letiþ passe prisoners [v.r. prisouns]..And ȝiueþ þe gaileris gold. c1460 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Laud) l. 9598 She was algate abowte ffor to haue this presonar [a1400 Vesp. prisun, a1400 Gött. presun, a1400 Trin. Cambr. prisoun] owt. a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 983 (MED) Herbard caried dalton..to the Castelle of Gloucetter; There was dalton prisonere ful longe. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour iii. sig. L.viii^v The rest in Egypt, thay did sende Presonaris, to thare lyuis ende. 1637 Privy Council Reg. in S. Gardiner Documents Proc. against W. Prynne (1877) 68 A letter..for the removing of William Prinne from the Goale or Castle of Carnarvon,..to one of the two Castles of the Isle of Jersey,..to be there kept close prisoner. 1670 Act 22 & 23 Chas. II c. 20 §13 That it shall not be lawful hereafter..,to put, keep or lodge Prisoners for Debt and Felons together in one Room. 1704 Boston News-let. 19 June 1/2 The Council for the Prisoner, and the Prisoner himself being fairly heard, The Court was cleared. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xxii. 296 The justice, before whom such prisoner is brought, is bound immediately to examine the circumstances of the crime alleged. 1824 Act 5 George IV c. 85 §26 If there be indorsed upon such Pass..the Words ‘Pass of a discharged Prisoner’. 1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 416/2 When a convict or prisoner (for that is the colonial phrase) becomes free, either by serving out the period of his sentence of transportation or by obtaining a pardon. 1848 W. K. Kelly tr. L. Blanc Hist. Ten Years II. 75 Standing in a firm and graceful attitude, at the end of the prisoner's bench, he gazed deliberately upon the audience. 1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xxxi. 372 ‘Take the prisoner back to jail’, the judge said. 1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville ix. 197 Thus a harmless schizophrenic will be classified by the staff as a ‘barmpot’ and by the prisoners as a ‘nutter’. 1997 Sight & Sound Jan. 47/3 George doesn't even attempt to make emotive use of the ‘comms’, the defiant, often very moving letters written by the prisoners to their colleagues on the outside. 3. In extended use. a. A person who or thing which is confined to a place or position. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restriction or limitation > [noun] > of free action > one who is restricted or confined prisonerc1400 c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. 168 (MED) Beggeres..bredlees þei soupe..haue reuthe on þise riche men þat rewarde nouȝte þi prisoneres. c1475 (a1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 323 Siche bildyngis makyn pride & not comfort of goddis prisounneris. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. GGiiii This worlde is the prison and we be the prisoners. c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme xlix. 14 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 45 Death his prisoner neuer will forgoe. 1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII i. i. 5 An vntimely Ague Staid me a Prisoner in my Chamber. View more context for this quotation 1717 A. Pope Elegy Unfortunate Lady in Wks. 359 Most souls, 'tis true, but peep out once an age, Dull sullen pris'ners in the body's cage. 1763 F. Brooke Hist. Lady Julia Mandeville II. Epistle 37. 146 My Lord is just come from Lord Melvin, who insisted on being his prisoner, till Harry was out of danger. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion ix. 399 A few short hours of each returning day The thriving Prisoners of their Village school. View more context for this quotation 1867 H. Latham Black & White 115 Here we remain, still prisoners at Fortress Monro..the steamboat never came to take passengers to Norfolk. 1878 J. Ruskin Let. in Hortus Inclusus (1887) 53 I came to see Prince Leopold, who has been a prisoner to his sofa lately. 1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love xvi. 220 She bound her son with chains, she held him her everlasting prisoner. 1964 I. Murdoch Italian Girl (1967) viii. 72 I was a prisoner of the situation. 1988 R. Rendell Veiled One (1989) xii. 157 So many people are their own prisoners, jailers of themselves. 2004 National Post (Canada) (Nexis) 1 May rb10 She degenerates over the course of the novel into a thoroughly unlikeable woman—violent, cruel to both her son and her husband, a complete prisoner to drink. b. A captive in the game of prisoners' bars. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > children's game > hiding or chasing game > [noun] > prisoner's base > participants prisoner1801 chevy1859 1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod ii. ii. §12 If the person sent to relieve his confederate be touched by an antagonist before he reaches him, he also becomes a prisoner, and stands in equal need of deliverance. 2004 B. King Big Bk. of Boy Stuff 108 Two equal armies are formed, and each army takes half of the field. There are no prisoners at this time. †c. Mechanics. A connecting piece of iron held securely between two adjacent parts of the rim of a flywheel. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1897 F. R. Hutton Mech. Engin. Power Plants xvii. 346 A piece of wrought iron may be inserted into a recess in the interior of the rim, and..bolts driven through the rim keep this wrought iron a prisoner... These prisoners may be of sections of an I, or they may be of the shape of an oval link. Phrases P1. a. to take (a person) prisoner: to seize and hold (a person) as a prisoner, esp. in war. ΘΚΠ society > authority > subjection > restraint or restraining > restraint depriving of liberty > deprive of liberty by restraint [verb (transitive)] > take captive takeOE caitive1382 seizea1400 captivec1430 to take (a person) prisonera1475 to take captive1535 overthrallc1540 captivatea1575 stay1590 encaptive1592 capture1796 to hold captive1884 a1475 J. Fortescue Governance of Eng. (Laud) (1885) 130 (MED) The Erlis..rose ayenest thair kynge..and toke hym and his sonne prisoners in the ffelde. 1553 R. Eden tr. S. Münster Treat. Newe India sig. Bij^v The gouernour..so by crafte circumuented him, that he toke him priesoner, and commaunded him to be hanged on the sayle yarde of the shyp. 1581 T. Lupton Persuasion from Papistrie 79 For the Emperour thought belike, that it was as lawful for him to take the Pope prisoner, as to put his owne father out of his kingdome. a1616 W. Shakespeare Julius Caesar (1623) v. iii. 36 In Parthia did I take thee Prisoner, And then I swore thee, sauing of thy life, That whatsoeuer I did bid thee do, Thou should'st attempt it. View more context for this quotation 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. iii. 200 The Infernal Conjurer Pursu'd, and took me Prisoner. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea I. v. lxxvi. 347 Ali was taken prisoner and blinded. 1797 H. Lee Canterbury Tales I. 336 He was taken prisoner by the Infidels at Damietta. 1827 Q. Rev. 35 87 On the overthrow of his party he was taken prisoner, and carded to death. 1862 D. T. Ansted & R. G. Latham Channel Islands iii. xv. 360 Montfort was taken prisoner; his countess, one of the virago heroines of the time, was besieged in Hennebon. 1901 ‘Linesman’ Words by Eyewitness (1902) 311 The confusion, terror, and indignation of the surprised gives little scope or will to take prisoners those of the beaten surprisers whom it is impossible to shoot. 1968 V. Ehrenberg From Solon to Socrates v. 130 The Naxians took to the hills, but a few were taken prisoner. 2002 E. J. Hess Lee's Tar Heels 40 The Tar Heel general was ashamed of having been taken prisoner. b. (a) to take no prisoners. (i) In a military conflict: to kill all enemy combatants; to take no prisoners of war. ΚΠ 1579 T. North tr. Plutarch Liues 1128 It is likely, that in ciuil warres..there should be greater slaughter..bicause they take no prisoners of either side: for those they should take, would serue them to no good purpose. 1660 A. Moore Compend. Hist. Turks 1012 The rest were all slain: the Christians resolved to take no prisoners. 1703 J. Drake Historia Anglo-Scotica 110 They..slew the most of them, having ade an Order amongst themselves to take no Prisoners. 1859 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 182/1 Thenceforward Bolivar's men took no prisoners. 1946 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Amer. 19 May 11/5 Their young commander ordered them to take no prisoners and give no quarter in the desperate Nazi counteroffensive hurled at the Allies..just before Christmas, 1944. 1984 W. Deverell Dance Shiva (1986) i. 8 Ambush... They took no prisoners. (ii) figurative. To be ruthlessly aggressive or uncompromising; to be merciless. ΚΠ 1915 N.Y. Times 19 Aug. 6/5 When the Cubs arrived at Ebbets Field, the Dodgers fell into full retreat... The Cubs took no prisoners,..the Dodgers escaping with nothing but their uniforms and bat bag. 1972 Manitowoc (Wisconsin) Herald-Times 2 Sept. 14/3 Ability to stick is not one of their shortcomings and they take no prisoners. 1990 Esquire May 83/3 Loomis is a kick-ass guy who takes no prisoners. 2000 Minx Aug. 30/1 It's a Hollywood diet for Hollywood divas: thinness at all cost, and take no prisoners. (b) take-no-prisoners adj. colloquial ruthless, aggressive; uncompromising. ΚΠ 1974 Nevada State Jrnl. 1 Dec. (Family Weekly section) 14/2 I have never been a ‘take-no-prisoners’ type of guy. 1990 Guardian 23 Oct. 17/4 The take-no-prisoners attitude that saw the Brazilian clinch his second world championship at the Japanese Grand Prix. 1998 Boards May 43/1 Unless you are absolutely certain that a full-on, take-no-prisoners racing machine is what you want..then look elsewhere. 2004 Washington Post 23 Mar. (Home ed.) a1/1 Dick certainly did infuriate a lot of his interagency colleagues with his take-no-prisoners style. P2. prisoner at the bar n. a person in custody on a criminal charge, and on trial in a court of justice. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > awaiting trial or held in custody prisoner at the bar1556 détenu1803 detainee1928 chummy1948 undertrial1966 1556 J. Ponet Shorte Treat. Politike Power sig. Fv Her will is furthewith satisfied, matier ynough against Naboth prisoner at the Barre. 1595 W. Burton Rowsing of Sluggard vi. 107 And being conuicted, haue all cryed like the prisoner at the barre, O my Lord be good vnto me now, and I will neuer do the like againe. 1620 T. Cooper Cry & Reuenge of Blood vi. 52 You Prisoners at the barre, whose liues now stand wayting vpon death, as you looke vp to vs with feare, so wee looke downe vpon you with sorrow. 1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 132 When this Pickthank had told his tale, the Judge directed his speech to the Prisoner at the Bar . View more context for this quotation 1758 in T. B. Howell State Trials (1813) XIX. 1369 I have often received from the prisoner at the bar letters of a post-night to carry to the office in Lombard-street. 1770 Trial W. Wemms 8 Clerk. Gentlemen of the Jury. Upon each and every of these several indictments, the prisoners at the bar have been arraigned, and upon their arraignment have pleaded not guilty. 1874 A. Trollope Phineas Redux II. xxvii. 216 In this case it might not improbably seem to them that the gentleman who had so long stood before them as a prisoner at the bar had been the victim of a most singularly untoward chain of circumstances. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses ii. xii. [Cyclops] 309 They should well and truly try and true deliverance make in the issue joined between their sovereign lord the king and the prisoner at the bar. 1990 Toronto Star (Nexis) 16 Dec. d6 ‘I didn't refuse to blow, Your Honor,’ declared the prisoner at the bar. ‘I couldn't blow.’ P3. prisoner of state n. [compare French prisonnier d'État (1679)] a person confined or imprisoned for political or state reasons. ΚΠ 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. J. Albert de Mandelslo i. 20 in Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors In the Province of Gualor, or Gualier..there is a Cittadel, wherein the Mogul confines such as are prisoners of State. 1698 J. Dunton Let. in E. MacLysaght Irish Life in 17th Cent. (1969) 386 To y^e castle belongs an officer called y^e Constable of the Castle who receaves Prisoners of State when committed, as y^e Lieutenant of y^e Tower does. 1723 tr. M. C. d'Aulnoy Hist. John of Bourbon (ed. 2) 101 The Gentleman who had left them safe there, acquainted them with Benavidez's being made a Prisoner of State. 1845 B. Disraeli Sybil III. v. viii. 110 She was on her way to Bow Street to be examined as a prisoner of state. 1998 R. Butterwick Poland's Last King & Eng. Culture 1 Stanisław August died in St Petersburg on 12 February 1798, part honoured guest, part prisoner of state. P4. prisoner of (also †for) conscience n. a person detained or imprisoned for his or her political or religious views. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > political or prisoner of conscience state prisoner1677 prisoner of conscience1738 political prisoner1828 political1884 1738 J. Besse Abstr. Sufferings Quakers II. iii. 147 We shall close our Account of this County, with representing to the reader the Usage of the Prisoners for Conscience in Durham-Goal. 1897 A. E. Barr (title) Prisoners of Conscience. 1961 Amnesty 11 July 2/1 There are thousands of them and each one is a human being, a prisoner of conscience behind bars because of his political views or religious beliefs. 1970 Times 20 Apr. 6/5 A great many prisoners of conscience, it claims, are sent with or without trial ‘to the so-called special psychiatric hospitals’. 2000 P. Prentice Pinter Ethic 273 Pinter found himself increasingly engaged—joining CND, the Campaign for Nuclear Disarmament, and crusading on behalf of prisoners of conscience. Compounds C1. General attributive and appositive. ΚΠ 1423 in E. F. Jacob & H. C. Johnson Reg. Henry Chichele (1937) II. 267 I be whethe..to ich prisoner hows in London vj s. viij d., also to ich prisoner hous in Northampton vj s. viij d. 1620 J. Rogers Disc. Christian Watchfulnesse 52 A prisoner woman conuerted the Iberians. 1712 Boston News-let. 25 Mar. 2/1 They..kill'd about 80 men, and took about 130 Prisoners Slaves... Some of the Prisoner Slaves Inform'd, that Capt. Welch had taken as many Slaves as Capt. Hastings did. 1807 in Hist. Rec. Austral. (1916) 1st Ser. VI. 147 Prisoner servants of the Crown are allotted to Settlers. 1846 C. G. Prowett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound 8 Thou com'st to find A prisoner-God. 1855 H. W. Longfellow Hiawatha xiii. 183 With his prisoner-string he bound him. 1878 W. Pater Wks. (1901) VIII. 196 On one of those two prisoner days when Lewis was sick. 1896 Daily News 21 Nov. 8/2 His medical attendant..remained with the prisoner-patient throughout a considerable part of the night. 1904 A. Griffiths Fifty Years Public Service xix. 277 He cut off remorselessly the prisoner gardeners and the prisoner stable-man. 1963 T. Morris & P. Morris Pentonville v. 103 Much of the actual work is done by a prisoner-clerk in Pentonville, who handles all the papers including the committal warrants. 1988 Hamilton (Ont.) Spectator 19 Apr. a3/4 Defence lawyers also argued Ivan was killed in a prisoner revolt at Treblinka in August 1943. C2. Compounds with prisoner's. prisoner's dilemma n. [a description by Tucker, dated May 1950, has been published in the UMAP Jrnl. (1980) 10] Philosophy Logic a non-zero-sum game in which two people each have two options whose outcome depends crucially on the simultaneous choice made by the other, often formulated in terms of two prisoners separately deciding whether to confess to a crime (see quot. 1994). ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > a pleading or plea > plea of guilty > specific confessal1589 plea bargaining1940 prisoner's dilemma1957 plea bargain1961 1957 R. D. Luce & H. Raiffa Games & Decisions v. 95 We turn now to a different example of a non-zero-sum game. This one is attributed to A. W. Tucker... The following interpretation, known as the prisoner's dilemma is popular: Two suspects are taken into custody [etc.]. 1963 Jrnl. Abnormal Psychol. 64 308/2 Trust of the other person plays a critical role in determining choices made in Prisoner's Dilemma games. 1991 S. Smith Econ. Policy & Division Wealth within Family i. 12 Since individuals know that other individuals care about the level of provision, a form of ‘prisoner's dilemma’ arises, in which the public goods are underprovided because each individual tries to ‘free ride’ on the others' willingness to pay for their provision. 1994 S. Blackburn Oxf. Dict. Philos. 302/1 Prisoner's dilemma, the classic problem in game theory. Two prisoners jointly charged with a crime are held apart, and each is given the option of confessing, or not confessing. If neither confesses, the prosecutor will find a lesser charge, and each will serve two years. If each confesses, he convicts them both, and they will serve six years each. If A confesses and B does not, A is released and B serves an aggravated ten years. If B confesses and A does not, B is released, and A serves an aggravated ten years... The surprising truth about the game is that whatever the other prisoner does a prisoner does better by confessing. prisoner's friend n. Military an officer who represents a defendant at a court martial. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > warrior > soldier > leader or commander > officer according to function > [noun] > officer representing prisoner at court-martial prisoner's friend1847 society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > pleading > [noun] > one who pleads > one who defends another > at a court martial prisoner's friend1847 1847 Times 20 Jan. 8/6 Mr. James Hoskins, solicitor, of Gosport, officiated as the prisoner's ‘friend’. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 24 Nov. 10/1 Lieutenant ——..was assigned as advocate for the prisoner, or ‘prisoner's friend’, as the term stands in the military system of jurisprudence. 2004 Jrnl. (Newcastle) (Nexis) 14 Aug. 83 The play's single character..is ‘the prisoner's friend’, the name given to the officer detailed to represent the defendant in a wartime court martial. Derivatives ˈprisonership n. the state or condition of being a prisoner. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > condition of prisonership1864 1864 G. Junkin Let. June in D. X. Junkin Reverend George Junkin (1871) 557 Dr. Handy, in the eleventh month of his prisonership, is doing a blessed work. 1895 G. Meredith Amazing Marriage II. xxv. 9 It is the feet are so desirous. I feel them so this morning, after prisonership. 1906 M. Prichard-Agnetti tr. A. Fogazzaro Saint Introd. 14 That other fiction, the Pope's prisonership in the Vatican. 1997 Irish Times (Nexis) 26 Aug. 17 It means access to capital for expansion and debt repayment and an end to political prisonership. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹a1325n.²a1375
随便看	θ35389 θ3539 θ35390 θ35391 θ35392 θ35393 θ35394 θ35395 θ35396 θ35397 θ39592 θ39593 θ39594 θ39595 θ39596 θ39597 θ39598 θ39599 θ396 θ3960 θ39600 θ39601 θ39602 θ39603 θ39604

† prisonern.1

prisonern.2

Phrases

Compounds

Derivatives

† prisonern.¹

prisonern.²