preservativeadj.n.

Brit.

/prᵻˈzəːvətɪv/, U.S.

/prəˈzərvədɪv/,

/priˈzərvədɪv/

Forms: Middle English presarvatyffe, Middle English preseratyffe (transmission error), Middle English preseruatif, Middle English preseruatiff, Middle English preseruatiffe, Middle English preseruatyf, Middle English preseruatyffe, Middle English–1500s preseruatife, Middle English–1500s preseruative, Middle English–1500s preseruatyfe, Middle English–1500s preseruatyue, Middle English–1500s preservatyve, Middle English–1600s preseruatiue, 1500s praeservative, 1500s preservatyfe, 1600s presaruatife, 1600s– preservative; Scottish pre-1700 praeseruatife, pre-1700 preseruatife, pre-1700 preseruatiue, pre-1700 preseruative, 1700s– preservative. N.E.D.(1908) also records forms of the ending 1500s -if, 1500s -iffe.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French préservatif; Latin preservativus, preservativum.

Etymology: < Middle French, French préservatif that preserves, protects (1314; also as noun (1539 in sense ‘medicine that gives protection from disease’; 1567 in figurative use)) and its etymon post-classical Latin preservativus that preserves, protects (from 1239 in British sources), also preservativum (noun) medicine that gives protection from disease (from a1350 in British sources) < praeservat- , past participial stem of praeservare preserve v. + classical Latin -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Old Occitan, Occitan preservatiu (c1350), Catalan preservatiu (1460), Spanish preservativo (a1400), Portuguese preservativo (1600), Italian preservativo (a1342 as adjective).

A. adj.

Originally: †that gives protection from disease or infection, prophylactic (obsolete). In later use: having the quality of preserving; tending to preserve; protective.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [adjective]

preservativea1398

reservative1496

preserving1579

preservatory1649

protective1793

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 103 He techith to vse certeyne meticines preseruatiues of sekenesse, lest he þat is heled..falle into worse sekenesse.

c1430 J. Lydgate Against Idleness in Select. Minor Poems (1840) 91 Demyng theyr odour..Was to his courage most preservatyve.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 334 b/1 The medecyne preseruatyf is that whiche preserueth fro fallyng.

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. xli. 501 Treacles and Mithridates, and suche lyke preseruatiue medicines.

1644 P. Hunton Vindic. Treat. Monarchy ix. 69 This is the Doctors preservative Doctrine.

1699 Ld. Shaftesbury Inq. conc. Virtue i. iii. 78 Virtuous and preservative of virtue.

?1710 T. Yworth Vertue, Use, & Doses Certain Med. 9 Aqua ruba is a preservative medicine, and is of great use against the Plague, and Contagious Distempers.

1739 H. Baker & J. Miller tr. Molière Hypochondriack i. i, in Molière Wks. X. 218 Item, a Cordial preservative Potion, compos'd of twelve Grains of Bezoar, Syrup of Limons, Pomegranates, &c.

1827 J. Barrington Personal Sketches Own Times I. 12 A bad example may sometimes be more preservative against error than a good one.

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 929 A preservative injection for anatomical purposes.

1947 N.Y. Times 26 Jan. E. 6/5 The moth ball fleet consists of United States warships now undergoing preservative treatment which will enable them to be put back in use rapidly if needed.

1993 Life May 74/3 The natural enzyme, allyl senevol, has a preservative effect that prevents mustard from spoiling.

B. n.

†a. A medicine or other agent that gives protection from disease or infection. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > prophylactic medicine > [noun]

preservativec1425

preservationc1475

prophylactic?1541

preserve1554

preservatory1654

preventive1666

preventative1699

phylactic1711

toxoid1900

c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 3287 (MED) Ageyn þe foule fvme Þat wolde a man vn-to þe deth consvme, Þe ymage was a preseruatif, Hym to defende and to saue his life.

?c1430 J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Huntington) 430 I vn-to phesike Sette my witte..To fynde oute a-ȝens pestilence Preseruatifes [v.r. Preseruatives] to staunche hit & to fyne.

c1500 (a1449) J. Lydgate Isopes Fabules (Trin. Cambr.) 510 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 584 (MED) Preseruatyf made for pestylence.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxvj^v Whiche place was..purged daily with fyers and other preseruatiues.

1603 (title) Present remedies against plague. Shewing sundrye preseruatiues for the same, by wholsome fumes, drinkes, vomits and other inward receits.

1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 5063 To swallow a Vipers head was a most certain Preservative and Remedy against the biting of a Viper.

1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 43 The Plague defied all Medicince; the very Physicians were seized with it, with their Preservatives in their Mouths.

1779 S. Johnson Let. 17 June (1992) III. 172 I am glad that you have Heberden, and hope his restoratives and his preservatives will both be effectual.

b. A safeguard against or from a specified danger or undesirable event or thing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > that which preserves from injury or destruction

preserverc1487

preservativea1500

servatory1613

a1500 (c1435) J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Lansd.) (1931) 312 (MED) A-geyns deth is founde no preseruatiff.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. LLiiii^v Preseruatyues against enuy and wrothe.

a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. ix. sig. B.vii Tribulacion is double medicine, bothe a cure of the synne passed, and a preseruatiue fro the synne y^t is to come.

1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 3 The Scripture..is..a Physicions-shop..of preseruatiues against poisoned heresies.

1670 I. Walton Life G. Herbert 28 in Lives Strong preservatives against all disquiet.

1703 W. Burkitt Expos. Notes New Test. Rom. xi. 21 The best Preservative from falling is Humility, and holy Fear.

1775 J. Adair Hist. Amer. Indians 175 (note) An infallible preservative against the legions of evil spirits.

1782 F. Burney Cecilia II. iv. ix. 244 An error that may have been my preservative from danger?

1874 L. Stephen Hours in Libr. 1st Ser. 295 A delicate sense of humour, which is the best preservative against all extravagance.

1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 339/2 Amulets, things worn as a remedy or preservative against evils or mischief.

1950 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 28 July 13/1 (advt.) Cuprinol, the proven preservative against decay.

1999 H. Overbeek in R. English & M. Kenny Rethinking Brit. Decline xiv. 244 The need to raise the standard of living in Europe..as a preservative against communist contagion.

2. A thing which preserves or tends to preserve from decay, loss, or destruction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation from decay, loss, or destruction > one who or that which preserves from decay, etc. > that which preserves from decay, loss, etc.

conservea1393

conservativea1398

preservative?a1439

conservator?1440

preservationc1475

preserve1554

conservatory1563

conservice1607

conservatorship1645

preservatory1654

balsam1658

amber1785

embalmer1838

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. 2275 (MED) Watry fissheris abood euer in his siht, Ther kootis poudrid with scales..Dempte ther odour..Was to his corage best preseruatiff.

?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.i Lete wysedome than be to the comfortyfe That to thy brayn is best preseruatyfe.

1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. B.v Good dyet: y^e preseruatyue of helthe.

1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. v. 79 Two preseruatiues and defences of vnitie and loue.

1629 Z. Boyd Balme of Gilead ii. 203 Againe seeing the word is so powerfull a meane for to recover the health that is lost, it must also bee a most powerfull preservative of health.

1683 Britanniæ Speculum 68 The main Preservatives of Peace are the Durability and Order of the Government.

1730 T. Cibber Lover ii. 17 Such wholesome Hours are a better Preservative of Health, and Complexion, than the fashionable irregular ones.

1759 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments i. §ii. iii. 40 Society and conversation..are..the best preservatives of that equal and happy temper, which is so necessary to self-satisfaction and enjoyment.

1808 M. T. Kemble Day after Wedding 22 This preservative of happiness.

1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic i. 24 But Words are not only signs and preservatives, they are also substitutes, for Thoughts.

a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) iv. ii. 309 This social quarantine..has been the preservative of others.

1939 C. W. Smith Public Opinion in Democracy xxiii. 533 The question of what kind of education will best serve as a preservative of the democratic way of life is a very important one.

1993 S. N. Zwicker Lines of Authority i. 35 Drink acts as a leveler of social barriers and as a preservative of social and political values.

3. spec. A substance (now esp. a synthetic one) used to preserve perishable foodstuffs, wood, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > other manufactured or derived materials > [noun] > preservative

preservative?a1439

preservative1898

a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. 5744 (MED) Mirra..Out off which..Distillith a gomme, a gret preseruatiff..To keepe bodies from putrefaccioun.

1666 H. Oldenburg Let. 13 Mar. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) III. 109 Me thinks, this should excite the Curious and knowing men in England to devise such a preservative of timber.

1791 J. Bell Inq. Causes which produce, & Means of preventing Dis. among Brit. Officers ii. 40 Common sea salt is a very indifferent preservative of meat.

1869 Times 7 June 11/5 Creosote..was at one time much employed as a preservative of timber.

1898 Westm. Gaz. 23 Feb. 3/2 A question of great difficulty to the public analyst is the introduction of preservatives into articles of food.

1929 L. E. H. Whitby Nurses' Handbk. Hygiene (ed. 2) vi. 124 Refrigeration during hot weather is almost a necessity since the introduction of the law forbidding the addition of the majority of chemical preservatives to foodstuffs.

1976 J. Yudkin This Nutrition Business xix. 195 There is also a wider range of preservatives that are used, and these include sulphur dioxide and benzoic acid for fruits or fruit juices and BHT to prevent rancidity in fats.

1991 Do It Yourself Feb. 51/1 Two coats of wood preservative will renew the appearance of faded timber and give protection against rot and woodworm.

2005 Daily Mail (Nexis) 24 Oct. 50 Worried about all the E-numbers and preservatives in pre-packaged meals?

4. Photography. A solution used for making a photographic image permanent; a fixing solution. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > chemicals > [noun] > fixing agent

fixing1853

hypo1855

preservative1862

fixing-bath1868

1862 Sci. Amer. 20 Dec. 389/1 Wash off all the free nitrate of silver, and pour over the film a preservative composed of 25 grains of gum arabic dissolved in an ounce of water.

1878 W. de W. Abney Treat. Photogr. (1881) 94 The preservative is usually applied by floating it on the surface of the film for about a minute.

1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 288 The processes at that time known as ‘dry’ were those where the collodion employed had received an application of so-called preservative.

1930 Science 8 Aug. (Suppl.) p. xi/1 Color values were the same on films and plates, whereas photographers say they are usually..reversed on films..tentatively explained as due to interactions between the gas and the film preservative.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	preservative
释义	preservativeadj.n. Brit. /prᵻˈzəːvətɪv/, U.S. /prəˈzərvədɪv/, /priˈzərvədɪv/ Forms: Middle English presarvatyffe, Middle English preseratyffe (transmission error), Middle English preseruatif, Middle English preseruatiff, Middle English preseruatiffe, Middle English preseruatyf, Middle English preseruatyffe, Middle English–1500s preseruatife, Middle English–1500s preseruative, Middle English–1500s preseruatyfe, Middle English–1500s preseruatyue, Middle English–1500s preservatyve, Middle English–1600s preseruatiue, 1500s praeservative, 1500s preservatyfe, 1600s presaruatife, 1600s– preservative; Scottish pre-1700 praeseruatife, pre-1700 preseruatife, pre-1700 preseruatiue, pre-1700 preseruative, 1700s– preservative. N.E.D.(1908) also records forms of the ending 1500s -if, 1500s -iffe. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French préservatif; Latin preservativus, preservativum. Etymology: < Middle French, French préservatif that preserves, protects (1314; also as noun (1539 in sense ‘medicine that gives protection from disease’; 1567 in figurative use)) and its etymon post-classical Latin preservativus that preserves, protects (from 1239 in British sources), also preservativum (noun) medicine that gives protection from disease (from a1350 in British sources) < praeservat- , past participial stem of praeservare preserve v. + classical Latin -īvus -ive suffix. Compare Old Occitan, Occitan preservatiu (c1350), Catalan preservatiu (1460), Spanish preservativo (a1400), Portuguese preservativo (1600), Italian preservativo (a1342 as adjective). A. adj. Originally: †that gives protection from disease or infection, prophylactic (obsolete). In later use: having the quality of preserving; tending to preserve; protective. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [adjective] preservativea1398 reservative1496 preserving1579 preservatory1649 protective1793 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 103 He techith to vse certeyne meticines preseruatiues of sekenesse, lest he þat is heled..falle into worse sekenesse. c1430 J. Lydgate Against Idleness in Select. Minor Poems (1840) 91 Demyng theyr odour..Was to his courage most preservatyve. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 334 b/1 The medecyne preseruatyf is that whiche preserueth fro fallyng. 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iv. xli. 501 Treacles and Mithridates, and suche lyke preseruatiue medicines. 1644 P. Hunton Vindic. Treat. Monarchy ix. 69 This is the Doctors preservative Doctrine. 1699 Ld. Shaftesbury Inq. conc. Virtue i. iii. 78 Virtuous and preservative of virtue. ?1710 T. Yworth Vertue, Use, & Doses Certain Med. 9 Aqua ruba is a preservative medicine, and is of great use against the Plague, and Contagious Distempers. 1739 H. Baker & J. Miller tr. Molière Hypochondriack i. i, in Molière Wks. X. 218 Item, a Cordial preservative Potion, compos'd of twelve Grains of Bezoar, Syrup of Limons, Pomegranates, &c. 1827 J. Barrington Personal Sketches Own Times I. 12 A bad example may sometimes be more preservative against error than a good one. 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 929 A preservative injection for anatomical purposes. 1947 N.Y. Times 26 Jan. E. 6/5 The moth ball fleet consists of United States warships now undergoing preservative treatment which will enable them to be put back in use rapidly if needed. 1993 Life May 74/3 The natural enzyme, allyl senevol, has a preservative effect that prevents mustard from spoiling. B. n. 1. †a. A medicine or other agent that gives protection from disease or infection. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > prophylactic medicine > [noun] preservativec1425 preservationc1475 prophylactic?1541 preserve1554 preservatory1654 preventive1666 preventative1699 phylactic1711 toxoid1900 c1425 J. Lydgate Troyyes Bk. (Augustus A.iv) i. 3287 (MED) Ageyn þe foule fvme Þat wolde a man vn-to þe deth consvme, Þe ymage was a preseruatif, Hym to defende and to saue his life. ?c1430 J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Huntington) 430 I vn-to phesike Sette my witte..To fynde oute a-ȝens pestilence Preseruatifes [v.r. Preseruatives] to staunche hit & to fyne. c1500 (a1449) J. Lydgate Isopes Fabules (Trin. Cambr.) 510 in Minor Poems (1934) ii. 584 (MED) Preseruatyf made for pestylence. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxvj^v Whiche place was..purged daily with fyers and other preseruatiues. 1603 (title) Present remedies against plague. Shewing sundrye preseruatiues for the same, by wholsome fumes, drinkes, vomits and other inward receits. 1672 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 7 5063 To swallow a Vipers head was a most certain Preservative and Remedy against the biting of a Viper. 1722 D. Defoe Jrnl. Plague Year 43 The Plague defied all Medicince; the very Physicians were seized with it, with their Preservatives in their Mouths. 1779 S. Johnson Let. 17 June (1992) III. 172 I am glad that you have Heberden, and hope his restoratives and his preservatives will both be effectual. b. A safeguard against or from a specified danger or undesirable event or thing. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > that which preserves from injury or destruction preserverc1487 preservativea1500 servatory1613 a1500 (c1435) J. Lydgate Daunce Machabree (Lansd.) (1931) 312 (MED) A-geyns deth is founde no preseruatiff. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. LLiiii^v Preseruatyues against enuy and wrothe. a1535 T. More Dialoge of Comfort (1553) i. ix. sig. B.vii Tribulacion is double medicine, bothe a cure of the synne passed, and a preseruatiue fro the synne y^t is to come. 1611 M. Smith in Bible (King James) Transl. Pref. 3 The Scripture..is..a Physicions-shop..of preseruatiues against poisoned heresies. 1670 I. Walton Life G. Herbert 28 in Lives Strong preservatives against all disquiet. 1703 W. Burkitt Expos. Notes New Test. Rom. xi. 21 The best Preservative from falling is Humility, and holy Fear. 1775 J. Adair Hist. Amer. Indians 175 (note) An infallible preservative against the legions of evil spirits. 1782 F. Burney Cecilia II. iv. ix. 244 An error that may have been my preservative from danger? 1874 L. Stephen Hours in Libr. 1st Ser. 295 A delicate sense of humour, which is the best preservative against all extravagance. 1912 Catholic Encycl. XIV. 339/2 Amulets, things worn as a remedy or preservative against evils or mischief. 1950 Berkshire Evening Eagle (Pittsfield, Mass.) 28 July 13/1 (advt.) Cuprinol, the proven preservative against decay. 1999 H. Overbeek in R. English & M. Kenny Rethinking Brit. Decline xiv. 244 The need to raise the standard of living in Europe..as a preservative against communist contagion. 2. A thing which preserves or tends to preserve from decay, loss, or destruction. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation from decay, loss, or destruction > one who or that which preserves from decay, etc. > that which preserves from decay, loss, etc. conservea1393 conservativea1398 preservative?a1439 conservator?1440 preservationc1475 preserve1554 conservatory1563 conservice1607 conservatorship1645 preservatory1654 balsam1658 amber1785 embalmer1838 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) ii. 2275 (MED) Watry fissheris abood euer in his siht, Ther kootis poudrid with scales..Dempte ther odour..Was to his corage best preseruatiff. ?1504 S. Hawes Example of Vertu sig. cc.i Lete wysedome than be to the comfortyfe That to thy brayn is best preseruatyfe. 1520 R. Whittington Uulgaria sig. B.v Good dyet: y^e preseruatyue of helthe. 1585 Abp. E. Sandys Serm. v. 79 Two preseruatiues and defences of vnitie and loue. 1629 Z. Boyd Balme of Gilead ii. 203 Againe seeing the word is so powerfull a meane for to recover the health that is lost, it must also bee a most powerfull preservative of health. 1683 Britanniæ Speculum 68 The main Preservatives of Peace are the Durability and Order of the Government. 1730 T. Cibber Lover ii. 17 Such wholesome Hours are a better Preservative of Health, and Complexion, than the fashionable irregular ones. 1759 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments i. §ii. iii. 40 Society and conversation..are..the best preservatives of that equal and happy temper, which is so necessary to self-satisfaction and enjoyment. 1808 M. T. Kemble Day after Wedding 22 This preservative of happiness. 1864 F. C. Bowen Treat. Logic i. 24 But Words are not only signs and preservatives, they are also substitutes, for Thoughts. a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) iv. ii. 309 This social quarantine..has been the preservative of others. 1939 C. W. Smith Public Opinion in Democracy xxiii. 533 The question of what kind of education will best serve as a preservative of the democratic way of life is a very important one. 1993 S. N. Zwicker Lines of Authority i. 35 Drink acts as a leveler of social barriers and as a preservative of social and political values. 3. spec. A substance (now esp. a synthetic one) used to preserve perishable foodstuffs, wood, etc. ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > other manufactured or derived materials > [noun] > preservative preservative?a1439 the world > action or operation > safety > protection or defence > preservation from injury or destruction > [noun] > preservation from decay, loss, or destruction > one who or that which preserves from decay, etc. > specifically a chemical preparation preservative1898 a1439 J. Lydgate Fall of Princes (Bodl. 263) i. 5744 (MED) Mirra..Out off which..Distillith a gomme, a gret preseruatiff..To keepe bodies from putrefaccioun. 1666 H. Oldenburg Let. 13 Mar. in R. Boyle Corr. (2001) III. 109 Me thinks, this should excite the Curious and knowing men in England to devise such a preservative of timber. 1791 J. Bell Inq. Causes which produce, & Means of preventing Dis. among Brit. Officers ii. 40 Common sea salt is a very indifferent preservative of meat. 1869 Times 7 June 11/5 Creosote..was at one time much employed as a preservative of timber. 1898 Westm. Gaz. 23 Feb. 3/2 A question of great difficulty to the public analyst is the introduction of preservatives into articles of food. 1929 L. E. H. Whitby Nurses' Handbk. Hygiene (ed. 2) vi. 124 Refrigeration during hot weather is almost a necessity since the introduction of the law forbidding the addition of the majority of chemical preservatives to foodstuffs. 1976 J. Yudkin This Nutrition Business xix. 195 There is also a wider range of preservatives that are used, and these include sulphur dioxide and benzoic acid for fruits or fruit juices and BHT to prevent rancidity in fats. 1991 Do It Yourself Feb. 51/1 Two coats of wood preservative will renew the appearance of faded timber and give protection against rot and woodworm. 2005 Daily Mail (Nexis) 24 Oct. 50 Worried about all the E-numbers and preservatives in pre-packaged meals? 4. Photography. A solution used for making a photographic image permanent; a fixing solution. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > chemicals > [noun] > fixing agent fixing1853 hypo1855 preservative1862 fixing-bath1868 1862 Sci. Amer. 20 Dec. 389/1 Wash off all the free nitrate of silver, and pour over the film a preservative composed of 25 grains of gum arabic dissolved in an ounce of water. 1878 W. de W. Abney Treat. Photogr. (1881) 94 The preservative is usually applied by floating it on the surface of the film for about a minute. 1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 288 The processes at that time known as ‘dry’ were those where the collodion employed had received an application of so-called preservative. 1930 Science 8 Aug. (Suppl.) p. xi/1 Color values were the same on films and plates, whereas photographers say they are usually..reversed on films..tentatively explained as due to interactions between the gas and the film preservative. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.a1398
随便看	low-probability low-profile low-protein low-purposed low-quality low-quartered low-range low-rank low-ranked low-ranking low-rate low-rated low-reading low-rent low-rental low-rented low-res low-residue low-resolution low-riding low-rimmed low-rise low-rising low-risk low-rolling