benchmarkn.adj.

Brit.

/ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/, U.S.

/ˈbɛn(t)ʃˌmɑrk/

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: bench n., mark n.¹

Etymology: < bench n. + mark n.¹

A. n.

1. A fixed point (esp. a cut or mark in a wall, building, etc.), used by a surveyor as a reference in measuring elevations.Typically, such a mark takes the form of a horizontal groove cut in a surface, into which the upper surface of an angle iron would once have been inserted, forming a level surface or ‘bench’ to support a levelling staff. In the UK, such marks, created by surveyors from the Ordnance Survey, are usually highlighted by a broad three-lined arrow cut immediately below the groove.The term is also applied to other types of marker that indicate a point of known elevation, such as plaques, rods, and pegs.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > surveyor's marks

corner1699

benchmark1826

turning-point1891

1826 Message from President: Rep. Proposed Chesapeake & Ohio Canal 10 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (19th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 10) II Profile of the proposed Canal Line on the East side of the Youghagany, from bench mark, at Deep Creek, to Smithfield.

1842 G. W. Francis Dict. Arts Bench marks, in surveying, fixed points left on a line of survey for reference at a future time, consisting of cuts in trees, pegs driven into the ground, etc.

1883 G. J. Symons Brit. Rainfall 134 A series of levels has been taken from the gauge to an Ordnance bench mark.

1907 M. R. Hall Surface Water Supply of Southern Atlantic & Eastern Gulf States 94 The bench mark is a nail driven into the water side of an ash tree on the right bank at the mouth of the creek.

1936 H. S. L. Winterbotham Key to Maps iii. 28 On the ordnance maps and plans you will find..little triangles with dots inside... Each one represents a place fixed by careful instrumental measurement, and the sum total represents the skeleton..upon which all our maps depend... ‘Trig. Points’, represented by the triangles, control the map in plan, ‘Bench-marks’ in height.

1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xvi. 192 The representation of relief is by means of contours in brown at 25-ft. intervals, every fourth contour being strengthened, and by point elevations of three types—triangulation stations..and bench marks, both in black, and spot heights, mainly at the intersections of the land-survey lines.

2012 E. Bergslien Introd. Forensic Geoscience x. 388 The actual search would usually begin with securing the search area and the establishment of a search grid, search lines, and referenced benchmarks.

a. In extended use. A point of reference, esp. one from which measurements may be made; something that serves as a standard by which other similar things may be measured or evaluated; spec. a standardized problem or test used for evaluation or comparison.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > [noun] > standard of comparison

watermark1660

point of reference1772

base1833

reference point1849

benchmark1884

profile1914

marker1979

the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > criterion

rulec1384

meteyard?1531

touchstone?1531

plumb line1551

plummet1553

metewanda1568

touch1581

stone of touch1604

criterion1622

scale1626

criteriuma1631

measure1641

judge1642

criterie1660

foot-rule1662

mark1765

point of reference1772

metera1825

reference point1849

yardstick1869

benchmark1884

1884 Science 4 202/1 These star-places..are the reference-points and bench-marks of the universe.

1929 P. F. Brissenden Earnings of Factory Workers, 1899 to 1927 xvi. 329 The desired bench mark might be constructed from the Census Bureau's statistics on numbers of wage earners unemployed.

1957 R. K. Merton Student-physician iii. 195 Standards represent ‘benchmarks’ with which students compare their ability and performance.

1970 A. Mehta Econ. Planning for India i. 23 The last 50 years also provide an important bench-mark in the chronicle of social change.

1986 J. Cox Spirit of Gardening 70 A huckleberry pie that to this day remains the benchmark against which all subsequent pies are measured.

2006 Jrnl. Business 79 367 The inclusion of the United Kingdom in the sample acts as a useful benchmark in helping us interpret the deeper cause of our results.

b. Computing. A test designed to evaluate or compare the performance of hardware or software; a piece of software, a data set, etc., designed or used for this purpose.

ΚΠ

1961 H. A. Simon in Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf. 1960 115/2 The more systematic, arithmetic programs provide benchmarks against which the progress in developing heuristics can be measured.

1990 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. 8 vi. 58/3 In our database benchmarks, which measure both disk and RAM performance, the 20-MHz PCBRAND came in between 38 and 50 percent faster than its SX sibling.

2000 Network World (Nexis) 31 Jan. 36 NLANR's Web Polygraph tool is a widely accepted benchmark for testing cache products.

2015 Digit 9 Oct. We thought we'd run some benchmarks on the smartphone, update it to Android 6.0 and run the same benchmarks again to see if there is any difference.

B. adj.

1. Serving or used as a point of reference or comparison; serving as a standard by which other similar things may be measured or evaluated.

ΚΠ

1929 P. F. Brissenden Earnings of Factory Workers, 1899 to 1927 xvi. 328 The benchmark values could be multiplied by the higher or lower employment ratios.

1945 Peacetime Adjustments in Farming (Dept. of Agriculture) 45/2 In the States east of the Great Plains, the estimated benchmark carrying capacity for an average acre of open permanent pasture is 31 percent above 1943.

1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 27 Nov. 1/5 A benchmark decision would avert some strikes or shorten others, he argued.

1976 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 8/1 This is a benchmark case in Citizens v Developers.

1990 Financial Post (Canada) 31 Oct. 234 The benchmark 30-year U.S. treasury bond closed yesterday at US$99-7/32 to yield 8.82%.

1998 Today's Golfer Sept. 152/2 Even set against the low-life standards established by him in recent years this was a benchmark evening.

2014 N.Y. Times 18 Dec. (Late ed.) b4/4 A high-risk mortgage tranche, whose interest rate moves in the opposite direction of benchmark rates.

2. Chiefly Computing. Of a test, program, etc.: designed or used to establish a point of comparison for the performance or effectiveness of something, esp. computer hardware or software.

ΚΠ

1959 C. G. Baumes Management's Role in Electronic Data Processing 34/2 These tests, which are known as ‘benchmark problems’, attempt to simulate the actual conditions and applications that will confront the equipment.

1971 G. Fowler Managem. Decisions in Computer Equipm. Select. App. II. vii. 164 The operation components of the system on which these benchmark programs are executed must be identical to those in the vendor's proposal.

1991 AIAA Jrnl. 29 2013/1 The welded beam structure is a practical design problem that is often used as a bench-mark problem in testing different optimization techniques.

2013 Manufacturing Close-up 31 July The benchmark tests took place in Microsoft's Platform Adoption Center.

Compounds

benchmark crude n. a grade of (usually light) crude oil, the price of which is fixed by agreement between oil producers and used as a guideline for the setting of other oil prices; = marker crude n. at marker n. Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral oil > [noun]

petroleum1526

oil of petre1528

petrol1540

oil of saltpetre1685

earth-oil1732

white oil1763

mineral oil1771

coal oil1784

petroleum oil1799

crude oil1865

petroleum spirit1868

petroleum coke1881

crude1904

black gold1910

marker crude1974

benchmark crude1975

1974 Times Herald Rec. (Middletown, N.Y.) 14 Nov. 6/1 The net effect..is an increase in the weighted average cost of the benchmark Arabian light crude to $10.36 a barrel.]

1975 N.Y. Times 4 Feb. 54/2 The government ‘take’ from each barrel is based on $10.12 for Saudi Arabia light, the ‘marker’ or benchmark crude for the OPEC price structure.

1993 Wall Street Jrnl. 4 Nov. c16/3 Several major U.S. refiners increased their..prices..for West Texas Intermediate, the U.S. benchmark crude, by 50 cents a barrel.

2008 T. James Energy Markets iv. 92 Successful benchmark crude must be representative of the crude oil in the market.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

benchmarkv.

Brit.

/ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/, U.S.

/ˈbɛn(t)ʃˌmɑrk/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: benchmark n.

Etymology: < benchmark n.

transitive. To evaluate or check (something) by comparison with an established standard; to measure against a comparable or equivalent point of reference, esp. in order to assess performance or set performance standards. Frequently with against or to. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)] > balance against

counterweighc1430

weigha1535

proportion1591

counterbalance1603

scalea1616

appoisea1670

counterpoise1685

tally1702

commeasure1849

benchmark1963

1963 E. B. Jones in Rev. Econ. & Statistics 45 380/2 An annual series of scheduled hours per day in manufacturing which was benchmarked to data from the Census of Manufactures.

1974 Managem. Sci. 20 815 The problem of adequately ‘benchmarking’ even the most thoroughly debugged codes arises, of course, in a variety of applications of computers to mathematical and scientific problems.

1981 ABA Banking Jrnl. Dec. 110/3 Only the final two or three packages being considered should be benchmarked.

1994 Observer 13 Feb. 8/8 You have to understand the drivers of performance before you can benchmark effectively.

2000 Freight Jan. 25/2 The fleet maintenance audit is designed to..benchmark fleet performance against sector and national averages.

2008 W. L. Megginson & S. B. Smart Introd. Corporate Finance 1 Companies can use the information from financial statements..to benchmark their results against those achieved by other firms.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	benchmark
释义	benchmarkn.adj. Brit. /ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/, U.S. /ˈbɛn(t)ʃˌmɑrk/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: bench n., mark n.¹ Etymology: < bench n. + mark n.¹ A. n. 1. A fixed point (esp. a cut or mark in a wall, building, etc.), used by a surveyor as a reference in measuring elevations.Typically, such a mark takes the form of a horizontal groove cut in a surface, into which the upper surface of an angle iron would once have been inserted, forming a level surface or ‘bench’ to support a levelling staff. In the UK, such marks, created by surveyors from the Ordnance Survey, are usually highlighted by a broad three-lined arrow cut immediately below the groove.The term is also applied to other types of marker that indicate a point of known elevation, such as plaques, rods, and pegs. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > earth sciences > geography > map-making > surveying > [noun] > surveyor's marks corner1699 benchmark1826 turning-point1891 1826 Message from President: Rep. Proposed Chesapeake & Ohio Canal 10 in U.S. Congress. Serial Set (19th Congr., 2nd Sess.: House of Representatives Executive Doc. 10) II Profile of the proposed Canal Line on the East side of the Youghagany, from bench mark, at Deep Creek, to Smithfield. 1842 G. W. Francis Dict. Arts Bench marks, in surveying, fixed points left on a line of survey for reference at a future time, consisting of cuts in trees, pegs driven into the ground, etc. 1883 G. J. Symons Brit. Rainfall 134 A series of levels has been taken from the gauge to an Ordnance bench mark. 1907 M. R. Hall Surface Water Supply of Southern Atlantic & Eastern Gulf States 94 The bench mark is a nail driven into the water side of an ash tree on the right bank at the mouth of the creek. 1936 H. S. L. Winterbotham Key to Maps iii. 28 On the ordnance maps and plans you will find..little triangles with dots inside... Each one represents a place fixed by careful instrumental measurement, and the sum total represents the skeleton..upon which all our maps depend... ‘Trig. Points’, represented by the triangles, control the map in plan, ‘Bench-marks’ in height. 1952 G. H. Dury Map Interpr. xvi. 192 The representation of relief is by means of contours in brown at 25-ft. intervals, every fourth contour being strengthened, and by point elevations of three types—triangulation stations..and bench marks, both in black, and spot heights, mainly at the intersections of the land-survey lines. 2012 E. Bergslien Introd. Forensic Geoscience x. 388 The actual search would usually begin with securing the search area and the establishment of a search grid, search lines, and referenced benchmarks. 2. a. In extended use. A point of reference, esp. one from which measurements may be made; something that serves as a standard by which other similar things may be measured or evaluated; spec. a standardized problem or test used for evaluation or comparison. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > [noun] > standard of comparison watermark1660 point of reference1772 base1833 reference point1849 benchmark1884 profile1914 marker1979 the world > action or operation > endeavour > trial or experiment > trial, test, or testing > [noun] > criterion rulec1384 meteyard?1531 touchstone?1531 plumb line1551 plummet1553 metewanda1568 touch1581 stone of touch1604 criterion1622 scale1626 criteriuma1631 measure1641 judge1642 criterie1660 foot-rule1662 mark1765 point of reference1772 metera1825 reference point1849 yardstick1869 benchmark1884 1884 Science 4 202/1 These star-places..are the reference-points and bench-marks of the universe. 1929 P. F. Brissenden Earnings of Factory Workers, 1899 to 1927 xvi. 329 The desired bench mark might be constructed from the Census Bureau's statistics on numbers of wage earners unemployed. 1957 R. K. Merton Student-physician iii. 195 Standards represent ‘benchmarks’ with which students compare their ability and performance. 1970 A. Mehta Econ. Planning for India i. 23 The last 50 years also provide an important bench-mark in the chronicle of social change. 1986 J. Cox Spirit of Gardening 70 A huckleberry pie that to this day remains the benchmark against which all subsequent pies are measured. 2006 Jrnl. Business 79 367 The inclusion of the United Kingdom in the sample acts as a useful benchmark in helping us interpret the deeper cause of our results. b. Computing. A test designed to evaluate or compare the performance of hardware or software; a piece of software, a data set, etc., designed or used for this purpose. ΚΠ 1961 H. A. Simon in Proc. Western Joint Computer Conf. 1960 115/2 The more systematic, arithmetic programs provide benchmarks against which the progress in developing heuristics can be measured. 1990 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. 8 vi. 58/3 In our database benchmarks, which measure both disk and RAM performance, the 20-MHz PCBRAND came in between 38 and 50 percent faster than its SX sibling. 2000 Network World (Nexis) 31 Jan. 36 NLANR's Web Polygraph tool is a widely accepted benchmark for testing cache products. 2015 Digit 9 Oct. We thought we'd run some benchmarks on the smartphone, update it to Android 6.0 and run the same benchmarks again to see if there is any difference. B. adj. 1. Serving or used as a point of reference or comparison; serving as a standard by which other similar things may be measured or evaluated. ΚΠ 1929 P. F. Brissenden Earnings of Factory Workers, 1899 to 1927 xvi. 328 The benchmark values could be multiplied by the higher or lower employment ratios. 1945 Peacetime Adjustments in Farming (Dept. of Agriculture) 45/2 In the States east of the Great Plains, the estimated benchmark carrying capacity for an average acre of open permanent pasture is 31 percent above 1943. 1975 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 27 Nov. 1/5 A benchmark decision would avert some strikes or shorten others, he argued. 1976 Globe & Mail (Toronto) 3 Feb. 8/1 This is a benchmark case in Citizens v Developers. 1990 Financial Post (Canada) 31 Oct. 234 The benchmark 30-year U.S. treasury bond closed yesterday at US$99-7/32 to yield 8.82%. 1998 Today's Golfer Sept. 152/2 Even set against the low-life standards established by him in recent years this was a benchmark evening. 2014 N.Y. Times 18 Dec. (Late ed.) b4/4 A high-risk mortgage tranche, whose interest rate moves in the opposite direction of benchmark rates. 2. Chiefly Computing. Of a test, program, etc.: designed or used to establish a point of comparison for the performance or effectiveness of something, esp. computer hardware or software. ΚΠ 1959 C. G. Baumes Management's Role in Electronic Data Processing 34/2 These tests, which are known as ‘benchmark problems’, attempt to simulate the actual conditions and applications that will confront the equipment. 1971 G. Fowler Managem. Decisions in Computer Equipm. Select. App. II. vii. 164 The operation components of the system on which these benchmark programs are executed must be identical to those in the vendor's proposal. 1991 AIAA Jrnl. 29 2013/1 The welded beam structure is a practical design problem that is often used as a bench-mark problem in testing different optimization techniques. 2013 Manufacturing Close-up 31 July The benchmark tests took place in Microsoft's Platform Adoption Center. Compounds benchmark crude n. a grade of (usually light) crude oil, the price of which is fixed by agreement between oil producers and used as a guideline for the setting of other oil prices; = marker crude n. at marker n. Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > mineral material > mineral oil > [noun] petroleum1526 oil of petre1528 petrol1540 oil of saltpetre1685 earth-oil1732 white oil1763 mineral oil1771 coal oil1784 petroleum oil1799 crude oil1865 petroleum spirit1868 petroleum coke1881 crude1904 black gold1910 marker crude1974 benchmark crude1975 1974 Times Herald Rec. (Middletown, N.Y.) 14 Nov. 6/1 The net effect..is an increase in the weighted average cost of the benchmark Arabian light crude to $10.36 a barrel.] 1975 N.Y. Times 4 Feb. 54/2 The government ‘take’ from each barrel is based on $10.12 for Saudi Arabia light, the ‘marker’ or benchmark crude for the OPEC price structure. 1993 Wall Street Jrnl. 4 Nov. c16/3 Several major U.S. refiners increased their..prices..for West Texas Intermediate, the U.S. benchmark crude, by 50 cents a barrel. 2008 T. James Energy Markets iv. 92 Successful benchmark crude must be representative of the crude oil in the market. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). benchmarkv. Brit. /ˈbɛn(t)ʃmɑːk/, U.S. /ˈbɛn(t)ʃˌmɑrk/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: benchmark n. Etymology: < benchmark n. transitive. To evaluate or check (something) by comparison with an established standard; to measure against a comparable or equivalent point of reference, esp. in order to assess performance or set performance standards. Frequently with against or to. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)] > balance against counterweighc1430 weigha1535 proportion1591 counterbalance1603 scalea1616 appoisea1670 counterpoise1685 tally1702 commeasure1849 benchmark1963 1963 E. B. Jones in Rev. Econ. & Statistics 45 380/2 An annual series of scheduled hours per day in manufacturing which was benchmarked to data from the Census of Manufactures. 1974 Managem. Sci. 20 815 The problem of adequately ‘benchmarking’ even the most thoroughly debugged codes arises, of course, in a variety of applications of computers to mathematical and scientific problems. 1981 ABA Banking Jrnl. Dec. 110/3 Only the final two or three packages being considered should be benchmarked. 1994 Observer 13 Feb. 8/8 You have to understand the drivers of performance before you can benchmark effectively. 2000 Freight Jan. 25/2 The fleet maintenance audit is designed to..benchmark fleet performance against sector and national averages. 2008 W. L. Megginson & S. B. Smart Introd. Corporate Finance 1 Companies can use the information from financial statements..to benchmark their results against those achieved by other firms. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.adj.1826v.1963
随便看	ruskinianly ruskinish ruskinism ruskinist ruskinite ruskinize ruskiny rusks rusma rusmas rusnak ruspicer russ russ-ridden russel russel black russel cloth russel satin russel silk russel worsted russelet pear russelet-coloured russeletcoloured russell russell body