pre-prefix

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: Middle English– pre-, 1500s– prae-.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin prae-, pre-.

Etymology: < classical Latin prae- (in post-classical Latin also pre-) before, use as (very common) prefix and combining form of prae , preposition and adverb, ultimately < the same Indo-European base as fore adv. and prep. Compare French pré-.Uses in Latin. In Latin prae- was prefixed adverbially to a great number of verbs, as prae-acuere to sharpen at the end, or to a point (see preacuate v.), prae-ambulāre to walk before (see preamble v.¹), praeclūdere to shut off, to obstruct, to prevent (see preclude v.), praecognōscere to get to know beforehand, to have foreknowledge of (see precognosce v.), praecurrere to run in front of, to precede (see precurrent adj.), prae-ēminēre to stand out prominently, to surpass, exceed, be superior to (see pre-eminent adj.), praeiūdicāre to judge beforehand, give a preliminary judgement, to form an opinion in advance, to be prejudicial to (see prejudicate v.), praemordēre to bite at the extremity, to bite from the end (see premorse adj.); also with verbal derivatives, as praecentor person who leads singing in a choir (see precentor n.), praecursor forerunner, advanced guard (see precursor n.), praedictio prediction n., praefātiō introductory statement, introductory formula, preface, prologue (see prefation n.). It occurs less often with adjectives and nouns, as praecānus very grey-haired or prematurely grey, praematūrus premature adj., praevius leading the way (see previous adj.), praeminister servant who prepares (late 2nd or early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), praemolestia anxiety, apprehension, praenōmen praenomen n. It is also very frequently prefixed as an intensive to adjectives, as praealtus high before or in comparison with others, pre-eminently high, praeclārus very bright, radiant, splendid, magnificent, excellent, outstanding (see preclare adj.), praepotens prepotent adj., praevalidus prevalid adj. In Latin prae- was rarely prefixed with prepositional force, as in praecordia (plural) parts of the body below the heart, (in medical writings) the lower chest in front of the heart, the region over the diaphragm, the upper abdomen below the ribs, the diaphragm (see praecordia n.), praerīpia places in front of or near the bank of a river, praemodum (adverb) to an excessive degree, exceedingly. Uses in English. Borrowings and adaptations of words either directly from Latin or via French are found from the Middle English period onwards (for early examples see e.g. pre-eminence n., prejudice n.). Formations within English are apparently first found late in the Middle English period (e.g. preterminable adj., predestiny n., pre-excellence n.), and are numerous from the 16th cent. onwards (e.g. prepetition n., preclose v., pre-ordinate adj.², etc.). The majority of words borrowed from or modelled on words in other languages are given as separate headwords, although a number of the formations given below may in fact be modelled on corresponding formations in classical Latin or post-classical Latin; e.g. with pre-allege vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preallegare to mention or allege before (c1239–1445 in British sources), with pre-assign vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin praeassignare to indicate in advance (a1406), with pre-assigned adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preassignatus (frequently from early 13th cent. in British sources), with preconfess vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preconfessus previously confessed (c1357 in a British source), with preconsume vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare classical Latin praeconsūmere to use up prematurely, with pre-counsel vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preconsiliari to deliberate beforehand (14th cent. in a British source), with pre-contemplation n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin praecontemplatio previous consideration (6th cent.), with predemonstrate vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin praedemonstrare (6th cent.; 15th cent. in a British source), with predescribed adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin predescriptus already described (12th cent., 1440 in British sources), with pre-erected adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preerigere to lift up beforehand (1344 in a British source), with pre-expectation n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin preexpectatio pre-expectation (1620 in a British source), with pre-inquisition n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin preinquisitus previously inquired into (1283 in a British source), with pre-intelligence n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin praeintelligentia pre-intelligence (4th cent.). Formations within English are found with words of a wide variety of different origins, rather than simply those ultimately of Latin origin; compare e.g. pre-embody , pre-plot , pre-sift , etc., and also frequent formations with proper names. New formations with intensive meaning (as pre-pious adj., pre-pleasing adj., pre-regular adj. at sense 1d) or with the sense ‘surpassing’ (as pre-Luciferian adj. at sense 1c, pregravitate v., or more recently pre-epic adj. at sense 1c) are very rare in English. The prepositional construction, in which pre- governs the second element, which was so rare in Latin, has in English received vast extension (as also in French), pre- being preferred to ante- as the opposite of post- in new formations, and often substituted for it, as in pre-Christian , prehistoric , pre-Darwinian , pre-reformation instead of ante-Christian , ante-historic , ante-Darwinian , ante-reformation . This preference for pre- may be partly due to its greater shortness and shared initial letter with post- , but it is probably largely in order to avoid confusion of ante- with anti- in the spoken language, as in ante-Christian beside antichristian , ante-Darwinian beside anti-Darwinian . In its prepositional sense, pre- may be combined with adjectives (and their derivative adverbs and nouns), and potentially also with a noun + adjectival ending, as pre-reformation-al . It may also be combined with nouns in order to form compound nouns directly, as precancer n., preclimax n., predelinquency n. at sense 2a(a)(vi), prehominid n. and adj., premenarche n., adv., and adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi), premyelocyte n., prepuberty n., etc. Compounds of this type are of relatively recent appearance. The earliest appears to be pre-Adamite n. in the mid 17th cent., which is in fact after a contemporary model in post-classical Latin (see discussion at that entry). Also in the 17th cent. compare prediluvian adj., and in the 18th cent. pre-beatific adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi), preantepenultimate n. Such formations become very common from the 19th cent. onwards. The use with nouns or proper names to form adjectives is apparently found earliest in the mid 19th cent. (compare prepublication adj., Pre-Raphael in quot. 1850 at sense 2a(b)(ii), pre-railroad adj., pre-Reformation adj., pre-revolution adj. at sense 2a(b)(i)). The resulting adjectives are sometimes used adverbially (compare pre prep.), e.g. pre-emergence adj. and adv. at sense 2a(b)(iii), pre-tax adv., pre-war adv. The prepositional use denoting position appears to have arisen in the second quarter of the 19th cent., among the earliest instances being preocular adj., predorsal adj., prepigmental adj. at sense 2b (compare also much earlier precordial adj.²). Spelling. The prefix was commonly written prę- or pre- in post-classical Latin, and has become pre- in the modern Romance languages. In English the prefix was sometimes written præ- after the revival of learning, but is now regularly pre- . The spelling prae- is now usual only in words that are not fully naturalized, as e.g. praecipe n., praecognitum n., praecordia n., praemunire n., or in terms relating to classical antiquity, as e.g. praetor n. There are also some 17th-cent. words that became obsolete before the pre- spelling became predominant, which are found only with the spelling prae- , as e.g. praelabour n. This spelling has also been deliberately used by some writers in words normally spelt with pre- ; see praecornu n. for a very rare example of a 19th-cent. formation which apparently only shows the spelling prae- . From the Middle English period onwards (as also in Latin and in French) words in pre- show very occasional spelling variants in per- or pro- , and vice versa. This is apparently sometimes the result of confusion with the prefixes per- prefix, pro- prefix¹, or pro- prefix² (sometimes prompted by the existence of words with similar or related meanings showing one of the other prefixes), but in other cases may show genuine variation in the form of the prefix (or perhaps simply scribal or typographical error). Pronunciation. In the majority of English formations in pre- there is secondary stress on the prefix, with a pronunciation /iː/ (as e.g. in preboil, pre-Greek, pretelegraph, etc.). In those borrowings in which the prefix forms part of a bound stem in English (i.e. the stem cannot easily be analysed within English as consisting of a prefix combined with a separate word) there is normally no secondary stress, although in some cases the stress may fall on the first syllable (with a variety of different realizations of the vowel, sometimes differing for particular items between British and U.S. English); compare e.g. ˈprecipice beside preˈcipitous, preˈfer beside ˈpreference, also e.g. ˈprecinct, ˈprevious. For more detailed information see under each headword. Use of Hyphen. Formations within English were formerly written most commonly with a hyphen, although (in line with general trends in the use of hyphens in English spelling) this is now becoming less common. The hyphen is most often retained before a second element beginning with e, as in pre-eminent, pre-engage, pre-exist, etc. (Very occasionally a diaeresis has been used for the same purpose, preëminent, etc.).

1. Combinations in which pre- is adverbial or adjectival, qualifying the verb, adjective, or noun to which it is prefixed.

a. Of time or order of succession.

(a) With verbs, or participial adjectives and verbal nouns derived from them, in sense ‘fore-, before, previously, in advance’.

(i)

† pre-acquit v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1711 T. Ken Hymnotheo i, in Wks. (1721) III. 23 All Sins are venial the Elect commit, Which God's Decrees Eternal pre-acquit.

pre-adjust v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdʒʌst/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdʒəst/

ΚΠ

1686 S. Pepys Mem. Royal Navy (1690) 33 400000l. per Annum..in a known and effectual Order of Payments, to be pre-adjusted with the Persons, who..shall be intrusted by your Majesty.

1880 J. H. Burton Hist. Reign Queen Anne I. v. 173 The punishment preadjusted by the Deity.

2001 Jrnl. of Money, Credit, & Banking 33 782 There is no need to pre-adjust the individual series..before applying the NH test.

pre-adjusted adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdʒʌstᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdʒəstəd/

ΚΠ

1855 A. Potter Lect. Evid. Christianity Introd. 137 Tyrant after tyrant..would have to be ranked..as missionaries of the Most High—preadjusted parts in nature's universal plan.

1993 Brit. Jrnl. Orthodontics 20 53/2 Many younger orthodontists tend to manage their cases..using a relatively small range of techniques, including the now universal pre-adjusted edgewise system.

pre-adopt v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdɒpt/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdɑpt/

ΚΠ

a1805 D. Gilson Serm. Pract. Subj. (1807) x. 208 Covetous men, hastening to the grave, seem to pre-adopt one of its qualities,—and cry out with it,—We can never have enough!

1993 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 24 June ii. 1 To meet the dogs in advance, you can visit the shelter today and pre-adopt any one of the dogs.

pre-adopted adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdɒptᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdɑptəd/

ΚΠ

c1750 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) I. 237 The choosing not to see, of any Theme, More than may suit his preadopted Scheme.

1878 Mind 3 196 I can account for it only by the exigencies of some pre-conceived or pre-adopted theory of what the history of philosophy ought to have been.

2002 K. L. Pfeiffer Steps towards Anthrop. of Culture 369 Its transformation into material for literary analysis is possible only from a pre-adopted and generalized literary perspective.

pre-addressed adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdrɛst/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdrɛst/

ΚΠ

1912 W. Owen Let. Aug. (1967) 152 I didn't bring your pre-addressed envelope.

1998 Earth Matters Autumn 37/2 FOE does use pre-addressed cards as part of certain campaigns.

† pre-affect v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1638 E. Reynolds Medit. Last Supper xix The Spirit of God doth preaffect the Soul with an evident taste of that glory.

† pre-allege v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1588 J. Harvey Discoursiue Probl. conc. Prophesies 127 Any proofes, or testimonies prealledged in the former part.

1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 12) 243 The iust causes prealleadged.

1770 tr. C. H. Manstein Mem. Russia 211 For the reasons prealledged, the more distant troops could not get to be there at the time.

preannex v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈanɛks/

/ˌpriːəˈnɛks/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈæˌnɛks/

/ˌpriəˈnɛks/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-annex.

1995 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 29 Dec. (Metro Southwest section) 1 The Village Board's decision to preannex 517 acres northwest of the Manhattan-Monee Road interchange.

preapprehend v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːaprᵻˈhɛnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌæprəˈhɛnd/

/ˌpriˌæpriˈhɛnd/

ΚΠ

1641 T. Cooke Episcopacie Asserted A2^v So they tyred in themselves with their owne self-conceited presumpcions and preapprehending the dangers they are in to be censured as Sacrilegious.

1824 S. T. Coleridge Let. 22 Oct. (1971) V. 382 You had pre-apprehended the result.

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 680 What..causes, before rising preapprehended,..did Bloom..recapitulate?

2003 T. W. Klein How Things are in World vi. 172 We know ourselves to be finite, precisely because we experience ourselves as less than the infinite which we only preapprehend.

† pre-apprise v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1808 J. Bentham Sc. Reform 70 Of whose inability to give effect to it he is thus pre-apprised.

pre-approve v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpruːv/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpruv/

ΚΠ

1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. iii. 57 Whom He fore-Knowes, that is, Preapproves..them he Predestinates.

1994 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 6 Dec. a12/3 Those who use the media to slam free expression should consider how they'd like it if everything they communicated had to be pre-approved by official government censors.

pre-approved adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpruːvd/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpruvd/

ΚΠ

1960 Science 10 June 1723/3 These ‘institutional grants’ are viewed as an important step away from the policy of tying all grants to specific, preapproved projects.

1994 Harper's Mag. June 26/1 Ask them to make a product that fits the pre-tested, pre-approved package.

preapproving n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpruːvɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpruvɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. iii. 58 His preapproving of them..must be His Eternall Gracious Acceptation of them in Christ.

2004 Triangle Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 11 June 30 We do preapproving [of] investors all the time.

pre-ascertain v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːasəˈteɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌæsərˈteɪn/

ΚΠ

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. IV. viii. xxix. 469 Quantity being pre-ascertained or agreed on.

1907 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 17 452 Human conditions..vary with the whole course of intellectual development which cannot be pre-ascertained.

2002 Canberra Times (Nexis) 22 July a10 It was unreasonable to expect anyone involved to be able to pre-ascertain critical aspects of the physical nature of the structural steel to be blasted.

preassemble v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsɛmbl/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsɛmb(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > pre- or sub-assemble

subassemble1919

preassemble1922

society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > build or construct [verb (transitive)] > prefabricate

preassemble1922

prefabricate1932

prefab1955

1922 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 19 Oct. 32/5 (advt.) Entire front separately pieced, shaped and built into each garment; not pre-assembled and padded into place.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 10499/1 CIKS helps to preassemble a fraction of IKK complexes with signal-responsive proteins to facilitate signal transmission.

preassembled adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsɛmbld/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsɛmb(ə)ld/

ΚΠ

1939 Sunday Times-Signal (Zanesville, Ohio) 19 Nov. i. 5/4 (advt.) Choose the pieces you really want instead of taking some pre-assembled grouping that may not fill your individual needs.

1994 T. Clancy Debt of Honor Prol. 27 The preassembled sets of rebar were already stacked around this hole.

pre-assign v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsaɪn/

ΚΠ

1861 J. A. Andrew Let. 26 Oct. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1899) 3rd Ser. I. 837 You have..deprived several Massachusetts regiments of participation in important military operations now in progress, and to which they had been preassigned.

2004 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 2 Mar. 23 Passengers now have the option to go back into existing bookings and pre assign seats.

pre-assigned adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsʌɪnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsaɪnd/

ΚΠ

1769 T. Wilder tr. J. Maguire Measures of Ratios 54 in I. Newton Universal Arithmetick It is evident in the same Manner, that the Index remaining unchanged, the Logarithms will come out in any other preassigned System whatsoever.

1914 K. Royce tr. F. Enriques Probl. Sci. i. 15 The..word ‘infinite’ cannot be applied to any given number or quantity, but denotes only a mode of increase of a variable quantity, which may be susceptible of receiving a higher value than any preassigned constant value.

2004 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 5 Dec. t2 The pre-assigned seats are comfortable and the dome car allows for unobstructed views.

pre-audit v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːdɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔdət/

/ˌpriˈɑdət/

ΚΠ

1884 Times 4 Nov. 9/2 The Ministry of Finance now audits, or rather pre-audits, the accounts of all the public departments except three.

1970 N. Ward Govt. Canada (ed. 5) xviii. 363 Expenditures are pre-audited before being made, to ensure that Parliament has actually voted the money for the proposed expenditure and that the money has not already been spent.

2004 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 8 June b3 The lease was not notarized, nor was it pre-audited by the county finance director, a violation of state law, according to the report.

pre-auditing n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻtɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔdədɪŋ/

/ˌpriˈɑdədɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1935 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail 9 Jan. 3/2 To establish the pre-auditing of requisitions made under quarterly budget allotments, for the purpose of controlling state expenditures.

1980 Afr. Stud. Rev. 23 3 He..advocates ‘pre-auditing’ to ensure institutionalized criticism.

pre-baptize v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbapˈtʌɪz/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌbæpˈtaɪz/

/ˌpriˈbæpˌtaɪz/

/ˌpriˌbæbˈtaɪz/

/ˌpriˈbæbˌtaɪz/

ΚΠ

1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 47 Hereticks who used to baptize after death in case they were not pre-baptiz'd.

1993 Times (Nexis) 2 Aug. He was pre-baptised, on the day of his birth, Baudouin Leopold Albert Charles Axel Marie Gustave.

† pre-bargained adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1622 C. Archer in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 76 Upon..which pre-bargained pece of ground a brick wall is alreadie erected.

preboil v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbɔɪl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbɔɪl/

ΚΠ

1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby at Creave To pre-boil rice or wheat so as to soften it for cookery purposes.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 11994/1 The extent of cleavage was increased when the sample was preboiled at pH 13 or 1.

preboiled adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbɔɪld/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbɔɪld/

ΚΠ

1873 Good Cheer 28/2 The farmers' wives had brought in large cans of ‘furmity’, or ‘creaved’ wheat... [Gloss] Creaved—pre-boiled.

1899 Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times 4 Feb. 1/6 Over this pour three-quarters of the pre-boiled chicken meat in a bowl.

2002 Proc. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 4664/1 All solutions were prepared with preboiled distilled water.

prebook v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbʊk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbʊk/

ΚΠ

1964 Times 25 Sept. 6/5 Practically all passengers were pre-booked and carried weekly or monthly tickets.

1994 Tourism Managem. Oct. 354/2 Very little space was available for the vacationing tourist, as most was already prebooked by companies.

pre-booked adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbʊkt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbʊkt/

ΚΠ

1932 Times 23 June 9/1 Coaches sent round..to collect pre-booked passengers.

2002 N.Y. Mag. 14 Oct. 116/1 Symptoms of today's Cali [i.e. California] fever include a thrice-weekly Greenmarket habit, a compulsion to make your own goat cheese, and a pre-booked heirloom Thanksgiving turkey.

prebooking n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbʊkɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbʊkɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1855 Poultry Chron. 1 518/2 What pre-booking of places, what squabbles about luggage.

1995 Leisureways (Nova Scotia) Apr. 15/3 In some instances prebooking may require a credit card guarantee.

prebreathed adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbriːðd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbriðd/

ΚΠ

1872 Indiana (Pa.) Democrat 19 Dec. If any portion of the inhaled air be prebreathed air, says Dr. MacCormac, the dead metamorphic carbon will be retained.

1991 Jrnl. Appl. Physiol. 71 1574 There were no differences, related to prebreathed gases or site of airway occlusion, in the depth of inspiratory efforts at the time of MO [sc. mouth opening].

pre-build v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbɪld/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbɪld/

ΚΠ

1944 Times 30 May 2/1 Here 90 per cent. of the plumbing is prebuilt and goes from the factory with all the pipes in position.

1997 A. W. Maldonado Teodoro Moscoso & Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap x. 113 The Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company.., whose primary mission was to prebuild factory plants.

pre-built adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbɪlt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbɪlt/

ΚΠ

1927 Mansfield (Ohio) News 29 June 12 (advt.) Either of these types can be installed with the Pre-Built Erection Method which saves 25% of the usual cost of stair installation.

2000 Personal Computer World May 68/1 Experienced hackers like to label people who use this kind of pre-built tool ‘script kiddies’.

precalibrated adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkalᵻbreɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkæləˌbreɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1939 Daily Independent (Monessen, Pa.) 27 Mar. 7/1 The army will bring the pre-calibrated instruments to Industries Hall of Carnegie Tech from Washington.

1998 Acta Astronautica 43 277 The scene is illuminated by Infra Red flashes and the reflected light is acquired by up to 8 precalibrated and synchronized CCD cameras.

precensure v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛnʃə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛn(t)ʃər/

ΚΠ

1650 S. Dillingham in H. Cary Memorials Great Civil War (1842) II. 246 The most submissive papers were precensured by the committee.

2000 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 28 Mar. 3 b. Broder would have McCain's speech precensured.

pre-centrifuge v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛntrᵻfjuː(d)ʒ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛntrəˌfju(d)ʒ/

ΚΠ

1969 European Jrnl. Pharmacol. 7 45/2 The blood platelets were isolated, ultrasonicated, precentrifuged and then ultracentrifuged.

1992 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 9731/1 Sephadex G-50 precentrifuged at 100 x g for 2 min.

prechilled adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtʃɪld/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtʃɪld/

ΚΠ

1928 G. D. Turnbow Ice Cream vii. 222 As soon as the pre-chilled cans are filled, they should be covered and capped with parchment paper and put into the hardening room.

2004 Chicago Tribune 15 Feb. iv. 7/3 Instant Blooms, prechilled, presprouted bulbs that can be planted in containers or..in the garden.

precleaned adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkliːnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈklind/

ΚΠ

1944 Daily Courier (Connellsville, Pa.) 28 July 13/6 All seed saved should be placed in a precleaned vermin-proof bin or in clean bags.

1992 Time 6 July 51/2 Other technologies and energy sources may leapfrog over the concept of a precleaned coal slurry.

pre-clear v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈklɪə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈklɪ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1953 Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 7 113 ‘Clear’ or ‘Hold’ where ‘Clear’ signifies the desire to preclear the accumulator to zero.

2003 National Post (Canada) 8 Apr. a16/2 U.S. officials say they did not ask Canada to pre-clear ferry passengers.

precoat v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkəʊt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkoʊt/

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > coat or cover with a layer [verb (transitive)] > in advance

precoat1856

1856 L. L. Hill Treat. Heliochromy 133 I pre-coated the plate with a sort of carbonaceous glaze.

1993 Cell 73 317/1 Labeled cells..were added to individual wells of 48-well nontreated cluster plates..that had been precoated overnight with varying amounts of penton base or vitronectin.

precoated adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkəʊtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkoʊdəd/

ΚΠ

1920 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 13 150/1 If kieselguhr is added to the melted sugars..and this fed properly to the precoated press, filtration is exceedingly rapid.

1993 Mycol. Res. 97 252/1 Analysis was performed on commercially available pre-coated plates of Silufol.

precoating n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkəʊtɪŋ/

/ˈpriːkəʊtɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkoʊdɪŋ/

/ˈpriˌkoʊdɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1920 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 13 992/2 Freshly crushed cider is filtered, using a precoating of 15 lbs. of Filter-Cel per 100 sq. ft. of filtering surface.

1998 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 8842/1 PET disks were implanted with or without precoating with either albumin (25 mg/ml) or fibrogen (500 μg/ml).

† precommend v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1651 R. Weldon Of Antichrist Pref. sig. B4 Under this Head I shall pre-commend unto favourable consideration, mine Endeavours in severall particulars not usually observed.

1733 A. Pope Corr. 20 Apr. (1956) III. 366 It was labour'd, corrected, præcommended and post-disapprov'd, so far as to be dis-own'd by themselves.

pre-commit v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈmɪt/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈmɪt/

ΚΠ

1854 L. Marsh Apocatastasis 170 There remain, therefore, for all minds not precommitted to credulity, but two possible methods of solution of this difficulty.

1996 Prospect Mar. 11/2 To the extent that researchers have pre-committed the exploitation of patents to particular companies..the impartiality of their institutions..is compromised.

precomprehend v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒmprᵻˈhɛnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑmprəˈhɛnd/

ΚΠ

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. II. iii. i. 9 To pre-comprehend all these facts,—and on them, when so pre-comprehended, to ground a set of questions.

1993 Boundary 2 20 25 All the ethical philosophy that one reads, even the non-Western ethical philosophies, unthinkingly precomprehends that kind of subject.

precompute v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːt/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈpjut/

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > [verb (intransitive)] > in advance

precompute1943

1943 Industr. & Engin. Chem. (Industr. ed.) 35 571/2 The latter bracket is constant throughout the bed length and may be precomputed.

1987 S. Brand Media Lab i. iii. 48 Another one [sc. corollary of interaction] was limited look-ahead... You can't have precomputed everything you're going to say.

precomputed adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈpjudəd/

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > [adjective] > computed in advance

precomputed1931

1931 P. V. H. Weems Air Navigation xxv. 471 Once the curve of precomputed altitudes has been made for a scheduled flight, the navigator may take time and altitude observations as often as he wishes.

1987 Spaceflight Oct. 59/2 The space rocket took off from the sputnik at a precomputed point on its orbit.

preconclude v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈkluːd/

/ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːd/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈklud/

ΚΠ

a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1693) I. 444 It was preconcluded there, that the Son should undertake the business.

1798 M. Charlton Phedora II. vii. 235 The pain it gave her to think thus, she imputed to sisterly fondness, by pre-concluding that her brother's happiness would be blighted by this circumstance.

2004 Lloyd's List (Nexis) 10 May 7 We should not pre-conclude that Norwegian shipping will decline further.

preconcluded adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈkluːdᵻd/

/ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːdᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈkludəd/

ΚΠ

1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love i. 11 Her interest was piqued. Here was something not quite so preconcluded.

2005 Idaho Statesman (Nexis) 21 June 6 The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians..ignored ‘MAGIC’ spy cables, and its preconcluded finding of racism was the result.

preconfess v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈfɛs/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈfɛs/

ΚΠ

c1650 in A. J. Warden Dundee Burgh Laws (1872) 41 And thai faillie, the samen sall be holden preconfest, and the Mr. sall be decerned to pay the skaithe.

1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 14 Without pause, preconfessed his sins.

1900 Overland Monthly Feb. 100/1 Though I give way to the inclination I so deprecate in others, I do so in all humility, pre-confessing my errors and asking absolution for them.

2002 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 3 Mar. c2 Another nervous period looms: warnings season, that stretch at the end of each quarter when companies preconfess their earnings shortfalls.

preconjecture v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈdʒɛktʃə/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈdʒɛk(t)ʃər/

ΚΠ

1588 J. Harvey Discoursiue Probl. conc. Prophesies 81 Might not Ælius..probably pre-coniecture, that Adrian should be crowned Emperor?

a1667 G. Wither Speculum Speculativum in Misc. Wks. (1872–7) 23 Now, what of our Affairs, I pre-conjecture By this Glasse, I intend to read a Lecture As pertinently, as my shallow wit..will permit.

1687 R. Franck Philos. Treat. Original & Production Things 110 But of this admirable and eminent Subject, there are some so precipitant to preconjecture Job too copious.

pre-consolidated adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsɒlᵻdeɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈsɑləˌdeɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1845 J. Phillips & C. G. B. Daubeny Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 542/1 Effects of subterranean convulsions upon the preconsolidated strata.

1998 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 356 2724 It was found that the same residual friction was produced after significant displacement irrespective of whether tests were undertaken on pre-consolidated or remoulded samples.

preconstituted adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒnstᵻtjuːtᵻd/

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒnstᵻtʃuːtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑnstəˌt(j)udəd/

ΚΠ

a1679 J. Brown Life Justif. Opened (1695) xvi. 242 This Imputation, being founded upon this double preconstituted relation, cannot be called meerly arbitrary.

1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. ii. 170 Being governed by law, that is, by known, preconstituted, inflexible rules of action and adjudication.

1856 H. P. Tappan Elements of Logic 128 Can I find out with what preparations—with what pre-constituted and adapted capacities, the mind begins to know?

2000 Polit. Theory 28 828 The various subgroups..are considered to be preconstituted, in some cases ‘natural’ phenomena.

preconsume v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsjuːm/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈs(j)um/

ΚΠ

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion viii. 372 In whom a premature Necessity Blocks out the forms of Nature, preconsumes The reason.

1996 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Feb. 10 Everyone knows alcohol is banned from grounds. Unless, that is, it is pre-consumed.

† pre-continue v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1750 Student 1 No. 2. 43 Mahomet found most of his laws already prepared to his hands by the long pre-continued observation of them.

pre-convert v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈvəːt/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈvərt/

ΚΠ

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. V. ix. iii. iv. 80 Mendacity..preconverted..into perjury.

2003 Scotsman (Nexis) 15 Feb. 3 A number of models pre-converted by manufacturers are covered by the PowerShift programme.

pre-converted n. and adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈvəːtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈvərdəd/

ΚΠ

1958 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 30 42/1 (note) The Sydney Bulletin (Feb. 1, 1890) called the A.N.A. special session a rally of the preconverted.

1994 Tourism Managem. Oct. 327/1 The timeshared facilities were frequently converted motels or condominiums which..were of questionable economic value in either their converted or pre-converted states.

precook v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkʊk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkʊk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook [verb (transitive)] > cook in advance

precook1920

1920 Amer. Food Jrnl. Aug. 11/3 I have tested samples of dehydrated fruits and vegetables from Denmark, Germany, Russia, and other European countries, but find that over there they precook everything before dehydrating it.

1990 Country Homes Oct. 122/2 Precook a 10–12 inch shortcrust pastry case, baking it blind.

precooked adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkʊkt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkʊkt/

ΚΠ

1921 Iowa City Press-Citizen 9 July 6/2 When the older ones eat precooked crisp breakfast food, baby may have bread and milk for a change.

2005 Spokesman-Rev. (Washington) (Nexis) 4 Oct. The Sandpoint Area Senior Center..may have to switch from daily trips to weekly ones, delivering precooked meals for the whole week at one time.

pre-cooking n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkʊkɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkʊkɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1917 Amer. Food Jrnl. Sept. 493/2 No. 1 peas are peas which were, before precooking (blanching), small enough to pass through a screen of 9/32 inch (7 mm.) mesh.

2005 Prepared Foods (Nexis) 1 Aug. 46 These textured soy proteins do not require pre-cooking, as do their meat counterparts.

pre-counsel v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkaʊnsl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkaʊns(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1833 E. B. Barrett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound in Prometheus & Misc. Poems 62 They have been all foreseen, precounsellëd [1850 precounselled of].

2003 Evening Herald (Plymouth) (Nexis) 22 Apr. 16 We pre-counsel patients beforehand to explain what will happen.

predecide v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈsʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈsaɪd/

/ˌpridiˈsaɪd/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > decision > resolve or decide upon [verb (transitive)] > decide or settle beforehand

foreclose1722

predecide1785

1785 Parl. Reg. Ireland V. 443 He said he had never predecided on any matter to be agitated in that House.

1852 C. Gayarre Louisiana 3rd Ser. 330 The King had finally predecided this point.

1982 Times 18 Oct. 24/3 The British Foreign Secretary forcibly told his colleagues that there could be no question of negotiating with a country (Argentina) which..would only talk if the outcome of discussions was predecided in its favour.

pre-decided adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈsʌɪdᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈsaɪdᵻd/

/ˌpridiˈsaɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1920 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 47 25 The others are located successively in a pre-decided relation to the first.

1991 Jrnl. Palestine Stud. 20 158/2 It was not a pre-decided tactic on our part.

pre-demanded adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈmɑːndᵻd/

/ˌpriːdᵻˈmandᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈmændəd/

/ˌpridiˈmændəd/

ΚΠ

1652 J. Wright tr. J.-P. Camus Nature's Paradox iii. 55 Without preventing their commands by a predemanded leave or any feined distast.

2004 Freiburg Working Paper no. 7 35 A reverse auction, with one buyer and competing sellers for a pre-demaded project.

predemonstrate v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɛmənstreɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/

ΚΠ

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 130 You may..predemonstrate them, by calculation, before the senses give an Experimental thereof.

2001 Nation's Restaurant News (Nexis) 29 Oct. 45 We want an area with more independents and more people who predemonstrate that they would get what Samba Room is about.

pre-describe v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈskrʌɪb/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈskraɪb/

/ˌpridiˈskraɪb/

ΚΠ

1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus l. 554 Expensive not onely as to the quantity predescribed..but also further in Donaries of Rings which they are to give.

1766 J. Bate Rationale Literal Doctr. Orig. Sin xiv. 318 The principal one, was, to typify and predescribe the Christian Oeconomy.

1936 Sun (Baltimore) 8 June 2/8 Mr. Ickes predescribed the Cleveland convention as the scene of ‘a supreme effort on the part of a political mouse’.

2001 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Aug. g.2 It's very important not to pre-describe a piece in my own head. If I do that, I'm terrified of killing it.

predescribed adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈskrʌɪbd/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈskraɪbd/

/ˌpridiˈskraɪbd/

ΚΠ

1653 E. Waterhouse Humble Apol. Learning 164 Truly I think men of the predescribed temper, are most fit for darlings and favorites.

1882 Nature 5 Oct. 550/1 Referring back to his own pre-described species.

2004 DC Plan Investing (Nexis) 9 Nov. 8 They didn't say these are our predescribed programs, or you have to follow this route.

† predevise v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 254 As much..as if they were set and predevised.

predevour v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈvaʊə/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈvaʊ(ə)r/

/ˌpridiˈvaʊ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Notts. 317 Where..the Queens Kindred, had pre-devoured his Estate.

1746 M. Clancy Hermon iv. 72 The Falcon..with eager Eyes Takes in at once, and predevours in Appetite The whole presented Flight.

predirect v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈrɛkt/

/ˌpriːdʌɪˈrɛkt/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈrɛk(t)/

/ˌpriˌdaɪˈrɛk(t)/

ΚΠ

a1678 A. Woodhead Motives Holy Living (1688) 28 Predirecting us in our affairs.

1788 C. F. Triebner Ess. to Lay Open Gospel 41 To create a variety of rational creatures, after our own image..and also to predirect their moral actions, by a positive law.

1998 Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 27 116 Indian social scientists are fully aware that Western questions predirect their efforts, even their contestation.

† pre-dissuade v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 204 May possibly..be pre-disswaded, and deprecated, in all Civill Consultations.

pre-dried adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdrʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdraɪd/

ΚΠ

1925 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 12 410 (caption) Toxicity of pre-dried and of aerated sulphur suspensions.

1993 Mycol. Res. 97 131/1 Biomass dry weights were determined after filtering 10 ml samples through pre-dried weighted Whatman glass microfibre filters.

pre-drying n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdrʌɪɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdraɪɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1918 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 10 752/2 Much could be written regarding manufacturing methods... Among such topics may be mentioned the pre-drying of air supply to burners, etc.

2005 Brit. Plastics & Rubber (Nexis) 1 Mar. 30 The sheet is resistant to chemicals but is easy to glue and requires no predrying.

pre-embody v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻmˈbɒdi/

/ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdi/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdi/

/ˌpriɛmˈbɑdi/

ΚΠ

1875 T. Hill True Order Stud. 157 Prefigured and pre-embodied in nature.

pre-embodied adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻmˈbɒdɪd/

/ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdid/

/ˌpriɛmˈbɑdid/

ΚΠ

1924 J. Stamp Current Probl. Finance & Govt. 111 It is difficult to see any abstract reason why this particular class of pre-embodied savings should be singled out.

2000 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 90 170/1 The journeys were undertaken in the here and now; they were not mere planning for the disembodied future—or recollections of a pre-embodied past.

pre-employ v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻmˈplɔɪ/

/ˌpriːɛmˈplɔɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈplɔɪ/

/ˌpriɛmˈplɔɪ/

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) ii. i. 51 That false Villaine, Whom I employ'd, was pre-employ'd by him.

1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 187 The man who will not vigil keep, Nor pre-employ the year, Shall have his bitter night to weep.

1972 Commerce (Texas) Jrnl. 25 May 4/1 A need to achieve local educational objectives by ‘pre-employing vocational preparation’.

preenact v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈnakt/

/ˌpriːɛˈnakt/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻˈnæk(t)/

/ˌpriɛˈnæk(t)/

ΚΠ

1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 359 That every the least permissible form and ordinance..are pre-enacted in the New Testament.

1899 F. W. O. Ward My Old School in Eng. Roses 395 I see the fond familiar strife, Which pre-enacted then The future battle-field of life, With fiery speech or pen.

1993 PMLA 108 264/1 The performance of masculinity solicits and engages a reader outside the frame—a reader whose response is not preenacted.

pre-entertain v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛntəˈteɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛn(t)ərˈteɪn/

ΚΠ

1819 W. Morgan Let. 21 Jan. in R. Polwhele Trad. & Recoll. (1826) II. 698 I pre-entertain a high opinion of their worth.

pre-erected adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈrɛktᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈrɛktəd/

/ˌpriiˈrɛktəd/

ΚΠ

1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. i. 91 Were they..to institute their preerected Principalities and Kings.

1996 TNT Mag. 8 July 140/2 (advt.) All coach tours include return luxury coach & ferry, pre-erected tents & full breakfast.

pre-excuse v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻkˈskjuːz/

/ˌpriːɛkˈskjuːz/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪkˈskjuz/

/ˌpriɛkˈskjuz/

ΚΠ

1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) Pref. sig. ā^v I..haue done it..to preexcuse some things in my booke.

2003 Deseret News (Salt Lake City) (Nexis) 15 Jan. b1 Parents can pre-excuse their children from class, she said.

preextinguish v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

/ˌpriːɛkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

/ˌpriɛkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/

ΚΠ

1822 ‘P. Beauchamp’ Anal. Infl. Nat. Relig. ii. 91 All practical improvement is thus pre-extinguished and stifled in the birth, by the sweeping epithet of unnatural.

2000 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 21 June 76 The tacky tiki torches were preextinguished by the rain.

pre-film v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɪlm/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɪlm/

ΚΠ

1960 D. Wilson Television Playwright 16 Does insistence on cinematic grammar imply that all television drama should be pre-filmed?

1998 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 33 156 The senior officers involved in the November coup pre-filmed a video to play on national television.

pre-filter v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɪltə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɪltər/

ΚΠ

1928 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 2 May 19/1 After this preliminary affining treatment the refiner melts the washed sugar which is then defecated or pre-filtered with Kieselguhr.

1991 Power Sept. 30/3 Pre-filtering the gas upstream of the SCR unit will extend the life of the catalyst.

pre-fitted adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1939 Sikeston Herald (Missouri) 31 Aug. 13/3 Builders have learnt that the most economical method to get windows with the necessary qualities is to buy them prefitted as a packaged unit, whether in wood or in metal.

1995 Which? Feb. 5/2 New regulations mean that, from this month, most electrical goods must be sold with a pre-fitted plug.

† prefool v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1633 J. Shirley Bird in Cage ii. i. sig. C4 A better project, wherein no courtier has prefool'd you.

pre-format v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɔːmat/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɔrˌmæt/

ΚΠ

1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Sept. 79/2 There are two major reasons for preformatting digital optical disks.

2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 3 May 4 The same data conversion wizard as in the direct paste operation will appear to pre-format the space-separated data into Excel.

preformatted adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɔːmatᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɔrˌmædəd/

ΚΠ

1967 D. G. Hays Introd. Computational Linguistics iv. 74 A publisher might find use for an automatic page reader, even if he had to..put all copy on preformatted sheets.

2002 N.Y. Times 5 Dec. e10/2 Preformatted film transitions, like a classic Hollywood cross-fade between images, are plentiful in the average video-editing program.

prefrozen adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfrəʊzn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfroʊzən/

ΚΠ

1942 Times 21 Jan. 8/2 The bacon arrived in perfect condition, and it had been shown that pre-frozen bacon would provide its own refrigeration in a winter crossing of the Atlantic.

2004 Boston Globe (Nexis) 4 Mar. (Calendar) 6 Too bad..about the prefrozen hash browns, which are basically bland potato chunks.

prefund v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfʌnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfənd/

ΚΠ

1959 W. Reuther in H. M. Christman Sel. Papers (1961) 296 Proposals to prefund health care for older people—that is, to set aside money for it before retirement—are being advanced.

2002 Time 16 Sept. 88/3 If that's not enough security, a worthy alternative is a prepaid [credit] card... Parents ‘prefund’ the card, giving students access to a limited amount of money.

prefurnish v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfəːnɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfərnɪʃ/

ΚΠ

a1683 J. Owen Thirteen Serm. (1756) iii. 54 If Christ hath not pre-instructed and pre-furnished him with Gifts.

1989 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Despatch (Nexis) 25 June (Travel section) 3 Many condo developers..sell the apartments prefurnished with standard interiors pleasing to renters.

pre-ground adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡraʊnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡraʊnd/

ΚΠ

1938 Mansfield (Ohio) News-Jrnl. 16 Dec. 11/3 (advt.) Well, the coffee you purchased, since it was pre-ground has lost most of its freshness, flavor and aroma.

1991 Chile Pepper 5 ii. 44 Cooks are advised not to use pre-ground powder, but rather to keep a pepper mill for custom grinding.

pre-imbibe v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈbʌɪb/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbaɪb/

ΚΠ

1659 T. White Controversy-logicke 66 No doubt then, but if any indifferent person, not preimbibed with any wrong maxime, shall bestow competent paines in reading the Fathers, he will infallibly become Catholike.

1905 Daily Chron. 8 May 3/4 Constitutions rendered weak by pre-imbibing more dangerous stimulants.

pre-imbibed adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈbʌɪbd/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbaɪbd/

ΚΠ

1678 J. Owen Ζυνεσις Πνευματικη v. 147 Præimbibed opinions.

1776 B. Beddome Scriptural Expos. Baptist Catech. (ed. 2) 156 Should we for this purpose lay aside..all pre-imbibed prejudices?

1993 Functional Ecol. 7 396/2 Seeds in five Petri dishes kept in darkness during 24h for imbibition (preimbibed seeds)..or (b) 10 Petri dishes with seeds recently sown (not preimbibed).

preimbue v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈbjuː/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbju/

ΚΠ

1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 349 Had he not been pre-imbued with natural notions.

1998 Crain's Detroit Business (Nexis) 17 Aug. 23 An icon conveniently preimbued with a sense of romantic independence.

pre-impart v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈpɑːt/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈpɑrt/

ΚΠ

1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 384 Laws or rules of associability pre-imparted to them.

preincubate v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkᵿbeɪt/

/(ˌ)priːˈɪnkᵿbeɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪnkjəˌbeɪt/

/ˌpriˈɪŋkjəˌbeɪt/

ΚΠ

1943 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 46 383 One penicillin-containing set with and without glucose was allowed to preincubate uninoculated at 37°C., and a similar set at 2°C.

1990 Glycobiol. 1 35/1 (caption) Granulocytes were preincubated in the presence of either T or B cells or monocyte-enriched populations.

† pre-inhere v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1830 S. T. Coleridge On Constit. Church & State 221 In both..the sensibility must have pre-existed, (or rather pre-inhered).

† pre-instil v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1711 T. Ken Urania in Wks. (1721) IV. 433 All Prophesies..Into the ancient Prophets pre-instill'd.

pre-ionized adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈʌɪənʌɪzd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈaɪəˌnaɪzd/

ΚΠ

1938 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 166 109 During the initial portion of the leader stroke where the leader is traversing a pre-ionized path the luminosity only lasts about 1 μsec.

1998 Science 4 Sept. 1469/1 The light was focused onto both a preionized plasma..and a solid target.

pre-know v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnoʊ/

ΚΠ

1771 Theol. Repository III. 42 Nor have we authority from scripture to say, that the part which he acted in the last scene of our Saviour's life, was pre-known, or pre-determined by God.

1867 J. S. Mill Let. 14 Feb. (1910) II. x. 76 Our freedom may be real though God preknows our actions.

2004 Disaster Prevention & Managem. (Nexis) 30 May 208 Man in his illusory universal power wishes strongly, or even as a necessity, to pre-know the future.

pre-let v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɛt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɛt/

ΚΠ

1965 Times 20 Oct. 20/2 The construction of phase one involving a cost of some $25,000,000 is due to start early next year and the major part of this phase has already been pre-let to responsible tenants.

1992 Economist 11 July 91/3 The new realities pose a challenge to landlords who have long been in the habit of pre-letting an entire building before construction began.

pre-liquidated adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɪkwᵻdeɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɪkwəˌdeɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. IV. viii. xviii. 302 Binding themselves..to pay a sum of money, preliquidated or not preliquidated,..in case the plaintiff should lose his cause.

2004 Caribbean Today (Nexis) 30 June 21 The surviving parent corporation is deemed to have been engaged in the liquidated subsidiary's pre-liquidated business.

pre-lubricate v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈluːbrᵻkeɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlubrəˌkeɪt/

ΚΠ

1938 Nebraska State Jrnl. 26 Oct. 11/3 (advt.) The coldest oil-plated engine is always oiled in advance..pre-lubricated before any oil down in the crankcase could ever stir.

2002 Fleet Equipm. (Nexis) Oct. 36 Pre-lubricate simply by turning the ignition key (or master switch) to the ‘on’ position and wait only seconds for the oil pressure light to go out.

premachine v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈʃiːn/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈʃin/

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > machine > in advance

premachine1948

1948 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 40 1931/3 (table) All seats should be premachined to size.

2005 Doors & Hardware (Nexis) 1 Jan. 44 Many manufacturers will prefit and premachine doors at the factory, including pilot holes, for an additional fee.

premachined adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈʃiːnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈʃind/

ΚΠ

1971 Physics Bull. July 406/3 Deep penetration welding using electron beams is becoming quite widely used for assembling pre-machined parts into complex assemblies as an economic alternative to forging, casting and mechanical fastening.

1997 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 453 1092 The assembly of the thermocouple is shown in plan view in figure 10 and was housed in a premachined slot in the workpiece.

premake v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmeɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmeɪk/

ΚΠ

1851 J. Cumming Foreshadows viii. 225 He went with his mind pre-made up to undergo a certain treatment.

2005 Packaging Digest (Nexis) 1 Apr. 20 Polymer Packaging uses a Waterline Ritebag gearless pouch machine from Karlville Development Group..to premake the pouches.

pre-measure v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɛʒə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛʒər/

ΚΠ

1946 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 13 Oct. (Comic section) 2/3 7 ingredients are pre-measured and pre-mixed for you when you make tender, golden muffins.

2002 Wargames Illustr. Apr. 14/1 You can pre-measure movement as much as you like, but not so much as to slow the game.

pre-measured adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɛʒəd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛʒərd/

ΚΠ

1851 R. Braithwaite Sonnets & Other Poems 8 When I reach short life's pre-measured score, Lord, to the grave, in peace, thy servant send.

1943 Salisbury (Maryland) Times 6 July 7/4 A pre-measured line runs between the tops of the frames.

2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Dec. 62/2 High-end coffee companies..now sell pre-measured single-serve espresso capsules, or pods.

† premodelling n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1772 J. Law tr. J. Böhme Wks. III. lxxiii. 470 A premodelling or Representation.

† prenecessitated adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 162 In Defence of their prenecessitated Constitutions.

pre-notify v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnəʊtᵻfʌɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnoʊdəˌfaɪ/

ΚΠ

1725 Bibliotheca Biblica III. i. 30 Wherefore it should be the Divine Pleasure, that the great Mystery of Man's Redemption should be so covertly Prenotified in Dark Types and Shadows?

1857 Harper's Mag. Oct. 658/1 There were present..other friends who were invited, being pre-notified of the singular character and object of this reunion.

1995 Which? Oct. 37/2 An employee..told our researcher: ‘It would be impossible to notify all customers who go overdrawn.’ Abbey already pre-notifies.

pre-obtain v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəbˈteɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriəbˈteɪn/

/ˌpriɑbˈteɪn/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Unless a license has been pre-obtained.

2003 India Abroad (Nexis) 7 Nov. 6 In order to pre-obtain such a visa through post, an additional 16 has to be remitted.

pre-obtaining n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəbˈteɪnɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriəbˈteɪnɪŋ/

/ˌpriɑbˈteɪnɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1701 J. Cowell Interpreter Words & Terms at Impetration It is used in our Statutes for the pre-obtaining of Benefices.

1835 Tomlins's Law Dict. (ed. 4) I. at Impetration In our statutes it is a pre-obtaining of church benefices in England from the court of Rome.

prepartake v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpɑːˈteɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpɑrˈteɪk/

ΚΠ

1866 R. Quinn Heather Lintie (new ed.) 39 Why mourn ye, happy children of the light..who prepartake of Hope's deliciousness.

prepattern v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpatn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpædərn/

ΚΠ

1644 J. Vicars Jehovah-jireh 93 The great work intended, and..pre-patterned as aforesaid.

1899 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 4 538 In this development of the nervous system conformably to its germ is pre-patterned also the psychical life of the creature.

2005 Electronic Engin. Times (Nexis) 23 May 1 Leave the design rules constant and gain speed by designing better nanowires with which to prepattern wafers.

pre-perceive v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpəˈsiːv/

U.S.

/ˌpripərˈsiv/

ΚΠ

1792 A. Geddes tr. Bible II. Pref. p. iv What torrents of illiberal abuse and obloquy this honest declaration will draw upon my head, I can readily preperceive.

1865 R. G. Hazard Freedom of Mind in Willing 65 The whole object of my effort, and what I will, is to push against it to please him, and this I pre-perceive to be possible.

2005 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 Aug. vii. 1/1 I didn't pay that much attention to New York. It always seemed weirdly pre-perceived, with other people already on the job.

pre-plan v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplan/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplæn/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)]

forethinkc897

bethinka1225

compass1297

contrivec1330

ordain1340

conjectc1380

imaginec1380

cast1382

ordaina1387

advisec1400

forecast1413

imagec1450

ordainc1450

project1477

foreminda1535

invent1539

aimc1540

practise1550

plat1556

trive1573

meditate1582

patterna1586

plot1589

platform1592

design1594

chew1600

forelay1605

to map out1618

to cut out1619

agitate1629

laya1631

plod1631

cut1645

calculate1654

concert1702

to scheme out1716

plan1718

model1725

to rough out1738

to lay out1741

plan1755

prethink1760

shape1823

programme1834

pre-plan1847

encompass1882

target1948

1847 J. H. Ingraham Edward Manning xvi. 84 He knew she would look with haughty repugnance upon the very idea of his pre-planning advantages from her possible union with Manning.

1995 M. Kesavan Looking through Glass 105 Everything, said Ratface complacently, had been pre-planned.

preplanned adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpland/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplænd/

ΚΠ

1857 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 507 A regular and pre-planned figure, woven out of many different and variously colored threads.

1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xiv. 460 Such delicate issues would be dealt with later, in private arm-twistings and minister-to-minister preplanned strategic confrontations.

pre-planning n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplanɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplænɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1924 Sci. Monthly Oct. 394 A surprising degree of accuracy and completeness of returns is secured by means of careful pre-planning.

2001 K. Sampson Outlaws (2002) 251 Layer after layer of scheming and pre-planning will take care of each and any eventuality.

pre-plot v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplɒt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplɑt/

ΚΠ

1976 Mind 85 74 Nor..can you have already pre-plotted or rehearsed the final development of the remark that you are now still in the middle of composing-cum-delivering.

2005 Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 7 Mar. a8 In essence, it [sc. a robot] pre-plots the swerves it could perform if it needed to avoid an obstacle.

pre-plotted adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplɒtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplɑdəd/

ΚΠ

1643 W. Prynne Romes Master-peece 32 A chiefe actor in this pre-plotted Treason.

1993 Theory & Society 22 834 It can in this sense be quite ‘rational’ for an actor to disregard and withdraw from institutionally pre-plotted kinds and courses of action.

prepolarize v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpəʊlərʌɪz/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpoʊləˌraɪz/

ΚΠ

1923 Science 19 Oct. 310/2 The hydrogen overvoltage of mercury is found to be a linear function of the logarithm of the current density over a very extensive range if the cathode is carefully prepolarized.

2004 Jrnl. Electroanalytical Chem. 572 188/1 All samples were prepolarized in 0.1 M NaOH by 120 potential cycles.

prepolarized adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpəʊlərʌɪzd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpoʊləˌraɪzd/

ΚΠ

1925 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 29 205 The cathode consists of carefuly prepolarized mercury.

1989 Guitar Player Mar. 72 (advt.) ATM31 PrePolarized Condenser Cardioid... The best thing that's happened to home studio recording.

pre-practise v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpraktɪs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpræktəs/

ΚΠ

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. xi. 168 Making it necessary for others, what voluntarily they had prepractised themselves.

1992 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald Amer. 2 Aug. d14/3 When he pre-practiced before the lake went off limits he noticed all the fishermen fishing in the same places.

pre-prepare v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprᵻˈpɛː/

U.S.

/ˌpripriˈpɛ(ə)r/

/ˌpriprəˈpɛ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1850 Message from President U.S. 426 It was not commenced; but some stone[s] were pre-prepared, and also the wood-work of a coffer dam.

1993 Personal Computer World Nov. 442/2 Once programmed, an OLR dials in, grabs what it has been told to and uploads anything else which was pre-prepared offline.

pre-prepared adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprᵻˈpɛːd/

U.S.

/ˌpripriˈpɛ(ə)rd/

/ˌpriprəˈpɛ(ə)rd/

ΚΠ

1867 Times 6 Sept. 7/4 Why, therefore, should I rob them of the fruit of their labours, and of the toil which they had in preparing those necessarily pre-prepared addresses for the different sections?

1996 Daily Tel. 29 May 15/4 I am then given her limited, pre-prepared version of the recent events.

pre-pressurize v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈprɛʃərʌɪz/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈprɛʃəˌraɪz/

ΚΠ

1967 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Product Res. & Devel. 6 29/1 The membrane was prepressurized at 1495 p.s.i.g. to eliminate compaction as a possible variable.

2000 Lloyd's List (Nexis) 12 July 11 It is also possible to pre-pressurise the ballast tanks during the submerging operations.

pre-pressurized adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈprɛʃərʌɪzd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈprɛʃəˌraɪzd/

ΚΠ

1945 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 67 157/1 Bubbles form in prepressurized water when it is quickly frozen.

1982 Science 18 June 1315/2 This was achieved by using a pressure-retaining sterilizable seawater sampling system in connection with a prepressurized hyperbaric isolation chamber.

pre-pronounce v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprəˈnaʊns/

U.S.

/ˌpriprəˈnaʊns/

ΚΠ

1804 ‘E. de Acton’ Tale without Title III. 34 We would pre-pronounce the censure of little critics.

2002 Afr. Amer. Rev. Spring 172 Why else would the New Republic and the New York Times have assigned so much space to far-ranging discussions of a work they pre-pronounce (quite accurately) to be both trivial and silly?

pre-prove v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpruːv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpruv/

ΚΠ

1840 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 130 126 It should ever be remembered that the chemical theory sets out with a power, the existence of which is pre-proved, and then follows its variations.

2003 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 5 May b1 We don't have time to pre-prove allegations.

pre-provide v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprəˈvʌɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriprəˈvaɪd/

/ˌpriproʊˈvaɪd/

ΚΠ

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 115 He provisionally pre-provided Incumbents for them.

1865 S. Pancoast Ladies' Med. Guide 234 Especially must she [sc. Nature] pre-provide for the perpetuity of the human family.

1994 R. Edwards & R. Usher Postmodernism & Educ. 68 The terms through which we do this are pre-provided by language.

pre-publish v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpʌblɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpəblɪʃ/

ΚΠ

1636 J. Trussell Contin. Coll. Hist. Eng. 190 Hee seriously vowed, according as hee had prepublished in his passage thither; That hee only challenged the benefit of his birth-right, which was the Inheritance of the Dutchy of Yorke.

1850 Littell's Living Age 23 Feb. 371/2 If Parliament were to oblige the proprietors of all quack medicines to prepublish the exact cost of the ingredients which compose them, [etc.].

2004 Chem. & Industry (Nexis) 21 June 10 The tendency of many journals to pre-publish their print articles electronically as preprints.

pre-qualify v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkwɒlᵻfʌɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/

/ˌpriˈkwɔləˌfaɪ/

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > ability > be able to [verb (intransitive)] > make oneself competent for something > in advance

pre-qualify1847

1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature ii. 443 Before he realized all of his prophetical anticipations, he ceased to live; and Joshua, who was pre-qualified, advanced to his position as prophet and governor.

1997 Rail 12 Mar. 14/3 Bidders were invited to pre-qualify for ScotRail on April 25 1996.

pre-received adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈsiːvd/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈsivd/

/ˌpririˈsivd/

ΚΠ

1605 A. Wotton Answere Popish Pamphlet 27 An externall signe, or seale, of a prereceaued grace.

1794 W. Peckitt Wonderful Love God to Men 105 There, in union with the pre-received blood, it is assimilated as One fluid body.

2004 Waikato Times (Hamilton, N.Z.) (Nexis) 8 July 1 Is there any pre-received information about the offender that gives cause for concern?

† preresemble v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1601 Bp. W. Barlow Def. Protestants Relig. 34 Preresembled in those three kings or sages, which came from farre to do personall homage vnto her head, and King at Bethleem.

pre-respire v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈspʌɪə/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈspaɪ(ə)r/

/ˌpririˈspaɪ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-respire.

prereveal v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈviːl/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈvil/

/ˌpririˈvil/

ΚΠ

1852 G. C. Mundy Our Antipodes III. v. 149 It was certainly never pre-revealed to me that I should spend one of the few Christmas days..at sea.

2003 Jrnl. Marketing Res. (Nexis) May 161 When the disclosure was prerevealed, subjects appeared to pay careful attention to the context brand.

presecure v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsᵻˈkjʊə/

/ˌpriːsᵻˈkjɔː/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈkjʊ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1663 J. Mayne tr. Lucian Part of Lucian sig. Hh2^v I would know the nature of the Starres, of the Moone, and Sun himselfe, being præsecur'd from their fires.

2000 Daily Variety (Nexis) 13 Sept. a4 It's particularly tough because you have limited windows for the sorts of major artists that we're hoping to presecure for our projects.

pre-sentence v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛnt(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛntns/

ΚΠ

1654 T. Fuller Inaug. Serm. To Rdr. sig. A2 Who have unmercifully pre-sentenced me.

1998 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 20 Aug. 5 c The media and the officers in Bartow County..have pre-convicted and pre-sentenced these men to the electric chair.

pre-separated adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛpəreɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛpəˌreɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1963 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85 632/2 The entire mixture was preseparated on an alumina column.]

1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset iii. 30 Pre-separated colour art work can be prepared using Bourges Colotone overlays.

1992 Science 6 Nov. 1053/1 Carbon can be separated from fossil fuels by separating CO₂ from products of combustion in air or in pre-separated oxygen.

pre-sift v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɪft/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɪft/

ΚΠ

a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 28 In weightier Petitions..which was not to be presifted by the other Officers.

1950 Jrnl. Animal. Ecol. 19 96/1 The flour and yeast are pre-sifted through a no. 8 bolting cloth sieve to obtain particles smaller in size than any of the living stages.

2001 Rockford (Illinois) Register-Star (Nexis) 16 May 4 b In a medium-sized bowl, pre-sift flour, then add salt and baking powder and sift again.

prestore v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstɔː/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstɔr/

ΚΠ

1940 New Phytologist 39 274 (caption) A and B pre-stored and post-stored at 25° C.

2003 Diabetes Week (Nexis) 28 Apr. 38 Availability of a reliable procedure to prestore islets would diminish the labor and make it possible to pool islets taken from human pancreatic donors to do a transplant.

prestored adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstɔːd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstɔrd/

ΚΠ

1940 New Phytologist 39 274 Mature leaves, picked from the same tree at the same time and treated in the same way, gave 20% browning as against less than 1% for the pre-stored controls.

2000 Wired Jan. 156/2 A prestored, life-size image of you flashes on the wall, as if you had poked your head through the open door.

prestudy v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstʌdi/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstədi/

ΚΠ

a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Cambr. 159 A most excellent preacher, who..preached what he had pre-studied some competent time before.

1807 T. E. Hook Fortress iii. i. 53 Paulina. ‘What do you mean to say to him?’ Thomas. ‘Say?—do you, wife of mine, suppose I'd pre-study, as they call it?’

1982 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 17 209 Projects were to be prestudied to determine their economic viability.

pre-surmise v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsəˈmʌɪz/

U.S.

/ˌprisərˈmaɪz/

ΚΠ

1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 122 The effect was this (as was pre-surmised).

1934 PMLA 49 645 The Russian Novelist did not presurmise the dream of Miguel de Unamuno.

† pre-suspect v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 83 If shee bee longe in lambinge and presuspeckted.

preteach v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtiːtʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtitʃ/

ΚΠ

1721 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius (1726) I. 13 He takes the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, which he is prætaught to evade, or think null.

1993 Coloradoan (Fort Collins) 4 Apr. c7/1 The teacher..provides instruction when the child needs a new skill or may preteach it in anticipation of the child being able to use the skill.

prethink v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈθɪŋk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈθɪŋk/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)]

forethinkc897

bethinka1225

compass1297

contrivec1330

ordain1340

conjectc1380

imaginec1380

cast1382

ordaina1387

advisec1400

forecast1413

imagec1450

ordainc1450

project1477

foreminda1535

invent1539

aimc1540

practise1550

plat1556

trive1573

meditate1582

patterna1586

plot1589

platform1592

design1594

chew1600

forelay1605

to map out1618

to cut out1619

agitate1629

laya1631

plod1631

cut1645

calculate1654

concert1702

to scheme out1716

plan1718

model1725

to rough out1738

to lay out1741

plan1755

prethink1760

shape1823

programme1834

pre-plan1847

encompass1882

target1948

1760 Voy. & Cruises Commodore Walker II. 192 My friend was greatly alert and elevated, prethinking her his future bride.

1955 Amer. Math. Monthly 62 20 All of us..trust to thinking in front of our audiences, with preparation consisting largely of pre-thinking ourselves into the vocabulary from which they will listen.

1999 Evening Standard (Nexis) 22 Feb. 19 There isn't a part of my person that Emma does not assist. She organises, prethinks, plans and arranges my schedule.

pre-thinking n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈθɪŋkɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1842 W. H. Prescott Jrnl. 20 Aug. in Lit. Memoranda (1961) II. 92 Tried to write on an imperfect pre-thinking—i.e. thinking, as Irving said to me—with a pen.

1964 Ann. Math. 80 311 The prethinking which inspired Lemma 4 may be described as follows.

2001 Business Rev. Weekly 23 Feb. 87/3 Stevens says that today, PwC is not just waiting for a client to ask for a solution. ‘We are doing a lot more pre-thinking.’

† pre-torturing n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. viii. 22 Their cruelty in pre-torturing of many, whom afterwards they put to death.

pretune v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtjuːn/

/(ˌ)priːˈtʃuːn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈt(j)un/

ΚΠ

1931 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 22 Oct. 10/6 (advt.) We will pre-tune it..with the new, built-in Antenna Adjuster.

2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 8892/1 A He/Ne laser, pretuned to 543 nm, was used to image laminin simultaneously.

pretuned adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtjuːnd/

/(ˌ)priːˈtʃuːnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈt(j)und/

ΚΠ

1928 Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune 31 Oct. 9/4 (advt.) A beautifully finished instrument containing the same remarkable pre-tuned Equasonne chassis.

1983 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 63 372 Selling pretuned radios to the Indians apparently receives the author's approval.

pre-understand v.

Brit.

/ˌpriːʌndəˈstand/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌəndərˈstænd/

ΚΠ

1658 Hist. Q. Christina of Swedland 140 Holstenius having preunderstood that the Baron Ghirardi had thoughts of conferring with her.

2005 Flex (Nexis) 1 Sept. 326 In terms simple to ‘pre-understand’, satellite cells are embryonic raw material for the eventual formation of adult muscle cells.

† preunite v. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions xx. 204 It doth in some sort pre-unite our Soules and our Blessednesse together.

pre-worn adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈwɔːn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈwɔrn/

ΚΠ

1924 Washington Post 29 Apr. 7/4 (advt.) Have them [sc. clothes] re-styled, recolored and returned to you in all their pre-worn splendor.

1998 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 56 144/1 Merely thinking about the pebble is not sufficient for appreciating the silky smoothness which is emphasized by contrasting its feel with an image of its pre-worn state.

prewrap v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrap/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈræp/

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > wrapping > wrap [verb (transitive)] > in advance

prewrap1934

1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Pre-wrap.

1936 Syracuse (New York) Herald 11 Dec. a.3/4 (advt.) A neat stack of Beautitwist parcels pre-wrapped and ready to delight.

2000 Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) (Nexis) 20 Nov. 5 d Another option is to prewrap cookies to give to each participant to take home.

prewrapped adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrapt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈræpt/

ΚΠ

1945 Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle 21 Apr. 2 (advt.) Avoid wrapping pre-wrapped or packaged merchandise.

2001 R. B. Parker Potshot (2002) 187 Prewrapped ham sandwiches..and chicken deep-fried in cholesterol.

prewrite v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈraɪt/

ΚΠ

1855 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Apr. 355/1 His oratic style, we think, shows for itself, that it is very much pre-written.

1989 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. 7 vi. 18/1 Some of those sections will..have been prewritten as boilerplate for use in all proposals.

prewritten adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrɪtn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈrɪtn/

ΚΠ

1934 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 7 663 There is no record whatever of pre-written tradition showing him at variance with brahmans on the accepted Immanence of that day.

1993 Pop. Sci. Oct. 56/1 Automated voice and ‘fax-back’ services, which supply prerecorded or prewritten answers to commonly asked questions.

(ii)

pre-baked adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbeɪkt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbeɪkt/

(partially) baked beforehand.

ΚΠ

1923 Indianapolis Star 18 July 4/5 Pour stewed huckleberries into pre-baked shell..and brown in oven while preparing other dishes.

1962 Times 16 July 13/2 A pie in a pre-baked crust is baked at a lower temperature.., while an unbaked crust requires a higher temperature.

2004 F. Lawrence Not on Label 105 Half of the big retailers' in-store bakeries are using ‘prebaked’ dough and ‘baking it off’.

precompiled adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈpʌɪld/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈpaɪld/

Computing designating software or electronic information which is stored in such a way that it can be used directly, or incorporated into another program without further modification.

ΚΠ

1967 Appl. Statistics 16 96 This feature is of particular importance for the analysis of experimental data, especially when the analysis required is a standard program which has been precompiled.]

1969 Datafair 2 Any of the standard precompiled I/O packages available at the laboratory can be augmented by the set of GROATS procedures and automatically added to a user program.

1985 Computerworld (Nexis) 17 June 59 The product uses precompiled code to allow the user to set up a customer filing system by responding to menu prompts.

2004 ColdFusion Developer's Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 Feb. 18 So what benefits do we reap by using stored procedures? One benefit is that they are fast because they are precompiled.

† prededicate adj. Obsolete dedicated or committed in advance.

ΚΠ

1854 S. T. Dobell Balder xxxviii. 251 You solemn imperturbable o'er-high All-seeing and prededicate avengers, For once ye sit in vain!

1889 R. L. Stevenson Master of Ballantrae vi. 169 The same day, which was certainly prededicate to joy.

predrink v.

Brit.

/ˈpriːdrɪŋk/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌdrɪŋk/

intransitive to engage or indulge in predrinking.

ΚΠ

2002 Hamilton (Ont.) Spectator 16 Nov. a12/2 You should definitely pre-drink, I think. Have a few beers before the game.

2011 D. R. Hales Invitation to Health (Internat. ed.) xii. 384/2 College students predrink for a variety of reasons.

predrinking n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːdrɪŋkɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌdrɪŋkɪŋ/

the action or practice of drinking alcohol, esp. in large quantities, before going out to a bar, party, or other event, esp. one where the availability of alcohol might be restricted.

ΚΠ

1996 J. Stobo et al. Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 23) xiv. iv. 927/2 The repeated urge to use can be felt as a craving or manifested by maneuvers to ensure that the drug will always be available, such as hiding ‘stashes’ or ‘pre-drinking’ (drinking before attending an event where access to alcohol might be limited).

2012 Sun (Nexis) 22 Nov. 33 80 per cent of females studied said they would indulge in predrinking before heading to a pub or club.

prefogged adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɒɡd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɑɡd/

(of a film or other photographically sensitive surface) subjected to prefogging.

ΚΠ

1952 Spectrochimica Acta 5 272 The use of cathode-ray microphotometry to give a straight line graph at low intensities was also unreliable unless the emulsion was prefogged.

1996 Jrnl. Imaging Sci. & Technol. 40 70/1 A very-high-contrast direct-positive image was obtained when a prefogged AgBr photographic emulsion containing certain bipyridinium salts..was processed.

prefogging n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɒɡɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɑɡɪŋ/

the exposure of a film or other photosensitive surface to light or other radiation of low, uniform intensity, esp. in order to sensitize it (by reducing the amount of further exposure needed to form a visible image).

ΚΠ

1928 Proc. Royal Soc. 1927–8 A. 117 492 With a view to reducing plate variations and also to increase the sensitiveness of the plate in the region 2350 Å.U.–2100 Å.U. some of the plates were subjected to a little prefogging.

1991 Photographer Sept. 43/1 A certain, carefully-controlled pre-fogging must take place so that further exposure (the result of the printing process) immediately forms density.

pregame v.

Brit.

/ˈpriːɡeɪm/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌɡeɪm/

North American colloquial intransitive. = predrink vb.

ΚΠ

2004 University Wire (Nexis) 3 Mar. Penn students ‘pregame’ with friends..four hours before they plan on heading to clubs, off-campus parties, frat parties or a tiny little room in High Rise East.

2014 Insider's Guide to Colleges, 2015 (Yale Daily News) 441/1 One student even commented that the prohibition of alcohol leads to binge drinking behavior: ‘People drink stupidly because they need to pregame faster so they don't get caught’.

pregaming n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːɡeɪmɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌɡeɪmɪŋ/

North American colloquial = predrinking n.

ΚΠ

2004 University Wire (Nexis) 3 Mar. I don't think in a place where pregaming spans from 5:45 to 10:15..that the limit is really four drinks or less.

2014 D. Grazian in M. Duneier et al. Urban Ethnogr. Reader 647/1 Edward defends pregaming for its utility: the ritual provides an efficient means of getting drunk cheaply, in order to offset the costs of drinking downtown.

pregive v.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡɪv/

Philosophy transitive to constitute prior to perception or analysis.

ΚΠ

1927 tr. M. Scheler in Philos. Rev. 36 107 The ‘social’ ‘co-world’-sphere and the historical ‘pre-world’-sphere are pre-given..in all the following (succeeding) spheres.

1943 M. Farber Found. Phenomenol. xv. 506 The theory of pre-predicative experience, which ‘pre-gives’ the most primitive substrates in object-evidence, represents the first portion of the phenomenological theory of judgment.

1999 Educ. & Training (Nexis) 41 403 Each ‘instant’ is unique in its texture and rhythm since each involves unique human beings whose very subjectivities are in some sense ‘pregiving the world’ in which practice takes place.

pregiven n. and adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡɪvn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡɪv(ə)n/

Philosophy (a) n. something which is given or constituted prior to perception or analysis; (b) adj. which is so constituted.

ΚΠ

1932 Jrnl. Philos. 29 658 He considers the categories of the ‘pre-given’ to be the greatest danger on the part of phenomenology.

1970 B. Brewster tr. L. Althusser & E. Balibar Reading Capital (1975) iii. iv. 297 In Marx's theory..a synthetic concept of time can never be a pre-given, but only a result.

1999 Communication Theory 9 32 Because speaking does not simply codify pregiven personal thought, self-talk is necessary to thought's living (i.e., temporal) existence.

premastering n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɑːst(ə)rɪŋ/

/(ˌ)priːˈmast(ə)rɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmæstərɪŋ/

the process of making a master copy of data before transferring it to a CD, DVD, etc.

ΚΠ

1984 PR Newswire (Nexis) 15 Feb. The new EECO still-frame audio system consists of two companion microprocessor controlled units: the AVC-300 Still-Frame Audio/Video Converter, which digitally compresses the audio information during premastering, and the VAC-300.., which captures the compressed audio during playback.

1986 Studio Week Aug. 34/4 A pre-mastering facility could spot potential errors with a phase meter.

1990 B. N. Flagg Formative Eval. Educ. Technol. x. 168 During the production phase of an interactive videodisc, various prototypes may be developed for evaluation, prior to making a premastering videotape.

2004 Remix (Nexis) 1 Nov. 11 Premastering is one of the most abused tools in the hands of musicians.

pre-owned adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈəʊnd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈoʊnd/

originally U.S. (euphemistic) used; second-hand.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > [adjective] > re-used > second-, etc., hand

fourth-hand1598

second hand1673

repossesseda1678

second-handed1682

third hand1862

used1874

resale1929

pre-owned1934

pre-loved1972

1934 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 27 May ii. 13 (advt.) Factory branch close out sale—floor sample and pre-owned washers.

1949 Holland (Mich.) Evening Sentinel 19 Oct. 16/1 (advt.) In addition to handling good Pre-owned auto-mobiles, we will carry a full line of Standard Oil products.

1997 Photo Answers Mar. 97/1 (advt.) We have a large selection of pre-owned Hasselblad, Bronica, [etc.] cameras, lenses and motordrives.

(b) Prefixed to nouns (chiefly verbal derivatives) in sense ‘earlier, preceding, previous’, denoting a thing which existed or came into being, or an action which took place or began, previously.

(i)

pre-accusation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːakjᵿˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌækjəˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌækjuˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1847 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Preaccusation, previous accusation.

1982 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol 33 117/1 In courtroom examination, a considerable range of actions (such as accusations, pre-accusations, denials, excuses, justification, etc.) are..minimally recognizable as ‘questions’ and ‘answers’.

preadjustment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈdʒʌs(t)m(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdʒəs(t)mənt/

ΚΠ

1845 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. July 48/2 True instruction always proceeds..not by a fixed inflexible system, now shrinking or stretching, and now bending or straightening its subjects, to suit its own pre-adjustments.

1999 Lat. Amer. Perspectives 26 105 In 1993 the trade deficit was 3.5 times larger than it was in the preadjustment period.

preadministration n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːədmɪnᵻˈstreɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed x. 735 Baptism as it was instituted by Christ after the preadministration of S. John.

2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 721/1 Preadministration of puromycin had no effect on the inhibition of the sGC transcripts by E2.

preadvertisement n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻsm(ə)nt/

/ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻzm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzmənt/

/ˌpriədˈvərdəzmənt/

ΚΠ

1646 J. Howell Lustra Ludovici iii. 43 The design was to draw from her a solemn oath, that she would not come to the Kings Court without his preadvertisement, and approbation, which oath she took upon the Evangelists.

1671 Philos. Trans. 1670 (Royal Soc.) 5 2084/1 An Alphabetical Table of the chief things contained in this Fifth Volume for..1670... Mr. Flamsteads Pre-advertisements of the Moons motions this following Year.

?1830 S. T. Coleridge Lett. (1971) VI. 831 As to the Pre-advertisement or Prospectus, it would be necessary to have the Stuff, or specimen of the Materials graphic & scriptorial, and to know the Editor's plan & notions of what the work is to be, in order to make it tell.

1998 Independent (Nexis) 27 Dec. 4 It came as a surprise. No pre-advertisement, no fuss.

preappearance n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpɪərəns/

/ˌpriːəˈpɪərn̩s/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpɪrəns/

ΚΠ

1681 Whole Duty of Nations 28 In Sodom and Gomorrah, was given a pre-appearance of the final Judgment upon the World.

1851 Littell's Living Age 2 Aug. 198/1 The portion he wrote was never published, owing chiefly to the pre-appearance of other similar publications.

1987 Ethics 97 865 Bloch continues to take them [sc. myths, etc.] seriously..as anticipations and preappearances of something to be achieved in the future.

† preapprobation n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1652 R. Brome Weeding of Covent-Garden Prol., in Five New Playes (1659) That he besought Preapprobation though they lik't it not.

pre-approval n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpruːvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpruv(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-approval.

1945 Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 19 27 Pre-approval of forum subjects is necessary and all courses offered are subject to review by the State office.

1992 Art Newspaper (BNC) 13 All proposals should require pre-approval of the international advisory council.

† pre-arrestment n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 243 The one counterworking secret for pre-arrestment of this evil.

pre-ascertainment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːasəˈteɪnm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌæsərˈteɪnmənt/

ΚΠ

1816 J. Bentham Extract Constit. Code: Official Aptitude Maximized 36 For preascertainment of the expense.

2000 Hansard Commons 9 Mar. 14283/1 Pre-ascertainment of the person who will be the subject of a warrant and the specific services they will be using is no longer an effective way of dealing with the issue.

pre-audit n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔdət/

/ˌpriˈɑdət/

ΚΠ

1878 Times 12 Sept. 4/5 The claims..should be submitted to the pay examiner of the Presidency concerned for pre-audit.

2005 Nation (Thailand) (Nexis) 15 Aug. The Office of the Auditor-General wants to put its emphasis on pre-audits, since its traditional post-audits cannot prevent unproductive spending and corruption.

preauditor n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻtə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔdədər/

/ˌpriˈɑdədər/

ΚΠ

1938 Sun (Baltimore) 2 Apr. 6/2 It retains the principle of pre-audit but it makes the pre-auditor amenable to Presidential authority.

1994 Jrnl. Accounting Res. 32 20 Unmodified reports on the last preauditor litigation statement.

precensorship n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈsɛnsəʃɪp/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛnsərˌʃɪp/

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > publishing > publisher > [noun] > censor > expurgation of literary work > in advance of publication

precensorship1928

1928 Times 8 Aug. 11/2 The posters need stricter control, but pre-censorship would be administratively difficult.

1992 Premiere Jan. 68/1 Lardner seemed to be advocating precensorship of JFK or trying to discourage people from seeing the movie.

precivilization n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪvl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

/ˌpriːsɪvᵻlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌsɪvəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1870 J. Bonwick Last of Tasmanians xiii. 335 He then turns to the pre-civilization doctrine, remarking, ‘It is, I think, improbable that any race of men..should entirely abandon pursuits so easy and so advantageous.’

1991 C. Eddy Stairway to Hell 69/2 As if John and Alan Lomax set up their big recording rig amid the cement and manholes of the final vestige of precivilization.

2006 World Hist. (CliffsAP) ii. 12 Means of determining the approximate dates of pre-civilizations include the following: Stratigraphy, [etc.].

pre-coat n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːkəʊt/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌkoʊt/

ΚΠ

1926 Industr. & Engin Chem. 18 342/2 In some instances a ‘precoat’ was laid on the filter leaves; that is, one pressful of sludge with a high filter aid content was run through the press preceding the actual filtration.

1991 Process Engin. Aug. 47/2 This design eliminates the need for the multi pre-coats usually associated with candle type systems.

pre-collection n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈlɛkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈlɛkʃən/

ΚΠ

1664 Bp. H. King Let. in I. Walton Donne 3 in Lives (1670) By which means his and your Pre-collections for that Work fell to the happy Menage of your Pen.

2005 Times 31 Aug. (Features) 12 The French fashion house's designer..choosing Sienna..as one of the inspirations for his last pre-collection.

precommitment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈmɪtm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈmɪtmənt/

ΚΠ

1855 N.Y. Times 31 July 4/2 The unhealthy glare of private or personal or political prejudices, or pre-commitment.

1933 New Eng. Q. 6 47 This situation of pre-commitment was one of the sore spots of the convention.

2004 Social Res. (Nexis) 71 691 My life as a student of mind has taught me one incontrovertible lesson: mind is never free of precommitment.

precomprehension n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒmprᵻˈhɛnʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑmprəˈhɛn(t)ʃən/

ΚΠ

1842 E. A. Poe in Graham's Mag. Feb. 126/2 Let him reperuse ‘Barnaby Rudge’, and, with a pre-comprehension of the mystery.

1996 Renaissance Q. 49 72 This project is meaningful in such a way that it can be defined only in relation to a precomprehension of the infinite and undetermined totality.

preconcession n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsɛʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈsɛʃən/

ΚΠ

1650 Exercitation conc. Usurped Powers 1 Jeroboam..had Gods preconcession of a kingdom.

1974 Boundary 2 2 239 Olson..councils [sic] that the uncovering of the energies that made the old mythologies vital must be undertaken singly without preconcession to the past.

preconclusion n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈkluːʒn/

/ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːʒn/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈkluʒən/

ΚΠ

1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) xii. lxx. 293 By pre-conclusion Twixt him and Dorcas.

1884 Overland Monthly Oct. 445/1 Suppose these young men..should set themselves..to study without shirking or preconclusion, and from competent authority, the facts of the case?

2004 Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune (Nexis) 26 Jan. 8 a His preconclusions about the Iraqi threat foreshadow his end result.

preconnection n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈnɛkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈnɛkʃən/

ΚΠ

1784 R. Bage Barham Downs II. 219 A narrative of his pre-connexion with Mrs. Delane.

1992 M. Aparicio & P. N. Strong in S. J. Leven & D. S. Levine Motivation, Emotion & Goal Direct. in Neural Networks i. 8 The real architecture of nervous systems is a substrate for learning..not a structural preconnection to suit every possible contingency in the life of an organism.

preconsent n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsɛnt/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈsɛnt/

ΚΠ

1856 W. Plumer Life W. Plumer vii. 285 With as much propriety might a new partner be admitted..as a new state..be admitted into the Union, without the preconsent [1803 previous consent] of each of the present states.

1999 Ethics 109 644 Archard..provides a balanced discussion of what the law counts as evidence of consent or, alternatively absence of consent, whether prior or preconsent is relevant, and the mens rea of rape.

pre-constituent n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒnˈstɪtjʊənt/

/ˌpriːkɒnˈstɪtʃʊənt/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈstɪtʃəwənt/

ΚΠ

1816 S. T. Coleridge Statesman's Man. p. xxxviiii Of the three Factors, by which the mind is determined to the admission or rejection of the point in question..both depend on the first [logical conguity], not indeed as their cause or preconstituent, but as their indispensable condition.

2002 Jrnl. Nietzsche Stud. Spring 99 Earth and sky are not things; they are elementals. They might best be regarded as primordial pre-constituents.

pre-contemplation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒntəmˈpleɪʃn/

/ˌpriːkɒntɛmˈpleɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑn(t)əmˈpleɪʃən/

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1957) III. 159 The very pre-contemplation, and pre-denunciation of that judgement..was a..distastfull bitternesse to the Prophet.

1995 GQ Jan. 132/1 This model shows the typical process that we go through from head-in-the-sand inertia to adopting a healthier lifestyle. The fun starts with pre-contemplation.

preconviction n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈvɪkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈvɪkʃən/

ΚΠ

1803 M. Lewis Let. in D. Jackson Lett. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1962) 100 I go with the most perfect preconviction in my own mind of returning safe.

1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature ii. 555 Each one had prejudices so strong in favor of certain peculiar doctrines, and all were so anxious to have their pre-convictions prevail, that justice and purity were entirely excluded.

1993 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Dec. 4/3 Like so much modern scholarship, this dismissal derives directly and solely from personal preconvictions.

pre-decay n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈkeɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈkeɪ/

/ˌpridiˈkeɪ/

ΚΠ

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 361 For..some pre-decay is observable.

1871 L. Colange Zell's Pop. Encycl. 656/3 Pre-decay, premature decay.

predecision n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈsɪʒn/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈsɪʒən/

ΚΠ

1635 J. Mede Let. 6 Feb. in Diatribae Pars IV (1652) 608 In regard of the predecision of the Church.

1759 R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Constit. & Govt. Pensylvania 295 A Prediciaion..that..they could have no Objection to this method.

1826 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1971) VI. 545 What becomes of Schleiermacher's Logic..of..immutable Predecisions?

1997 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 91 999/1 The model borrows heavily from John Kingdon's work on predecisions in American politics.

pre-dedication n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdɛdᵻˈkeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1840 T. De Quincey Mod. Superstition in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 555/2 Bearing a prededication to a service.

1985 tr. J. Baudrillard in Diacritics 15 58 It is this pre-dedication of luxury that negatively determines the level of survival and not the reverse.

† pre-detainer n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1659 T. Lushington Resurrection Rescued 61 His repossession of it defrauded all the Præ-detainers.

predevelopment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈvɛləpm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈvɛləpmənt/

/ˌpridiˈvɛləpmənt/

ΚΠ

1868 Human Nature 2 32 I designate this building up (preparing) of an organism fitted for our life hereafter ‘Predevelopment’.

1996 McKinsey Q. 2 142 In predevelopment and research, a 99 percent error rate is acceptable; in downstream development, even 1 percent is considered too high.

pre-discipline n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɪsᵻplᵻn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɪsəplən/

ΚΠ

1894 Daily News 4 June 5/6 The General warmly commended the marching and pre-discipline of both teams.

pre-embodiment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈbɒdɪm(ə)nt/

/ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdɪm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdᵻmənt/

/ˌpriɛmˈbɑdᵻmənt/

/ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdimənt/

/ˌpriɛmˈbɑdimənt/

ΚΠ

1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xviii. 467 [She] seems a living pre-embodiment of those ghastly spectres.

1985 P. Tobin in H. Bloom Gabriel Garcia Marques (1989) 215 If we seek the pre-embodiment woman, we are more likely to find her through Jacques Derrida's meditation upon Nietzsche's meditation on woman.

† pre-entail n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 97 As Forfeit Lands, Deliver'd up into his hands,..By Pre-intail of Providence.

pre-equipment n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈkwɪpm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈkwɪpmənt/

/ˌpriiˈkwɪpmənt/

ΚΠ

1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 377 In the shape of structural pre-equipment for the mind.

2005 Candy Industry (Nexis) 1 Apr. 40 We have the pre-equipment either for chocolate or for sugar, but we do not have the packaging equipment for afterwards.

pre-evangelism n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈvan(d)ʒəlɪz(ə)m/

/ˌpriːᵻˈvan(d)ʒl̩ɪz(ə)m/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈvændʒəˌlɪzəm/

/ˌpriiˈvændʒəˌlɪzəm/

ΚΠ

1968 F. A. Schaeffer God who is There v. ii. 143 Pre-evangelism must come before evangelism... The reason we have not been reaching many of these people is because we have not taken enough time with pre-evangelism.

2005 Post-Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin) (Nexis) 3 Sept. 3 e It's what we in our circles called ‘pre-evangelism’. It's what you do ahead of time to get yourself in a position to do evangelism.

pre-excitation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛksʌɪˈteɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriɛkˌsaɪˈteɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1951 K. S. Lashley in L. A. Jeffress Cerebral Mechanisms Behavior 120 Such contaminations might be ascribed to differences in the relative strength of associative bonds between the elements of the act, and thus not evidence for pre-excitation of the elements or for simultaneous pre-excitation.

1976 Lancet 30 Oct. 938/2 The electrocardiographic appearances in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may erroneously suggest the presence of pre-excitation.

1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 641/2 The direction of the blue light-induced current, which occurs only after preexcitation with green light, is in the same direction as was found for the green light-induced current.

† pre-excogitation n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 52 Greit argumentis, and preexcogitatioun Of baith the Lawis.

pre-expectation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛkspɛkˈteɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛkˌspɛkˈteɪʃən/

ΚΠ

a1686 J. Rawlet tr. Seneca in Poetick Misc. (1687) 126 Preexpectation doth alleviate ill.

1774 A. Gerard Ess. Genius ii. ix. 248 Pre-expectation..renders the remembrance of an object durable.

2005 Detroit News (Nexis) 6 Mar. 1 a I don't think there's any pre-expectation about what the percentage would have been this year.

pre-expounder n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻkˈspaʊndə/

/ˌpriːɛkˈspaʊndə/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪkˈspaʊndər/

/ˌpriɛkˈspaʊndər/

ΚΠ

1817 J. Bentham Chrestomathia Pt. II 282 That wordy and cloudy pre-expounder of a nebulous original.

† prefecundation n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1881 Nature 3 Nov. 24/1 A curious case of prefecundation observed in a Spionide.

prefilter n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːfɪltə/

/(ˌ)priːˈfɪltə/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌfɪltər/

/ˌpriˈfɪltər/

ΚΠ

1911 Times Engin. Suppl. 30 Aug. 20/4 (advt.) Filtration plant for waterworks... Prefilters and appurtenances, filtered water reservoir..as shown and specified.

2002 Fine Woodworking Mar. 117/2 Many respirators come with a prefilter in front of the charcoal filter canister.

prehearing n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈhɪərɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈhɪrɪŋ/

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > [noun] > listening > to recording > pre-hearing of recording

prehearing1915

1915 Star & Sentinel (Gettysburg, Pa.) 16 Sept. 6/6 It was not cited as decisive of the matter of a pre-election or prehearing pledge.

1995 Goderich (Ont.) Signal-Star 27 Dec. a8/3 The June 18 prehearing and trial beginning Sept. 6..have been moved to Goderich.

preimpression n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈprɛʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈprɛʃən/

ΚΠ

1859 All Year Round 3 Dec. 140 M... told me..the following pre-impression of the event, in a dream.

1995 Diacritics 25 38 To liberate his discourse of all Freudian preimpression is not only impossible, it would be illegitimate.

preincubation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪŋkjᵿˈbeɪʃn/

/ˌpriːɪnkjᵿˈbeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɪnkjəˈbeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌɪŋkjəˈbeɪʃən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > incubation

incubation1928

preincubation1941

1941 A. R. Winter & E. M. Funk Poultry Sci. & Pract. vi. 158 Pre-incubation of eggs beyond the equivalent of fourteen to eighteen hours of regular incubation is harmful to hatching results.

1993 Science 1 Jan. 82/2 Preincubation of DRG cultures with dantyrolene (40-μM) for 15 min prevented growth cone collapse evoked by NI-35.

† pre-indisposition n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1745 Philos. Trans. 1744–5 (Royal Soc.) 43 278 Disorders, wherein, without any obvious Præ-indispositions, Persons in a Moment sink down and expire.

1836 Times 12 Mar. 6/2 I suppose pre-indisposition induced him to refuse his food.

† pre-inhabitation n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1956) VIII. 267 The pre-possession, the pre-inhabitation, but not the sole possession, nor sole inhabitation of the Holy Ghost.

pre-inquisition n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnkwᵻˈzɪʃn/

/ˌpriːɪŋkwᵻˈzɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɪnkwəˈzɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌɪŋkwəˈzɪʃən/

ΚΠ

a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1838) III. 416 What they all wanted was a pre-inquisition into the mind, as part organ, part constituent, of all knowledge.

1927 Mind 36 171 Cudworth not only starts the pre-inquisition, but carries it further than had anywhere yet been done.

pre-intelligence n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈtɛlᵻdʒ(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈtɛlədʒəns/

ΚΠ

1736 R. Loveday tr. G. de Coste Hymen’s Præludia II. ix. 136 This Discourse seems to imply some Pre-intelligence of your Fortune.

1992 Classical Q. New Ser. 42 483 A state of being when..he most fully knows himself as he is (i.e. as a pre-existing pre-intelligence).

pre-knowledge n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnɒlɪdʒ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnɑlədʒ/

ΚΠ

1709 F. Gandouet French Politick Detected sig. A5 The Third Chapter begins with God's pre-Knowledge of all his Works, where the Doctrine of Predestination is detected.

1873 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 2 325 Without any..preconceived design or intention other than that which is implied in the pre-knowledge of man's appearance.

1998 Educ. Rev. 12 i. 86/1 The units contain starter exercises, which attempt to assess pre-knowledge.

pre-negotiation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːnᵻɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn/

/ˌpriːnᵻɡəʊsɪˈeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprinəˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/

/ˌprinəˌɡoʊsiˈeɪʃən/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > discussion of terms > preliminary

precognit1654

pourparler1709

pourparleying1880

pourparlering1900

round1947

pre-negotiation1957

talks about talks1971

1957 Times 1 June 6/2 This ‘pre-negotiation’ should seek to establish the conditions for a cease-fire.

1995 Daily Tel. 1 May 18/4 The Cannes summit on June 26 which will launch the pre-negotiations.

pre-opinion n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈpɪnjən/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈpɪnjən/

ΚΠ

1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) iii. xxv. 144 Some..out of a timorous preopinion refraining very many.

1997 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 12 Mar. 2 I'm not sure it would be appropriate for me to be offering pre-opinions on how I view the evidence.

prepolarization n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpəʊlərʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpoʊlərəˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌpoʊləˌraɪˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1947 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 69 2994/1 This cathodic prepolarization resulted in still smaller cathodic waves and larger anodic waves.

1992 Analytica Chimica Acta 257 247 Increased activities were detected when adsorption was conducted at positive prepolarization of the electrode.

prepressurization n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprɛʃ(ə)rʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌprɛʃərəˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌprɛʃəˌraɪˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1967 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Product Res. & Devel. 6 29/2 The prepressurization of the methane and the use of corrected flow rates will result in lower value for the membrane constant.

1995 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 448 443 This minimized any pre-pressurization of the explosive column which would complicate the interpretation of the initial explosive deflagration.

pre-publicity n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpʌbˈlɪsᵻti/

U.S.

/ˌpripəˈblɪsᵻdi/

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > [noun] > publicity

word of mouth1578

publicity1609

agitation1829

limelight1877

play1912

pre-publicity1959

1959 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 6 July 20/1 Its producers have conducted such a careful campaign of pre-publicity that it's doubtful that a single child..hasn't had word to watch for the movie.

1997 Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 15/1 If pre-publicity was low-key, the gala concert by the Ulster Orchestra under Jerzy Maksymiuk unleashed a compensatory euphoria.

pre-qualification n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkwɒlᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌkwɔləfəˈkeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1653 W. Allen Some Baptismal Abuses 24 The Major or Sherriff is not vested with his authority..by any prequalification or action preparatory thereunto.

1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature II. 773 A pre-qualification and predisposition should never escape the observation of a parent, in any of his children.

1993 Guardian 2 Nov. i. 7/1 Twenty-four hours before the closure date for ‘pre-qualification’ tenders.., the ForthRight Alliance delivered a copy of alternative proposals to the Scottish Office.

pre-railroadite n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈreɪlrəʊdʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈreɪlˌroʊdˌaɪt/

ΚΠ

1860 W. M. Thackeray in Cornhill Mag. Oct. 504 There will be but ten praerailroadites left.

prerehearsal n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈhəːsl/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈhərs(ə)l/

/ˌpririˈhərs(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > rehearsal for recording

prerehearsal1945

demo1962

1945 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 21 Sept. 3/3 A pre-rehearsal of the circus..is planned for 7.30 p.m. Saturday.

2000 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 58 168/2 This strongly suggests that Kerouac put key experiences through obsessive prerehearsals that must indeed have turned his writing sessions into mere extensions of an ongoing mental process.

† pre-reluctation n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 356 In every sinne thou hast..some reluctation, before thou do that sinne; and that pre-reluctation, and pre-remorse was Mercy.

† pre-remorse n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 356 In every sinne thou hast..some reluctation, before thou do that sinne; and that pre-reluctation, and pre-remorse was Mercy.

prerepresentation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛprᵻz(ɛ)nˈteɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛprəˌzɛnˈteɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌrɛprəzənˈteɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1691 T. Beverley Thousand Years' Kingdom 19 That Great Pre-Representation of his Kingdom.

1872 R. Abbey City of God 100 He [sc. Jesus Christ] himself could not, beforehand, by symbolical pre-representation, teach his own future appearance, sacrifice, and death.

2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 13352/2 The prerepresentations or templates that focus the naive bird's attention on conspecific and consubspecific songs appear to be modified by experience.

pre-success n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsəkˈsɛs/

U.S.

/ˌprisəkˈsɛs/

ΚΠ

1891 W. Whitman in Pall Mall Gaz. 12 Dec. 3/1 If those pre-successes were all—if they ended at that—..America..were a failure.

2003 Fast Company (Nexis) Feb. 29 They spent most of their pre-success years being shouted down by naysayers.

† pre-surmise n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 167 It was your presurmize, That in the dole of blowes, your Son might drop.

1800 T. Browne Union Dict. Presurmise, surmise previously formed.

pretaste n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːteɪst/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌteɪst/

ΚΠ

1790 J. Creighton Reciprocal Duty Ministers of Christ 23 Thus shall ye, and they experience here a pretaste of heavenly bliss.

1804 F. Burney Jrnl. 2 Dec. (1975) VI. 739 This..gave me..a soft pretaste of peace between the rival powers.

1995 Dayton (Ohio) Daily News (Nexis) 12 Feb. 1 a It's like God gave me a pretaste of Heaven.

pre-taster n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈteɪstə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈteɪstər/

ΚΠ

1898 I. Zangwill Dreamers of Ghetto I. ii. §7. 56 God's Vicegerent..who dare not take the Eucharist without a Pretaster.

2004 Gloucester Citizen (Nexis) 9 Nov. (Features section) 8 It's a great pre-taster of things to come for the main 2005 festival.

† pre-tincture n. Obsolete rare

ΚΠ

1643 Answer Ld. Digby's Apol. 22 I am therefore a little jealous there might be some pre-tincture in your Lordshipps own eye.

pre-union n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈjuːnjən/

/(ˌ)priːˈjuːnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈjunjən/

ΚΠ

1653 T. Manton Pract. Comm. James ii. §.2. 14 A happy præunion of their Souls and their blessedness.

1998 San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News (Nexis) 3 Apr. (Eye section) 19 Many would hail its new album..as a reunion... If anything, Curve's first incarnation was a pre-union, producing music that was a few years ahead of what pop radio would play.

preverbalisation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːvəːbəlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

/ˌpriːvəːbl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌvərbələˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌvərbəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1959 J. C. Catford in R. Quirk & A. H. Smith Teaching of Eng. vi. 188 Conscious preverbalisation in L1, and translation into L2, may be entirely suppressed, but errors due to interference from L1 still keep breaking through.

2002 South Bend (Indiana) Tribune (Nexis) 18 Aug. c1 Speech delays—no babbling or preverbalization at 12 to 15 months, not using two-word combinations by 2 years.

(ii)

pre-adjunct n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈadʒʌŋ(k)t/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈæˌdʒəŋ(k)t/

Grammar an adjunct that precedes the word it modifies.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > adjunct or adverbial > which precedes word it modifies

pre-adjunct1898

1898 H. Sweet New Eng. Gram. ii. §1759 Thus pre-adjunct or pre-adjective position means that the adjunct-word precedes its head-word.

1914 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. II. xiv. 331 There are some adjectives that are hardly ever used predicatively, and on the other hand some that are hardly ever used as pre-adjuncts.

1957 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxviii. 123 What, which, whose, and how serve as pre-adjuncts: 1 What book?; 2 How far is it?

2000 A. M. Devine & L. D. Stephens Discontinuous Syntax: Hyperbaton in Greek vi. 285 It is..possible for one of the Y elements to be internal to the nuclear clause and the other an external adjunct or apposition (preadjunct plus internal noun or internal null head modifier plus appositional noun).

† pre-advertency n. Obsolete a forewarning.

ΚΠ

1671 A. Woodhead in tr. Life St. Teresa Pref. 22 Wittingly and with a preadvertency of it.

pre-antiquity n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːanˈtɪkwᵻti/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌænˈtɪkwədi/

ancientness; the time before antiquity.

ΚΠ

1709 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism v. 95/2 There is nothing in Scripture, to countenance the Pre-antiquity of Egypt.

1855 P. J. Bailey Spiritual Legend in Mystic (ed. 2) 77 White isles whose præ-antiquity Transcends all date.

2001 New Statesman (Nexis) 26 Feb. From pre-antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages, practitioners of the occult sciences in China, India and Egypt have shared a common vocabulary and terminology.

† pre-aptitude n. Obsolete innate or instinctive aptitude.

ΚΠ

1815 J. C. Hobhouse Substance Lett. (1816) I. 2 The worthy members of our missions..exclude from the benefit of their protection..those found guilty of holding even parley with any Frenchman, whose attentions, like those of the devil, seem to convey a supposition of preaptitude for such evil communication.

1848 Jrnl. Psychol. Med. & Mental Pathol. 1 136 Hereditary tendency is one cause of puerperal insanity, and in many cases of the complaint we feel assured that it would not have occurred at all, were there not already in the patients a peculiar pre-aptitude for its aggression.

preboding n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbəʊdɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈboʊdɪŋ/

foreboding.

ΚΠ

1844 M. F. Tupper Heart x. 106 With a nervous pre-boding Henry took up the ‘Watchman’.

1891 New Eng. Mag. June 433/1 It was with a pang of preboding that his nearest friends heard him announce..that he was ‘going to kill Mrs. Partington’.

pre-clearance n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈklɪərəns/

/(ˌ)priːˈklɪərn̩s/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈklɪrəns/

(a) a sale held before a stock clearance (rare); (b) the granting or obtaining of permission beforehand, esp. so that normal clearance procedures do not have to be undergone.

ΚΠ

1926 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 14 Nov. i. 6/2 (advt.) Tomorrow, Monday, great pre-clearance.

1951 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 30 Nov. 8/2 Authorization has been secured..for the special assistant U.S. attorneys..to file injunctive actions..without securing pre-clearance from Washington.

1991 Traveller Spring 14/1 Staggered arrivals at embarkation have ensured that certain flights have enjoyed a 100 per cent pre-clearance, with an average of 60 per cent on most others.

precoding n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkəʊdɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkoʊdɪŋ/

chiefly Computing preparatory or preliminary encoding.

ΚΠ

1937 S. Glueck & E. Glueck Later Criminal Careers 229 (heading) Pre-coding card used in second five-year period.

1969 Wireless World Feb. 80/2 What are needed at present are more good ideas to make for simpler and more direct precoding.

1993 PC Mag. Dec. 366/3 Precoding does have disadvantages, however, and increases the modem's sensitivity to noise from various sources.

pre-come n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːkʌm/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌkəm/

(also pre-cum) = pre-ejaculate n.; cf. come n.¹ 5.

ΚΠ

1984 R. N. Boyd Sex behind Bars 174 His cock, wet from pre-cum, slid easily into the ass that Steve had already loosened up.

2004 Gay Times Feb. 45 (advt.) HIV is in the blood, cum and pre-cum of an HIV positive man.

precontour n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒntʊə/

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒntɔː/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑnˌtʊ(ə)r/

Phonetics an unstressed syllable which precedes the peak of a contour.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > stress group > syllables with respect to

subtonic1827

pretone1884

pretonic1892

head1922

nucleus1922

tail1922

peak1935

post-nuclear1944

precontour1945

nuclear1949

tonic1962

1945 K. L. Pike Intonation Amer. Eng. iii. 29 Immediately preceding the stressed syllable of a primary contour there oftentimes will be one or more syllables which are pronounced in the same burst of speed with that primary contour but which themselves are unstressed. These syllables may be called precontours, and depend for their pronunciation upon the syllables which follow them.

1962 B. M. H. Strang Mod. Eng. Struct. 53 A contour may be preceded by one or more unstressed syllables forming a pre-contour; special meanings may be conveyed by varying the level of the pre-contour.

1989 Jrnl. Arabic Ling. 20 35 This primary contour occurs..in pause group non-final and final positions. It occurs with and without precontours.

† predesert n. Obsolete previous deserving; recompense for an action not yet performed.

ΚΠ

1678 R. L'Estrange tr. Seneca's Morals: Of Benefits ii. 6 Some good Offices we do to Friends; Others, to Strangers; but, those are the noblest, that we do without Predesert.

predrink n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːdrɪŋk/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌdrɪŋk/

(a) an alcoholic drink consumed before an event or prior to going out to a bar, party, etc.; (b) (in plural) a social gathering where predrinks are served.

ΚΠ

1981 J. A. Brown Let. 31 Oct. in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1982) V. Compan. iii. 676 He refused a pre-drink & went in to sit on my left.

1999 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 17 Oct. 13 I'm taking the boy of my dreams and we'll go to pre-drinks at a friend's house.

2010 J. Pease Don't let me Go 169 The pre-drinks turned into a pre-party.

2013 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 18 Dec. 45 The perfect night out would start with predrinks around a beach fire.., before heading into town and partying the night away.

pre-ejaculate n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈdʒakjᵿlət/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdʒækjələt/

/ˌpriiˈdʒækjələt/

fluid released prior to ejaculation.

ΚΠ

1980 Clin. Chem. 26 254 Specimens from the coital and non-coital vagina, and from the rectum and buccal cavity, and pre-ejaculate lubricating fluid were also assayed for both enzymes.

2001 Cosmopolitan Dec. 161/1 Condoms break about 2 percent of the time, usually before ejaculation, but even preejaculate can contain viruses and bacteria.

pre-eternity n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈtəːnᵻti/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈtərnədi/

/ˌpriiˈtərnədi/

previous eternity; eternal previous existence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [noun] > pre- or post-eternity

post-eternitya1631

eternity1656

pre-eternity1678

1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 393 He seemeth, with Ocellus, to maintain the Worlds Pre-eternity.

1722 J. Salwey Divine Worship Due to Christ 28 As for pre-eternity: In the Beginning was the Word.

1837 F. Silver (title) The pre-eternity of our Lord Jesus Christ denied and opposed by human pre-existerians.

1995 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 115 100/1 His [sc. Ghazālī's] main objection to the belief in the world's pre-eternity is that it is based on the premise that God acts by necessity.

pre-flash n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːflaʃ/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌflæʃ/

(in flash photography) an initial flash emitted by a camera which causes the subject's pupils to contract, and thereby reduces the possibility of the main flash causing red-eye.

ΚΠ

1985 Petersen's Photographic (Nexis) Nov. 77 P11 8-1/2 would indicate a preflash at 11 inches and a normal exposure at 8-1/2 inches.

1991 Pract. Photogr. Jan. 9/2 (advt.) The flash emits a series of soft, pulsing pre-flashes causing the pupils of your subjects' eyes to contract. So when the flash fires, red-eye virtually disappears.

2001 Daily Tel. 20 Nov. 30/4 A lot of models nowadays have a red eye reduction mode. This is usually a bright light or weak ‘pre-flash’ before the main flash that reduces the size of the subject's pupils.

pre-name n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːneɪm/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌneɪm/

a forename.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > first name

first namea1325

forename1534

praenomen1603

pre-name1728

front name1877

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Adoption The Person adopted chang'd all his Names; assuming the Prename, Name and Sirname of the Person who adopted him.

1847 Littell's Living Age 9 Oct. 57/2 Without a prename at all, Count Smith, and Baron Smith, so common on the continent, are highly respectable.

1900 Daily News 25 July 6/7 State pre-names (Christian names) of your parents.

1989 Times 7 Jan. 11/4 Perhaps it is time to adopt the international usage of ‘pre-names’ when even baptisms have become so meaningless.

pre-out n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːaʊt/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌaʊt/

a type of electrical socket for the output of an unamplified line signal to a separate amplifier; cf. out n. 5e.

ΚΠ

1983 High Fidelity Jan. (Musical Amer. ed.) 31/2 The first recommendation is that you use pre-out/main-in jacks.

2001 Total DVD Feb. 74/3 At the back, you'll find the six-channel pre-outs which require connecting to the six-channel input of any AV amplifier to get the real benefit of DVD-Audio.

preoxygenation n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɒksᵻdʒᵻˈneɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɑksədʒəˈneɪʃən/

the preliminary breathing of oxygen, esp. before high-altitude flight (to prevent decompression sickness) or before surgery.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by gas, air, or fumes > [noun] > treatment introducing gas or air

pneumothorax1885

preoxygenation1942

pressure breathing1946

1942 Science 27 Feb. 210/2 Obviously, therefore, preoxygenation is not a feasible way of preventing ‘bends’, especially for fighter pilots who could not be expected to stay in an atmosphere of pure oxygen for five hours prior to each ascent.

1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 405/2 If a short-acting muscle relaxant is also used, conditions for intubation are obtained more quickly. Preoxygenation of the patient is a wise precaution.

1961 C. F. Gell in H. G. Armstrong Aerospace Med. x. 145/1 Preoxygenation, or the breathing of 100 per cent oxygen at sea level, is a procedure that was utilized prior to high level flights in airplanes without pressurized cockpits or in the absence of pressurized suits.

1992 Jrnl. Pediatrics 120 769 These effects are preventable by preoxygenation before suctioning.

pre-part n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːpɑːt/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌpɑrt/

a previous or preceding part; a part of a product made before full assembly.

ΚΠ

1786 J. Putnam in Hist. Putnam Family 239 The prepart of this month.

2005 Househ. & Personal Products Industry (Nexis) 1 Aug. 118 Both plants will continue to make all the pre-parts (or engines) of the dispensers for worldwide final assembly.

prepattern n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːpatn/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌpædərn/

a pre-existing pattern; (Embryology) a genetically determined pattern which governs the development of an embryo.

ΚΠ

1940 K. Young Personality xvii. 439 ‘Just getting by’ in school perhaps is after all a prepattern for that same attitude and level of performance later in life.

1956 C. Stern in Arch. f. Entwicklungsmechanik 149 2 In other words, a ‘prepattern’ must anticipate and condition the appearance of the observed pattern of bristles.

1988 Sci. Amer. Mar. 62/2 Each observed coat pattern is thought to reflect an underlying chemical prepattern.

1999 Nature 25 Mar. 302/3 Genetic analysis is also revealing how prepatterns are laid down, as Coen illustrates by describing..the development of segmentation in Drosophila.

prepulse n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːpʌls/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌpəls/

a preliminary pulse of electricity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electricity in living organisms > [noun] > preliminary pulse

prepulse1952

1952 Electronic Engin. 24 437/1 A pre-pulse..must occur at least 0.5 microsecond before the beginning of the waveform to be monitored.

1978 Nature 2 Feb. 474/1 A 25–50-ms conditioning prepulse was used to determine the relationship between inactivation and membrane potential before and after glyoxal treatment.

1991 Nature 24 Jan. 307/1 We applied depolarizing prepulses to different potentials and then determined, with a subsequent test pulse, the fraction of channels inactivated by the prepulse.

prereaction n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɪˈakʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpririˈækʃən/

chemical, biochemical, or physiological reaction occurring before some other process; an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > pre-reaction

prereaction1907

1907 Lancet 8 June 1612/1 Sometimes, however, on the second day an early and irritating erythema comes out which may be called the ‘pre-reaction’.

1950 Jrnl. Physical & Colloid Chem. 54 595 It is probable..that this pre-reaction is a decomposition of superficial formate.

1978 Nature 12 Jan. 165/2 Preincubation of the antiserum with purified β₂-μ reduced all peaks to background level, whereas pre-reaction with BSA had no effect.

2004 Analyt. Chem. 76 1302 The delivered method is straightforward, alleviating the requirement for prereaction with a complexing agent.

pre-rinse n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːrɪns/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌrɪns/

a preliminary rinse, esp. before washing.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > [noun] > preliminary wash, soak, or rinse

pre-wash1902

presoak1919

pre-rinse1924

1924 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent 25 Oct. 16/3 Empty bottles enter the machine through a pre-rinse of cold water.

1950 J. G. Davis Dict. Dairying 71 A jetting pre-rinse..raises the temperature of the bottle at the same time.

2004 Chattanooga (Tennessee) Times Free Press (Nexis) 16 May f3 I'm tired of my wife claiming that when the dog licks the serving bowl clean after dinner that it is considered a pre-rinse.

pre-roll n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːrəʊl/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌroʊl/

(in video editing) a process involving rolling the record and playback tapes backwards then forwards in order to synchronize their relative positions; the facility enabling this; (also) the duration of this process.

ΚΠ

1987 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times 29 Nov. f2/3 This unit offers two flying erase heads, eight-segment programable assemble editing, insert edit, preroll edit and frame recording capability.

1993 Camcorder User Mar. 76/1 Pre-roll,..the amount of time the machine has to play both tapes in order to synchronise them before an edit.

2002 Digit Oct. 35 Additional options such as pre-roll, ease-in, and ease-out can be adjusted, too.

† pre-scene n. Obsolete an anticipatory scene; a preview.

ΚΠ

1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 227 This Earth with blood and wrongs poluted,..the pre-Scæne of Hell To cursed Creatures that 'gainst Heau'n rebell.

preshadow n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈʃadəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈʃædoʊ/

a shadow of what is to come; a foreshadow or presentiment.

ΚΠ

1851 E. B. Browning Casa Guidi Windows ii. xix. 122 Some pre-shadow rising slow Of what his Italy would fancy meet To be called Brutus.

1981 Times 7 Mar. 8/7 Walton is thus a pre-shadow (and after-shadow) of Frankenstein.

pretravel n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtravl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtræv(ə)l/

(the amount of) movement of a working part of a mechanism that occurs before a point of action is reached (cf. overtravel n.); frequently attributive.

ΚΠ

1965 Wireless World Sept. 464/2 Pre-travel plunger movement is 0.050 in and up to 0.010 in overtravel is possible.

1966 Vision Res. 6 647 The RT [= reaction time] was timed by closure of a microswitch with calibrated pretravel of 0–6 mm performed by flexion of the right thumb.

1983 Buck & Hickman Catal. 1983–5 369 Has a special operated drive permitting plenty of over-travel and pre-travel as a stroke counter.

1999 Appliance Manufacturer (Nexis) 1 May 49 During actuation, pretravel is achieved when an overlay on top of the switch is first deformed to come into contact with the button.

2000 Tooling & Production (Nexis) 1 Feb. 60 Low pretravel variation..means measurements can be performed with equal precision from any direction.

(c) With an adjective.

(i)

† pre-coexistent adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1659 T. Lushington Resurrection Rescued 61 By natural relation his body was his own, as being the essential and proper counter-part of his soul, præ coexistent with it in one person.

pre-combustible adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈbʌstᵻbl/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈbəstəb(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 626 Fanned by a constant updraught of ventilation between the kitchen and the chimneyflue, ignition was communicated from the faggots of precombustible fuel to polyhedral masses of bituminous coal.

1990 Limnol. & Oceanogr. 35 980/1 Stable isotopic tracer experiments require inorganic, precombustible filter materials.

pre-essential adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈsɛnʃl/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsɛn(t)ʃəl/

ΚΠ

1864 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 7) 451 Soul, Though pre-essential in a bygone sphere, Or future form, shews still direct from God.

1996 Washington Times (Nexis) 10 Apr. a1 He reminds Americans that self-discipline is a pre-essential ingredient of success.

† presubsistent adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1683 W. Cave Ecclesiastici 12 [He] was preexistent and presubsistent to the whole Creation.

prethoughtful adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈθɔːtf(ᵿ)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈθɔtf(ə)l/

/ˌpriˈθɑtf(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold III. x. vi. 112 This it is which, free and pre-thoughtful of every chance, ye should now decide.

(ii)

pre-mutative adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmjuːtətɪv/

/ˌpriːmjuːˈteɪtɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmjudədɪv/

/ˌpriˌmjuˈteɪdɪv/

Linguistics rare (of a language) inflected by means of prefixes.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [adjective] > relating to affixes > prefixed or relating to prefixes

prepositive1583

prefixed1633

prosthetic1738

preformative1821

prothetic1833

prefixional1858

prefixal1864

prefixial1893

pre-mutative1899

1899 R. C. Temple Univ. Gram. 7 Since affixes may be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes, agglutinative and synthetic languages are each divisible into (1) pre-mutative, or those that prefix their affixes; (2) intro-mutative..; and (3) post-mutative.

b. Of local position. Chiefly Anatomy and Zoology.

(a) Prefixed adverbially to adjectives with the sense ‘in front, anteriorly’.

† precommunicant adj. Anatomy Obsolete (B. G. Wilder's term) designating a very short artery which joins the anterior cerebral arteries, forming the anterior link of the circle of Willis.

ΚΠ

1885 B. G. Wilder in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 12 495 (table) Common Latin name. Communicans anterior... English paronym. Precommunicant.

(b) Prefixed adjectivally to nouns and derived adjectives with the sense ‘situated or occurring in front, anterior’; spec. (Anatomy) prefixed to nouns and derived adjectives to denote the anterior (or superior) region of a part, organ, etc., or the foremost of a pair or group of similar or related structures.

pre-abdomen n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈabdəmən/

/ˌpriːabˈdəʊmən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈæbdəmən/

Zoology the anterior part of the abdomen, esp. in insects, crustaceans, etc.

ΚΠ

1885 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1 182 The dorsal crust is preserved over..more than half of the preabdomen.

1961 J. Stubblefield Davies's Introd. Palaeontol. (ed. 3) v. 146 The Eurypterida had the body divided into three regions; the prosoma or cephalothorax, the mesosoma or pre-abdomen of 7 segments and the metasoma or post-abdomen of 5 segments and a telson.

1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxiii. 115 The opisthosoma is generally of 12 fused segments (a pre-abdomen of seven and a post-abdomen of five in scorpions).

† prechoroid adj. Anatomy Obsolete (B. G. Wilder's term) designating the anterior choroid artery, which arises from the internal carotid artery and ends in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the brain.

ΚΠ

1885 B. G. Wilder in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 12 495 (table) Common Latin name. Choroidea anterior... English paronym. Prechoroid.

predigastric adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdʌɪˈɡastrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdaɪˈɡæstrɪk/

Anatomy rare of or relating to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle of the jaw.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Predigastric, of or pertaining to the predigastricus.

1969 Current Anthropol. 10 483/1 A digastric fossa is distinctly delimited by the edge of the predigastric crista.

† predilatator n. Anatomy Obsolete rare the anterior part of the muscle which dilates the nostril (considered as a separate muscle).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Predilatator, the anterior dilatator muscle of the nostril.

1895 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Predilatator, Coues' name for the Dilatator naris anterior.

† preforceps n. Anatomy Obsolete rare a group of fibres of the corpus callosum which form two branches curving forward into the frontal lobes.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Preforceps, certain anterior fibres of the corpus callosum which curve forward into the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, and are likened to a pair of forceps.

† pregeminal adj. Anatomy Obsolete rare designating or relating to either of the anterior pair of quadrageminal bodies (superior colliculi); = preoptic adj. 1.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Pregeminal, pertaining to the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina of the brain.

(c) In adverbial relation to a verb; in compounds formed in Latin, as preclude v., prefix v., premunite v.

c. Of rank, degree, or importance, in sense ‘surpassing, in preference to, superior to, more or greater than, beyond’.Common in combinations already in Latin, but rare in English use. For precede v.², precel v., predominate v., pre-eminenced adj., pre-excellence n., prefer v., pregravitate v., pre-ordinate adj.², preponderate v.², etc., see individual headwords.

pre-epic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɛpɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɛpɪk/

surpassing the epic.

ΚΠ

1907 Sc. Hist. Rev. Jan. 166 Adventures pre-epic in their vastness.

† pre-Luciferian adj. Obsolete surpassing Lucifer.

ΚΠ

a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 206 What a super-diabolicall, what a præ-Luciferian pride is his, that will be..superiour to God.

†d. With intensive force, prefixed to adjectives and participial adjectives, in sense ‘pre-eminently, exceedingly, in the highest degree’.

pre-pious adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1657 T. Reeve God's Plea for Nineveh 147 Single out that præpious person, that ye think is able to convert this Age.

pre-pleasing adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo 846 in Wks. (1931) I The eldest Dochter named was ryches; The secunde, Syster Sensualytie;..Preplesande to the Spiritualytie.

pre-regular adj. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 35 I had rather suppose them to powder, than expose them to preregular, much lesse to preter-regular judgements.

2. Combinations in which pre- is prepositional, having as its object the noun forming, or implied in, the second element.

a. Of time or order of succession, in sense ‘before; anterior, prior, or previous to; preceding, earlier than; prefiguring, tending towards’.Ad hoc formations with this sense of pre- are extremely common.

(a) With adjectives (and their derivative adverbs and nouns).

(i) Prefixed to adjectives (also occasionally to nouns) derived from proper nouns, to names of people, and to names of races, nations, dynasties, religions, etc.

pre-Alfredian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːalˈfriːdɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriælˈfridiən/

ΚΠ

1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. 29 696 (note) Hickes..printed a variant text of this, dated 767, from the original then at Worcester, which was in a pre-Alfredian hand.

2001 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 40 9 It is more than likely that feud culture was something that pre-Alfredian kings shared with their nobility.

pre-Aryan adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɛːrɪən/

/(ˌ)priːˈɑːrɪən/

/(ˌ)priːˈarɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɛriən/

ΚΠ

1860 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 7 296 How remarkable that the Pre-Aryan inhabitants of the Dekhan should be proved by their language alone.

1990 Indian Express (Madras) 31 Jan. 10/2 Being a vegetarian ‘Saiva’, Ravana belonged to the Dravidian race (a very civilized pre-Aryan heredity).

pre-Assyrian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsɪrɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsɪriən/

ΚΠ

1886 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. & Hist. Fine Arts 2 213 He..has already made the discovery..of several important sites, with ruins dating back to the Assyrian and pre-Assyrian periods.

2000 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 38 976/2 They present a history of international business from pre-Assyrian to Roman times.

pre-Augustinian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɔːɡəˈstɪnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɔɡəˈstɪniən/

/ˌpriˌɑɡəˈstɪniən/

ΚΠ

1881 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 816/2 That pre-Augustinian church of Britain which the mythical Arthur defended in vain.

1911 Catholic Encycl. XI. 313/1 It is not true that the doctrine of original sin does not appear in the works of the pre-Augustinian Fathers.

2000 William & Mary Q. 57 834 Defenders of England's Anglicanism..crediting the Irish with preserving, if not civilization, then at least a pre-Augustinian church.

pre-Baconian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbeɪˈkəʊnɪən/

/ˌpriːbəˈkəʊnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpribəˈkoʊniən/

/ˌpriˌbeɪˈkoʊniən/

ΚΠ

1865 J. S. Mill Exam. Hamilton's Philos. xxiv. 469 Generality of the pre-Baconian type.

1999 Renaissance Q. 52 249 Thus Bodin's Theatrum promises a glimpse into a pre-Baconian, pre-Cartesian world of ‘science’.

pre-British adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbrɪtɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbrɪdɪʃ/

ΚΠ

1890 Eng. Hist. Rev. 5 144 He [sc. Pell] ‘proves’ some very curious facts, such as..that the equally Scandinavian ora was ‘pre-British’.

1995 Daily Tel. 8 Nov. 18/3 Debate about Hong Kong's pre-history has been part of wider interest in the territory's pre-British history.

pre-Buddhist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbʊdɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbudəst/

/ˌpriˈbʊdəst/

ΚΠ

1869 Harper's Mag. May 766/2 The Hinduism which has taken its place is far more gross than that of the pre-Buddhist era.

1996 Inner Bookshop (Oxford) Catal. 110 Sacred world. Shambala warriorship in daily life—Buddhist mindfulness practice & pre-Buddhist shamanic teachings.

pre-Celtic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɛltɪk/

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛltɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɛltɪk/

/ˌpriˈsɛltɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Celtic people > [adjective] > period before advent of the Celts

pre-Celtic1854

1854 J. C. Nott & G. R. Gliddon Types of Mankind i. iii. 91 The Pre-Celtic researches of Wilson, among the peat-bogs of the British Isles, have carried the existence of man in England and Scotland back to ages immensely remote.

1934 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. (1936) ii. 18 The pre-Hellenic inhabitants of Greece..were not Indo-European, nor were the Etruscans in Italy, the pre-Celtic peoples who inhabited Britain, or the Basques in Spain.

2004 Prediction Apr. 11/1 The ‘people of the bogs’ are thought to be an Irish pre-Celtic and rather primitive race called the Firbolgs.

pre-Chaucerian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtʃɔːˈsɪərɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌtʃɔˈsɛriən/

/ˌpriˌtʃɔˈsɪriən/

/ˌpriˌtʃɑˈsɛriən/

/ˌpriˌtʃɑˈsɪriən/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > poet by period > [adjective] > pre- or post-Chaucerian

pre-Chaucerian1873

post-Chaucerian1889

1873 D. Masson in Contemp. Rev. Jan. 218 The Pre-Chaucerian portion of the Period, extending from about 1150 to about 1350.

1996 Speculum 71 669 The contours of published pre-Chaucerian Middle English continue to broaden even in the present day.

pre-Communist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒmjᵿnɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑmjənəst/

ΚΠ

1933 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 5 Nov. iii. 8 A Rivera masterpiece of the Mexican artist's pre-Communist days.

1992 New Republic 18 May 9/1 A country where the pre-Communist fascist experience remains taboo.

pre-Copernican adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkə(ʊ)ˈpəːnᵻk(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈpərnəkən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific

Ptolemean1623

Ptolemaical1653

Ptolemaic1654

Copernican1667

Tychonic1670

Newtonian1676

Tychonian1710

Galilean1728

vortician1734

pre-Copernican1851

Ptolemaian1864

pre-Galilean1880

post-Einsteinian1938

Velikovskian1974

1851 H. L. Mansel Prolegomena Logica App. 293 In speaking of the inconceivability of the pre-Copernican astronomy, we see at once that the boundary is overleaped, which separates the necessary laws of thought from the generalized phenomena of matter.

a1963 C. S. Lewis Discarded Image (1964) iii. 22 Casual statements about pre-Copernican astronomy in modern scientists who are not historians are often unreliable.

1999 16th Cent. Jrnl. 30 174 Yves Bonnefoy..considers how pre-Copernican Renaissance artists understood space and time.

pre-Copernicanism n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkə(ʊ)ˈpəːnᵻkənɪz(ə)m/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈpərnəkəˌnɪzəm/

ΚΠ

1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 170 It would be possible to point out in our greatest old poets..fashions of speculative thought, which might be debited to their pre-Copernicanism.

1996 Social Text Spring Introd. 10 If nothing else, Gross and Levitt have reinforced a weird pre-Copernicanism that views the entire social universe as revolving around scientists and that suspects all bodies with slightly eccentric orbits as displaying antiscience tendencies.

pre-Dantean adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdantɪən/

/(ˌ)priːˈdɑːntɪən/

/ˌpriːdanˈtiːən/

/ˌpriːdɑːnˈtiːən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdæntiən/

/ˌpriˈdɑntiən/

ΚΠ

1893 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 8 123 Wolfram's Parzival..might be described briefly and made to show what pre-Dantean medieval art was.

1991 Speculum 66 182 A body of poetry (the very early Italian sonnets, works from the pre-Dantean and pre-Petrarchan times) which..remains confined mostly to Italianists and specialists.

pre-Darwinian adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdɑːˈwɪnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdɑrˈwɪniən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution

Lamarckian1846

Darwinian1859

Darwinite1860

polygenistic1860

vestigian1860

Darwinistic1863

monogenistic1865

un-Darwinian1869

pre-Darwinian1870

Darwinic1871

hereditarian1873

monogenetic1873

pangenetic1875

phylogenic1875

evolutionistic1876

Darwinical1881

neo-Lamarckian1884

Darwinizing1886

neo-Darwinian1888

unigenist1896

Haeckelian1897

pangenic1900

Mendelian1902

monogenic1902

pre-Mendelian1902

Weismannian1903

autonomistic1904

adaptionist1915

adaptationist1931

gradualist1931

selectionist1944

Morganist1949

saltationist1954

punctuational1976

punctuationalist1978

punctuationist1979

1870 Nature 11 Aug. 305/2 Commencing with the pre-Darwinian theories of transformation of Blainville and Lamarck, he then proceeds to give a résumé of the theory of Darwin.

1876–7 W. James in R. B. Perry Thought & Char. W. James (1935) I. xxviii. 478 Pre-Darwinians thought only of adaptation. They made [the] organism plastic to its environment.

1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah p. viii The pre-Darwinian age had come to be regarded as a Dark Age in which men still believed that the book of Genesis was a standard scientific treatise.

1991 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 13 June 13/3 Pre-Darwinian anthropology loudly disputed the claims of monogenists..and polygenists.

1993 Philos. Sci. 60 171 Pre-Darwinians came up with the idea of evolution. Darwin established the idea as fact.

pre-Doric adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɒrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɔrɪk/

ΚΠ

1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer i. 13 A poet of Asia..would probably have called the pre-Doric Greeks by the race-name of Hellenes.

1998 Hesperia 67 340 (note) A nonperipteral, ‘pre-Doric’ reconstruction of the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia.

pre-European adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːjʊərəˈpiːən/

/ˌpriːjɔːrəˈpiːən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌjərəˈpiən/

/ˌpriˌjʊrəˈpiən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > [adjective] > before the rise of European culture

pre-European1876

1876 Academy 19 Aug. 192/3 A work which is itself a summary..of all that several hundred authors have recorded as to the pre-European inhabitants of this vast district.

1908 Westm. Gaz. 7 June 2/2 In India itself the idea and word ‘Indian’ hardly existed in pre-European times.

2004 P. Whitfield Rough Guide Maori N.Z. (Wanderlust ed.) 17 In pre-European times complex trade routes developed to supply Maori..from the greenstone sources on the South Island's west coast.

pre-Fascist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfaʃɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfæʃəst/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > fascism > [adjective] > before fascism

pre-Fascist1924

1924 Times 4 Apr. 11/1 The pre-Fascist procession [sc. in a propaganda poster] is composed of unshaven bravos and dishevelled harpies waving red flags.

2001 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. (Nexis) 1 Mar. 235 The examples..that receive the most attention in Gregor's analysis are prefascist Italian nationalism [etc.].

pre-Gothic adj. and n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡɒθɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡɑθɪk/

ΚΠ

1831 Westm. Rev. July 31 The Siegfried's Chapel, in primeval, Pre-Gothic architecture, not long since pulled down.

1965 Language 41 24 The pre-Gothic vowel shifts are traceable..to similar assimilations.

2003 Church Times 8 Aug. 16/2 It was now a virtually unspoiled example of pre-Gothic.

pre-Greek adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡriːk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡrik/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Greeks and neighbours > [adjective] > period before ancient Greek culture

pre-Greek1881

1881 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 2 298 Comparing this rock with the rock-acropolis lately discovered above the ‘Niobe’ near Magnesia, I had no doubt that it was a stronghold of a pre-Greek race.

1998 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 24 Sept. 61/2 And then we push further back in time and further east to the Mittani, the Hittites, and the Urarians of pre-Greek Anatolia.

pre-Han adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈhan/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈhæn/

ΚΠ

1930 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 6 5 In pre-Han literature there are no references to alchemy.

2001 Chinese Lit. 23 104 The Book of Changes subcategory..contains 166 texts, stretching chronologically from pre-Han times to the mid-Qing.

pre-Hellenic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhᵻˈlɛnɪk/

/ˌpriːhɛˈlɛnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprihɛˈlɛnɪk/

ΚΠ

1859 B. W. Dwight Mod. Philol. 62 Giese, in his Æolische Dialekt, draws incidentally a picture of the pre-Hellenic period.

1989 M. Gimbutas Lang. of Goddess ii. xvii. 178 Another pre-Hellenic god was Hyakinthos..whose festival, the Hyakinthia, was celebrated at Amykla in Lakonia.

pre-Hispanic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhɪˈspanɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprihɪˈspænɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > peoples of Central America > specific period

pre-Hispanic1908

classic1928

preclassic1945

post-classic1956

1908 Amer. Anthropologist 10 337 Study of the pre-hispanic necropolis of Calama, department of Antofagasta.

2000 Native Peoples: Arts & Lifeways No. 5. 26/4 Atole, a soothing corn porridge, is another Southwestern staple with pre-Hispanic origins.

pre-Hitlerian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhɪtˈlɪərɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌhɪtˈlɪriən/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [adjective] > tyrannical, despotic, or autocratic

tyrant1297

tyrannous1491

Pharaonical1528

tyrannical1560

tyrannizing1589

servile1603

despotical1608

monarchicala1618

Nimrodian1631

autocratoric1641

Dominical1644

despotic1650

Pendragonish1650

autocratical1651

autocratorical1651

Pharaonian1673

autocratic1769

Pharaonic1792

Corsican1804

Napoleonic1810

satrapian1822

satrapical1823

sultanic1827

absolutist1829

absolutistic1841

arbitrary1862

Napoleonistic1870

Nimrodic1877

pre-Hitlerian1942

1942 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 14 361 They have turned to J. Paul's Gustaf Adolf for the latest pre-Hitlerian German conception of that ruler's policies.

2002 P. Blom To have & to Hold (2003) 201 Another Jewish refugee I encountered, the former Berlin bookseller Ernst Laske in Tel Aviv, kept pre-Hitlerian Germany alive in his flat.

pre-Hitlerite adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈhɪtlərʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈhɪtləˌraɪt/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [adjective] > characteristic of Hitler or his regime > before

pre-Hitler1850

pre-Hitlerite1934

1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! iii. 224 The earnest and thoroughgoing sense of sin that gave such a peculiar flavour to pre-Hitlerite night life.

2003 Contemp. Rev. (Nexis) 1 Aug. 114 The infusion of talent, drive and ideas from the rather unfamiliar world of pre-Hitlerite Middle Europe has substantially altered the face of Britain.

pre-Incaic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪŋˈkeɪɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪnˈkeɪɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca

pre-Inca1860

pre-Incarial1860

pre-Incaic1920

Moche1953

1920 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 3 510 In other words, Sarmiento is of the opinion that the pre-Incaic state of Peru was one resembling that which existed in parts of Spain in the days of the behetrias.

1998 Ethnohistory 45 137 For Garcilaso de la Vega..it was necessary to assert a pre-Incaic past in which sodomy reigned.

pre-Incan adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪŋkən/

ΚΠ

1879 H. George Progress & Poverty 96 Fragments of massive ruins yet attest a grander pre-Incan civilization.

2004 Guardian (Nexis) 20 Nov. 11 You can hike to pre-Incan ruins.

pre-Islamic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪzˈlamɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪˈslɑmɪk/

/ˌpriɪzˈlɑmɪk/

ΚΠ

1861 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Jan. 41 Nor in the whole circle of Arabian literature is there anything that surpasses in true lyric fire and spirit these pre-Islamic poetic effusions.

1991 Saudi Med. Jrnl. 12 129/1 In the pre-Islamic period, female infants were often buried alive, but with the advent of Islam the rights of children became better recognized.

pre-Islamite adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪzləmʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪsləˌmaɪt/

ΚΠ

1857 W. Muir (title) The Life of Mahomet... With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia.

1910 Geogr. Jrnl. 36 169 It is possible that it marks the site of an idolatrous and pagan temple of the pre-Islamite Arabs.

pre-Israelitish adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪzrəlʌɪtɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪzr(i)əˌlaɪdɪʃ/

ΚΠ

1889 Times 28 Jan. 4/5 From the Hittite monuments we were likely to gain most important information concerning the pre-Israelitish religion.

1948 D. Diringer Alphabet 89 The pre-Israelitish peoples of Palestine.

pre-Jewish adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdʒuːɪʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdʒuɪʃ/

ΚΠ

1899 Times 20 Oct. 3/3 Mention was made of remains having been found at both sites pertaining to Jewish and pre-Jewish periods.

1982 Jrnl. Near Eastern Stud. 41 71/2 Of non-‘Jewish’ Hebrew and pre-Jewish Aramaic so little has survived that Jewish elements can scarcely be isolated in the extant texts.

pre-Kantian adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkantɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑntiən/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [adjective] > of or relating to Kantianism and its adherents

dialectical1788

Kantian1796

synthetical1796

synthetic1819

multiplex1838

multiple1839

tri-logicala1856

pre-Kantian1866

dialectic1872

subreptive1877

criticist1878

category1901

1866 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. (new ed.) 167 Was it not always, or generally the pre-Kantian forms of Transcendentalism that Mr. Mill attacked?

2000 Yale French Stud. No. 97. 17 This stress on the author at the expense of the reader is pre-Kantian, since already Kant had given the reader, the receptor, the beholder an important role, more important than the author's.

pre-Keynesian adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkeɪnzɪən/

/(ˌ)priːˈkiːnzɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkeɪnziən/

/ˌpriˈkinziən/

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [adjective] > of or relating to specific theories or doctrines

physiocratical1789

Smithian1801

physiocratic1804

protective1822

Ricardian1824

cameralistic1831

Marshallian1894

monetarist1914

Paretian1916

neoclassical1926

marginalist1929

Keynesian1931

underconsumptionist1936

pre-Keynesian1939

Walrasian1942

trickle-down1944

neo-Keynesian1947

Schumpeterian1950

structuralist1962

monetaristic1972

market fundamentalist1997

1939 Polit. Sci. Q. 54 601 He is pre-Keynesian in his attitude toward the relations between investment, income, interest and employment.

2005 Observer (Nexis) 17 July 11 Politicians in the Eurozone have been placing their faith in the kind of pre-Keynesian economics known in this country as ‘the Treasury view’ during the 1920s and 1930s.

pre-Koranic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈranɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈrænɪk/

/ˌpriˌkɔˈrænɪk/

ΚΠ

1876 W. R. Cooper Archaic Dict. 30 An ancient title of the Deity among the pre-koranic Arabs.

2001 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 121 6 The fact that ʿĪsā has no satisfactory derivation and no pre-Koranic history should have alerted scholars to the possibility that the word is a mistake.

pre-Linnaean adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːlᵻˈniːən/

/ˌpriːlᵻˈneɪən/

U.S.

/ˌprilɪˈneɪən/

/ˌprilɪˈniən/

(also pre-Linnean)

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > botany > [adjective] > specific systems of classification

Linnaean1753

Jussiaean1824

pre-Linnaean1861

1861 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 8 160 The generic name Bucardia, being pre-Linnaean, must give way to Poli's name, that being the first one given to the genus under the binomial system.

1936 Discovery Mar. 85/1 There is a rich collection of botanical incunabula, old herbals, and other pre-Linnaean items.

2000 William & Mary Q. 57 43 A natural history catalogue in which plants and animals are identified by pre-Linnaean Latin tags that were often lengthy.

pre-Listerian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːlᵻˈstɪərɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriləˈstɪriən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [adjective] > 18th century

Harveian1755

Hunteriana1819

pre-Listerian1881

1881 Lancet 16 Apr. 615/2 Successful results of pre-Listerian practice.

1996 Daily Tel. 18 Mar. 19/7 The prospect of a vinyl revival is about as much to be encouraged as a return to steam locomotion and pre-Listerian surgery.

pre-Malthusian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmalˈθjuːzɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmɔlˈθuziən/

/ˌpriˌmɔlˈθuʒən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > science of mankind > [adjective] > study of populations > theories > relating to period before Malthus

pre-Malthusian1894

1894 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 57 408 He proceeds in his first book to investigate what we may call the pre-Malthusian period.

1991 Population & Devel. Rev. 17 207 A customary and seldom-criticized approach..has been to lump together all writings before 1800 as ‘pre-Malthusian’ and to consider them chiefly for their anticipation of Malthus.

pre-Mendelian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛnˈdiːlɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmɛnˈdiliən/

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution

Lamarckian1846

Darwinian1859

Darwinite1860

polygenistic1860

vestigian1860

Darwinistic1863

monogenistic1865

un-Darwinian1869

pre-Darwinian1870

Darwinic1871

hereditarian1873

monogenetic1873

pangenetic1875

phylogenic1875

evolutionistic1876

Darwinical1881

neo-Lamarckian1884

Darwinizing1886

neo-Darwinian1888

unigenist1896

Haeckelian1897

pangenic1900

Mendelian1902

monogenic1902

pre-Mendelian1902

Weismannian1903

autonomistic1904

adaptionist1915

adaptationist1931

gradualist1931

selectionist1944

Morganist1949

saltationist1954

punctuational1976

punctuationalist1978

punctuationist1979

1902 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity 7 The cases are all examples of discontinuous variation: that is to say, cases in which actual intermediates between the parent forms are not usually produced on crossing. [Note] This conception of discontinuity is of course pre-Mendelian.

2001 Isis 92 66 Most of the experimental data they presented was ‘pre-Mendelian’ in its design—for example, they did not always record precise numbers of offspring produced.

pre-Messianic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛsɪˈanɪk/

/ˌpriːmɛsʌɪˈanɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmɛsiˈænɪk/

/ˌpriˌmɛsiˈɑnɪk/

ΚΠ

1845 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 362 Christians must deny to Judaism that vitality which is essential to its maintenance upon the true basis even of a pure pre-Messianic creed.

1985 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 105 147/1 Schiffman reads these texts as indicating a theological understanding of purity which underlay the Torah in the immediately pre-Messianic Age.

pre-Mohammedan adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmᵿˈhamᵻd(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌprimoʊˈhɑməd(ə)n/

ΚΠ

1888 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 10 104 There appears to have existed between these tribes an ancient pre-Mahommedan connection.

1913 G. Bell Let. 25 Dec. (1927) I. xiii. 317 Safaitic inscriptions..are pre-Muhammadan, the rude inscriptions of nomad tribes.

2003 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 24 Mar. 9 A number of encyclopaedians point to the name Allah appearing in pre-Mohammedan literature and even suggest it was the name of the moon-god.

pre-Mycenaean adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmʌɪsᵻˈniːən/

/ˌpriːmʌɪˈsiːnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmaɪsəˈniən/

/ˌpriˌmaɪˈsiniən/

ΚΠ

1893 Classical Rev. 7 481/1 At least nine such strata are clearly defined, as follows:—pre-Mycenaean or pre-historic [etc.].

1900 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 20 172 Of Dr. Halbherr's discoveries at Phaestos no particulars are yet to hand, except that he is excavating a large citadel of the Mycenean and pre-Mycenean age.

2000 Washington Post (Nexis) 10 Jan. a9 The program has dispensed $1.6 million to 38 archaeologists for sites from Megiddo's Stratum 6 to..the pre-Mycenaean strata at the citadel of Koukounaries on the Greek island of Paros.

pre-Nazi adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnɑːtsi/

/(ˌ)priːˈnatsi/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnɑtsi/

/ˌpriˈnætsi/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > Nazism > [adjective] > before Nazism

pre-Nazi1933

1933 Times 24 July 14/2 The strength of the Schiedermanns, Stresemanns, and Brünings of the pre-Nazi régime.

2002 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 67 825/1 In the twentieth century, the best known pre-Nazi instance is the Young Turk movement's assault..against the Armenian population in Turkish Armenia and Asia Minor.

pre-Newtonian n. and adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːnjᵿˈtəʊnɪən/

/ˌpriːnjuːˈtəʊnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌn(j)uˈtoʊniən/

ΚΠ

1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. xii. 191 Prae-Newtonians knew not the wonders of which Newton was to find the key.

1919 Amer. Math. Monthly 26 19 Child obtains a group of formulas for differentiation and integration, such as have been gathered also from other pre-Newtonian writers.

1932 E. A. Burtt Metaphysical Found. Mod. Physical Sci. (ed. 2) i. 17 As for pre-Newtonian science, it is one and the same movement with pre-Newtonian philosophy.

1957 Isis 48 493 It is..[the author's] contention that the pre-Newtonians, and indeed Newton himself, were concerned with the social and particularly the theological impact of science, in contrast to the eighteenth century scientists.

1998 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 8 Oct. 49/2 In an important sense, especially in his geometric style, Newton is pre-Newtonian.

pre-Norse adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnɔːs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnɔrs/

ΚΠ

1904 Geogr. Jrnl. 23 137 The book contains chapters on pre-Norse records, the Norse occupation, and other early events.

2005 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 May 9 The dig uncovered remains dating from the early Iron Age through to the fourteenth century, with the pre-Norse evidence disappearing suddenly as the settlers arrived in larger numbers.

pre-Pauline adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpɔːlʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɔˌlaɪn/

/ˌpriˈpɔˌlin/

/ˌpriˈpɑˌlaɪn/

/ˌpriˈpɑˌlin/

ΚΠ

1867 H. P. Liddon Divinity of our Lord vi. 243 You would still..be debarred from saying that St. James' Epistle is a sample of the earliest Christianity, of the Christianity of the pre-Pauline age of the Church.

1986 Evangelical Q. Apr. 123 I agree with Fiorenza..that 1:18–31 [Corinthians] had its origin in the pre-Pauline communities, and that Paul is using this midrash for his own purposes.

pre-Pharaonic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfɛːreɪˈɒnɪk/

/ˌpriːfəˈrɒnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌfɛreɪˈɑnɪk/

/ˌprifəˈrɑnɪk/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-Pharaonic.

1992 Jrnl. Field Archaeol. 19 72/2 This well-illustrated work emphasizes the origins of Egyptian civilization and the contributions of Pre-pharaonic cultures to the development of the Egytpian state.

pre-Romanesque adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrəʊməˈnɛsk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌroʊməˈnɛsk/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [adjective] > Romanesque and pre-Romanesque

Romanesque1819

pre-Romanesque1888

1888 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. & Hist. Fine Arts 4 468 Much valuable space is wasted by the study of pre-Romanesque architecture as a whole, instead of in its relations with Romanesque only.

1974 D. Yarwood Archit. Europe iv. 182/1 The tradition in this region was, as in pre-Romanesque times.., to build in solid wood.

pre-Saxon adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsaksn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsæks(ə)n/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Germanic people > ancient Germanic peoples > [adjective] > Saxons > pre-Saxon

pre-Saxon1869

1869 Appletons' Jrnl. 16 Oct. 279/1 A large proportion of them [sc. Normans] were Bretons, of the very same Cymric race with the pre-Saxon inhabitants of England.

1999 Oxoniensia 63 25 There were two important trackways which passed through the estate, both of which were pre-Saxon roads.

pre-Semitic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsᵻˈmɪtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈmɪdɪk/

ΚΠ

1877 Outl. Hist. Relig. 165 The Magians were..a pre-Semitic and pre-Aryan priestly tribe in West Asia.

2000 T. Robbins Fierce Invalids 347 Switters..wished he might have visited the tents of some of those lusty Semitic and pre-Semitic lasses.

pre-Shakespearean adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːʃeɪkˈspɪərɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌʃeɪkˈspɪriən/

ΚΠ

1865 Catholic World July 555/2 No one will contend that..it would be possible for a modern writer..to go back beyond him and endeavor to establish a pre-Shakespearian school of English literature.

1942 G. Greene Brit. Dramatists 20 We have only to compare Jonson's Sejanus with the pre-Shakespearian historical plays to notice the difference.

2019 Huntington Libr. Q. 82 208 It is a question that usually makes little sense to readers unaware of the pre-Shakespearean history of the Leir story.

pre-Solomonic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɒləˈmɒnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɑləˈmɑnɪk/

ΚΠ

1902 Geogr. Jrnl. 19 496 Concluding that..the golden Pactolus which streamed into Tyre and Jerusalem in Solomonic and even pre-Solomonic times, had its sources in the present Rhodesia.

1999 G. Robins in B. Vivante Women's Roles in Anc. Civilizations vi. 127 In the Book of Numbers the Levites are assigned a variety of housekeeping tasks in and around the pre-Solomonic portable tent sanctuary called the Tabernacle.

pre-Solonian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsəˈləʊnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈloʊniən/

ΚΠ

1887 Classical Rev. 1 59/1 Aristotle's well-known Four Stages of the evolution of democracy..correspond to what actually occurred in the history of Athens. The First Stage.., corresponds to the pre-Solonian period.

2000 Classical Philol. 95 94 The gene..of the Eupatridai and other pre-Solonian aristocratic families.

pre-Soviet adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊvɪət/

/(ˌ)priːˈsɒvɪət/

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊvɪɛt/

/(ˌ)priːˈsɒvɪɛt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsoʊviət/

/ˌpriˈsoʊviˌɛt/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [adjective] > before the soviets

pre-Soviet1924

1924 Times 21 Feb. 11/3 The equality of treatment enjoyed by this country in the pre-Soviet period.

2001 Black Belt Sept. 67/2 The progenitor of sambo, samoz was founded upon the martial traditions of pre-Soviet Russia.

pre-Vedic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈveɪdɪk/

/(ˌ)priːˈviːdɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈveɪdɪk/

/ˌpriˈvidɪk/

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Hinduism > Hindu sects and groups > [adjective] > Vedism

pre-Vedic1872

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Indic > Sanskrit > before Vedic culture

pre-Vedic1872

1872 Atlantic Monthly Nov. 594/1 Unless the horrible custom [sc. suttee] had received the sanction of a public opinion bequeathed from pre-Vedic times, the Brahmins would have had not motive for fraudulently reviving it.

1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 16 Jan. 42/3 Muddupalani did not belong to the pre-Vedic age.

pre-Virgilian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːvəːˈdʒɪlɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌvərˈdʒɪljən/

/ˌpriˌvərˈdʒɪliən/

ΚΠ

1905 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 26 330 The technique of pre-Virgilian narrative, whether in prose or in poetry, has been but superficially examined.

1987 Harvard Stud. in Classical Philol. 91 244 Varro, who is representative of the pre-Virgilian tradition, states [etc.].

(ii) Geology. Forming adjectives and nouns relating to or denoting the period preceding the division of geological time denoted by the second element. Cf. also Precambrian adj. and n.

pre-Carboniferous adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɑːbəˈnɪf(ə)rəs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑrbəˈnɪf(ə)rəs/

ΚΠ

1855 J. Phillips Man. Geol. 613 The quantity of carbonic acid in the atmosphere in the precarboniferous ages.

1894 Geol. Mag. Oct. 461 The South Welsh pre-Carboniferous barrier of Hull, which forms the northern boundary of the visible Coal-fields.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 752/1 Controversy has centred more particularly around the schistes lustrés, which are held by some to be of Triassic age and by others to be pre-Carboniferous.

1995 Chem. Geol. 125 249 The data..place severe constraints on the crustal evolution of this region during the Carboniferous and pre-Carboniferous epoch.

pre-Laurentian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːlɒˈrɛnʃn/

/ˌpriːlɔːˈrɛnʃn/

/ˌpriːləˈrɛnʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌlɔˈrɛn(t)ʃən/

ΚΠ

1875 J. W. Dawson Nature & Bible 76 The Earth's crust thrown into folds, The first continents. Pre-Laurentian vegetation, known only inferentially.

1935 Science 22 Feb. 186/2 Do ordinary field studies give us even the basis for a poor guess that these schists are in reality Archean, in the sense of being pre-Laurentian?

pre-Palaeozoic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpalɪəˈzəʊɪk/

/ˌpriːpeɪlɪəˈzəʊɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpeɪliəˈzoʊɪk/

ΚΠ

1875 T. S. Hunt Chem. & Geol. Ess. vii. 76 I adduced a further argument in favor of such a pre-palæozoic continent to the eastward, from the climatic conditions of great dryness which gave rise in the palæozoic region of North America to deposits of salt, gypsum, and dolomite.

1996 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 4990/1 Pre-Palaeozoic strata from the Altar Desert of the Caborca region (Sonara, Mexico) have yielded a new locality for fossils of an early shallow marine Ediacaran community.

pre-Permian adj. and n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpəːmɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpərmiən/

ΚΠ

1895 Science 10 May 523/2 In discussing the age of the folding of the Alps the author makes it clear that there have been at least two chief periods of folding, one pre-Permian, and the other post-Miocene.

1986 J. C. M. Taylor in J. Brooks et al. Habitat of Palaeozoic Gas in N.W. Europe 43/2 Wells reaching the pre-Permian in Hampshire and Dorset follow the broad pattern seen at outcrop in Devon.

1997 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 158 679/1 These occurrences may indicate an earlier (pre-Permian) origin for glossopterids.

pre-Silurian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsʌɪˈl(j)ʊərɪən/

/ˌpriːsᵻˈl(j)ʊərɪən/

/ˌpriːsʌɪˈl(j)ɔːrɪən/

/ˌpriːsᵻˈl(j)ɔːrɪən/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈlʊriən/

/ˌpriˌsaɪˈlʊriən/

ΚΠ

1860 W. H. Harvey Let. 24 Aug. in C. Darwin Corr. (1993) VIII. 325 We shall not trouble ourselves to compare thereby the enormous length of the post-silurian epoch (from the present year, back to the date of the first silurian bed):—but let us endeavour to conceive, guided by palæontological evidence, the probable length of the pre-silurian-organic period, from the lowest bed of the Primordial Form.

1993 Nature 15 July 223/1 The pre-Silurian terrestrial environment was not devoid of plants.

(iii) Medicine. Forming adjectives (and occasionally corresponding nouns) designating conditions, symptoms, etc., occurring before the disease, disorder, etc., denoted by the second element (esp. as the preceding stage in the course of that disease, disorder, etc.).

pre-albuminuric adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːalˌbjuːmᵻˈnjʊərɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriælˌbjuməˈn(j)ʊrɪk/

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Pre-albuminuric, preceding the occurrence of albuminuria: as, the prealbuminuric stage of Bright's disease.

1998 Nephrol. Dialysis Transplantation 13 Suppl. 8. 35/1 Metabolic control in the prealbuminuric phase was effective in reducing the incidence of microalbuminuria, even if it was unable to reduce the incidence of overt proteinuria in patients with type I diabetes.

pre-ascitic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈsɪtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈsɪdɪk/

ΚΠ

1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 111 The early or pre-ascitic stage of cirrhosis.

1997 Jrnl. Hepatol. 26 808 Patients with pre-ascitic cirrhosis show elevated levels of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 throughout the day.

pre-epileptic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛpᵻˈlɛptɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛpəˈlɛptɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke > epilepsy

epilentical1483

epileptic1608

epileptical1621

epilepsian1627

epileptiform1861

epileptoid1876

epileptogenous1885

pre-paroxysmal1887

epileptogenic1889

uncinate1899

psychomotor1902

pre-epileptic1903

1903 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 14 389 He had acted strangely for a day or two before he ran away. It is very probable that this was a pre-epileptic confusion.

1928 L. J. J. Muskens Epilepsy vii. 257 The pre-epileptic headache..is little influenced by drugs.

1983 Epilepsia 24 200 Taurine levels in the pre-epileptic state remain near normal.

† pre-fungoidal adj. Obsolete rare

ΚΠ

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 887 In this so-called ‘pre-fungoidal’ stage.

premalignancy n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈlɪɡnənsi/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈlɪɡnənsi/

also figurative

ΚΠ

1947 Lancet 5 Apr. 440/2 Suspected pre-malignancy dispersed in at least 3 cases.

1956 J. Thurber in Science 27 Apr. 705/2 The most alarming incidence of verbal premalignancy occurs, of course, in this very area of politics.

1988 Cancer Surv. 7 504 This will give an indication of the risk of HPV infection for the development of cervical premalignancies.

pre-malignant adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈlɪɡnənt/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈlɪɡnənt/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > cancer > previous to cancer

precancerous1879

pre-malignant1884

1884 Lancet 26 July 139/1 It was in a pre-malignant condition.

1961 Lancet 29 July 250/2 It is suggested that there is a premalignant defect in the genes which control the development of the reticulo-endothelial system.

2000 M. M. Burke & J. A. Laramie Primary Care of Older Adult xiv. 378 Benign prostatic hyperplasia..is not a premalignant state, nor is it related to the development of cancer in any way.

pre-paroxysmal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːparəkˈsɪzm(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpɛrəkˈsɪzm(ə)l/

/ˌpripəˌrɑkˈsɪzm(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke > epilepsy

epilentical1483

epileptic1608

epileptical1621

epilepsian1627

epileptiform1861

epileptoid1876

epileptogenous1885

pre-paroxysmal1887

epileptogenic1889

uncinate1899

psychomotor1902

pre-epileptic1903

1887 Lancet 16 Apr. 784/2 Besides the pathology of the inebriate pre-paroxysmal physical antecedent, there was the pathology of the inebriate diathesis.

1907 W. A. Turner Epilepsy vi. 121 A form of pre-paroxysmal psychosis..is the feeling of good spirits and of exceptional well-being, which precedes the onset of an attack in some cases.

1982 Neuroscience 7 1955 The..development of the..activity was divided into (a) a first phase characterized by an increased rate of neuronal firing, (b) a pre-paroxysmal phase wherein neurons began to fire clusters of action potentials and (c) a paroxysmal phase.

(iv) Grammar. Forming adjectives (or related adverbs), in sense ‘preceding the phonetic or grammatical feature, etc., denoted by the second element’.

preaccentual adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəkˈsɛn(t)ʃʊəl/

/ˌpriːəkˈsɛn(t)ʃ(ᵿ)l/

/ˌpriːəkˈsɛntjʊəl/

/ˌpriːəkˈsɛntjᵿl/

U.S.

/ˌpriækˈsɛn(t)ʃ(əw)əl/

/ˌpriəkˈsɛn(t)ʃ(əw)əl/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [adjective] > accent > before an accent

preaccentual1894

1894 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 15 414 Only three propositions seem to me reasonable and provable in this regard as to the e/o series: 1st. e is accentual, 2d. o is post-accentual, and 3d. complete disappearance of the vowel is pre-accentual.

1981 Word 32 236 The non-falling non-rising is found in preaccentual and accented syllables.

pre-adjectival adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːadʒᵻkˈtʌɪvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌædʒəkˈtaɪv(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adjective > [adjective] > preceding an adjective

pre-adjectival1960

1960 Amer. Speech 35 86 This paper is mainly concerned with the pre-adjectival positions.

1993 Amer. Speech 68 377 They explain this effect by pointing to the absence of a copula in pre-adjectival settings in some West African languages.

preadverbial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːədˈvəːbɪəl/

/ˌpriːadˈvəːbɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriədˈvərbiəl/

/ˌpriædˈvərbiəl/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adverb > [adjective] > preceding an adverb

preadverbial1976

1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 32 Absolute-final position is the norm for final position, with pre-adverbial positions as optional variants in sentences where non-sentence adverbials occur.

2002 Linguistics 40 1118 Let us investigate..the prosodic markedness of preadverbial and postadverbial definites.

preconsonantal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑnsəˈnæn(t)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective] > before or after

anteconsonantal1888

preconsonantal1896

post-consonantal1905

post-consonantic1935

preconsonant1949

1896 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 17 444 Eighth-century scribes do not confine themselves to one form of contraction stroke or symbol of final or preconsonantal m.

1993 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 38 57 Pronunciations such as [dezástrœ] with final [œ] are normally found only in preconsonantal position.

preconsonantally adv.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantl̩i/

/ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantəli/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑnsəˈnæn(t)l̩i/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adverb] > before or after a consonant

preconsonantally1932

post-consonantally1941

1932 Language 8 185 Preconsonantally they remain long and are true diphthongs.

1992 D. Gutch in C. Blank Lang. & Civilization I. 570 The unstressed sequence -er is realized preconsonantally and word-finally as a low form of [ə].

pre-inflectional adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈflɛkʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːɪnˈflɛkʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈflɛkʃ(ə)nəl/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [adjective] > before origin of inflection

pre-inflectional1932

1932 Language 8 199 These case-endings, mere grades of bases without inflexion, imply, it would seem, a pre-inflexional stage of Indo-European.

1981 Language 57 335 Direct borrowing of many bound affixes had occurred:..denominative verbalizing suffix, pre-inflectional thematizing verbal suffix,..,and various others.

prepausal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpɔːzl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɔz(ə)l/

/ˌpriˈpɑz(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > before a pause

pre-pause1934

prepausal1941

1941 Language 17 225 A study of post-pausal and pre-pausal allophones reveals several recurrent differences between these and the corresponding allophones occurring elsewhere than at points of open juncture.

1992 D. Gutch in C. Blank Lang. & Civilization I. 562 Each unhistorical final r in these extracts is contextually preconsonantal or prepausal, and so would be realized as [r] by the writer..only if she was rhotic.

pre-suffixal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsʌfᵻksl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsəfɪks(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [adjective] > relating to affixes > suffixed or relating to suffixes > before a suffix

pre-suffixal1933

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 220 Some suffixes have pre-suffixal stress: the accent is on the syllable before the suffix.

1998 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 61 219 The occurrence of pre-suffixal epenthesis in Najdi Arabic mirrors in surprising fashion the distribution of case vowels.

presyllabic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsᵻˈlabɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈlæbɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > syllable > before a syllable

presyllabic1912

1912 Classical Philol. 7 167 There follows, in resumption of the address, a dactylic monometer with two spondees,..; then, one presyllabic ithyphallic.

1995 Poetics Today 16 472 This early Russian poetry, which was initially composed in ‘presyllabic verse’..was written by ecclesiastics.

(v) Forming other adjectives (or the nouns to which these are related), frequently in sense ‘existing or occurring prior to the development or knowledge of’.

pre-capitalist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkapᵻtl̩ɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkæpədl̩əst/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > specific political theories or doctrines > [adjective] > capitalism > before

pre-capitalist1916

1916 J. A. Ryan Distributive Justice xxii. 341 Smith restricted this conclusion to primitive and pre-capitalist societies.

2002 High Country News 13 May 10/1 Her thesis..is that our best hope lies in going back to the pre-industrial, pre-capitalist, pre-consumer cultures of hunters and gatherers.

precapitalistic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkapᵻtlˈɪstɪk/

/ˌpriːkapᵻtəˈlɪstɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkæpədlˈɪstɪk/

ΚΠ

1904 Polit. Sci. Q. 19 167 Mr. Dodd..in his description of pre-capitalistic days in England, gravely asserts that the ‘purest country air then was fouler than the air of our city slums.’

2003 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 13 Feb. 49/2 Adorno establishes a relationship..between the supposed ‘premodern’ and ‘precapitalistic’ character of Russian society and some ‘traits’ of a presumed ‘pre’-subjectivism.

pre-chemical adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɛmᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɛmək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > [adjective] > of or relating to chemicals > before chemicals

pre-chemical1916

1916 Proc. Royal Soc. 1915–16 A. 92 385 They [sc. steps in ignition] must be regarded as pre-chemical atomic combination, caused by direct electrification.

1996 Econ. Hist. Rev. 49 214 Both constraints, operating within the context of pre-chemical and pre-mechanical agricultural sytems,..limited the scale and scope of French endeavours to follow the path taken by Britain.

precinematographic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˌsɪnᵻmatə(ʊ)ˈɡrafɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪnəˌmædəˈɡræfɪk/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > [adjective] > films or the cinema > before

precinematographica1961

prefilmic1966

a1961 H. D. HERmione (1981) iii. 60 Precinematographic conscience didn't help Her. Later conscience would have.

1974 M. Taylor tr. C. Metz Film Lang. iii. 32 The most obvious pictorial juxtaposition, the most properly literary effect of composition, were, to hear him, prophetically precinematographic.

pre-civilized adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɪvl̩ʌɪzd/

/(ˌ)priːˈsɪvᵻlʌɪzd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɪvəˌlaɪzd/

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective]

wilda1300

bestiala1398

wilderna1400

savagine?a1439

barbaric1490

rudea1530

barbar1535

barbarous1538

pagan1550

uncivil1553

Scythical1559

raw?1573

savaged1583

incivil1586

savage1589

barbarian1591

uncivilized1607

negerous1609

mountainous1613

ruvid1632

ruvidous1632

barbarious1633

incivilizeda1645

alabandical1656

inhumanea1680

tramontane1740

semi-barbarous1798

irreclaimed1814

semi-savage1833

semiferine1854

warrigal1855

sloven1856

semi-barbaric1864

pre-civilized1876

wild and woolly1884

jungle1908

medieval1917

jungli1920

1876 W. G. Palgrave in Fortn. Rev. Apr. 536 There were a dozen Maroon corials, mere hollow tree-trunks, the simplest forms of barbaric invention—survivals, to borrow Mr. Tylor's excellent nomenclature, of a præ-civilized era in river navigation.

2003 New Yorker 29 May 89/1 The world of ‘Oryx and Crake’—a future rendered pre-civilized by catastrophe.

pre-coitional adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌprikoʊˈɪʃ(ə)nəl/

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > actions or bird defined by > [adjective] > mating > leading to

pre-coitional1950

1950 Q. Rev. Biol. 25 340/2 Although a highly spectacular precoitional ceremony occurs, the writer does not believe that the cycles of both males and females must be attuned, as the males are apparently always ready to participate.

1959 K. E. L. Simmons in D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles VIII. 218 The ceremonies are not ‘pre-coitional’ in that they do not lead immediately to mating.

1998 E. A. H. Wallace & G. E. Wallace in A. Poole & F. Gill Birds N. Amer. No. 362. 8/1 Before copulation, male assumes ‘lower precoitional posture’... If male takes upper precoitional posture, female may leave.

pre-commercial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈməːʃl/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈmərʃəl/

ΚΠ

1881 W. R. Smith Old Test. in Jewish Church xii. 348 Based on the old precommercial state of things.

2001 Sunday Times (Nexis) 11 Mar. (Features section) In a pre-commercial society, there was always that history, and there was a connection between seller and buyer that is lacking in contemporary commercial society.

precontemporaneous adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəntɛmpəˈreɪnɪəs/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˌtɛmpəˈreɪniəs/

ΚΠ

1884 Science 7 Mar. 294/1 In discussing the precontemporaneous history of the subject, he defined the following epochs: 1, The archaic (prior to 1700); 2, The pre-Linnean (1700-50); 3, The post-Linnean (1750-1800); [etc.].

precopulative adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒpjᵿlətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑpjələdɪv/

/ˌpriˈkɑpjəˌleɪdɪv/

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [adjective] > preliminary to intercourse

pre-coital1935

precopulative1968

1968 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 376 150/2 Cunnilingus is now widely accepted among sexologists as normal precopulative sex play.

1992 Evolution 46 915/2 A G[erris] odontogaster male has to..subdue the female by grasping her during precopulative struggle.

pre-democratic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdɛməˈkratɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdɛməˈkrædɪk/

ΚΠ

1881 Times 5 Jan. 4/1 With these groups compare Gainsborough's energetic sketch of Fox, in his pre-democratic period.

1997 A. Barnett This Time 3 The hope was that collective sentiment would return to its pre-democratic reliability.

pre-earthly adv.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈəːθli/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈərθli/

ΚΠ

1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 213 Cities and fanes of diamond crown the hills..Of this preearthly paradise.

1997 Entertainment Weekly (Nexis) 30 May 48 Spielberg seemed enraptured..by the primal wonder and terror of dinosaurs, by these beasts so mammoth and ancient they seem less prehistoric than pre-earthly.

pre-economic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːiːkəˈnɒmɪk/

/ˌpriːɛkəˈnɒmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/

/ˌpriˌikəˈnɑmɪk/

ΚΠ

1872 Economist 13 July 861/2 He was born in the pre-economic period; he has not a conception of the principles which Europe owes to Adam Smith.

2001 Amer. Econ. Rev. 91 559/2 One [sc. explanation] is that cropsharing is largely a feature of pre-economic, custom-bound cultures.

pre-elemental adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛlᵻˈmɛntl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛləˈmɛn(t)l/

ΚΠ

1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 475 That peace, Premotional, preelemental, prime.

1963 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 24 61 The atomists—like Milton—conceived of the universe as emerging from a chaos composed of pre-elemental material.

pre-federal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɛd(ə)rəl/

/(ˌ)priːˈfɛd(ə)rl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɛd(ə)rəl/

ΚΠ

1906 Times 30 Aug. 6/1 In pre-federal conditions, a locally controlled Australian squadron was an impossibility.

1997 Europe-Asia Stud. 49 1339 Serbs and Russians..saw the federations not only as logical successors to pre-federal (and pre-communist) polities but also as ‘rewards’ for the particular privations suffered..during World War II.

prefilmic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfɪlmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfɪlmɪk/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > [adjective] > films or the cinema > before

precinematographica1961

prefilmic1966

1966 S. Gilbert tr. R. L. Delevoy Dimensions of 20th Cent. ii. 114 ‘Pre-filmic’ texts—texts, to say, which seem to hint at a cinematographic way of seeing.

1974 M. Taylor tr. C. Metz Film Lang. v. 114 The iconology (likewise prefilmic) that organizes the denotation of those same objects.

1996 Representations No. 55 Special Issue Summer 20 Griffith emancipated cinema from its dependence on prefilmic entertainment.

pre-imperial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪmˈpɪərɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈpɪriəl/

ΚΠ

1875 Fraser's Mag. Dec. 776/1 In the pre-imperial days, when Prussia was a third-rate power, diplomacy could offer but very limited prospects in life to men of good family and small means.

1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) p. xix There are two kinds of Russianness, one connected with the people, the language and the pre-imperial principalities, the other with territory.

pre-industrial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈdʌstrɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈdəstriəl/

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of other specific periods

Georgian1745

romancean1804

early modern1817

federal1838

Jacobean1844

post-Reformation1850

pre-Reformation1855

postcolonial1861

post-Renaissance1874

post-conquest1880

post-conquestual1880

Jacobian1883

post-pyramidal1883

pre-industrial1883

early American1895

bow-and-arrow1899

palaeotechnic1904

Renaissancist1932

steam age1941

Carolinian1949

postcolonialist1957

1883 F. Ward Dynamic Sociol. I. vii. 486 Considering the existing industrial races of men, we are compelled to assume that they have passed into their present from some pre-industrial state.

2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 Aug. 13/3 Piero Camporesi discusses the hallucinogenic and physical disorders associated with..contaminated bread in pre-industrial Europe.

preindustrialist adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈdʌstrɪəlɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈdəstriələst/

ΚΠ

1940 Mod. Lang. Notes 55 58 To Lindsay, the decisive factor in Bunyan's life was his so-called ‘proletarian’ and ‘pre-industrialist’ status.

1996 Hist. Teacher 29 539 Women were not exploited in the same ways by the patriarchal preindustrialist and the capitalist industrial systems.

pre-intellectual adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktʃʊəl/

/ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktʃ(ᵿ)l/

/ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktjʊəl/

/ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktjᵿl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɪn(t)əˈlɛk(t)ʃ(əw)əl/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > [adjective] > relating to childhood

childhood1600

bread and buttera1625

early1630

prepubertal1858

preschool1879

pre-intellectual1891

preadolescent1904

pre-kindergarten1912

prepuberal1913

pre-teen1929

prepubic1932

1891 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 20 319 All the theories hitherto advanced..imply that the primordial mind had effaced all signs of its pre-intellectual ancestry.

1982 R. Littlewood & M. Lipsedge Aliens & Alienists ii. 58 Blacks were not slow to point out that this stereotype was merely a revival of the primitive at a pre-intellectual stage of development.

pre-lexical adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɛksᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɛksək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [adjective] > of an element in process of forming word

pre-lexical1957

1957 C. La Drière in N. Frye Sound & Poetry ii. 103 The concord is of natural, or at least prelexical or paralexical, suggestion of the sound with its conventional reference.

2002 Professional Safety (Nexis) Sept. 18 A format that clearly defines the warning and makes it stand apart from other information could allow users to bypass or ignore it altogether (also known as ‘pre-lexical’ filtering).

preliterary adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɪt(ə)rəri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɪdəˌrɛri/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > [adjective] > pre-literary

preliterary1876

1876 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 130/1 Made out of the proper epical material, that is to say, the mythology, the pre-literary traditions, and the first literature of the poet's own country.

1981 Word 1980 31 201 All Latin geminate consonants were reduced to simple consonants in the preliterary period except ll, nn and rr.

prematrimonial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmatrᵻˈməʊnɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmætrəˈmoʊniəl/

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > action or fact of marrying > [adjective] > before marriage

antenuptial1671

pre-connubial1837

prenuptial1862

prematrimonial1863

premarital1878

1863 Q. Rev. Apr. 510 The genuine sensation device of a pre-matrimonial secret.

1995 Amer. Lit. Hist. 7 255 The day was hot, her breasts were covered only by a nightgown of filmy crêpe, a relic of prematrimonial days.

prematutinal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈtjuːtᵻnl/

/ˌpriːməˈtʃuːtᵻnl/

/ˌpriːmatjᵿˈtʌɪnl/

/ˌpriːmatʃᵿˈtʌɪnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈt(j)utn̩l/

/ˌpriˌmætʃəˈtaɪn(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > day and night > night > [adjective] > pre-dawn

antelucan1609

pre-dawn1883

prematutinal1925

1925 Mod. Lang. Notes 40 78 In Indersdorf the prematutinal terrores of Easter came immediately after the so-called Elevatio Crucis.

1963 V. Nabokov Gift ii. 119 The river runs into the murk of the prematutinal twilight that still hangs in the gorges.

pre-medieval adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛd(ɪ)ˈiːvl/

/ˌpriːmiːd(ɪ)ˈiːvl/

/ˌpriːmᵻˈdiːvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmid(i)ˈiv(ə)l/

/ˌpriˌmɛd(i)ˈiv(ə)l/

/ˌpriməˈdiv(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1859 T. Parker in J. Weiss Life & Corr. T. Parker (1863) II. 403 The Pope is a fossil ruler, pre-mediæval.

1991 Hist. Today Oct. 54/3 Traces chronologically the history of parkland from the pre-medieval period to the present.

premodern adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɒdn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɑdərn/

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective] > modern > pre- or post-modern

premodern1901

postmodern1956

1901 Amer. Hist. Rev. 6 430 The earliest author, and the only pre-modern one, in whose pages has been found any mention of a panic at the year 1000 is the German abbot Joannes Tritemius.

1995 N.Y. Times 10 Dec. iv. 14/4 Elinor wouldn't have had a hope in this more familiar premodern world in which manners are turned into caricature.

pre-monadic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɒˈnadɪk/

/ˌpriːmə(ʊ)ˈnadɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprimoʊˈnædɪk/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-monadic.

1989 J. W. Pelletier & J. Rosicky in J. Adamek & S. MacLane Categorical Topol. & its Rel. to Anal., Algebra & Combinatorics 163 Many categories of C*-algebras and related structures..have been shown to be monadic or premonadic.

premonarchical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈnɑːkᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈnɑrkək(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1881 Encycl. Brit. XIII. 403/2 Premonarchical Israel is represented as a hierocracy and Samuel as its head.

1998 B. E. Johansen Encycl. Native Amer. Legal Trad. 67 Adams saw American Indian governments as a window to the premonarchical past of Europeans.

premonumental adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɒnjᵿˈmɛntl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmɑnjəˈmɛn(t)l/

ΚΠ

1864 J. W. Draper Intell. Devel. Europe I. iii. 77 Traces of the prehistoric, premonumental life of Egypt.

1991 Jrnl. Field Archaeol. 18 210/1 The despotic approach prescribes that monuments are necessary to the urban process, thereby obscuring from us the premonumental origins of this city form.

premythical adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɪθᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɪθək(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1854 T. De Quincey Let. Oct. in ‘H. A. Page’ T. De Quincey: Life & Writings (1877) II. xviii. 84 It is not only a prehistoric, but a premythical,..even a prefabulous and a pretraditional thesis.

1995 Amer. Anthropologist 97 580/2 The gods, who, by devouring humans upon their death, restore their premythical immortality which was lost during the cataclysmic events of the end of the world.

pre-objective adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəbˈdʒɛktɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriəbˈdʒɛktɪv/

/ˌpriɑbˈdʒɛktɪv/

ΚΠ

1941 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 1 495 That..presupposes that preobjective ‘outstandingnesses’ are passively constituted as there, intentionally, for the ego to grasp.

1995 Espace Summer 10/1 He is after a pre-objective compass on the perceptual world.

pre-observational adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɒbzəˈveɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːɒbzəˈveɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən(ə)l/

/ˌpriˌɑbzərˈveɪʃn(ə)l/

ΚΠ

a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) xxi. 346 The pre-observational simplicity of the philosophers whom I have just referred to.

1987 Amer. Statistician 41 122/2 A re-examination in the light of results of the assumptions on which the pre-observational partition of the sample space was based would be regarded..as bad statistics.

preoriginal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈrɪdʒᵻnl/

/ˌpriːəˈrɪdʒn̩l/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈrɪdʒən(ə)l/

/ˌpriəˈrɪdʒn(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 545 See, like clouds, the gods disperse, Into their preoriginal nothingness.

1999 Wired Nov. 216/2 I found a preoriginal manuscript of Ballet Mécanique for four pianolas alone, without the percussion.

prepersonal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpəːsn̩(ə)l/

/(ˌ)priːˈpəːsən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpərs(ə)nəl/

ΚΠ

1862 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 243/1 Even if we quite overlook its pre-personal ancestry, still the roots it has in its immediate author will be of unmeasured depth.

1948 J. L. Adams tr. P. Tillich Protestant Era viii. 134 The dark ground of pre-personal being..is effective in every moment of our conscious existence.

2000 Philos. Rev. 109 467 Insofar as her book looks to prepersonal processes for an explanation of unity at the personal level, there should be no quarrel with Kant.

pre-philosophical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfɪləˈsɒfᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌfɪləˈsɑfək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > [adjective] > pre-philosophical

pre-philosophical1891

1891 tr. A. Schmid in Mind 16 147 All the trans-subjective things that are valid for the common rational or pre-philosophical consciousness.

1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 405 A fairly elementary form of the sort of religious positivity that has to be sublated in philosophical reflection; it works at a pre-philosophical level, mythological and personalist.

pre-political adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpəˈlɪtᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpripəˈlɪdək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > [adjective] > before

pre-political1887

1887 B. Hastie tr. B. Pünjer Hist. Christian Philos. of Relig. i. v. 303 In respect of the former prepolitical condition [sc. the condition of life prior to the existence of State], it does not sound in accordance with naturalism when we read that he who is not bound by a civil law sins when he acts against his conscience.

1905 Polit. Sci. Q. 20 230 The state of nature as conceived by Locke is a pre-political rather than a pre-social condition.

2003 Hastings Center Rep. 33 17 Individualist or atomistic political theories that postulate pre-societal or pre-political rights rest on a mistaken view of the basic capacities of agents.

pre-predicative adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈprɛdᵻkətɪv/

/ˌpriːprᵻˈdɪkətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈprɛdəˌkeɪdɪv/

/ˌpriˈprɛdəkədɪv/

ΚΠ

1936 Jrnl. Philos. 33 332 The importance of pre-predicative experience in the transcendental Urteilstheorie and the doctrine that every mode in which objects are given must refer back to an original experiential mode of givenness.

2001 MELUS Winter 82 After the protagonist has toppled the last discourse on value and has discovered a purified intentionality, a pre-predicative (pre-objective) world void of ontological considerations.

pre-prophetic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprəˈfɛtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriprəˈfɛdɪk/

/ˌpriproʊˈfɛdɪk/

ΚΠ

1859 A. Edersheim tr. J. H. Kurtz Hist. Old Covenant I. 190 If..we were..to believe that the Maleach Jehovah of patriarchal and pre-prophetic history was the Logos, or God manifest..it would imply two different modes of Scripture teaching and interpretation.

1996 Jrnl. Afr. Hist. 37 331 Harris was not the earliest of the great West African prophets..but he was the oldest..and the product of a complex ‘pre-prophetic’ formation, to which Shank devotes over a third of his text.

pre-rabbinical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrəˈbɪnᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈbɪnək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > law > Jewish law > Talmudic scholar, rabbi > [adjective] > before

pre-rabbinical1885

1885 J. S. Black & A. Menzies tr. J. Wellhausen Prolegomena to Hist. Israel v. 157 In 2 Chron. xxxi. 6 the tithe of cattle is indeed mentioned, but on the other hand the firstlings are not; in the pre-rabbinical literature no traces of it are discoverable.

2001 B. Kimmerling Invention & Decline of Israeliness v. 152 Important central practices (the mitzvoth, or precepts) of pre-rabbinical Jewish religion, such as observing the Sabbath, the laws of ritual purity, circumcision, and so on.

pre-religious adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈlɪdʒəs/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈlɪdʒəs/

/ˌpririˈlɪdʒəs/

ΚΠ

1870 E. B. Tyler in Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 2 370 Here..are tribes of men who have no religion because their forefathers never had any. They represent a prereligious stage of the human race.

1993 Atlantic June 123/2 That's how ready he is for such a vision, such a release. That readiness I call pre-religious.

pre-scholastic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːskəˈlastɪk/

/ˌpriːskɒˈlastɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriskəˈlæstɪk/

ΚΠ

1867 Catholic World Apr. 85/2 The great teacher of the pre-scholastic age was St. Augustine, one of the most spiritual of the fathers.

2001 Renaissance Q. 54 1282 Anxiety about the carnal dimension of the rite..was as much a feature of pre-scholastic and medieval theologies as of polemical battles in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries.

presecular adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛkjᵿlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛkjələr/

ΚΠ

1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 533 As in presecular time emergent thence.

1998 Polit. Theory 26 605 In presecular terms, ideology is God; in secular terms, we have arrived at the paradox and paranoia that the only truth is that ideology is truth.

presocial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsoʊʃəl/

ΚΠ

1861 H. S. Maine Anc. Law v. 114 The præ-social state.

2001 C. Benard Turning on Girls 261 He held a presocial, egocentric view of the world—that's how Alex's father would have explained Adam.

pre-socialist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃl̩ɪst/

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃəlɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsoʊʃələst/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [adjective] > before

pre-socialist1924

1924 R. MacDonald in Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 25 Jan. 5/5 The class war idea..belongs to the pre-Socialist and pre-scientific phase of the Labour movement.

2000 K. Leech in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 678/1 The papal ‘social encyclicals’ since 1891 have included severe critiques of capitalism but they have, until recently, been pre-socialist critiques.

presymptomatic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪm(p)təˈmatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪm(p)təˈmædɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > symptom > [adjective] > preceding symptoms

preclinical1876

presymptomatic1928

1928 Times 25 July 11/3 By such a practice the pre-symptomatic stage of disease may be detected.

1999 Jrnl. Health & Social Behavior 40 431/1 A few studies have been done on attitudes towards presymptomatic testing, carrier testing, or prenatal diagnosis for other diseases.

pre-telegraphic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈɡrafɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌtɛləˈɡræfɪk/

ΚΠ

1882 Nature 24 Aug. 393/1 Pre-telegraphic days, when the letter-carrier was our swiftest messenger.

1992 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 51 16 9 A study of pre-telegraphic information flows in the eastern U.S.

pretelescopic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈskɒpɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌtɛləˈskɑpɪk/

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > observational instruments > [adjective] > telescope

telescopical1664

telescopic1674

pretelescopic1895

photopolarimetric1971

1895 Science 1 Mar. 244/2 The phases of Venus, which, by the way, hardly belong to pre-telescopic astronomy.

1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 130/1 The then unprecedentedly accurate pretelescopic star positions obtained by Tycho Brahe during previous decades.

pretheoretical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːθɪəˈrɛtᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌθiəˈrɛdək(ə)l/

/ˌpriθɪˈrɛdək(ə)l/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > speculation > confirmation of hypothesis, theory > [adjective] > preceding theory

pretheoretical1935

1935 Philos. Rev. 44 236 Schlick clearly asserts that he possesses an initial insight which is not a theory simply because it ‘precedes the formulation of every theory’. It is, in other words, a pre-theoretical insight.

1992 I. Zarifopol-Johnston tr. E. M. Cioran Heights of Despair 49 It may be that I'm wasting my time trying to establish a theoretical basis for it when in fact it originates in a pretheoretical zone.

pretraditional adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtrəˈdɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːtrəˈdɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpritrəˈdɪʃ(ə)nəl/

ΚΠ

1999 Rhetorical Rev. 18 191 The ‘new forms of assessment,’ which look to be pretraditional, are entirely local and based on the expert if not demonstrably reliable judgments of local teachers.

pretragic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtradʒɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtrædʒɪk/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > [adjective] > tragedy

tragediousa1513

tragediala1529

tragedical1548

tragical1559

tragic1563

cothurnical1599

cothurnal1602

buskined1603

cothurnic1607

polytragic1607

cothurnate1612

cothurnian1661

tragediac1782

cothurned1882

pretragic1939

1939 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 70 139 One faces the embarrassing problem of finding any other solid evidence for a pre-tragic satyr-play, and then of explaining how tragedy could have grown out of it.

1994 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 115 223 Moralizing discourse about hubris links Suppliants both with its own tragic tradition and with the pretragic and prephilosophical moralizing poetry of Hesiod, Solon, and Theognis.

(vi)

pre-adult adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈadʌlt/

/ˌpriːəˈdʌlt/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈdəlt/

/ˌpriˈæˌdəlt/

occurring prior to the attainment of adulthood; not yet adult.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > young person > [adjective] > adolescent

adolescent1481

undergrown1601

pubescent1646

halfling1801

halflang1805

teenish1811

halfling1815

teening1818

puberala1856

puberate1880

pre-adult1899

teenage1912

teenaged1913

1899 Science 21 July 80/2 The report contains an extended account of the eggs and pre-adult stages of these insects.

1902 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) IV. 527/2 The condition..becomes manifest during the growing or preadult period.

1974 Sci. Amer. Sept. 127/3 A husband, a wife and their preadult children.

2000 A. Calcutt Brit Cult 68/2 These two sides of Blair are both based on new ideas of the electorate as pre-adult cultural consumers.

pre-aestival adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈiːstᵻvl/

/ˌpriːiːsˈtʌɪvl/

/ˌpriːɛsˈtʌɪvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɛstəv(ə)l/

/ˌpriɛsˈtaɪv(ə)l/

(also pre-estival) occurring or undergoing some process (e.g. flowering) before midsummer.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Preëstival, occurring before midsummer: as, the preëstival plumage of a bird.

1908 Bot. Gaz. 46 294 The sedges are all pre-estival, while the grasses are all estival or post-estival in their floral activity.

1953 Ecology 34 217/1 Thirty-three common species [sc. of fungus] were compared on a chart and it was found that several ‘aspects’ could be distinguished:..(3) pre-aestival, end of May to early June, mostly sphagnicolous species.

1993 Cell &Tissue Res. 271 315/1 The animals display a high level of locomotor activity because of pre-aestival burrowing.

pre-agonal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈaɡ(ə)nl/

/(ˌ)priːˈaɡn̩l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈæɡən(ə)l/

occurring immediately before death.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > [adjective] > before or premonitory of death agony

pre-agonic1886

pre-agonal1900

1900 Buck's Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) I. 563/1 Immediately preceding death there is an intense congestion of the viscera which frequently results in an outpour of serum. This condition, when involving the peritoneal cavity, is termed pre-agonal ascites.

1992 Chest 101 800 Total lung capacity was not significantly increased, but this may be a consequence of preagonal edema.

pre-agonic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəˈɡɒnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈɡɑnɪk/

= pre-agonal adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > death > [adjective] > before or premonitory of death agony

pre-agonic1886

pre-agonal1900

1886 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 49/1 A sudden high elevation of temperature..after a chill in a previously apyretic case, means a complication, and not a fatal issue, but a hyperpyrexia without chill, and with a profuse sweat, is pre-agonic.

1995 Vet. Microbiol. 43 33 Ascitic fluids were often present in the preagonic stage.

pre-agricultural adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːaɡrᵻˈkʌltʃ(ə)rəl/

/ˌpriːaɡrᵻˈkʌltʃ(ə)rl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌæɡrəˈkəltʃ(ə)rəl/

prior to the development of agriculture as a means of subsistence.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of

lowa1387

primitive1838

pre-revolution1860

metronymic1868

pre-feudal1870

prelogical1880

polyzoic1886

pre-agricultural1898

pre-civil1902

pre-feudalic1907

subcultural1909

protocultural1920

pre-independencea1922

apparented1934

sensate1937

patrimonial1946

non-literate1948

inner-directed1950

underground1953

pop-cultural1963

technopolitan1965

1898 Cent. Mag. Oct. 838/2 The ranges are not so vast as they were in the pre-agricultural period, because the present-day cattle-ranges are in the main made up of lands which the cattle-grazers actually own.

1927 Contemp. Rev. July 85 The moon to pre-agricultural society was the real magic.

1975 J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iii. 55 The mixed deciduous woodlands of pre-agricultural Britain.

2003 Independent on Sunday 30 Nov. 18/2 The idea that the Palaeolithic diet eaten by pre-agricultural humans is best because the human body evolved around it.

pre-analytic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːanəˈlɪtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdɪk/

acting or existing prior to analysis.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adjective] > pre- or post-analytical

prelogical1880

pre-analytic1887

pre-analytical1910

1887 Mind 12 425 The Ego, the ‘I’, is in popular, pre-philosophic, that is, pre-analytic thought.

1929 C. I. Lewis Mind & World-order ii. 54 The acceptance of such preanalytic data as an ultimate epistemological category would..put an end to all worthwhile investigation.

1984 H. Kohut How does Analysis Cure? vii. 112 The preanalytic hypnotist ordered the hypnotized patient to get rid of symptoms.

pre-analytical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːanəˈlɪtᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdᵻk(ə)l/

= pre-analytic adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adjective] > pre- or post-analytical

prelogical1880

pre-analytic1887

pre-analytical1910

1910 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 7 373 The single word which at first denoted the object in its pre-analytical simplicity, comes to stand for several words which denote the components of the object in their post-analytical simplicity.

1965 A. C. Danto Analyt. Philos. Hist. x. 207 From the Deduction Assumption, together with our pre-analytical notion of explanatory inadequacy, we may..elicit the remainder of Hempel's Analysis.

1998 Rev. Financial Stud. 11 678 The theory of efficient capital markets was still in an essentially preanalytical state.

pre-analytically adv.

Brit.

/ˌpriːanəˈlɪtᵻkli/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdᵻk(ə)li/

prior to analysis.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adverb] > preanalytically

pre-analytically1934

1934 M. R. Cohen & E. Nagel Introd. Logic xix. 385 Analysis..may reveal many complexities in the pre-analytically simple object or concept.

1951 Mind 60 550 Something which we knew pre-analytically to be true.

2000 Philos. Rev. 109 112 No beliefs about events themselves, however preanalytically observable, are permissible.

pre-Arnoldian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɑːˈnəʊldɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɑrˈnoʊldiən/

(a) of or relating to the time before Thomas Arnold (1795–1842), educationalist and headmaster of Rugby School; (b) of or relating to the time before Thomas Arnold's son Matthew Arnold (1822–88), poet and critic.

ΚΠ

1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. iii. 22 In those pre-Arnoldian times no lofty code of honour was even ideal among school-boys.

1961 Hist. Educ. Q. 1 No. 1. 16 In those pre-Arnoldian days..the senior boys still retained a considerable degree of independence from the masters.

1988 PMLA 103 797/1 The approach fails to provide an accurate account of the formative, pre-Arnoldian history of the discipline.

prearticle n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːɑːtᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌɑrdək(ə)l/

Grammar any of a set of words that can precede an article in a noun phrase.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > determiner > [noun] > article > word preceding or following an article

post-article1944

prearticle1965

1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 107 Det→(pre-Article⁀of) Article (post-Article).

1971 Archivum Linguisticum 2 131 The terms Pre-article and Post-article can be used when talking about arrangements of non-lexical formatives in surface structure.

1996 Noûs 30 Suppl. 151 The quantifier is classified as a ‘prearticle’, and ‘of’ is inserted transformationally to produce ‘most of the rocks’.

pre-artistic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɑːˈtɪstɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɑrˈtɪstɪk/

existing or occurring before the application of artistic criteria; not yet artistically aware or functioning on an artistic basis.

ΚΠ

1883 Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 89/2 The silversmith's work of the late Georgian or early Victorian age which might be fairly designated the preartistic..period.

1962 W. Nowottny Lang. Poets Use viii. 207 There is a sufficient number of sporadic verbal links..to suggest an ‘associative cluster’ in the pre-artistic mind.

1997 French Rev. 70 757 Symbolically, the walls of a cave on Jeanjean's property are bare, pre-artistic.

pre-bacillary adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbəˈsɪl(ə)ri/

/(ˌ)priːˈbasᵻl(ə)ri/

/(ˌ)priːˈbasl̩(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbæsəˌlɛri/

Medicine rare (esp. in relation to tuberculosis) existing or occurring prior to invasion by or shedding of bacilli.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Prebacillary, prior to invasion by bacilli.

1908 Times 24 Jan. 6/5 Cases in which the tuberculosis is ‘open’, and the sputa are crowded with bacilli, and..cases in a pre-bacillary stage.

pre-bacteriologic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbakˌtɪərɪəˈlɒdʒɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpribækˌtɪriəˈlɑdʒɪk/

= pre-bacteriological adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > other theories

animalcular1753

zoocentric1882

organismic1886

pre-bacteriological1892

pre-bacteriologic1902

age and area1915

neurogenic1915

maturationist1968

1902 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) IV. 391/2 It..was long ago expressed by Alexander von Humboldt.., to be sure, in pre-bacteriologic language.

1979 Hist. Teacher 12 608 Jarvis remains true to the overriding conviction of those devoted to public health in the pre-bacteriologic era, that health was determined by the circumstances in which people worked and lived.

pre-bacteriological adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbakˌtɪərɪəˈlɒdʒᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpribækˌtɪriəˈlɑdʒək(ə)l/

existing or occurring before the discovery of the relationship of bacteria to disease, or before the development of bacteriology.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > other theories

animalcular1753

zoocentric1882

organismic1886

pre-bacteriological1892

pre-bacteriologic1902

age and area1915

neurogenic1915

maturationist1968

1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Feb. 2/1 He was educated in the pre-bacteriological era, and had little sympathy with modern developments of medical science.

1965 S. Peller in D. V. Glass & D. E. C. Eversley Population in Hist. v. 94 In the pre-bacteriological era, the survival rates for the ruling families were far ahead of those of the general population.

1992 Isis 83 629 Laboratory findings needed to be moderated with the socially sensitive policies that were also characteristic of prebacteriological public health practice.

† pre-beatific adj. Obsolete occurring prior to a beatific vision.

ΚΠ

a1711 T. Ken Hymnotheo in Wks. (1721) III. 171 He [sc. Stephen] had of God pre-beatifick View.

† pre-bromidic adj. Obsolete rare prior to the use of bromides as sedatives in medicine.

ΚΠ

1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 793 Agents of repute in the pre-bromidic days.

pre-Canaanite adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkeɪnənʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkeɪnəˌnaɪt/

occurring before the period of Hebrew settlement in Canaan; before the development of the Canaanite language or alphabet.

ΚΠ

1879 Jrnl. Amer. Geogr. Soc. N.Y. 1877 9 115 As some of them [sc. tels or mounds] are wholly or in part artificial, they carry us back to the Canaanite, or to the pre-Canaanite period.

1954 H. M. Orlinsky Anc. Israel ii. 40 An important part of the legal code of ancient Israel clearly derives from the pre-Canaanite period which coincides with the Hebrew wandering in the Wilderness.

1992 Classical Rev. 42 159 B. detects pre-Canaanite signs in each of them [sc. alphabets].

precancer n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈkansə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkænsər/

Medicine a growth or condition which is likely to lead to the development of cancer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > cancer > condition preceding

precancer1934

1922 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press-Telegram 15 Nov. 9/4 The time to recognise and interpret what may be coming is the pre-cancer stage.]

1934 Lancet 11 Aug. 333/2 Soon the name pre-cancer began to be given to a weak spot susceptible to infection—a wart, adenoma or other growth, hitherto benign, or a fissure, ulcer, or any site of chronic inflammation.

1963 New Statesman 19 July 71 Microscopic studies of the cervical smears showed..five cases of pre-cancers.

1996 Daily Tel. 2 Apr. 16/3 He has used the lamp to treat 137 cancers in 77 patients with Bowen's disease, an early or pre-cancer which can turn into more serious cancers.

precancerous adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkans(ə)rəs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkæns(ə)rəs/

Medicine occurring as a precursor to cancer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > cancer > previous to cancer

precancerous1879

pre-malignant1884

1879 Lancet 1 Mar. 299/1 The pre-cancerous period of the malignant disease.

1899 J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. 10 182 An early stage of epithelioma;—a pre-cancerous stage.

1975 Sci. Amer. Nov. 78/3 Screening programs have an additional shortcoming: for every cancer they detect they reveal perhaps 10 other abnormalities, many of which seem to be precancerous.

1994 Nat. Health Nov. 8/2 People who already have pre-cancerous changes in their lungs.

pre-carcinogen n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɑːs(ᵻ)nədʒ(ə)n/

/(ˌ)priːˈkɑːsn̩ədʒ(ə)n/

/ˌpriːkɑːˈsɪnədʒ(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑrˈsɪnədʒən/

/ˌpriˈkɑrs(ə)nəˌdʒɛn/

a non-carcinogenic precursor of a carcinogen.

ΚΠ

1948 I. Berenblum in Unio Internat. Contra Cancrum Acta 6 18/1 Support for the theory would be derived from the discovery of a pure precarcinogen (i.e. one which is not itself carcinogenic, but which, when followed by croton oil treatment, would lead to the development of tumours).

1990 Mutagenesis 5 623/2 Myrcene may exert an antimutagenic effect by inhibiting certain forms of cytochrome P-450 enzymes required for the activation of pre-mutagens and pre-carcinogens.

pre-carcinogenic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɑːs(ᵻ)nəˈdʒɛnɪk/

/ˌpriːkɑːsn̩əˈdʒɛnɪk/

/ˌpriːkɑːˌsɪnəˈdʒɛnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑrs(ə)nəˈdʒɛnɪk/

/ˌpriˌkɑrs(ə)noʊˈdʒɛnɪk/

capable of causing a precancerous condition; designating or relating to a precarcinogen.

ΚΠ

1941 Cancer Res. 1 811/2 Precarcinogenic action, the production of a preneoplastic condition.

2001 Prepared Foods (Nexis) 1 Sept. sn5 Acetate, a strong acid, lowers the pH more effectively, thereby eliminating pathogenic bacteria before they produce metabolites that can be precarcinogenic.

pre-Caroline adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkarəlʌɪn/

/(ˌ)priːˈkarəlɪn/

/(ˌ)priːˈkarl̩ɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɛrəˌlaɪn/

/ˌpriˈkɛrələn/

(of handwriting) occurring before the development of the Caroline style (Caroline adj. 1a).

ΚΠ

1897 H. W. Johnston Lat. MSS 70 It [sc. the half uncial] is also called the Roman Uncial and Pre-Caroline Minuscule.

1948 D. Diringer Alphabet 545 The pre-Caroline book-hand in North Italy.

1996 Classical Q. New Ser. 46 186 (note) In some pre-Caroline scripts, and also in early Caroline minuscule, the apostrophe was not seldom used for both -us and -ur.

precartilaginous adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɑːtᵻˈladʒᵻnəs/

/ˌpriːkɑːtᵻˈladʒn̩əs/

/ˌpriːkɑːtlˈadʒᵻnəs/

/ˌpriːkɑːtlˈadʒn̩əs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑrdlˈædʒənəs/

Biology existing or occurring before the development of cartilage in an embryo or embryonic structure.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Precartilaginous, prior to the formation of cartilage, as a stage or state of an embryo.

1916 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 207 451 The section figured here is cut directly through the fenestra ovalis.., in which lies the still precartilaginous stapes.

1993 Jrnl. Cellular Physiol. 156 399 These results suggest that NCAM [sc. neural cell adhesion molecules] may mediate the formation of precartilaginous condensations.

pre-Cavourian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈvʊərɪən/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈvʊriən/

existing or occurring before the period of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1810–61), Italian statesman and unifier of Italy.

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-Cavourian.

1971 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 43 164 He [sc. Depretis] therefore found himself..in the thick of the wary liberalism of pre-Cavourian Piedmont.

pre-ceramic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsᵻˈramɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprisəˈræmɪk/

of or relating to the period before the widespread use of ceramics or fired pottery.

ΚΠ

1889 Amer. Anthropologist 2 249 The shapes of this pottery do not show a very wide range of variation, for the stamp of the preceramic originals are still upon them.

1973 Times 18 Jan. 18/2 Cultural and skeletal remains of a preceramic culture have been found in the cave.

2002 Smithsonian Aug. 58/2 It meant Caral could be what archaeologists term pre-ceramic, or existing before the advent of pot-firing technology in the area.

pre-civil adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɪvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɪvᵻl/

occurring or existing prior to the development of complex or urban social organization.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of

lowa1387

primitive1838

pre-revolution1860

metronymic1868

pre-feudal1870

prelogical1880

polyzoic1886

pre-agricultural1898

pre-civil1902

pre-feudalic1907

subcultural1909

protocultural1920

pre-independencea1922

apparented1934

sensate1937

patrimonial1946

non-literate1948

inner-directed1950

underground1953

pop-cultural1963

technopolitan1965

1902 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 7 578 He [sc. Calhoun] condemned in no uncertain terms the time-honored hypothesis of a pre-civil ‘state of nature’ and the origin of government by means of a contract.

1957 C. Vereker Devel. Polit. Theory iii. 98 The metaphorical language used by political thinkers who posit a pre-civil social condition is usually designated contractual.

1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory vi. 216 He was bound not to injure the life, liberty, or property of others, and conversely might, in pre-civil society, avenge for himself any encroachments on his own rights in those areas.

preclimax n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈklʌɪmaks/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈklaɪˌmæks/

Ecology (a) (in the monoclimax theory of plant succession) a climax community which differs from that which might be predicted for the region due to adverse local environmental conditions; (b) a community preceding the climax community in a plant succession.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [noun] > replacement of one species by another > climax

climax1899

post-climax1916

preclimax1916

subclimax1916

proclimax1930

polyclimax1933

monoclimax1934

plagioclimax1935

disclimax1936

1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession vi. 110 As a consequence [of reduced water-content], development would cease before reaching the climax proper, and the potential community..may be called the preclimax.

1929 J. E. Weaver & F. E. Clements Plant Ecol. xviii. 424 The prairie itself is a preclimax to the deciduous forest with higher rainfall.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xi. 331 There are instances in which an apparent climax constitutes in reality a preclimax, in that its..co-dominants are replaced by others more advanced in life-form.

1994 M. Allaby Conc. Oxf. Dict. Ecol. 315/1 Pre-climax, the community immediately preceding the climax, especially where there is forest (e.g. on light soils in Britain, beechwood is the pre-climax to oakwood).

pre-colonial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈləʊnɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈloʊnjəl/

/ˌprikəˈloʊniəl/

relating to a time prior to colonization; occurring or existing before the colonial period of a country.

ΘΚΠ

society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > [adjective] > before colonization

pre-colonial1867

society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > direct rule, devolution, or trusteeship > [adjective] > relating to colonial system > before or after colonial rule

postcolonial1861

pre-colonial1867

postcolonialist1957

1867 J. W. Draper Hist. Amer. Civil War I. 21 The differentiation or separation of the American people, though it had its beginning in English life and in pre-colonial times, may..be considered as having been substantially produced by the climate of this continent.

1975 A. Drummond Thames Jrnls. Vicesimus Lush 18 No mention appears to have been made of potential goldfields in pre-colonial New Zealand.

1994 Appl. Linguistics 15 143 The major forces behind Nigeria's complicated linguistic market are related to precolonial political systems.

pre-Columbian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈlʌmbɪən/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈləmbiən/

existing or occurring in America before the arrival there of Columbus; of or designating the period before his arrival.

ΚΠ

1854 National Mag. Sept. 263/1 A collection of treatises has been compiled to discuss the original peopling of America, the pre-Columbian discoveries, the Canaanite, Phoenician, and Scythian immigrations [etc.].

1870 Jrnl. Amer. Geogr. & Statist. Soc. 2 ii. 43 Do the manuscripts which describe these voyages belong to the pre-Columbian age?

1929 Amer. Archaeol. 31 553 We know sufficient to assign mound works north of the Ohio to pre-Columbian times.

1994 New Scientist 5 Mar. 52/2 Silverman advocates the ‘s’ spelling for the Pre-Columbian culture of Nasca, and the ‘z’ for the modern town of Nazca.

precompetitive adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈpɛtᵻtɪv/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈpɛdədɪv/

Business relating to or designating an early stage in the development of a commercial idea or product, during which competing companies collaborate.

ΚΠ

1957 Amer. Econ. Rev. 47 360 The electric power consumer will be the one to pay..for the know-how, the patent rights and any other advantages acquired by electric utilities during the precompetitive period of nuclear power.

1982 Financial Times 16 July 17/8 There is ample scope for a greater European investment in research at the ‘pre-competitive stage’—that is before the competing national industries take up the ideas thus spawned and run with them.

2004 Aerospace Amer. (Nexis) Aug. 39 The European Commission..invites EU industry and research organizations to bid for precompetitive research projects in those areas.

pre-conciliar adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsɪlɪə/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈsɪliər/

Roman Catholic Church relating to or designating the period prior to a church council, spec. either of the two Vatican Councils (1869–70 and 1962–5).

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > conciliarism > [adjective] > prior to

pre-conciliar1912

1912 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 18 316 Any theological reconstruction therefore that would be thorough-going and do for our age what the original creators of theology did for theirs in preconciliar periods must face two tasks.

1976 Times 9 Aug. 11/1 The post-conciliar church polishes characteristically pre-conciliar weapons of censure, interdict, suspension and excommunication.

2005 Catholic New Times (Nexis) 25 Sept. 12 The past decade has seen these renewed practices gradually replaced by pre-conciliar traditions: pompous liturgies, benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, Marian devotions with little or no theological content.

pre-connubial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈnjuːbɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈn(j)ubiəl/

occurring before marriage; premarital.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > action or fact of marrying > [adjective] > before marriage

antenuptial1671

pre-connubial1837

prenuptial1862

prematrimonial1863

premarital1878

1837 J. Moultrie Poems iii. 343 Mr. Day; Whose pair of breaking tits would not endure The strictness of his pre-connubial sway.

1887 F. R. Stockton Borrowed Month 201 Preconnubial satisfaction of a very high order.

1996 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 8 Oct. Travis, the swine, has obviously been indulging in some pre-connubial coupling.

pre-Constantinian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒnst(ə)nˈtɪnɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkɑnstənˈtɪniən/

of or belonging to the period prior to that of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great ( a.d. 306–337).

ΚΠ

1864 Biblical Repertory Jan. 3 It is not a return to the pre-Constantinian basis, with its spirit of persecution.

1977 D. Cupitt in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate vii. 138 Pre-constantinian Christian art was scarce, unofficial, of very poor quality and often somewhat ambiguous.

2000 Church Times 8 Dec. 15/3 Apart from much interesting information about the..Constantinian (and pre-Constantinian) chi-rho, Thiede devotes most of the rest of his space to the titulus.

preconvulsive adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈvʌlsɪv/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈvəlsɪv/

Medicine preceding a convulsion, esp. an epileptic seizure.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke

fitty1811

preconvulsive1907

pre-seizure1926

postictal1941

ictal1950

pre-ictal1953

1907 W. A. Turner Epilepsy ix. 195 He regarded the pre-convulsive fall in alkalinity as a ‘biochemical aura’.

1995 Brain Res. 675 55 Neck myoclonus is the preconvulsive motor symptom specifically induced by photic stimulation.

precosmic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒzmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑzmɪk/

previous to the cosmos; existing before the world.

ΚΠ

1876 F. M. Müller Chips from German Workshop IV. 454 That from which it [sc. language] sprang, whatever its pre-historic, pre-mundane, pre-cosmic state may have been, must have been different from that from which it did not spring.

1891 F. C. S. Schiller Riddles of Sphinx 234 The pre-cosmic conditions of the world-process.

1998 E. Davis TechGnosis (1999) iii. 94 We carry within ourselves the leftover sparks of the divine and precosmic Pleroma (Fullness) that existed before the demiurgic construction company plastered everything over.

pre-creative adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkrɪˈeɪtɪv/

U.S.

/ˌprikriˈeɪdɪv/

belonging to the period before the origin of the world or universe, esp. before the Biblical creation.

ΚΠ

1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic in Mystic & Other Poems 28 The immortal seeker now..In precreative fire conjunctive ranged.

1859 J. B. Mozley Indian Conversion in Ess. (1878) II. 328 The praecreative or praeeternal spirit.

1992 Ethics 103 163 Molinists contend that God's foreknowledge does not restrict human freedom because it is based on his ‘middle knowledge’, a pre-creative grasp of what creatures would freely do if placed in appropriate circumstances.

pre-cultural adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkʌltʃ(ə)rəl/

/(ˌ)priːˈkʌltʃ(ə)rl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkəltʃ(ə)rəl/

relating to human existence prior to or independent of cultural development.

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > prior to cultural development

pre-cultural1925

1925 Jrnl. Social Forces 3 220/1 Man cannot be considered solely as an isolated animal existing in a primitive or pre-cultural age.

1962 W. H. Auden Dyer's Hand (1963) 87 Politics in every advanced society is..not concerned with human beings as persons and citizens but with human bodies, with the precultural, prepolitical human creature.

1993 C. Tilley Interpretative Archaeol. i. 52 Psychoanalysis has debated for over a century the question of the experience of the pre-cultural infant.

predecimal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɛsᵻml/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɛs(ə)məl/

(esp. of coinage) of or relating to a time before the introduction of a decimal system, esp. the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971.

ΚΠ

1968 Buck County (Pa.) Times 22 Apr. 7/4 ‘When we go decimal we will have 100 new pennies to the pound. That means it will be much easier to do money sums.’ Maybe the decimal board thinks so, but a couple of pre-decimal tryouts led to more trouble than simplification.

1971 Times 23 Oct. 19/6 The price of Investment-Trust Units went steadily upwards from 1s 11½d (pre-decimal money but allowing for the unit split in 1969) to 2s 11d.

2004 Times (Nexis) 4 Oct. (Features section) 51 He was paid 5s 3d (the predecimal equivalent of 26p) an hour.

predelinquency n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nsi/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənsi/

behaviour which is believed to lead to, or indicate a predisposition towards, delinquency.

ΚΠ

1924 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 14 Dec. a18/1 Berkeley's [police] chief..is recognized as the father of the pre-delinquency movement.

1932 W. C. Reckless & M. Smith Juvenile Delinquency vi. 168 (heading) Truancy as predelinquency.

1972 N.Y. Law Jrnl. 24 Oct. 4/8 California's Predelinquency Statute: A Case Study and Suggested Alternatives.

1991 D. Gaines Teenage Wasteland vi. 136 Learning disabilities, minimal brain dysfunction, and hyperactivity were linked to the idea of ‘predelinquency’.

predelinquent adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənt/

having characteristics believed to indicate a predisposition towards delinquency.

ΚΠ

1920 Boston Daily Globe 14 Dec. 18/4 At the round table discussion the ‘Needs of the Pre-Delinquent Boy and Girl’ was discussed by Miss Anne P. Hincks of the Bethesda Society.

1977 M. Edelman Polit. Lang. iv. 69 Affluent adults may be ‘predelinquent’ or ‘prepsychotic’; but it is not behavior that governs the connotations of these terms, but, rather, the statistical chances for a group and the belief that poor children are high risks.

2004 Roanoke (Virginia) Times (Nexis) 24 Apr. b7 We will target at-risk youth and those who already have exhibited predelinquent behavior and steer them into productive activities.

pre-delinquent n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənt/

a person having characteristics believed to indicate a predisposition towards delinquency.

ΚΠ

1932 R. H. Gault Criminology c. 446 As time goes on such a record will prove to be invaluable in making the diagnosis both of delinquents and pre-delinquents.

1997 Social Forces 76 121 Pre-delinquents do not reveal a despair or distress born of a disjunction between their economic aspirations and expectations.

prediastolic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdʌɪəˈstɒlɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdaɪəˈstɑlɪk/

Physiology (immediately) preceding the diastole of the heartbeat.

ΚΠ

1853 W. O. Markham tr. J. Skoda Treat. Auscultation 213 (note) A prediastolic murmur is heard.

1993 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 168 190 Within 2 days after delivery the mean pulsatility index of uterine arteries had increased significantly.., and the prediastolic notch had reappeared.

predicrotic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdʌɪˈkrɒtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdaɪˈkrɑdɪk/

Physiology rare preceding a dicrotic pulse or wave.

ΚΠ

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 104/1 The predicrotic, first tidal, or second ventricular systolic wave occurs after the first systolic wave and during the ventricular contraction.

1971 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 82 596 Pressure tracing demonstrated a dicrotic pulse... The tidal (predicrotic) wave.

predynastic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈnastɪk/

/ˌpriːdʌɪˈnastɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌdaɪˈnæstɪk/

/ˌpridəˈnæstɪk/

existing before a recognized dynasty or dynasties, esp. before the dynasties of ancient Egypt.

ΚΠ

1898 Daily News 14 Sept. 6/3 The Libyan stock..can now safely be assigned to the pre-Dynastic stock, about 5000 b.c., and even earlier.

1947 D. Diringer Alphabet i. 41 The earliest extant written cuneiform documents.., belonging to the ‘Uruk Period’ of the Mesopotamian pre-dynastic period, are couched in a crude pictographic script.

2008 J. Thompson Hist. Egypt i. 9 By the beginning of the Predynastic Period around the end of the sixth millennium bc, most of Egypt's population had moved to the Nile Valley.

pre-electoral adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/

/ˌpriːᵻˈlɛkt(ə)rl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/

/ˌpriiˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/

occurring before an election; cf. pre-election adj.

ΚΠ

1895 St. James's Gaz. 12 Dec. 3/1 In their muddle-headed way, they wrongly supposed that pre-electoral heterodoxy would not necessarily be changed into orthodoxy even after a general election and a majority of 150.

1950 World Politics 2 520 Some dreaded a putsch, some ascribed the fever to pre-electoral turmoil.

2004 Toronto Star (Nexis) 22 May a1 A pre-electoral sop to the 1.3 million Cubans who now dwell in the United States.

pre-emergent adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈməːdʒ(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈmərdʒənt/

/ˌpriiˈmərdʒənt/

= pre-emergence adj. and adv. (a) at sense 2a(b)(iii).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > other systems of growing crops

sharecrop1871

two-field1907

sharecropped1933

pre-emergence1939

pre-emergent1942

monocrop1953

1942 Ecol. Monogr. 12 210/1 The failure of this percentage of the viable seed to emerge is attributed to preemergent damping-off, variable sowing depth, and perhaps..to insects.

1986 G. Keillor Lake Wobegon Days 93 Bud has considered using a pre-emergent herbicide.

pre-erythrocytic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻrɪθrə(ʊ)ˈsɪtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/

/ˌpriiˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/

Biology designating the period between the entry of malaria parasites into the body (as sporozoites) and the invasion of red blood cells by merozoites; occurring or existing during this period.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [adjective] > parasites > stage of

pre-erythrocytic1944

1944 Huff & Coulston in Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 75 237/2 For all the stages of the parasite [sc. Plasmodium] between sporozoite and erythrocytic trophozoite we shall use the term pre-erythrocytic stages.

1973 R. M. Pinder Malaria ii. 26 This process, which constitutes the pre-erythrocytic or primary tissue stage, takes from 8 to 12 days and is essential to allow the parasites to undergo the necessary metabolic adaptation for the change from life in a poikilothermic insect to that in a warm-blooded vertebrate.

1991 Lancet 14 Sept. 689/2 After the female anopheline mosquito has introduced malarial sporozoites into the human intermediate host, a pre-erythrocytic stage develops in the liver.

pre-Evite n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈiːvʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈiˌvaɪt/

poetic a woman existing before the Biblical Eve; cf. pre-Adamite n.

ΚΠ

1862 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 155/2 A wardrobe fit for fair Pre-Evites to wear lay rolled away.

pre-evolutional adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃən(ə)l/

/ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃ(ə)nəl/

rare = pre-evolutionary adj.

ΚΠ

1876 Mind 1 56 If, then, this type be regarded as in itself right or good, its place in a moral system will correspond to that of the ‘Nature’ of præ-evolutional writers.

1912 J. Watson Interpr. Relig. Experience iv. 78 The scholastic adage, Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, was formed in a pre-evolutional age, and must now be discarded.

pre-evolutionary adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/

/ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri/

existing or occurring before the introduction of the theory of evolution.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective]

developing1808

evolutionary1810

evolutive1823

evolutional1862

derivative1871

historical1875

evolutionistic1885

transformistic1887

pre-evolutionary1889

1889 Publ. Amer. Econ. Assoc. 4 10 But the common criticism of Socialism..continues to deal mainly with the obsolete Utopias of the pre-evolutionary age.

1928 F. C. Grant New Horizons of Christian Faith iii. 59 The ancient biology, Aristotelian, scholastic.., and pre-evolutionary, got on very well with traditional religion.

1989 Nature 24 Aug. 597/3 Pre-evolutionary biologists (such as Linnaeus) classified organisms fairly well without invoking evolutionary change.

pre-evolutionist adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩ɪst/

/ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩ɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃənəst/

= pre-evolutionary adj.

ΚΠ

1885 W. R. Sorley Ethics of Naturalism vii. 170 A remnant of the false, pre-evolutionist individualism.

1949 A. Koestler Insight & Outlook xix. 273 Our textbooks..are relics of the static, preevolutionist conception of the world.

2001 Jrnl. Blacks in Higher Educ. 34 112/2 For Agassiz not only believed that every species was created separately—which was, of course, the orthodox pre-evolutionist view.

pre-exponential adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛkspə(ʊ)ˈnɛnʃl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɛkspəˈnɛn(t)ʃəl/

/ˌpriˌɛkspoʊˈnɛn(t)ʃəl/

Mathematics occurring as a non-exponential multiplier of an exponential quantity.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [adjective] > other

partial1801

Runge–Kutta1930

differentiable1935

pre-exponential1940

1940 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 175 129 The pre-exponential terms in the equilibrium expression thus reduces [sic] to a ratio of the products of the vibrational partition functions of the active and normal molecules.

1970 Nature 12 Dec. 1086/1 The Arrhenius expression is a frequently erroneous semiempirical formula, with the temperature independence of the activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor A becoming increasingly questionable as the reaction temperature range broadens.

1998 Science 17 July 392/3 He found that the preexponential factor varied between 0.05 and 0.5 and the exponential term between −0.63 and −0.91.

prefabulous adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈfabjᵿləs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈfæbjələs/

existing before the time of fables.Apparently an isolated use.

ΚΠ

1957 J. Reeves (title) Prefabulous animiles.]

pre-Galilean adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɡalᵻˈleɪən/

/ˌpriːɡalᵻˈliːən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɡæləˈleɪən/

/ˌpriˌɡæləˈliən/

of or relating to the time before Galilei Galileo (1564–1642), Italian scientist and astronomer.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific

Ptolemean1623

Ptolemaical1653

Ptolemaic1654

Copernican1667

Tychonic1670

Newtonian1676

Tychonian1710

Galilean1728

vortician1734

pre-Copernican1851

Ptolemaian1864

pre-Galilean1880

post-Einsteinian1938

Velikovskian1974

1880 W. James in Atlantic Monthly Oct. 459/2 The Spencerian philosophy of ‘force’..carried us back to a pre-Galilean age.

1952 Mind 61 417 He thinks biology is in a ‘pre-Galilean’ stage.

2000 Renaissance Q. 53 888 We have a decidedly pre-Galilean Ficino, in step with the assumptions of his age, reproving poets for suggesting that things familiar to us in the subcelestial realm could be attributed to supercelestial entities.

pregalactic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɡəˈlaktɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriɡəˈlæktɪk/

Astronomy occurring or existing before the formation of galaxies.

ΚΠ

1953 P. P. Wiener Readings in Philos. Sci. 99 In the dim pregalactic past we perceive a glimpse of a metaphysical ‘St. Augustine's Era’ when the universe, whatever it was made of, was involved in a gigantic collapse.

1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 4770 Measurement of the spectral intensity and anisotropy of the CIB radiation would provide important new insights into intriguing issues such as the amount of matter undergoing luminous episodes in the pregalactic Universe.

pregamic adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡamɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡæmɪk/

Cell Biology (in certain protozoans) existing or occurring prior to sexual reproduction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [adjective] > gametes

gametic1883

gametal1888

oogamous1888

progamic1891

heterogamous1895

gametoid1903

heterogametic1910

homogametic1910

pregamic1934

planogametic1957

1934 Anat. Rec. 60 (Suppl.) 92 The most distinctive spindles are the first pregamic figures.

1994 Developmental Genetics 15 172 This mutation discriminates..between mitotic spindle elongation during the pregamic and postzygotic divisions and spindle elongation during the vegetative cell cycle.

pregastrular adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡastrᵿlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡæstrələ/

Biology occurring or existing before gastrulation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > [adjective] > gastrula

paragastrular1890

pregastrular1894

1894 Biol. Lect. (Marine Biol. Lab., Wood's Holl, Mass.) II. 2 This consideration led some morphologists to insist on the need of a more precise investigation of the præ-gastrular stages.

1970 Annales Embryol. & Morphogénèse 3 133 (heading) Competence and induction in the pregastrular chick blastoderm.

1992 Internat. Jrnl. Developmental Biol. 36 293 In advanced pregastrular embryos (3 days) the number of silver grains was greatly increased over nuclei, cell borders and non-yolk cytoplasmic elements, notably in the animal half of the embryos.

pre-Georgian adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdʒɔːdʒ(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdʒɔrdʒ(ə)n/

of or belonging to the period in British history prior to the reigns of George I–George IV (1714 –1830).

ΚΠ

1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. iv. 119 The low morals of a large mass of the clergy in the Georgian or just præ-Georgian days.

1913 Indianapolis Star 23 Mar. (Auto section) 4/4 Chippendale and Sheraton and Sir Christopher Wren—those great artists in design of the Georgian and pre-Georgian era.

1993 C. Tilley Interpretative Archaeol. vii. 334 In this and other classes of evidence we see a shift to order, symmetry, segmentation and standardization; away from ‘pre-Georgian’ towards ‘Georgian’.

pregrammar n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈɡramə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡræmər/

Linguistics language used without an understanding or awareness of grammar; the study of the pregrammatical development of language.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > [noun] > study of pre-grammatical stage of language

pregrammar1931

1931 Hispania 14 p. U2 (advt.) Popular Spanish Grammars... Lecciones Orales (for the pre-grammar stage).

1949 Archivum Linguisticum 1 121 Is there anything against speaking of ‘pre-grammar’ as one speaks of prehistory alongside history?

1953 W. J. Entwhistle Aspects Lang. v. 163 To some extent the grammatical process has consisted in disentangling the undifferentiated masses of pregrammar.

2004 D. I. Slobin in J. Langer et al. Biol. & Knowl. Revisited viii. 261 These children do not show a standard pregrammar or protolanguage in which the two languages are differentiated only by choice of lexical items.

pregrammatical adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɡrəˈmatᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriɡrəˈmædək(ə)l/

Linguistics relating to or designating language, an utterance, etc., before the development of grammatical structure, or a stage in language acquisition prior to the awareness or acquisition of grammar.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > [adjective] > terms relating to origin of language > prior to emergence of (grammatical) language

prelingual1872

pregrammatical1878

prelinguistic1884

pre-language1928

protolinguistic1955

1878 Johnson's New Universal Cycl. IV. 1657/2 The question whether a pre-grammatical relationship can be scientifically demonstrated between the Semitic and Indo-European families of tongues has been vehemently disputed.

1937 J. Orr tr. I. Iordan Introd. Romance Linguistics iv. 331 Every form of grammar has an individual origin, and has its source in some pre-grammatical or extra-grammatical act which in process of time is transformed into grammar.

1972 W. Samarin Tongues Men & Angels ii. 42 Perhaps some glossolalic utterances are simpler than others, but all are significantly different from the pre-grammatical stage of child language.

2004 D. I. Slobin in J. Langer et al. Biol. & Knowl. Revisited viii. 260 Research on detailed corpora of very early child speech in English..makes it clear that much of early language is item-based rather than reflecting productive combinations of the telegraphic or pregrammatical type.

† pre-hemiplegic adj. Medicine Obsolete rare preceding a stroke causing hemiplegia.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Pre-hemiplegic chorea, choreic movements occurring previous to cerebral hemorrhage.

pre-hexameral adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhɛkˈsam(ə)rəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌhɛkˈsæm(ə)rəl/

occurring prior to the six days of the biblical Creation.

ΚΠ

1861 Christian Remembrancer 61 408 Those passages tell us far more about this pre-hexameral period,..than about the hexameron or six days work itself.

pre-Hieronymian adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhʌɪ(ə)rə(ʊ)ˈnɪmɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌhaɪ(ə)rəˈnɪmiən/

/ˌpriˌhaɪ(ə)roʊˈnɪmiən/

occurring before St Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin, a.d. 383–405 (see Vulgate n. 1b).

ΚΠ

1887 Classical Rev. 1 84/1 Ceolfrid had brought from Rome in an earlier visit a Latin Bible of the prae-hieronymian translation.

1999 Speculum 74 452 Vulgate and pre-Hieronymian versions, which exhibit different incipits and different introductory material.

prehypertension n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːhʌɪpəˈtɛnʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌhaɪpərˈtɛnʃən/

Medicine blood pressure slightly higher than is considered optimal, but below the values classified as hypertension.

ΚΠ

1963 Current Therapeutic Res. 5 570 Persons with prehypertension—i.e., lesser degrees of blood pressure elevation, either systolic, diastolic, or both—represent a very heterogenous group.

2004 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Feb. 166/2 Under new guidelines, people with pressure between 120 and 139 systolic (the top number in the reading) 80 and 89 diastolic (bottom number) are considered to have ‘prehypertension’ and should make lifestyle changes.

pre-ictal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪktl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪktl/

Medicine preceding an epileptic seizure or a stroke.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke

fitty1811

preconvulsive1907

pre-seizure1926

postictal1941

ictal1950

pre-ictal1953

1953 Electroencephalogr. & Neurophysiol. 5 319 Pre-ictal violent self-defensive measures.

1969 W. Pryse-Phillips Epilepsy v. 17 Grand mal fits..may be preceded by pre-ictal symptoms such as tiredness, irritability, etc.

1989 Brain 112 1042 The preictal state of the patient was recorded as part of the final evaluation.

preimmune adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈmjuːn/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻˈmjun/

Immunology of, relating to, or designating an organism that has not yet developed full immunity, esp. to a specific antigen.

ΚΠ

1928 Lancet 12 May 967/1 [It is] possible for a person to be in a pre-immune condition with no antitoxin in the blood and a Schick positive.

1975 Jrnl. Membrane Biol. 25 341 Purified gamma globulin from immunized animals, but not from control animals or preimmune serum, inhibited (Na⁺ + Ka⁺)-ATPase.

2001 Jrnl. Virol. 75 622 While the antibody titers observed in preimmune and naive mice were similar, the overall CTL response appeared to be reduced in preimmune mice.

pre-Incarial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪŋˈkɛːrɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪŋˈkɛriəl/

prior to the time of the Incas; pre-Inca.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca

pre-Inca1860

pre-Incarial1860

pre-Incaic1920

Moche1953

1860 W. Bollaert (title) Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chili; with Observations on the pre-Incarial, Incarial, and other Monuments of Peruvian Nations.

1876 J. Orton Andes & Amazon (ed. 3) ii. xxxv. 454 Massive monolithic monuments,..prehistoric, pre-incarial.

1924 Man 24 12 In early pre-Incarial times there was some cultural influence there from Central America.

preinfinitival adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnfɪnᵻˈtʌɪvl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɪnˌfɪnəˈtaɪvəl/

Linguistics occurring before the infinitive.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > infinitive > preceding

preinfinitival1977

1977 Language 53 330 I will outline B's analysis of the variation in the form of the pre-infinitival complementizer in Guyanese decreolization.

1997 Language 73 199/2 P accounts for the appearance of preinfinitival clitics in Middle and Modern French as movement over the infinitive to the newly developed Infl node.

preinvasive adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈveɪsɪv/

/ˌpriːɪnˈveɪzɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈveɪsɪv/

/ˌpriᵻnˈveɪzɪv/

Medicine designating or relating to a stage in the development of a cancer in which it has not yet become locally invasive.

ΚΠ

1929 Lancet 5 Oct. 711/1 The precancerous or pre-invasive period.

1939 Arch. Pathol. 27 804 The lesions were diagnosed as benign though now they are classified as preinvasive carcinoma.

2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Oct. 90/1 They all had something called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal cancer, preinvasive breast cancer or Stage 0 breast cancer.

prejunctural adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdʒʌŋ(k)tʃərəl/

/(ˌ)priːˈdʒʌŋ(k)tʃərl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdʒəŋ(k)(t)ʃərəl/

Linguistics occurring before the transition between two linguistic segments.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > transition between sounds > preceding

prejunctural1946

1946 Language 22 357 Pre-junctural features: (1) normal intensity of stress; (2) [etc.].

1968 Language 44 84 The border between words constitutes a potential pause point. The features manifested at this prejunctural spot are correlated with the difference between rapid speech forms and deliberate speech forms.

1987 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 50 334 As to Akkadian, we posit for this language a vowel-like word juncture that allows a long vowel before a prejunctural consonant.

pre-Latin adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlatɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlætn/

of or relating to any of the Italic languages older than Latin; of or relating to tribes or cultures in Italy before the Romans.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Italic > of or relating to Latin > pre-Latin

pre-Latin1879

1879 Globe Encycl. 408/2 Rich and powerful Greek colonies were planted all along the shores of Southern Italy.., eradicating the pre-Latin races, and leaving here and there only a word or relic to indicate faintly their origin.

1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 373 Pre-Latin [kolnis] ‘hill’ gives Latin collis.

1996 Italica 73 510 In the Sicilian dialects we find words of pre-Latin origin.

preleukaemia n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːl(j)uːˈkiːmɪə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌluˈkimiə/

Medicine a disorder characterized by abnormal development of blood cells, sometimes progressing to leukaemia; myelodysplastic syndrome.

ΚΠ

1920 Brit. Jrnl. Children's Dis. 17 18 The case recently reported..would be a quite typical example of pre-leukæmia, if attention were concentrated on the blood condition in the early stages.

1964 Jrnl. Kentucky Med. Assoc. 62 862/1 Preleukemia refers to the disease state in which various hematologic abnormalities may exist prior to the occurrence of the diagnostic changes of leukemia.

2003 Women's Health Weekly (Nexis) 10 July 32 Innovative clinical trials of this agent for preleukemia (myelodysplastic syndrome)..and adjuvant therapy for colon cancer are reasonable to consider.

preleukaemic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːl(j)uːˈkiːmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌluˈkimɪk/

Medicine preceding, or progressing to, leukaemia; of the nature of preleukaemia.

ΚΠ

1903 Lancet 21 Nov. 1424/2 We see none of those slighter forms, none of those pre-leukæmic stages from which recovery may take place.

2002 Human Molecular Genetics 11 1586/1 Lack of early programming of the developing immune system, followed by later exposure to common infections, could lead to infection-related, immune-mediated stress on a preleukaemic clone that is sufficient to progress to leukaemia.

prelogic n. and adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɒdʒɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɑdʒɪk/

(a) n. a mode of thought which precedes the development of logical reasoning (cf. prelogical adj. and n.); (b) adj. designating or exemplifying this mode of thought.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [noun] > prelogic

prelogic1914

prelogical1926

palaeologic1956

1914 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 11 187 This act is intuitive, it is prelogic, it answers to an interior vision.

1928 Philos. Rev. 37 549 Pre-logic, the logic of participation (which is a kind of anti-logic, since it does not recognize the principle of contradiction) was superseded by the logic of inclusion and exclusion, deduction, induction, and quantification.

1957 H. J. Uldall in L. Hjelmslev & H. J. Uldall Outl. Glossematics i. 4 All languages..are based on this participative prelogic.

1991 Slavic Rev. 50 375 In cultural ethnography and anthropology, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl mapped for her the regularities of ‘pre-logic thinking’.

pre-maniacal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈnʌɪəkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈnaɪək(ə)l/

preceding mania or madness.

ΚΠ

1883 H. Maudsley Body & Will iii. v. 297 The premaniacal semblance of mental brilliancy.

prematerial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈtɪərɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈtɪriəl/

prior to what is material; relating to a time before the origin of matter.

ΚΠ

a1881 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric (1883) 69 What prematerial ages of ether beyond ether it may picture.

1931 Science 25 Sept. 303/2 The pre-material entities or units condense and cohere into constellations, which increase in size and structure until they reach the macroscopic stage of observation.

1998 C. G. Martin Ruins of Allegory i. 40 For Milton, these channels have at once been closed and opened by the material infusions obscurely originating both in light's ex deo expressions and in the formless darkness of its absence, in Night's prematerial realm.

premeiotic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmʌɪˈɒtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmaɪˈɑdɪk/

(also †pre-maiotic) Cell Biology occurring before meiosis; that has not yet undergone meiosis.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [adjective] > stages of mitosis or meiosis

homotypical1870

heterotypical1888

homoeotypical1888

heterotypic1889

homoeotypic1889

skein1889

heterotype1895

homotype1895

synaptic1895

synaptenic1900

presynaptic1903

homotypic1904

dictyate1905

post-meiotic1905

premeiotic1905

telophasic1907

postsynaptic1909

metaphase1912

prophasic1912

telosynaptic1912

interkinetic1927

synapsed1931

synizetic1931

interphasic1948

1905 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 48 490 We may group the cells that are produced in the life cycle of an animal or plant into three categories, viz. Premaiotic, Maiotic, and Post-Maiotic respectively.

1972 Genetical Res. 20 201 The sensitive stage lay between the last premeiotic mitosis and the start of DNA synthesis.

1990 Nucleic Acids Res. 18 261/1 In meiosis mRNA levels increase prior to initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis.

prememorial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmᵻˈmɔːrɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈmɔriəl/

immemorial, of an age preceding memory; occurring prior to the operation of human memory.

ΚΠ

1854 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 475 Still rears its crag and heathless edge Your praememorial wall.

1963 A. W. Melton in C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave Human Behavior & Learning ix. 358 My interpretation of these data is that there is a temporary storage of information in the sensory system that is preassociational and prememorial.

1994 J. R. Rychlak Logical Learning Theory v. 131 Memory requires a preliminary formulation, a prememorial context from which the learning to be remembered takes root.

premenarchal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːkl/

/ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛˌnɑrk(ə)l/

/ˌpriməˈnɑrk(ə)l/

Medicine = premenarcheal adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > girl > [adjective] > pre- or post-menarchal

post-menarcheal1937

premenarcheal1937

premenarchal1956

1956 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 71 1319 The premenarchal girl who produces estrogen but in insufficient quantities to cause bleeding.

1975 G. S. Richardson in J. J. Gold Gynecologic Endocrinol. (ed. 2) v. 56/1 The premenarchal ovary is a polycystic ovary with an unscarred ‘porcelain’ surface.

1992 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 159 89 Cysts are common in premenarchal girls between 2 and 12 years old.

premenarche n., adv., and adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːki/

/ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːki/

/(ˌ)priːˈmɛnɑːk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛˌnɑrki/

/ˌpriməˈnɑrki/

Medicine (a) n. the stage of life (immediately) preceding menarche; (b) adv. before menarche; (c) adj. = premenarcheal adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > girl > [noun] > girlhood > pre-menarche

premenarche1951

1951 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 10 612 They excrete very little 17-ketosteroid until the pre-menarche interval.

1976 Ann. Human Biol. 3 279 The weight and skinfolds of 36 longitudinally studied British girls were analysed to determine their variability from two years pre-menarche to two years post-menarche.

1981 Cancer 48 1846 Granulosa theca cell tumor (GTCT) in the premenarche accounted for 7% of all ovarian tumors treated at the Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1928 through 1979.

1997 Jrnl. Cardiovascular Risk 4 33 In the first group, comprising the youngest patients, all the girls were pre-menarche.

premenarcheal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːkɪəl/

/ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːkɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈnɑrkiəl/

(also premenarchial) Medicine occurring or existing before the menarche; (of a girl) who has not yet begun to menstruate.

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > child > girl > [adjective] > pre- or post-menarchal

post-menarcheal1937

premenarcheal1937

premenarchal1956

1937 Human Biol. 9 27 The positive slope of the regression of chest-width upon chronological age is greater in the case of premenarcheal girls than in the case of post~menarcheal girls.

1968 M. R. Abell in J. J. Gold Textbk. of Gynecologic Endocrinol. ix. 193 (heading) Premenarchial endometrium.

1988 Sci. Amer. Mar. 72/3 The greatest change in estimated body composition during the premenarcheal weight spurt is a large increase in body fat.

premetallic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmᵻˈtalɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈtælɪk/

occurring or existing prior to the knowledge or use of metals.

ΚΠ

1875 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 4 273 One of the stone cases is specially recorded by Mr. Bateman as bearing all the appearances of the pre-metallic period.

1899 R. Munro Prehist. Scotl. xii. 449 The barrows of the premetallic period.

1987 Isis 78 298/2 Phylakopi, whose flourishing has sometimes been traced back to its supposed control of this essential premetallic tool material [sc. obsidian].

premetamorphic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmɛtəˈmɔːfɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmɛdəˈmɔrfɪk/

occurring or existing prior to metamorphosis (in various senses).

ΚΠ

1924 Amer. Naturalist 58 540 The five cases..comprise the following..developmental stages: Typical larval male... Incipient premetamorphic female [etc.]

1963 Q. Rev. Biol. 38 1/2 A pronephros is essentially a larval kidney and in young active premetamorphic frogs and newts..it is the sole excretory (or osmoregulatory) organ.

2002 Jrnl. Petrol. 43 1637/1 An alternative possibility is that the hornblende compositions were not reset by the ∓2700 Ma metamorphism, such that the hornblende barometer records premetamorphic (i.e. 2725 Ma) crystallization pressures.

pre-moral adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɒrəl/

/(ˌ)priːˈmɒrl̩/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɔrəl/

of, relating to, or designating a stage of development prior to the acquisition of moral responsibility.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > [adjective] > before moral awareness

pre-moral1858

1858 G. Duff in Evening Star 14 Aug. 2/6 Belonging as he [sc. Lord Palmerston] does, to the premoral, as Lord Derby says he does to the pre-scientific, school.

1898 L. F. Ward Outl. Sociol. v. 112 The evolving intellect throughout all this long pre-social and pre-moral period was exclusively devoted to the egoistic interests of individuals.

1963 L. Kohlberg in Vita Humana 6 13 The six developmental types were grouped into three moral levels and labelled as follows: Level I. Pre-Moral Level.

2000 Ethics 110 868 Kohlberg struggled for years with how to classify the relativists—are they in ‘transition’.., or do they ‘regress’ to a premoral stage?

premorality n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈralᵻti/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈrælədi/

/ˌpriˌmɔˈrælədi/

a state or action that is before the development of moral responsibility.

ΘΚΠ

society > morality > [noun] > stage preceding moral awareness

premorality1943

1943 Mind 52 19 The pseudo-morality of sanctions lacks the inward reality of morality. It is in fact a sort of pre-morality.

1998 Res. Lang. & Social Interaction 31 467 One might distinguish between two kinds of elementary phenomena coming before or lying underneath morality in dialogue: premorality, concerning developmentally prior conditions, precursors, of morality and responsibility; and proto-morality, [etc.]

premortal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɔrdl/

(a) chiefly Theology existing or occurring before the creation of mortal creatures; (b) existing or occurring shortly before death; also in extended use.

ΚΠ

1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 201 The premortal manhood which inhered In the conception of creative mind.

1916 I. Friedlaender tr. S. M. Dubnow Hist. Jews in Russia & Poland viii. 263 The pre-mortal agonies of the doomed commonwealth, which was destined to undergo two more partitions.

1993 Ensign Mar. 58/1 The seed of that respectful conviction was planted in the premortal existence, when the Father's plan of moral agency..was followed over Lucifer's proposed amendment of forced obedience.

1998 R. Gordon Ailments through Ages 129 The next evening, Dickens developed the premortal gasping breathing known to Hippocrates, [and] at six he died.

pre-mortuary adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtjʊəri/

/(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtjᵿri/

/(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtʃʊəri/

/(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtʃ(ᵿ)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɔrtʃuˌɛri/

occurring, or relating to what may occur, before death.

ΚΠ

1854 U.S. Rev. Nov. 375 The attempt to seize the ‘Sick Man's’ property, while the said invalid yet retained a very alarming amount of spasmodic and pre-mortuary vitality, was premature.

1880 A. M. Fairbairn Stud. Life Christ (1881) xiv. 244 A covenant may be a sort of pre-mortuary testament.

1996 Population: Eng. Select. 8 76 A number of Moroccan physicians have..informed us that they observe this phenomenon of ‘pre-mortuary’ return to the homeland.

pre-Mosaic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmə(ʊ)ˈzeɪɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprimoʊˈzeɪɪk/

occurring before the time of Moses.

ΚΠ

1859 J. Martin tr. J. H. Kurtz Hist. Old Covenant II. 58 There is a decisive proof of the pre-Mosaic origin of the blessing in the address to Levi.

1913 H. W. Robinson Relig. Ideas of Old Test. iii. 53 No certain evidence for the pre-Mosaic use of the form Yahweh..seems yet to have been brought forward.

1994 18th-cent. Stud. 27 683 The general law of retaliation prevailed among the Israelites in the pre-Mosaic patriarchal era.

pre-mycosic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmʌɪˈkəʊsɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmaɪˈkoʊsɪk/

[after French prémycosique (1892)] Medicine rare = premycotic adj.

ΚΠ

1893 H. R. Crocker Dis. Skin (ed. 2) 643 This pre-mycosic period, in which erythema is the most common form of dermatitis, may last for months or years.

1900 J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. 11 195 Typical lesions in all stages and degrees..from the pre-mycosic, figured eczema to nodosities.

1938 Lancet 11 June 1368/1 Premycosic erythrodermia.

preneoplastic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːnɪə(ʊ)ˈplastɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌnioʊˈplæstɪk/

Medicine occurring or existing prior to the development of a neoplasm; potentially neoplastic.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [adjective] > before development

preneoplastic1922

1922 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Dec. 1102/2 The production of the cancerous state is not necessarily the result of the action of the irritant on neoplastic, as contrasted with pre-neoplastic, tissues.

1941 Cancer Res. 1 45/1 The object of these investigations was the study of the influence of irritation on the first manifestation of neoplastic transformation, which, in the case of the skin, represents the conversion of the preneoplastic thickened epithelium into a papilloma.

1988 BioFactors 1 130/2 Many preneoplastic lesions express defects in differentiation control, and initiators of carcinogenesis selectively and stably block cellular differentiation.

prenephritic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːnᵻˈfrɪtɪk/

/ˌpriːnɛˈfrɪtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprinəˈfrɪdɪk/

Medicine occurring or existing prior to the development of nephritis.

ΚΠ

1885 W. Roberts Urin. & Renal Dis. (ed. 4) iii. iv. 472 During this prenephritic stage, high tension is produced by the contraction of the muscular walls of the arterioles.

2004 Kidney Internat. 66 869 Captopril treatment delayed the onset of proteinuria when administered to prenephritic mice, whereas verapamil did not.

pre-Norman adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈnɔːmən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnɔrm(ə)n/

existing or occurring before the period of the Normans, or (in Britain) before the Norman Conquest.

ΚΠ

1869 E. Edwards Free Town Libraries 10 (note) The workmen found, built up or buried within a wall of the nave of the church a carved sepulchral monument of pre-Norman times.

1890 J. P. Harrison (title) The pre-Norman date of the design and some of the stone-work of the choir of Oxford Cathedral.

1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 Mar. 249/1 The pre-Norman mediciners of the Lords of Dinefwr.

1999 Oxf. Compan. Irish Hist. 160 The exceptional archaeological discoveries which have transformed modern knowledge of pre-Norman Dublin.

prenoun n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːnaʊn/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌnaʊn/

Grammar a word which usually precedes and is in close syntactical relation to a noun.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] > word preceding the noun

prenoun1851

prenominal1947

1851 W. Manneville Eng. Gram. Simplified 13 Prenouns (Articles) intended to give a more definite meaning to nouns: a book; the tree.

1946 L. Bloomfield in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 460 Particles (prenouns) appear before nouns in less variety than before verbs [in Algonquian].

1992 Afr. Lang. & Cultures Suppl. No. 1. 86 Abraham also took care, again more than Bargery, to illustrate the various inflectional forms of verbs, such as pre-noun direct object and pre-pronoun direct object forms.

pre-Oedipal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈiːdᵻpl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɛdəp(ə)l/

/ˌpriˈidəp(ə)l/

[compare German präödipalisch (1926 or earlier), French préoedipien (1926)] Psychoanalysis relating to or designating a phase of psychosexual development prior to the onset of an Oedipal phase; cf. Oedipal adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > theories of Freud > child's desire for parent > [adjective] > prior to

pre-Oedipal1926

1926 O. Rank Literary Autobiogr. in Jrnl. Otto Rank Assoc. 16 (1981) 37 Odier quotes me in a confirmatory way with regard to the primal source of the super-ego in the preoedipal (maternal) inhibitions. The preoedipal super-ego has since been overemphasized by Melanie Klein.

1999 J. Butler Gender Trouble 95 Rubin claims that the unlimited universe of sexual possibilities exists for the pre-Oedipal child.

pre-organic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɔːˈɡanɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɔrˈɡænɪk/

existing or occurring prior to the existence of organic life.

ΚΠ

1864 J. W. Draper Hist. Intellect. Devel. Europe (ed. 2) 558 To Steno, a Dane, is due the recognition of preorganic in contradistinction to organic rocks, a distinction the terms of which necessarily involve the idea of time.

1895 Biblical World 6 374 Chapman in his ‘Pre-organic Evolution’ holds that the general equilibrium of the primitive world-all needed action ab extra to initiate motion.

1937 R. A. Wilson Birth of Lang. 73 That the earth had a long pre-organic history..seems now to be reasonably certain.

1998 S. C. Morris Crucible of Creation ii. 34 Their subsequent organization into replicating and membrane-bound systems may be..by no means an automatic consequence of surface conditions that are conducive to pre-organic synthesis.

pre-orgasmic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɔːˈɡazmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɔrˈɡæzmɪk/

(a) occurring prior to orgasm; (b) (of a person, esp. a woman) that does not experience or has not yet experienced orgasm.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [adjective] > relating to orgasm > capable of > not

pre-orgasmic1966

anorgasmic1975

1966 W. H. Masters & V. E. Johnson Human Sexual Response 210 Frequently a preorgasmic secretory emission..escapes involuntarily from the urethral meatus.

1980 Time 28 Jan. 90/1 Psychologists persistently refer to unresponsive women as ‘pre-orgasmic’.

1993 Ghosts Winter 47/2 They want to stay at that edge, at just the preorgasmic moment, and keeping that ecstasy, or that almost ecstasy, all the time.

preovulatory adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɒvjᵿlət(ə)ri/

/(ˌ)priːˈəʊvjᵿlət(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈoʊvjələˌtɔri/

/ˌpriˈɑvjələˌtɔri/

Physiology occurring before ovulation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > ovulation

post-ovulatory1922

pre-ovulation1922

post-ovulation1923

ovulating1926

ovulatory1928

post-ovulative1929

preovulatory1932

ovulated1938

superovulated1939

1932 P. E. Smith in E. Allen Sex & Internal Secretions xv. 739 A secretion of the hypophysis..is present (in rabbits) before the rupture of the follicle and during the period when its pre-ovulatory period of rapid growth is taking place.

1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) x. vi. 426/2 (caption) The preovulatory surge of LH induces ovulation and the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone.

† prepalaeolith n. Obsolete rare a stone (supposedly) used before the Palaeolithic or Early Stone Age as a weapon or implement; cf. eolith n., palaeolith n.

ΚΠ

1895 H. Stopes in Athenæum 325/1 Some of these prepalæoliths..are found in many positions in Swanscombe.

pre-pathological adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpaθəˈlɒdʒᵻkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpæθəˈlɑdʒək(ə)l/

(a) prior to the development of modern scientific pathology (rare); (b) (of a physiological or psychological state or change) preceding or potentially leading to a pathological condition.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [adjective] > preceding occurrence

pre-pathological1869

premorbid1920

1869 Lancet 23 Jan. 141/2 The prepathological period.

1897 A. D. L. Napier Menopause iv. 78 For a variable period, usually about two years, the physiological economy is preparing for this pre-pathological change [sc. the climacteric].

1987 Jrnl. Animal Sci. 65 1228 The best indicator of an animal suffering from stress is the development of a pre-pathological state; i.e., a stress-related change in biological function that threatens the animal's well-being [such as]..a suppression of the immune system..or the development of behaviors that would lead to such undesirable acts as tail-biting or excessive fighting.

pre-Patrician adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpəˈtrɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpripəˈtrɪʃən/

occurring or existing before the time of St Patrick (fl. 5th cent.), patron saint of Ireland.

ΚΠ

1890 J. Healey Irel. Anc. Schools 28 Another pre-Patrician, if not pre-Christian poet..was Torna Eigas.

1955 H. G. Leask Irish Churches & Monastic Buildings I. ii. 5 No trace remains of any pre-Patrician church building nor, indeed, can we assign any structure extant to the times of the national apostle.

2000 Irish Times (Nexis) 27 Mar. (Features section) 12 Patrick and the early Celtic church built on the pre-Patrician church in Ireland.

pre-Petrine adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpiːtrʌɪn/

/(ˌ)priːˈpɛtrʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpiˌtraɪn/

/ˌpriˈpitr(ə)n/

/ˌpriˈpɛˌtraɪn/

/ˌpriˈpɛtr(ə)n/

occurring or existing before the time of Peter the Great of Russia (1672–1725); cf. Petrine adj. 2.

ΚΠ

1910 Encycl. Brit. II. 139/1 A Romanticist programme of reforms based on the old traditions of the pre-Petrine epoch.

1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) ii. iii. 114 She displayed a shrewd sense of..psychology by using the old pre-Petrine alphabet.

pre-phonemic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfəˈniːmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌprifoʊˈnimɪk/

/ˌprifəˈnimɪk/

Linguistics occurring before (or having no knowledge of) the development of phonemic analysis.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > phoneme, allophone, etc. > before concept of phoneme

pre-phonemic1951

1951 Language 27 292 The phraseology..is pre-phonemic, but..the article is one of the cornerstones of phonemic analysis.

1960 H. M. Hoenigswald Lang. Change viii. 73 The doctrine of gradual phonetic change may turn out to be a remnant from pre-phonemic days.

1997 J. S. Falk Women, Lang., & Linguistics 156 Reviews..cite purported inadequacies in transcription, the ‘pre-phonemic’ nature of her analyses, and the conservative, Boasian cast to her grammars.

preplacental adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpləˈsɛntl/

U.S.

/ˌpripləˈsɛn(t)l/

Biology occurring or existing prior to the development of the placenta during pregnancy.

ΚΠ

1889 Amer. Naturalist 23 926 The preplacental absorption of food by the embryos of placentalian mammals.

1975 Jrnl. Embryol. & Exper. Morphol. 34 633 Mouse chorioallantoic pre-placental structures alone or in association with the embryo were explanted during the 9th day of gestation.

1996 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 3313/2 Consequentially, the loss of RARβ₂ promoter activity demonstrates that RA synthesis in the preplacental embryo requires yolk-sac-derived RBP.

preplanetary adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplanᵻt(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplænəˌtɛri/

Astronomy existing before the formation of planets; spec. constituting material from which the planets were subsequently formed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > planet > [adjective]

planetical?a1563

planetary1593

planetal1624

planetic1631

planetarian1652

planeted1745

planetocentric1856

preplanetary1869

protoplanetary1957

1869 C. F. Winslow Force & Nature 77 [Laplace] conceived and propounded the idea that the solar system in its preplanetary periods had existed in nebulous conditions as a vast volume of molecular dust and vapour.

1968 R. A. Lyttleton Myst. Solar Syst. ii. 54 Evidence seems to suggest that the meteorites do not represent original pre-planetary material but are a later product of the solar system.

1989 C. J. Avers Process & Pattern in Evol. ii. 42 (caption) The solar system is believed to have begun as a diffuse cloud of dust and gases, which contracted over time to form the central sun (star) and whirling disks of preplanetary material.

pre-planting adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈplɑːntɪŋ/

/(ˌ)priːˈplantɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈplæn(t)ɪŋ/

occurring, applied, or performed before a crop is planted.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > [adjective] > prior to planting

pre-planting1926

1926 Jrnl. Farm Econ. 8 161 Acreage changes may be related to relative prices in the planting or pre-planting period.

1955 Sci. News Let. 2 July 10/3 Pre-planting treatment is made on the soil before any seed is planted in the ground.

2003 Independent 23 June 1/2 Resistant weeds were controlled with a pre-planting ‘burn-down’ (which kills everything), using 2,4-D, another weedkiller.

pre-prep adj.

Brit.

/ˈpriːprɛp/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌprɛp/

= pre-preparatory adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > nursery school

pre-primary1922

pre-preparatory1936

pre-prep1963

1963 Sociol. of Educ. 37 92/1 He went to a ‘pre-prep school’ and public school in England and then to Harvard for a B.A. in government.

1975 Ld. Hailsham Door wherein I Went iv. 15 My formal education began at the age of five..when I was sent to a pre-prep school in Rosary Gardens.

1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 74/2 (advt.) Applications are invited for this important post involving the day-to-day management of the new Pre-Prep Department within the co-ed Preparatory School.

pre-preparatory adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprᵻˈparət(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpripriˈpɛrəˌtɔri/

/ˌpriprəˈpɛrəˌtɔri/

designating a school for younger children, usually for pupils prior to attendance at a preparatory school.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > nursery school

pre-primary1922

pre-preparatory1936

pre-prep1963

1936 Times 27 May 30/3 (advt.) Cambridge graduate, wife Froebelian, wants suitable centre or nucleus Preparatory and Pre-preparatory School.

1947 Hispania 30 90 This is in part the result of students beginning the study of French in pre-preparatory schools before entering the secondary schools.

1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 76/4 (advt.) Required for September 1995 an enthusiastic teacher to join our small but rapidly expanding pre-preparatory department.

preproenkephalin n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprəʊɛnˈkɛfəlɪn/

/ˌpriːprəʊɛnˈkɛfl̩ɪn/

/ˌpriːprəʊɛŋˈkɛfəlɪn/

/ˌpriːprəʊɛŋˈkɛfl̩ɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌproʊɛnˈkɛfələn/

/ˌpriˌproʊɛnˈkɛfəˌlin/

Physiology a precursor of proenkephalin.

ΚΠ

1982 Nature 21 Jan. 202/1 Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA has revealed the whole amino acid sequence of bovine preproenkephalin.

1988 Biol. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 34 255 Preproenkephalin B includes three copies of Leu-enkephalin as well as dymorphin..and neo-endorphin.

1999 Science (Nexis) 4 June 1634 [They] selected herpes simplex virus, which readily infects nerve cells, to transport the gene for human preproenkephalin (a precursor of Met-enkephalin, an opioid peptide with pain-killer activity) into mouse afferent nerves.

preprohormone n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprə(ʊ)ˈhɔːməʊn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌproʊˈhɔrˌmoʊn/

Physiology a precursor of a prohormone, typically consisting of the prohormone linked to a signal peptide.

ΚΠ

1975 Nature 11 Sept. 89/2 The signal peptide must be detached from the preprohormone on the ribosome before the proinsulin chain is completed.

1999 Biochim. et Biophysica Acta 1435 84 Alignment of the predicted preprohormone structures with those of other species, showed that preproCCK has been well conserved among all vertebrates, whereas progastrin is less conserved.

preproinsulin n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprəʊˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌproʊˈɪnsəlᵻn/

Physiology a precursor of proinsulin.

ΚΠ

1975 Nature 11 Sept. 89/2 The existence of an analogous precursor to insulin, a preproinsulin, was strongly supported by the experiments of M. A. Permutt.

1979 Nature 21 June 675/1 The gene coding for preproinsulin II contained an additional intron of about 500 nucleotides between the region encoding amino acids 38 and 39 of the proinsulin II peptide chain.

1991 D. J. Weatherall New Genet. & Clin. Pract. (ed. 3) iii. 46 Insulin..is first synthesized as a molecule called preproinsulin which is 110 amino acids long.

prequark n.

Brit.

/ˈpriːkwɑːk/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌkwɔrk/

/ˈpriˌkwɑrk/

Particle Physics a hypothetical particle postulated as a constituent of quarks; = preon n.

ΚΠ

1976 J. C. Pati & A. Salam in A. Zichichi High Energy Physics (Proc. European Physical Soc. Internat. Conf., Palermo) I. 154 The suggestion that quarks and leptons, themselves, are made out of pre-quarks and pre-bosons.

1999 Dallas Morning News (Nexis) 5 Apr. d7 We can't be sure that there aren't still smaller things, that quarks aren't made of prequarks or subquarks or something.

pre-reflective adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈflɛktɪv/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈflɛktɪv/

/ˌpririˈflɛktɪv/

occurring prior to reflection or rational thought.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > [adjective]

belly-sprung1607

intuitive1645

intuitional1860

pre-rational1875

pre-reflective1902

telepathic1902

pre-reflexive1955

shoot-from-the-hip1967

1902 Philos. Rev. 11 476 It was only very slowly, out of this pre-reflective, undifferentiated matrix, that the realism and idealism of later thought developed.

1978 S. H. Hodgson Philos. of Refl. I. i. ii. 107 The undistinguished unity of primary, pre-reflective, consciousness.

2002 Contemp. Lit. 43 177 Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on the body as the focus of world-experience and, in his late work, on the ‘flesh’ as the prereflective site at which body and world blend.

pre-reflexive adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈflɛksɪv/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈflɛksɪv/

/ˌpririˈflɛksɪv/

= pre-reflective adj.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > [adjective]

belly-sprung1607

intuitive1645

intuitional1860

pre-rational1875

pre-reflective1902

telepathic1902

pre-reflexive1955

shoot-from-the-hip1967

1955 J. Wild Challenge Existentialism iv. 92 Sartre..tries to show how nothingness, taken in many different senses to which it is susceptible, can shed light on pre-reflexive and reflexive awareness.

1970 J. M. Edie Patterns of Life-world xviii. 339 Chomsky's..own investigations lead us to what Merleau-Ponty termed the ‘pre-reflexive’ structures of experience.

2000 Amer. Jrnl. Polit. Sci. 44 11/1 It means only that it [sc. salience] resides deep in the well of pre-reflexive background knowledge which is accessible only through methodical effort.

pre-reformatory adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈfɔːmət(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈfɔrməˌtɔri/

/ˌpririˈfɔrməˌtɔri/

Christian Church existing or occurring prior to the Reformation.

ΚΠ

1884 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. III. 1805/2 In the pre-reformatory system there were no lessons for the sixth Sunday after Epiphany.

1950 W. R. Valentiner Stud. Ital. Renaissance Sculpt. iii. 36 The neo-Gothic movement with its baroque tendency in Germany, the leading country in this pre-reformatory period north of the Alps, is well known.

1994 L. B. Coser & W. B. Holdheim tr. M. Scheler Ressentiment v. 106 All the blunders and mistakes (from indulgence to autodar) by which the pre-reformatory Church often ‘provided’ for salvation.

pre-relativistic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛlətᵻˈvɪstɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛlədəˈvɪstɪk/

Physics existing or occurring before the publication of the special and general theories of relativity (in 1905 and 1915 respectively); not taking the theory of relativity into account.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > relativity > [adjective] > preceding theory

pre-relativity1920

pre-relativistic1923

1923 H. L. Brose tr. A. J. W. Sommerfeld Atomic Struct. & Spectral Lines iv. 211 Coulomb's law is valid and likewise ordinary (pre-relativistic) mechanics.

1952 A. Koestler Arrow in Blue vi. 51 In pre-Relativistic days it was still just possible for the non~specialist to keep abreast of general developments in science.

2000 Philos. Sci. 67 S566 In a pre-relativistic setting the presentist says that the real events for an observer are the events simultaneous with that observer.

† pre-remote adj. Obsolete designating a cause antecedently remote in a chain of causation; cf. remote adj. 5a.

ΚΠ

1796 E. Darwin Zoonomia II. 451 The pre~remote cause or disposition to the gout.

1798 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses II. 264 This..tendency to accumulation in horses.., together with the inspissating nature of the aliment itself, form the pre-remote cause of blindness, staggers, pursiveness [etc.].

pre-reproductive adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːriːprəˈdʌktɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌriprəˈdəktɪv/

designating the period of life before an individual becomes capable of reproduction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > reproductive period

post-reproductive1900

pre-reproductive1900

1900 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 44 3 Reproductive period.—I have used this expression to denote the whole of that period in the life of a mammal, whether male or female, during which its generative organs are capable of the reproductive function; and in contrast to the Pre-reproductive and Post-reproductive periods which severally precede and follow it, during which the generative organs are either not fully developed or are degenerate.

1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants 231 The pre-reproductive period of trees is usually long.

1997 M. E. Morbeck et al. Evolving Female iv. 107 Chimpanzees..have long prereproductive life stages that emphasize brain growth and information exchange.

pre-rhotacistic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrəʊtəˈsɪstɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌroʊdəˈsɪstɪk/

Linguistics occurring in a language before a tendency to rhotacism.

ΚΠ

1894 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 15 366 At some Italic period before the rhotacistic change was completed, there must have been doublets like *amase/amare in popular use. Verrius Flaccus and the archaist Festus preserved, as we know, pre-rhotacistic forms.

1910 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 31 82 In rosodio he would see, without more ado, a genuine prerhotacistic form for rorido.

pre-Roman adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrəʊmən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈroʊmən/

existing or occurring before the period of the Romans or before the Roman Empire.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of Greek or Roman antiquity

classic1597

ancient1605

Constantinian1641

classical1691

post-classical1851

pre-classical1860

pre-Roman1863

post-Roman1865

preclassic1869

Hadrianic1886

Protogeometric1914

sub-Roman1932

1863 C. Lyell Geol. Evid. Antiq. Man ii. 21 Coins..of bronze and silver belonging to the first and pre-Roman division of the age of iron.

1910 A. L. Frothingham Dalmatia iv. 130 These magnificent gateways are not Roman at all but are remnants of the pre-Roman Etruscan city.

1995 Guardian 29 June i. 9/7 A mysterious historical society which plans to use the profit from the repackaged pre-Roman pastime to bankroll a Celtic arts centre.

preseminal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛmᵻnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛmən(ə)l/

Biology (a) preceding fertilization (rare); (b) designating fluid secreted prior to the ejaculation of semen; cf. pre-ejaculate n. at sense 1a(b)(ii).

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Prior to insemination or fecundation: as, the preseminal state of an ovum.

1973 Post Standard (N.Y.) 28 Feb. 35/1 When the male becomes stimulated sexually..a number of sperm may escape in the pre-seminal or lubricating fluid.

1994 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 10 Jan. d7 For oral sex with men, the risk stems from semen and, to a lesser degree, from pre-seminal fluid, which can contain the virus [sc. HIV] in smaller quantities.

pre-seminary adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛmᵻn(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛməˌnɛri/

Biology = preseminal adj. (a).

ΚΠ

1876 Philos. Trans. 1875 (Royal Soc.) 165 39 The growth of the ovarian egg and its envelopes or præseminary development.

presolar adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsəʊlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsoʊlər/

chiefly Astronomy existing, occurring, or originating before the formation of the sun or another star; spec. constituting material from which the sun was subsequently formed; cf. prestellar adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > star > kind of star > protostar > [adjective]

prestellar1897

protostellar1968

presolar1973

1855 P. J. Bailey Spiritual Legend in Mystic (ed. 2) 75 For sun and moon præsolar light precedes.

1877 P. J. Bailey Proem in Festus (ed. 10) 6 Hints of life, Foreworldly, pencilled by pre-solar light, Or Paradisal sun.

1973 Sci. Amer. Apr. 61/3 The molecules might be formed in the dense environs of a ‘presolar nebula’, that is, in the final phases of the collapse of a protostar into a self-luminous star.

1979 Nature 15 Feb. 556/1 According to the second model..the presolar grains condensed in a late supernova that triggered the collapse of the solar nebula.

2004 Nature 29 Apr. p. vii/3 Now using ion microscopy, presolar silicates have been identified in two primitive meteorites.

presplenomegalic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːspliːnəʊmᵻˈɡalɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsplɛnoʊməˈɡælɪk/

/ˌpriˌsplinoʊməˈɡælɪk/

Medicine rare occurring before enlargement of the spleen.

ΚΠ

1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 307 Presplenomegalic form in which the enlargement of the liver precedes that of the spleen.

prestellar adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstɛlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstɛlər/

Astronomy existing or occurring before the formation of stars; spec. constituting material which subsequently goes to form a star or stars.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > star > kind of star > protostar > [adjective]

prestellar1897

protostellar1968

presolar1973

1897 Harper's Mag. Mar. 555/2 Mr. Lanyard..suggests that the visible nebulæ may not be nascent stars, but emanations from stars, and the true pre-stellar nebulæ are invisible until condensed to stellar proportions.

1952 C. Payne-Gaposchkin Stars in Making (1953) ii. 43 Nebulae like the one in Orion must represent the primitive prestellar material.

1978 Sci. Amer. Apr. 112/1 The observational signpost for this prestellar stage is the emission by the cloud's many molecules of radio waves at wavelengths measured in millimeters.

1999 Science 12 Mar. 1719/1 The s of low-mass prestellar clumps has been revealed by millimeter observations of nearby star-forming regions.

pre-structuralist adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəlɪst/

/(ˌ)priːˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩ɪst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rələst/

Linguistics of or relating to the period prior to the development of structural linguistics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism > not or prior to

etic1954

pre-structuralist1954

1954 Language 30 84 The criticism applies in full to prestructuralist linguistics, less so to the Prague School and (more recently) to American structuralists.

1958 C. Rabin in Aspects of Transl. 130 Pre-Structuralist works on grammar recognized this fact by separating the description of forms (‘accidence’) from the discussion of their meaning, which appeared as part of ‘syntax’.

1992 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 37 96 Geeraerts..places cognitive semantic theory as the heir of the prestructuralist historical-philological tradition.

presupernova n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsuːpəˈnəʊvə/

/ˌpriːsjuːpəˈnəʊvə/

/(ˌ)priːˈsuːpəˌnəʊvə/

/(ˌ)priːˈsjuːpəˌnəʊvə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsupərˈnoʊvə/

/ˌpriˈsupərˌnoʊvə/

Astronomy a star in the period or stage before it explodes as a supernova.

ΚΠ

1959 Physics & Chem. Earth 3 202 An equilibrium theory of element formation in the interiors of presupernovæ is one of the mechanisms currently believed responsible for nucleogenesis.

1988 Nature 21 Jan. 237/2 We suggest that such a star was indeed present as a binary companion to star 1 and was the actual presupernova.

1997 Science 30 May 1360/3 For rapid evolution as in a presupernova, or a supernova explosion itself, these conditions do not hold, and the spherical approximation fails.

presystematic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪstᵻˈmatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪstəˈmædɪk/

occurring before the development of a formal system.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > [adjective] > prior to development of a system

presystematic1931

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > [adjective] > lacking system or method

unmethodical1570

immethodical1605

immethoded1653

amethodical1664

unsystematic1770

unsystematical1780

systemless1805

ramble-scramble1827

immethodic1858

rag-tag1860

impressionistic1909

presystematic1931

1931 Rev. Eng. Stud. 7 9 There is something to be said for the pre-systematic way of turning over one manuscript after another, with no set purpose except to follow up anything of interest that may arise.

1951 N. Goodman Struct. Appearance i. i. 23 Care..must be exercised..when one word..has both a systematic and a presystematic use. For example, ‘is a member of’ is used in several different presystematic ways and also as the mere verbal reading of the systematic sign ‘ε’.

2001 Philos. Rev. 110 242 Our starting point is a common, presystematic conception of logical consequence: Consider any class k of sentences and a sentence X which follows the sentences of this class.

presystematically adv.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪstᵻˈmatᵻkli/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪstəˈmædək(ə)li/

in a pre-systematic manner.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > [adverb] > by means of specific linguistic analysis

presystematically1951

polysystemically1973

biuniquely1975

the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > [adverb] > without system or method

unmethodically1632

unsystematically1749

impressionistically1909

presystematically1951

1951 N. Goodman Struct. Appearance i. i. 22 I use ‘presystematically’ for ‘according to ordinary usage’.

1975 Jrnl. Philos. 72 552 Presystematically, the physicalist ontological position is simply put: ‘Everything is physical.’

1995 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 55 898 Presystematically we might think of these as commitments to the truth of various propositions, that is, as beliefs.

pretectonic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtɛkˈtɒnɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌtɛkˈtɑnɪk/

[after German vortektonisch (1930)] Geology occurring or existing before tectonic activity.

ΚΠ

1938 E.B. Knopf & E. Ingerson in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. No. 6. viii. 108 The crystallization in such fabrics can be termed: pretectonic, posttectonic, or paratectonic with reference to the particular mineral that is under consideration.

1973 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 273 473 A series of basic and ultrabasic bodies occur in the zone and appear to represent pre-tectonic intrusions very similar to those found in the northern marginal zone.

2004 Earth & Planetary Sci. Lett. 218 438/1 Stratigraphy in the Southern Pyrenees is subdivided into the pretectonic Pyrenean thrust sheet packages and syntectonic Ebro Basin assemblages.

preterrestrial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtᵻˈrɛstrɪəl/

/ˌpriːtɛˈrɛstrɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpritəˈrɛstriəl/

existing or occurring prior to the Earth or before the Biblical creation.

ΚΠ

1869 C. F. Winslow Force & Nature 42 This wonderful fact.., vast in its significancy as the movements of matter and the action of universal forces in pre-terrestrial time.

1894 E. K. Mitchell tr. C. G. A. von Harnack Outl. Hist. Dogma App. i. 322 The old idea of preterrestrial existence with God.

1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xv. 115 A radioactive isotope of very long life which was produced in pre-terrestrial times.

1999 M. R. Allen in R. H. Popkin Columbia Hist. Western Philos. 301 Aristotle asserts in the Generation of Animals that the rational soul originates outside the body, yet elsewhere he criticizes Plato for arguing that when the soul learns, it recalls what it knew in a preterrestrial state.

pretransformational adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtrɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːtransfəˈmeɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːtrɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃən(ə)l/

/ˌpriːtransfəˈmeɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌtræn(t)sfərˈmeɪʃ(ə)nəl/

Linguistics occurring before the development of transformational linguistics.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [adjective] > transformational > not

pretransformational1963

1963 R. P. Stookwell in P. L. Garvin Nat. Lang. & Computer 26 The IC model has been fashionable for a couple of decades; its pretransformational application to English was worked out most fully by Nida.

1983 Current Anthropol. 24 97/1 Keesing has pointed out that pretransformational linguistics had a marked bearing on ethnoscience and ethnography.

pre-ulcerous adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈʌls(ə)rəs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈəls(ə)rəs/

liable to become ulcerated; predisposed to the development of an ulcer, esp. a peptic ulcer.

ΚΠ

1937 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 14 430 I have performed a biopsy of the vein and skin in the pre-ulcerous stage.

1967 Current Anthropol. 8 216/1 I would like to suggest a series of gastric washings, studied for micro-organisms, on pre-ulcerous and ulcerous patients.

1989 B. A. Mason Love Life 147 He wasn't supposed to drink, because he was preulcerous.

1997 K. Loggins & J. Loggins Unimaginable Life i. 27 A preulcerous condition resulting from stress and alcohol convinced my doctor that I needed exercise and..colonics.

prevernal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈvəːnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈvərn(ə)l/

chiefly Ecology occurring in, relating to, or designating a period before spring or very early in spring.

ΚΠ

1879 C. Patmore Unknown Eros 13 O, quick, prævernal Power That signall'st punctual through the sleepy mould The Snowdrop's time to flower.

1905 F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. 321 Prevernal, pertaining to early spring.

1928 Observer 26 Feb. 22/2 The impression given by these prevernal flowers.

1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. x. 285 In temperate forests..the seasonal aspects are apt to be important—in particular the prevernal (i.e. before spring) one of herbs which flower before the shading tree-leaves expand.

1986 Isis 77 420 C. K. Sprengel..discovered the close relationship of insects and flowers and discerned in some cases (such as dichogamy and prevernal florescences) a providential feeding of insects.

pre-Victorian adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːvɪkˈtɔːrɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌvɪkˈtɔriən/

(a) adj. relating to the period before the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) (b) n. a person living before the reign of Queen Victoria.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > Victorian

Victorian1839

early Victorian1871

pre-Victorian1887

middle Victorian1896

post-Victorian1912

neo-Victorian1940

1887 Murray's Mag. Oct. 486 In that golden pre-Victorian age, people did not study Shakespeare.

1933 E. Blunden Charles Lamb 193 It was Lamb's instinctive utterance of indignation against the spirit of the pre-Victorians, the tendency to make a boudoir or a Persian heaven.

1964 D. Owen Eng. Philanthropy (1965) 5 Victorians and pre-Victorians agitated..for more efficient employment of..charitable trusts.

1973 M. R. Booth Eng. Plays of 19th Cent. III. 25 The materialism of the age, its social ambition and self-seeking drive..are topics not really explored in pre-Victorian comedy.

1996 D. Flaherty in C. O. Jackson Other Americans 20 Whatever their status as pre-Victorians, most colonists had a sense of modesty and even prudery in moral matters that helped maintain standards of behavior.

1999 Scout Rep. Archives (Internet Scout Project) (Electronic text) 2 Apr. The textbase is a collection of primarily pre-Victorian (1450-1850) literature written by women.

prevocational adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːvə(ʊ)ˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːvə(ʊ)ˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌvoʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)nəl/

performed before vocational training; relating to preparations for vocational training.

ΚΠ

1911 Vocational Educ. Sept. 40 Perhaps there is no type of industrial school where this dual purpose is so clearly seen..as that which we are coming to call pre-vocational.

1947 T. J. Reynolds & L. E. Kent Struct. Steelwork (ed. 8) 364 (advt.) The books in this series have been compiled to provide systematic and progressive courses of pre-vocational study preparatory to entrance to Senior Courses in Technical Colleges.

2004 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 7 July (Food section) 1 Fegen has been a supporter of the Kids Cafe from its inception, working with middle school and high school students in a professional kitchen setting, doing prevocational training and encouraging healthier choices.

prevolitional adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːvəˈlɪʃn̩(ə)l/

/ˌpriːvəˈlɪʃən(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌvoʊˈlɪʃ(ə)nəl/

/ˌprivəˈlɪʃ(ə)nəl/

occurring or existing before volition.

ΚΠ

1865 Ladies' Repos. Dec. 728/1 As the intellect, the emotions, and the desires conditionally precede the volition, so we may call these the pre-volitional conditions.

1999 Philos. Rev. 108 322 God's knowledge of simple intelligence is his knowledge of necessary truths, which he is said to have prior, in the order of explanation, to his creative act of will. Hence it is sometimes referred to as his prevolitional knowledge.

prezygotic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːzʌɪˈɡɒtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌzaɪˈɡɑdɪk/

Biology occurring before fertilization or zygote formation.

ΚΠ

1926 F. A. E. Crew in Q. Rev. Biol. 1 341 The action of the Y-borne genes is prezygotic.

1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xxiii. 408/2 Parental care is often distinguished as prezygotic (e.g., nest preparation) and postzygotic (e.g., internal brooding, guarding young).

(b) With nouns or noun phrases forming adjectives.

(i) Prefixed to common nouns, in sense ‘existing, happening, produced, etc., before the time of, or prior to, the thing indicated by the second element’.

preadvertisement adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻsm(ə)nt/

/ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻzm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzmənt/

/ˌpriədˈvərdəzmənt/

ΚΠ

1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Nov. 1/2 In the pre-advertisement era a good newspaper was the exclusive luxury of the rich.

2000 Jrnl. Finance 55 940 We find that the preadvertisement performance of the mutual funds in our sample is higher than the various benchmarks.

preadvertising adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈadvətʌɪzɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-advertising, belonging to the days before advertising was usual.

2001 Marketing Sci. 20 195/2 The closing ratio and average spending per transaction had declined compared to the preadvertising period.

pre-amalgamation adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəmalɡəˈmeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˌmælɡəˈmeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1866 Standard 27 Aug. 4/7 Holders of pre-amalgamation preferences.

1994 Where Winnipeg Mar. 13/1 The West section of the city which includes a large portion of the older pre-amalgamation City of Winnipeg.

pre-auction adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔkʃən/

/ˌpriˈɑkʃən/

ΚΠ

1943 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 16 Mar. 2 There was a pre-auction inspection for prospective buyers.

2003 Kitchen Sink Winter 91/3 An overlock is placed on the storage space until the pre-auction inventory process.

prebetrothal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːbᵻˈtrəʊðl/

U.S.

/ˌpribəˈtroʊð(ə)l/

/ˌpribəˈtroʊθ(ə)l/

/ˌpribəˈtrɔθ(ə)l/

/ˌpribəˈtrɑθ(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-betrothal.

1995 Amer. Ethnologist 22 495 Bangangté women liken the period immediately following birth to nja (the prebetrothal puberty rite).

pre-bid adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈbɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbɪd/

ΚΠ

1937 Zanesville (Ohio) Signal 4 Dec. 6/4 The pre-bid talk on the golden slope did the football department..no good.

1997 Village Voice (N.Y.) 8 Apr. 27/1 A pre-bid conference..was swamped by more than 70 representatives of..possible vendors.

pre-breakfast adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbrɛkfəst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbrɛkfəst/

ΚΠ

1896 S. R. Crockett Cleg Kelly 92 The voices of the men..answering one another in pre-breakfast monosyllables.

1995 National Geographic Traveler July 50/1 There were prebreakfast power walks for fitness fans.

pre-Broadway adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbrɔːdweɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbrɔdˌweɪ/

/ˌpriˈbrɑdˌweɪ/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [adjective] > pre-London or Broadway

pre-Broadway1907

pre-London1954

1907 Decatur (Illinois) Rev. 27 Jan. 14/2 Contrary to the rest of its pre-Broadway tour, the play was acted to empty seats.

1994 D. Cassidy & C. Deffaa C'mon, get Happy xviii. 221 In the months of our pre-Broadway tour, we did boffo business.

pre-cession adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛʃən/

ΚΠ

1920 Chambers's Jrnl. 13 Nov. 786/2 The natives obtained, individually or communally, land to which in the pre-cession days they could not have established a claim.

1990 Compar. Stud. Society & Hist. 32 159 (note) Laws and regulations relating to sanitation were initially made substantially earlier and a few were enacted by the pre-Cession planters' government (the Cakobau government).

pre-chloroform adj. and adv.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈklɔːrəfɔːm/

/(ˌ)priːˈklɒrəfɔːm/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈklɔrəˌfɔrm/

ΚΠ

1888 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 500 Sudden death sometimes occurred from the shock of a grave operation in pre-chloroform days.

1908 Daily Chron. 22 Oct. 3/3 They were also pre-chloroform days, and ‘the cries of the poor fellows who were operated on were very characteristic.’

2004 Guardian (Nexis) 28 Feb. (Review section) 15 Fanny Burney's 1812 letter detailing her breast cancer operation conducted, pre-chloroform, without anaesthetic.

pre-Christmas adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkrɪsməs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkrɪsməs/

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > specific Christian festivals > Christmas > [adjective] > before

pre-Christmas1895

1895 Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate 12 Dec. 7/2 The use of holly in Christmas decorations is of great antiquity, and is probably merely a continuation of the Roman customs of pre-Christmas times.

1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. I. ii. xxvii. 338 Clyde..was invited by her to attend a pre-Christmas dance.

2003 New Internationalist Jan. (Chronicle 2002 Suppl.) 2/2 I was made to open my coat to ensure that I was not a suicide bomber about to do in the pre-Christmas crowd.

precivilization adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪvl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

/ˌpriːsɪvᵻlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌsɪvəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1858 Lit. Gaz. 20 Feb. 177/3 The pre-civilization epoch, when wild in woods the noble surgeon ran.

1892 Polit. Sci. Q. 7 334 In the pre-civilization period these vexed questions of ‘morals’ practically did not exist.

2006 World Hist. (CliffsAP) ii. 12 Means of determining the approximate dates of pre-civilizations include the following: Stratigraphy, in cases of multiple layers of pre-civilization settlements; the older settlements lie at the bottom strata.

pre-Civil War adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪvl ˈwɔː/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪvᵻl ˈwɔr/

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [adjective] > civil > before Civil War

pre-Civil War1910

1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 431 The ideal of the radical land reformer of the pre-Civil War period has the imprint of the American primitive, isolated-farmhouse type of association.

1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Feb. 18/2 It is possible to view Fuller's life as a progress away from the net of intellectual gentlefolk in pre-Civil War Boston, and its environs.

pre-coition adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikoʊˈɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1951 L. E. Richdale Sexual Behavior in Penguins vi. 176 The pre-egg stage of these types is divided into a pre-coition and a coition phase.

1953 N. Tinbergen Herring Gull's World iv. 120 Head-tossing is the main part of the pre-coition behaviour.

1990 E. A. Ritter Shaka Zulu xvii. 202 They were past masters in the delicate art of pre-coition excitation or love play.

pre-college adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒlɪdʒ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑlɪdʒ/

ΘΚΠ

society > education > [adjective] > level of education

advanced1705

postgraduate1858

post-school1898

pre-college1903

pre-professional1909

post-primary1919

postgrad1933

1903 Science 24 Apr. 649/2 Some of our students, whose ambitions or mental aspirations may have never been stirred in their pre-college days.

2003 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Sept. 242/1 Chess—a game he learned during his pre-college ‘gap year’ abroad.

pre-computer adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːtə/

U.S.

/ˌprikəmˈpjudər/

ΘΚΠ

society > computing and information technology > [adjective] > before computing

pre-computer1959

1959 Jrnl. Industr. Econ. 7 185 In the pre-computer system lists were kept for every standard assembly and sub-assembly, showing their components in terms of sub-assemblies and piece-parts.

1993 Sci. Amer. Oct. 78/1 Nonlinear systems were investigated in the precomputer era, but computers allow mathematicians to explore these systems and watch them evolve.

preconsonant adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒnsənənt/

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒnsn̩ənt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑnsənənt/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective] > before or after

anteconsonantal1888

preconsonantal1896

post-consonantal1905

post-consonantic1935

preconsonant1949

1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) ii. 20 The allomorphs are listed in a structurally corresponding fashion. First is given the preconsonant form and secondly the prevowel form.

2005 S. B. Kucer Dimensions of Literacy v. 262 Preconsonant nasals, such as /n/ and /m/, may be omitted because they are not perceptually salient.

preconvention adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈvɛnʃn/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈvɛn(t)ʃən/

ΚΠ

1884 Wellsboro (Pa.) Agitator 8 July 2/5 They..are half inclined to renew their pre Convention talk about what they will and will not do.

1989 Exceptional Children 56 274/1 At its recent international convention..CEC embarked on a new..preconvention training program.

pre-Crusade adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkruːˈseɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkruˈseɪd/

ΚΠ

1920 Amer. Hist. Rev. 25 214 Christian imitations of the Saracen gold besant of the pre-Crusade period.

1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 10 Aug. 39 (advt.) Various aspects of the social and religious history of the French kingdom in pre-Crusade Europe.

pre-crusading adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkruːˈseɪdɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkruˈseɪdɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1892 Eng. Hist. Rev. 7 671 We are fortunate in having such complete narratives as those of Sæwulf and the Abbot Daniel as our guides to the pre-crusading buildings.

1997 Evening Post (Wellington) (Nexis) 16 Dec. 6 Hide's public and parliamentary persona..clearly mirrors that of the cowboy Peters in Winston's pre-crusading days.

predevelopment adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈvɛləpm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈvɛləpmənt/

/ˌpridiˈvɛləpmənt/

ΚΠ

1911 Colorado Springs Gaz. 4 Dec. 8/1 (advt.) The longer you put it off the less chance you have to get the best locations at the ‘pre-development’ price of $25.

1991 Musical Q. Fall 419 In the solo exposition, prior to the conventional predevelopment tutti section, the winds are present for only three measures.

pre-dinner adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈdɪnə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɪnər/

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > meal > meal-time > [adjective] > before or after meal

after-dinner1633

postprandial1820

preprandial1820

post-cenal1848

pre-dinner1905

pre-lunch1922

1905 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 17 Feb. 2/4 Beside each plate will be an artistically decorated miniature flask..containing the usual pre-dinner cocktail.

2004 C. P. Shaw Whisky (new ed.) 149/2 A nice pre-dinner dram, but generally available only from independent merchants.

pre-dispersion adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdᵻˈspəːʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpridəˈspərʒən/

/ˌpridəˈspərʃən/

ΚΠ

1898 Classical Rev. 12 48/1 A belief in the transmigration of souls existed amongst Celts, Greek and Hindoos and must also be regarded as a pre-dispersion belief.

1990 S. S. Tepper Raising Stones i. vi. 169 From the various animals man had used as workmates in pre-Dispersion times..cats had been chosen to accompany these settlers.

pre-disruption adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːdɪsˈrʌpʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpridɪsˈrəpʃən/

ΚΠ

1870 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 33 96 The pre-disruption ministers' fund, which is designed to augment the stipends of those ministers of that paricular class who have had to make..the largest pecuniary sacrifices.

2001 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 66 248/2 We expect compulsory transfers to reduce men's incomes, more so for men who provided the bulk of the couple's pre-disruption income.

pre-dose adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈdəʊs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdoʊs/

ΚΠ

1930 H. L. Hollingworth Abnormal Psychol. xxv. 562 In the following table of results, the average forenoon (predose) performance is in all cases taken as 100%.

2001 Human Factors (Nexis) 22 June 310 Both..groups received a predose test within the hour prior to dosing on Day 2.

pre-dynamite adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdʌɪnəmʌɪt/

/(ˌ)priːˈdɪnəmʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdaɪnəˌmaɪt/

ΚΠ

1886 F. H. Doyle Reminisc. 26 In the happy predynamite days.

1962 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 14 Jan. 7/7 They..fished the rivers, which abounded in hognose and mountain mullet in pre-dynamite days.

pre-Easter adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈiːstə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈistər/

ΚΠ

1864 B. Lumley Reminisc. Opera 37 Whatever success attended the pre-Easter season.

1997 Indianapolis Star 18 Apr. a21 (advt.) 50% Off Pre-Easter clearance..Easter Windsocks & Easter Flags.

pre-emancipation adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻmansᵻˈpeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˌmænsəˈpeɪʃən/

/ˌpriiˌmænsəˈpeɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1877 Macmillan's Mag. June 102/2 These, with Ram the bookseller, the English Jew of the pre-emancipation era, and some minor characters, give to the reader a most complete picture of Jews and Jewesses.

2000 Slavic Rev. 59 408 The state's granting of individual title to peasant proprietors also corresponded to..the weakness or nonexistence of communal institutions in the preemancipation era.

preemployment adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻmˈplɔɪm(ə)nt/

/ˌpriːɛmˈplɔɪm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻmˈplɔɪmənt/

/ˌpriɛmˈplɔɪmənt/

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > working > career > [adjective] > before being employed

pre-service1918

preemployment1927

1927 Times 1 Aug. 8/5 The types of educational provision required are:—pre-employment schools, either full or part time, for boys and girls of 14 to 16.

2001 B. Ehrenreich Nickel & Dimed (2002) iii. 124 My approach to preemployment personality tests has been zero tolerance vis-à-vis the obvious ‘crimes’.

pre-examination adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻɡzamᵻˈneɪʃn/

/ˌpriːɛɡzamᵻˈneɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/

/ˌpriɛɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > pre-examination

pre-examination1890

1890 Times 1 Mar. 7/4 Drawing a comparison between pre-examination times and the system of competitive examinations [for entry to the Indian civil service].

2001 Internat. Family Planning Perspectives 28 112/1 Stage 1 data showed the need for improvement in such basic infection-control measures as pre-examination hand washing.

pre-flogging adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈflɒɡɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈflɑɡɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1898 Daily News 2 Nov. 2/2 A school to whose welfare I am still as much attached as I was when in the golden sixties I enjoyed the happiness of the pre-flogging, pre-bullying era.

pre-free-trade adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfriːˈtreɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌfriˈtreɪd/

ΚΠ

1877 Times 27 Nov. 6/2 In this table I insert three dates—1840, 1850, and 1854—as belonging to the pre-Free-Trade period.

1997 Econ. Jrnl. 107 1804 The domestic industry pre-free-trade had a comparative disadvantage in precisely those sectors in which foreign industry grew.

pregame adj.

Brit.

/ˈpriːɡeɪm/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌɡeɪm/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [adjective] > pre- or post-game

after-game1904

pregame1913

post-game1934

1913 Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily Star 22 Nov. 8/3 Minnesota was the pre-game favorite here today in the annual Illinois-Minnesota football struggle.

2000 S. Bellow Ravelstein 55 I have an impression somehow of the President..intermittently interrupting the pregame action on the basketball court.

pre-glasnost adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡlaznɒst/

/(ˌ)priːˈɡlasnɒst/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnoʊst/

/ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnɔst/

/ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnɑst/

ΚΠ

1987 Fortune 30 Mar. 14/2 In January the state record label, Melodiya, released an album of recordings Grebenschikov made at home in pre-glasnost days.

2000 D. Martin Soviet Attitude to Polit. & Social Change in Central Amer. v. 71 In the pre-glasnost era, casualty figures and the traumas of fighting in Afghanistan were hidden from the Soviet population.

pre-Inca adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪŋkə/

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca

pre-Inca1860

pre-Incarial1860

pre-Incaic1920

Moche1953

1860 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 30 Index 207/2 Tiaguanaco, ancient pre-Inca ruins in Bolivia.

1996 Independent 28 Aug. i. 7/1 Unprecedented quantities of ancient South American gold and other treasures are expected to be discovered under a deserted pre-Inca city in northern Peru.

pre-increase adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪnkriːs/

/(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkriːs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɪnˌkris/

/ˌpriᵻnˈkris/

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > before increase

pre-increase1937

1937 Times 22 Feb. 7/6 (advt.) The Civil Service Stores..offer present stocks at the following great reductions off the pre-increase price.

1998 Grocer 12 Sept. 29/4 This week's best buys included Hovis wholemeal at Waitrose, and at Sainsbury in Newport, where it had returned to the pre-increase price of 49p.

pre-independence adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪndᵻˈpɛnd(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌɪndəˈpɛndəns/

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of

lowa1387

primitive1838

pre-revolution1860

metronymic1868

pre-feudal1870

prelogical1880

polyzoic1886

pre-agricultural1898

pre-civil1902

pre-feudalic1907

subcultural1909

protocultural1920

pre-independencea1922

apparented1934

sensate1937

patrimonial1946

non-literate1948

inner-directed1950

underground1953

pop-cultural1963

technopolitan1965

a1922 W. H. Hudson Let. in M. Roberts W. H. Hudson, a Portrait (1924) viii. 104 Blessed are those who die struck by lightning! That was often said by a preacher of rebellion against the Mother Country in the pre-Independence days.

1994 Guardian 14 Mar. i. 5/3 Home movies..are treasured as well as films by colonial civil servants of pre-independence India.

pre-inscription adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈskrɪpʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈskrɪpʃən/

ΚΠ

1894 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 3/3 Merivale..wrote in the pre-inscription and the pre-Mommsen period.

2003 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 26 May Now it is four years after its Unesco inscription [as a World Heritage site]. Some of the pre-inscription questions have been answered.

pre-invasion adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɪnˈveɪʒn/

U.S.

/ˌpriᵻnˈveɪʒən/

ΚΠ

1926 Classical Philol. 21 19 A different suggestion..is that the pre-invasion dialect of Elis was Aeolic, but it is more probable that this was nearer akin to Arcadian.

1993 Offshore Oil Internat. Sept. 36/4 Rehabilitation of additional oil-gathering centres is progressing as the country had hoped and operations are approaching preinvasion capacity.

pre-Islam adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɪzlɑːm/

/(ˌ)priːˈɪslɑːm/

/ˌpriːɪzˈlɑːm/

/ˌpriːɪzˈlam/

/ˌpriːɪˈslɑːm/

U.S.

/ˌpriɪzˈlɑm/

/ˌpriˈɪsˌlɑm/

/ˌpriˈɪzˌlɑm/

/ˌpriɪˈslɑm/

ΚΠ

1887 Jrnl. Anthropol. Instit. 16 227 An enormous belief in the supernatural is possibly a relic of the præ-Islam state.

2004 Hollywood Reporter (Nexis) 5 May [The film] Troy is vaguely pre-Islam Middle Eastern, with exteriors reminiscent of D.W. Griffith's Babylon sequence in ‘Intolerance’.

pre-jazz adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdʒaʒ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdʒæz/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > pre-jazz

pre-jazz1923

1923 Landmark (Statesville, N. Carolina) 15 Oct. 7/6 The dances were Highland reels, eightsome reels..and other dances of the pre-Jazz era.

1996 Amer. Lit. Hist. 8 268 The recipe for good health offered by the pre-Jazz Age doctors of neurasthenia was the wise spending of nervous energy.

pre-launch adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈlɔːn(t)ʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɔn(t)ʃ/

/ˌpriˈlɑn(t)ʃ/

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [adjective] > before launching spacecraft

pre-launch1954

1954 Times 21 Dec. 3/2 Equipment for the pre-launch testing of guided missiles..was seen yesterday.

1992 Economist 15 Aug. 61/1 The company's most optimistic pre-launch projections were for the sale of 18m razors and 200m blades in 1990.

pre-legislation adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːlɛdʒᵻˈsleɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌlɛdʒəˈsleɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1932 Times 23 Oct. 13/1 To secure consultation with Indian opinion at this pre-legislation stage the Bill will not be introduced until [etc.].

1996 Daily Tel. 27 June 6/6 Labour is expected to require a simple majority in two pre-legislation plebiscites within weeks of coming to power.

pre-liberation adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːlɪbəˈreɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌlɪbəˈreɪʃən/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > liberation > [adjective] > before liberation

pre-liberation1937

1937 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 9 349 Stoyanov's recent study of the preliberation period gains in value because of his unusual care in tracing Bulgarian economic development.

1997 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Jan. 42/1 I could just imagine her on a date in the 60s, the kind of feminine pre-liberation girl they don't make anymore.

pre-life adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈlʌɪf/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlaɪf/

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > source or principle of life > [adjective] > preliminary to life

pre-life1937

1937 R. A. Wilson Birth of Lang. iv. 99 The formative energy which produced the tree must..have been latent in the pre-life matter.

1986 G. Benford & D. Brin Heart of Comet (1987) ii. 93 Might've kept things percolating long enough to cook up those exotic chemicals and prelife forms Lintz found.

pre-London adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlʌndən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈləndən/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [adjective] > pre-London or Broadway

pre-Broadway1907

pre-London1954

1954 Times 4 Jan. 7/3 The modern custom of the full cast going on a pre-London tour of the provinces was..unknown.

1986 William & Mary Q. 43 67 We know next to nothing of James Buchanan's pre-London years.

pre-lunch adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈlʌn(t)ʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlən(t)ʃ/

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > meal > meal-time > [adjective] > before or after meal

after-dinner1633

postprandial1820

preprandial1820

post-cenal1848

pre-dinner1905

pre-lunch1922

1922 Times 22 Mar. 20/6 I should not think that at a pre-lunch meeting I could hope to emulate the after-dinner oratory of the gentleman.

1999 P. Matthews Cannabis Culture (2000) Postscript 220 I remember once inviting him up to my room for a surreptitious pre-lunch joint.

premachine adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːməˈʃiːn/

U.S.

/ˌpriməˈʃin/

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > [adjective] > pre-machine

premachine1916

1916 Econ. Jrnl. 26 450 There are..four times as many people living in England to-day as in the pre-machine era.

1999 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 107 S85 The issue is whether office workers had to be more able in the premachine period and became less able as machinery spread.

premarket adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɑːkɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɑrkət/

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > [adjective] > existing before trade

premarket1923

society > trade and finance > selling > [adjective] > before selling

premarket1923

pre-sale1937

pre-sales1957

1923 H. Kyrk Theory Consumption vii. 161 It is a pre-market valuation process; it takes place independently of exchange.

2004 Patient Care Law Weekly (Nexis) 16 Oct. 19 Abbott received approval and clearance for the Xact Carotid Stent and Emboshield Embolic Protection System based on its submission..in a Premarket Approval application filed in 2004.

premarketing adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɑrkədɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1950 Daily Reg. (Harrisburg, Illinois) 28 Sept. 2/3 In the most extensive pre-marketing tests ever given a new automobile the Henry J demonstrated its ability.

1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xii. 399 The FDA reclassified tampons as Class Three Medical Devices, thus, for the first time, legally requiring premarketing safety tests.

premarriage adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmarɪdʒ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛrɪdʒ/

ΚΠ

1893 Jrnl. Anthropol. Instit. 22 254 The ‘Morong’ indicates the wandering ‘horde’, settling down, and becoming less savage and nomadic, the relic of the former stage of pre-marriage communism.

1993 New Republic 16 Aug. 12/2 People will voluntarily make a premarriage contract to indicate that they take their marriage more seriously than the law requires.

pre-match adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈmatʃ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmætʃ/

ΚΠ

1920 Los Angeles Times 12 Apr. 16/1 The result completely ruined all the dope of the pre-match thinkers.

2003 J. Mullaney We'll be Back 251 On the day of the game, we had a boozy pre-match session, joined by a load of Broadstreet RFC lads.

pre-oidium adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːəʊˈɪdɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌprioʊˈɪdiəm/

ΚΠ

1920 G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-bk. i. 7 This was pre-oïdium and pre-phylloxera wine.

pre-pause adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈpɔːz/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɔz/

/ˌpriˈpɑz/

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > before a pause

pre-pause1934

prepausal1941

1934 M. K. Pope From Lat. to Mod. French ii. xvii. 222 The prae-pause form of the word, the one with sounded consonant, was retained very generally.

1997 I. Roca Derivations & Constraints in Phonology iii. 245 The potential pre-pause position of word-final vowels, and the aerodynamics of the vocal tract all appear to have contributed to devoicing.

pre-plaster-of-Paris adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːplɑːstərəvˈparɪs/

/ˌpriːplastərəvˈparɪs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌplæstərəvˈpɛrəs/

ΚΠ

1897 Daily News 4 Jan. 6/3 The picturesqueness of Cairo in the pre-plaster-of-Paris age.

pre-pneumatic-tyre adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːnjuːmatɪkˈtʌɪə/

/ˌpriːnjᵿmatɪkˈtʌɪə/

U.S.

/ˌprin(j)uˌmædɪkˈtaɪ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-pneumatic-tire.

pre-police adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpᵿˈliːs/

/(ˌ)priːˈpliːs/

U.S.

/ˌpripəˈlis/

ΚΠ

1864 Realm 22 June 5 The highwayman of our old-fashioned romances and pre-police reports cried, ‘Stand and deliver!’ as he met you.

2004 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 7 Mar. 11 In a pre-police era in London, he makes his living tracking down thieves and debtors for wealthy clients.

pre-portraying adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpɔːˈtreɪɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpɔrˈtreɪɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda III. v. xxxvi. 75 Old portraits stretching back..to the pre-portraying period.

pre-pottery adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpɒt(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɑdəri/

ΘΚΠ

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [adjective] > before the invention of pottery

pre-pottery1914

1914 Man 14 9 Extremely interesting are the remains of a very ancient pre-pottery race near Coquimbo.

1994 Sci. Amer. June 48/2 Simple woven textiles reflected the beginnings of weaving, but alongside them lay elaborate twined textiles..characteristic of prepottery cultures.

pre-printing adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈprɪntɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈprɪn(t)ɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-printing.

2004 Canad. Jrnl. Hist. (Nexis) 39 547 In a pre-printing era, travellers were valued as the best source of knowledge about distant places, people, and ideas.

pre-qualificative adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkwɒlᵻfᵻkətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkwɔləfəˌkeɪdɪv/

/ˌpriˈkwɑləfəˌkeɪdɪv/

ΚΠ

1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. 183 (heading) Adverbs in the pre-qualificative position... These immediately precede the qualificative.

pre-race adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈreɪs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈreɪs/

ΚΠ

1922 Sunday State Jrnl. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 27 Aug. a9/1 A committee was appointed to work out details of the pre-race event.

2002 M. Rendell Kings of Mountains (2003) iv. 72 The arepa, a grilled pancake of sweetcorn pulp, butter and salt, provided the ideal pre-race breakfast.

pre-radio adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈreɪdɪəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈreɪdioʊ/

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > radio broadcasting > [adjective] > before radio

pre-radio1925

society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > [adjective] > before radio

pre-radio1925

1925 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 24 Sept. (Mag.) 1/1 Just as many young persons will leave the farm now as in pre-radio days.

1989 Amer. Q. 41 711 Inappropriately in a study of the late nineteenth and pre-radio twentieth centuries the author spends too much energy on the national level.

pre-railroad adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈreɪlrəʊd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈreɪlˌroʊd/

ΚΠ

1852 F. L. Olmsted Walks & Talks 201 This was an immense vehicle, of pre-railroad origin, like our Pennsylvania wagons, but heavier and higher.

2000 New Eng. Q. 73 427 The identity of that New England she [sc. Harriet Beecher Stowe] often recalls with affectionate nostalgia from the pre-railroad era..remained in essence Congregationalist.

pre-railway adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈreɪlweɪ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈreɪlˌweɪ/

ΚΠ

1866 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 29 564 Had the railway traffic of 1865 been conveyed by canal and road at the pre-railway rates, it would have cost three times as much.

1997 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 57 146 The development of reliable and prompt transport modes in the prerailway era was a necessary condition for the success of the Industrial Revolution.

pre-recognition adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛkəɡˈnɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃən/

ΚΠ

1924 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 18 134 Mexico—United States. Revolutionary claims convention framed at prerecognition conference, signed at Mexico City.

1992 Pacific Affairs 65 319 Canada's pre-recognition China policy focused on China's stability and normal participation in regional and international affairs.

pre-Reformation adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛfəˈmeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛfərˈmeɪʃən/

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [adjective]

RomanisheOE

Laterana1400

Romana1500

papistical1527

popish1528

antichristian1532

pontifical1533

Babylonical1535

papish1538

Romish1538

papistic1545

west1549

catholic1554

mass-monging1556

western1562

Latin1564

Babylonian1567

Babylonish1570

Romish Catholic?1570

Romanist1572

Roman Catholic1587

papala1593

pseudo-catholical1601

Babylonic1602

pseudo-Catholic1605

Romist1605

Romified1609

Babelish1610

papizing1612

pontifician1612

pontificial1614

Romulean1615

papized1639

Romanistical1646

Romanical1664

papagan1679

popish-like1689

Anglo-Roman1766

papicolar1811

Romanistic1829

pre-Reformation1855

papalistic1861

papalized1879

the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of other specific periods

Georgian1745

romancean1804

early modern1817

federal1838

Jacobean1844

post-Reformation1850

pre-Reformation1855

postcolonial1861

post-Renaissance1874

post-conquest1880

post-conquestual1880

Jacobian1883

post-pyramidal1883

pre-industrial1883

early American1895

bow-and-arrow1899

palaeotechnic1904

Renaissancist1932

steam age1941

Carolinian1949

postcolonialist1957

society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [adjective] > before

pre-Reformation1855

1855 Biblical Repertory Jan. 178 Church Historians: Pre-Reformation Series.

1995 Church Times 14 July 12/5 Robert Miller..is studying pre-Reformation churches dedicated to St Nicholas or St Clement.

pre-relativity adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛləˈtɪvᵻti/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛləˈtɪvᵻdi/

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > relativity > [adjective] > preceding theory

pre-relativity1920

pre-relativistic1923

1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation ix. 149 Action is one of the two terms in pre-relativity physics which survive unmodified in a description of the absolute world.

1946 Mind 55 161 A pre-relativity physicist could use the figure..by interpreting AM and TM as curves of velocity.

1993 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 44 399 (note) Pre-relativity physicists..would presumably have accepted clock transport as the method for synchronizing distant clocks in defining the Galilean transformations.

pre-remittance adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈmɪt(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈmɪtns/

/ˌpririˈmɪtns/

ΚΠ

1877 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer xxi, in Austral. Town & Country Jrnl. (Sydney) 27 Jan. 142/2 There is the Fons Bandusium, for a time..—at any rate, for a time—the pre-remittance stage.

2004 Tax Adviser (Nexis) 1 Sept. 560 Because many countries impose more than one tax on profits, separate rates have to be combined to obtain a single pre-remittance ‘combined tax rate’.

pre-Renaissance adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪs(ə)ns/

/ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪsɑːns/

/ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪsɒ̃s/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈrɛnəˌsɑns/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > ancient, primitive, or pre-Renaissance > [adjective] > pre-Renaissance

primitive1847

pre-Renaissance1995

1872 W. Besant in Brit. Q. Rev. 1 Oct. 349 The study of pre-Renaissance literature belongs especially to the present century.

1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Nov. 38/1 By painting directly from nature the Brotherhood aimed to recapture the lambency and truthfulness of pre-Renaissance Italian and Flemish art.

pre-retirement adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrᵻˈtʌɪəm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌprirəˈtaɪ(ə)rmənt/

/ˌpririˈtaɪ(ə)rmənt/

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > withdrawing from or vacating office > [adjective] > before

pre-retirement1934

society > occupation and work > lack of work > [adjective] > relating to retirement > before retirement

pre-retirement1934

1934 Amer. Econ. Rev. 24 89 The study covers such subjects as..preretirement annuities, dismissal compensation, and unemployment benefits.

1990 Intercity Apr. 27/1 Increasingly firms have come to realise the need for pre-retirement courses to help plan the available time.

pre-revolution adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌrɛvəˈluʃən/

ΘΚΠ

society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of

lowa1387

primitive1838

pre-revolution1860

metronymic1868

pre-feudal1870

prelogical1880

polyzoic1886

pre-agricultural1898

pre-civil1902

pre-feudalic1907

subcultural1909

protocultural1920

pre-independencea1922

apparented1934

sensate1937

patrimonial1946

non-literate1948

inner-directed1950

underground1953

pop-cultural1963

technopolitan1965

1860 Sat. Rev. 17 Mar. 344/1 A certain tinge of the old prerevolution French manner..made them popular in the drawing-room.

1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith Yemen (1999) iii. 54 It..turned out to be nothing more than a figment of mass hysteria, an allegory of the fear inspired in pre-Revolution Yemenis by the tyrannical Imam Ahmad.

pre-seizure adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsiːʒə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsiʒər/

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke

fitty1811

preconvulsive1907

pre-seizure1926

postictal1941

ictal1950

pre-ictal1953

1926 R. G. Rows & W. E. Bond Epilepsy iv. 87 In the pre-seizure period the disturbances of consciousness often commence with a slight difficulty in the power of attention and pass through the stages of dreamy states and fugues to complete unconsciousness.

1992 P. Sandblom Creativity & Dis. 84 He [sc. Dostoyevsky] ascribes to them the symptoms he experienced, first of all his famous pre-seizure aura, a very unusual feature in medical literature.

pre-settlement adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛtlm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛdlmənt/

ΚΠ

1901 Times 24 Sept. 5/5 The statements regarding the pre-settlement troubles are altogether one-sided.

1995 High Country News 13 Nov. 14/1 The presettlement forests were healthier than today's crowded, even-age forests.

pre-show adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈʃəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈʃoʊ/

ΚΠ

1922 Times 13 Sept. 4/5 There have been numerous cuts throughout the year, and now the pre-show quotations show further reductions.

1991 J. Keenan Putting on Ritz (1992) xvi. 176 The star-to-be having a few preshow butterflies.

pre-sleep adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈsliːp/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈslip/

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [adjective] > occurring or performed before sleep

pre-sleep1925

1925 J. H. Leuba Psychol. Relig. Mysticism x. 275 The visions of the pre-sleep state.

1962 Science 27 Apr. 322/1 On awakening, skin resistance fell precipitously in all cases, usually returning to pre-sleep level.

2000 Cosmopolitan (Cape Town) Oct. 131/1 All you need is a few minutes' pre-sleep preparation.

pretelegraph adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻɡrɑːf/

/(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻɡraf/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtɛləˌɡræf/

ΚΠ

1870 J. K. Medbery Men & Myst. Wall St. 4 Those startling variations in prices between almost contiguous centres of trade which characterized all the prime commodites of life in pre-railroad and pre-telegraph days.

1997 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 77 755 The slow-paced communications of that pretelegraph era allowed the British and French envoys..to pursue far more aggressive actions than their governments really wanted.

pre-television adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈvɪʒn/

/(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻˌvɪʒn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtɛləˌvɪʒən/

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > broadcasting > television > [adjective] > before television

pre-television1934

1934 Times 14 Aug. 40/5 Here then, in what may be called the pre-television and pre-film-recording phase, are two media for conveying entertainment to the public.

1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 17 May 30/2 For young people in the early 1990s, the pre-atomic, precomputer, pretelevision age is almost inconceivable.

pretheatre adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈθiːətə/

/(ˌ)priːˈθɪətə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈθiədər/

ΚΠ

1928 Lima (Ohio) Sunday News 22 Jan. 21 They linger longer over pre-theater dinners, and thus are forced to do a lot of ankle-kicking..to get to their allocated pews.

1991 N.Y. Mag. 16 Dec. 82/2 Between 5:30 and 7 p.m., this cozy upper West Side bistro serves a pretheater prix fixe for $15.95 per person.

pre-tour adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈtʊə/

/ˌpriːˈtɔː/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtʊ(ə)r/

ΚΠ

1948 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 20 Feb. 6/6 The Mission House A Capella choir..will present pre-tour concerts at Campbellsport [etc.].

1996 Music Week 27 Apr. 14/4 Recent pre-tour live dates have shown them to be an entertaining and accomplished three-piece, who readily win fans over through Hannon's dilettante-ish charm.

pre-treaty adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtriːti/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtridi/

ΚΠ

1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-treaty.

1994 S. Butala Perfection of Morning vi. 102 More and more scholars have begun the difficult study of the movements, alliances, life—the history—of pre-treaty Amerindian Nations.

prevowel adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈvaʊəl/

/(ˌ)priːˈvaʊl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈvaʊ(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) ii. 16 Word-initial prevowel glottal stops.

1998 L. I. House Introd. Phonetics & Phonology vi. 130 These early preconsonant and prevowel sounds gradually become shaped into words.

pre-work adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈwəːk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈwərk/

ΚΠ

1926 Proc. Royal Soc. 1925–6 B. 99 408 A pre-work, work, and a post-work experiment was carried through on the same fixed diet.

1994 Science 3 Sept. 20/3 Bennet found that the pre-work nap boosts people's psychological performance by 15 per cent.

pre-world adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈwəːld/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈwər(ə)ld/

ΚΠ

1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers (London ed.) 99 Fishes, With..their pre-world loneliness.

1990 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 49 492 South Asia..cannot easily be..seen as the fossilized relic of a pre-world system past.

(ii) Prefixed to personal names, in sense ‘before the time of, prior to the influence, innovations, etc., of’, as pre-Augustine, pre-Hitler, pre-Reynolds, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [adjective] > characteristic of Hitler or his regime > before

pre-Hitler1850

pre-Hitlerite1934

1850 W. M. Rossetti P.R.B. Jrnl. July in Præraph. Diaries & Lett. (1900) 275 I reverence—indeed almost idolize—what I have seen of the Pre-Raphael painters.

1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome xiii. 719 Early British, or pre-Augustine Christianity.

1905 Daily Chron. 11 Dec. 3/3 The obvious fact about painting in England in pre-Reynolds days was the indifference to native practitioners.

1938 E. Waugh Scoop i. iv. 74 A volume of pre-Hitler German poetry.

1961 Guardian 7 Mar. 7/6 The ancien (pre-Nasser) régime Egyptian politicians.

1981 J. Simon Paradigms Lost v. 97 I found its derivation in the shlock fiction Barbara must have been reading in pre-Sarah Lawrence days and cutting her spiritual teeth on.

1993 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Dec. 99/1 If she had been a factory worker it would have been shocking enough, but duchesses in those pre-Fergie days were supposed to be respectable.

(iii)

pre-baby adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbeɪbi/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbeɪbi/

of or relating to life before the birth of a child.

ΚΠ

1945 Marriage & Family Living 7 75/2 What Bill really longed for was Mary of the pre-baby days.

1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 19 June d5 The pre-baby world will seem empty in retrospect.

2000 Sydney Morning Herald 22 Apr. (Icon Suppl.) 3/4 If you're up early to feed or comfort your newborn babe, make the most of it by logging into a chat with Jacquie Lamb, who promises to reveal how to get back into pre-baby shape.

pre-close adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkləʊz/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkloʊz/

Finance (a) occurring before the close of a day's trading on the stock market; (b) British of or relating to the period starting with the completion of the balance sheet of a company, and ending with the public announcement of its results.

ΚΠ

1988 Platt's Oilgram Price Rep. 29 Sept. 6 a/2 The widening Brent/WTI spread, combined with a pre-close fall on the Merc, brought levels back to $12.85-12.90.

1998 Managem. Accounting (Nexis) Dec. 11 (heading) Pre-close preparation, procedures and policies.

2003 Daily Tel. 31 July 31/1 Niall Fitzgerald, the chairman of Unilever, yesterday said he would no longer make pre-close briefings, after the consumer goods giant shocked the market with a sales warning last month.

pre-consumer adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkənˈsjuːmə/

U.S.

/ˌprikənˈs(j)umər/

(a) of or relating to the time before a product reaches a consumer; (b) existing before a time viewed as one in which the consumption of goods is the most important social or economic activity.

ΚΠ

1946 Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune 7 June 1/5 The administration is considering rationing wheat at the pre-consumer level to assure a fair supply of bread.

1992 Z. Bauman Intimations of Postmodernity ii. 50 Social conformity in his own, still largely pre-consumer, society.

1997 Canad. Interiors Spring 17/3 The kitchen cupboards..consist of pre-consumer waste wood, with no added formaldehyde.

pre-credit adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkrɛdɪt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkrɛdət/

(a) occurring or existing before the awarding of a credit, esp. a tax credit; (b) Film and Television (also in form pre-credits) shown before the opening credits.

ΚΠ

1922 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 659 The precredit field work allows [for] the sorting the students somewhat on the basis of ability and interest.

1964 Great Bend (Kansas) Daily Tribune 17 Feb. 4/4 This style of [wedding service] presentation—it seems to be called the pre-credits sequence—will be hard to get rid of.

1998 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) (Nexis) 9 Jan. (Weekend Entertainm. section) 2 The pre-credit scene sets the mood for the entire movie.

2004 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 27 May 103 Looks promising—especially with a pre-credits pash.

pre-Davenport adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdavnpɔːt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdævənˌpɔrt/

rare (now historical) occurring before the visit to Britain of the American Davenport brothers, spirit mediums and performers.

ΚΠ

1869 Young Gentleman's Mag. June 370 It was not an uncommon event in pre-Davenport days for some mountebank to allow himself to be tied hand and foot, put into a sack or small cupboard, and emerge in a few seconds with the cord in a neat coil in his hands.

pre-emergence adj. and adv.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻˈməːdʒ(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˈmərdʒəns/

/ˌpriiˈmərdʒəns/

(a) adj. occurring, performed, or applied before the emergence of seedlings from the soil; (b) adv. before the emergence of seedlings from the soil.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > other systems of growing crops

sharecrop1871

two-field1907

sharecropped1933

pre-emergence1939

pre-emergent1942

monocrop1953

1939 R. L. Watts Veg. Growing Business iii. 25 Zinc oxide dust often is advantageous as protection against pre-emergence damping-off.

1955 Sci. News Let. 2 July 10/3 Pre-emergence control is done after seeds have been sown, but before a desired plant pushes up through the ground.

1971 Arable Farmer Feb. 15/3 Tri-allate applied pre-emergence to wheat to control wild oat.

1993 Zeneca (company brochure) 9 Major new products include..Acetochlor, a pre-emergence maize herbicide.

pre-enclosure adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɛnˈkləʊʒə/

/ˌpriːɛŋˈkləʊʒə/

/ˌpriːᵻnˈkləʊʒə/

/ˌpriːᵻŋˈkləʊʒə/

U.S.

/ˌpriɛnˈkloʊʒər/

/ˌpriᵻnˈkloʊʒər/

existing or occurring before the enclosure of common lands in Britain.

ΚΠ

1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 317 In this way we discover pre-enclosure purchases in five parishes.

2001 Britannia 32 60 The pre-Enclosure name of the area was ‘Stemborough Field’ in 1815.

pre-flame adj.

Brit.

/ˈpriːfleɪm/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌfleɪm/

Science existing or occurring in a flow of heated gas before it reaches a flame, or before a flame is formed.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > fire or flame > [adjective] > of the nature of or resembling flame > before flame is produced

pre-flame1914

1914 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 279 It is during the ‘preflame’ period of ignition which precedes the true explosion that water vapour influences the rate of propagation.

1973 Boldt & Griffiths in J. P. Allinson Criteria for Quality of Petroleum Products v. 59 Amongst the main preflame products are the highly temperature sensitive peroxides and if these exceed a certain critical threshold concentration, the end gas will spontaneously ignite before the arrival of the flame front emanating from the sparking plug: this causes detonation or ‘knocking’.

1996 Jrnl. Fluid Mech. 318 1 Oscillations imposed at the nozzle exits result in reactant concentration and temperature oscillations at the outer edge of the preflame diffusive zones.

pre-IPO adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːʌɪpɪˈəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌaɪpiˈoʊ/

Stock Market occurring or existing prior to an initial public offering of a company's shares; cf. IPO n. at I n.¹ Additions.

ΚΠ

1985 Inc. Sept. 102/1 He acknowledges that he relied largely on Karki's books and records in preparing the pre-IPO financial papers, and that he received documentation only for the few income items he specifically requested to spot-check.

2000 Red Herring Feb. 102/2 A mega-conglomerate ‘webutator’ that by 2002 or 2003 has 60 percent stakes in 150-plus dot.com companies, of which 50 are public, 80 are operational and pre-IPO, and 20 are in launch phase.

pre-log-rolling adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlɒɡrəʊlɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈlɔɡˌroʊlɪŋ/

/ˌpriˈlɑɡˌroʊlɪŋ/

occurring or existing before a period of exchanging mutual favours; cf. log-rolling n. 2.

ΚΠ

1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Jan. 4/1 The simple souls of the pre-log-rolling era.

1966 Ethics 76 97/2 Eastland may offer to hold firm on both of his votes, which would throw the result back to the pre-logrolling stage.

pre-main-sequence adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmeɪnˈsiːkw(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmeɪnˈsikwəns/

Astronomy designating a star which is too young (and therefore too bright, hot, or small) to belong to the main sequence on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; cf. main adj.²

ΚΠ

1958 M. Schwarzschild Structure & Evol. Stars iv. 156 The pre-main-sequence phases of stellar evolution represent the contraction of a stellar mass from the state of an interstellar cloud to the initial main-sequence state.

1964 Science 20 Nov. 1032/2 E. Schatzman discusses the pre-main sequence stages in great theoretical detail.

1979 C. Payne-Gaposchkin Stars & Clusters iii. 44 Pre-main-sequence stars are gravitationally fed; main-sequence stars are devouring hydrogen.

2003 Economist (Nexis) 22 Nov. An astronomer, presumably with a sense of humour, named this type of object a PMS (pre-main sequence) star. HD 100546 has not yet started ‘burning’ hydrogen.

pre-mutiny adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmjuːtᵻni/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmjutn̩i/

existing or occurring before the period of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–8.

ΚΠ

1875 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 636/1 Half a score of scarlet-clad messengers lounged about the portico, just as in the old pre-Mutiny days.

1902 Daily Chron. 1 Sept. 3/4 The attitude taken up by pre-Mutiny officers towards their troops.

1995 Geogr. Rev. 85 253 Narayani Gupta provides a detailed description of the premutiny landscapes in Shahjahanabad.

pre-need adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈniːd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈnid/

originally and chiefly U.S. (euphemistic) of or relating to provision for a person's own funeral, esp. designating a funeral plan, etc., bought prior to death; (more generally) of or relating to payment for a service or facility before it is needed.

ΚΠ

1945 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 5 Mar. 3/6 (advt.) Who will pay the Funeral Bill?..Ask us today for details of our pre-need plan. No obligation.

1994 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 27 Jan. 2 The Get Out of Jail Free law.., enabling California to sell ‘pre-need’ immunity from prosecution to the state's wealthy.

1998 C. Mims When we Die (1999) vi. 163 Very successful campaigns of selling cemetery places to people before death (‘pre-need’ sales) took place in California in the 1960s.

pre-Oedipus adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈiːdᵻpəs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɛdəpəs/

/ˌpriˈidəpəs/

= pre-Oedipal adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi).

ΚΠ

1926 O. Rank in Psychoanalytic Rev. 13 130 In my book, The Trauma of Birth, I have tried to conceive this problem [sc. that of the origin of the Oedipus complex] in its deepest psycho-biologic level. Now I want to consider it from other levels also related to the pre-Oedipus situation.

1961 J. Strachey et al. tr. S. Freud Compl. Wks. XXI. 230 The phase of exclusive attachment to the mother, which may be called the pre-Oedipus phase, possesses a far greater importance in women than it can have in men.

2000 Lit. & Psychol. (Nexis) 22 Mar. 3 There is a difference between the two phases which are catalogued in doctrine as the pre-Oedipus in the girl's life and the properly feminine Oedipus.

pre-open adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈəʊp(ə)n/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈoʊpən/

(also with capital initial(s)) Tennis designating the period before April 1968, during which only amateur players were permitted to compete in the four Grand Slam championships and many other prestigious tournaments; of or relating to this period; chiefly in pre-open era.

ΚΠ

1970 Observer 7 June 23 This year's French meeting was virtually a return to pre-Open tennis.

1989 Times of India 26 July 16/5 In the pre-Open era, Indian tennis was propped up by regular visits to this country by Australian and East European players.

2013 R. Laver Autobiogr. (2016) xiv. 278 I'd played under the VASSS system before in the pre-open era.

pre-ovulation adj. and adv.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɒvjᵿˈleɪʃn/

/ˌpriːəʊvjᵿˈleɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌoʊvjəˈleɪʃən/

/ˌpriˌɑvjəˈleɪʃən/

Medicine (a) adj. occurring or existing before ovulation; (b) adv. before ovulation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > ovulation

post-ovulatory1922

pre-ovulation1922

post-ovulation1923

ovulating1926

ovulatory1928

post-ovulative1929

preovulatory1932

ovulated1938

superovulated1939

1922 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 1921–2 19 380 Coincident with ovulation in the pigeon there occurs an increase of the blood sugar to 25 per cent. or more above the pre-ovulation value.

1976 Fertil. Steril. 27 167 Plasma estradiol and estrone were elevated, but not to levels observed preovulation.

1993 Amer. Jrnl. Reprod. Immunol. 29 171 Preovulation thymosin alpha 1 levels also tended to be lower in pregnancies that subsequently aborted.

pre-phylloxera adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːfᵻˈlɒks(ə)rə/

/ˌpriːfɪlɒkˈsɪərə/

U.S.

/ˌprifəˈlɑksərə/

/ˌpriˌfɪləkˈsɪrə/

produced or existing prior to the epidemic of phylloxera in Europe in the late 19th cent.

ΚΠ

1920 G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-bk. i. 7 This was pre-oïdium and pre-phylloxera wine.

1957 R. Campbell Portugal 53 We may never hope to taste again the crowning glories of the best pre-phylloxera vintages.

1984 Listener 7 June 15/2 It still owns an acre of pre-phylloxera vines—the only ones in Champagne to survive the aphid which devastated European vineyards in the 19th century.

prepoll adj.

Brit.

/ˈpriːpəʊl/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌpoʊl/

relating or belonging to a time before an election or vote.

ΚΠ

1925 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 19 Feb. 1/1 (headline) Bills ask pre-poll expense publicity.

1964 Times 14 May 14/5 He..described the announcement as a pre-poll bribe.

2004 Australian (Nexis) 18 Oct. 5 Staff will turn their attention today to about 1000 postal and prepoll votes still to be counted.

pre-sales adj.

Brit.

/ˈpriːseɪlz/

U.S.

/ˈpriˌseɪlz/

= pre-sale adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > selling > [adjective] > before selling

premarket1923

pre-sale1937

pre-sales1957

1957 in L. Engel Planning & Producing Musical Show 159 (title) Pre-sales plan for selling blocks of theatre tickets.

1993 Which? Jan. 27/4 Mower was £116—bargained down to £84, to include extended warranty, pre-sales check and plug.

2005 Daily Mail 22 June 43 This needs to be made very clear in the presales literature, as does the company's policy in respect of the application of MVRs.

prestimulus adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈstɪmjᵿləs/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈstɪmjələs/

Biology of, relating to, or designating the period before the application of a stimulus.

ΚΠ

1921 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 4 391 The control of an interval elapsing between a warning signal and the stimulus for reaction; here termed the prestimulus interval.

1941 Child Devel. 12 14 The experimental group showed..a slower return to the prestimulus level of physiological activity.

1962 E. Duffy Activation & Behaviour xii. 322 It seems apparent that activation (its degree, its fluctuations, and its speed of return to a prestimulus level) is associated with important differences in behavior.

1999 Science 30 Apr. 769/1 If the cell was exposed to a uniform increase in chemoattractant, the binding sites would rapidly increase and then gradually decrease to the prestimulus value.

pre-subject adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːˈsʌbdʒᵻkt/

/ˌpriːˈsʌbdʒɛkt/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsəbdʒək(t)/

Linguistics occurring before a grammatical subject.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [adjective] > constituting the subject > before a subject

pre-subject1924

1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. ii. 182 Adverbs in the pre-subject position.

1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts xx. 471 No comma is used after pre-subject adjunct clauses functioning as clause markers in assertives.

1993 Language 69 94 Stylistic Fronting thus consists of the movement of some word other than the Verb to the pre-subject X position.

b. Denoting position, in sense ‘before, in front of, anterior to’. Chiefly Anatomy, Zoology, etc. Prefixed to adjectives (rarely nouns) with the sense ‘situated, produced, or occurring in front of (anterior or superior to) (the thing denoted by the second element)’, or (occasionally) ‘in the anterior part of (the thing so denoted)’. In relation to vessels, nerves, etc., also occasionally with the sense ‘proximal to (the thing denoted by the second element)’ (i.e. preceding it in respect of some direction of motion, and hence implying an element of sense 2a).

pre-acetabular adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːasᵻˈtabjᵿlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌæsəˈtæbjələr/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or anterior to an acetabulum, originally esp. that of the hip, later also the sucker by which a trematode attaches itself to its host.

ΚΠ

1866 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. II. 34 [The ilium in birds] differs in the proportions of the pre-acetabular and post-acetabular extensions, and in the degree of divergence of the latter from the sacrum.

1932 Q. Rev. Biol. 7 465/2 Genital pore of maritae preacetabular, without specialized sucker.

1968 C. W. Schwabe & A. Kilejian in M. Florkin & B. T. Scheer Chem. Zool. II. iii. vi. 502 On the basis of the fact that extracts of schistosomules did not have a similar activity, they postulated that it was an invasive enzyme from the preacetabular glands.

1996 Palaeontology 39 763 A strong preacetabular crest on the ilium.

pre-anal adj. and n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈeɪnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈeɪn(ə)l/

Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of the anus; (b) n. (in reptiles) a scale situated in front of the anus.

ΚΠ

1843 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 279 In Scolopendra alternans, Leach, and S. Hardwickei, Nob., there are two short and small chambers of the heart in the last dorsal, or preanal segment of the body.

1864 A. C. L. G. Günther Reptiles Brit. India 15 Præanals about as long as abdominals.

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 1034 The four pairs of pre-anal and three pairs of post-anal papillæ on the tail of the male.

1924 J. Kiær Downtonian Fauna of Norway 69 The anal opening must have been situated in this space. The spine can therefore be called the preanal spine.

1949 Amer. Midland Naturalist 41 582 Transverse ventral rows are counted along the mid-ventral line from the first chin shields to the preanals, exclusive.

1995 E. W. Knight-Jones et al. in P. J. Hayward & J. S. Ryland Handbk. Marine Fauna N.W. Europe vi. 203/1 Bristle worms... Parapods of five pre-anal segments lack chaetae.

pre-aortic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːeɪˈɔːtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌeɪˈɔrdɪk/

Anatomy situated in front of the aorta.

ΚΠ

1882 Lancet 12 Aug. 211 [The] sensibility of the prae-cordial and prae-aortic regions.

1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Preaortic plexus, aortic plexus.

1984 J. Joseph Aids to Anat. (ed. 13) v. 208 Lymphatic drainage of alimentary tract including liver, spleen, pancreas to pre-aortic nodes.

1991 Jrnl. Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surg. 101 1099 The distribution of thymic tissue in the anterior mediastinal, retrocarinal, and preaortic fat was examined histologically.

† pre-apicial adj. Conchology Obsolete rare designating the hinge of a bivalve shell when situated just in front of the umbones.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præapicialis,..applied to the hinge of a bivalve shell, when, being on the back of the valve, it is before the summit: preapicial.

pre-auditory adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻt(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɔdəˌtɔri/

/ˌpriˈɑdəˌtɔri/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the auditory apparatus or the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve.

ΚΠ

1875 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Royal Soc. 23 129 The nerve h should answer to the last of the præauditory cranial nerves, which is the portio dura.

2003 R. G. Northcutt in H. I. Browman & A. B. Skiftesvik Big Fish Bang 148 The preauditory placode is an ectodermal thickening extending rostrally from the otic vesicle.

prebasal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbeɪsl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbeɪz(ə)l/

/ˌpriˈbeɪs(ə)l/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a base or basal part.

ΚΠ

1871 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 161 225 A low obtuse ridge..divided by a depression or channel from the anterior ridge or border of the crown, which represents the prebasal ridge in the carnassial of the Hyæna.

1932 J. S. Huxley Probl. Relative Growth vii. 209 A toothless gap on the mandible, separating ‘prebasal’ and ‘sub-apical’ teeth.

2002 Jrnl. Parasitol. 88 141 The group of largest hooks are found in the apical part of the proboscis, and there are 10 diagonal rows of small hooks from the prebasal to basal proboscis.

prebasilar adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbazᵻlə/

/(ˌ)priːˈbazl̩ə/

/(ˌ)priːˈbasᵻlə/

/(ˌ)priːˈbasl̩ə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbeɪsələr/

/ˌpriˈbæzələr/

Anatomy and Zoology rare situated in front of a basilar part.

ΚΠ

1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præbasilaris,..prebasilar.

1865 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 13 142 Near its anterior border there is often found a deep crescentic groove; the portion separated by this from the main body, is called the prebasilar fold or segment.

2002 Minimally Invasive Neurosurg. 45 37/1 This final endoscopic survey revealed no residual tumor on the brainstem, in the supraclival area, or in the prebasilar space.

prebrachial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbreɪkɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbreɪkiəl/

anterior to, or forming the anterior part of, an arm or brachial part; spec. (a) Entomology designating a vein or area of the wing of some insects; (b) Zoology designating a lobe or ganglion of the brain of a cephalopod situated in front of that which supplies nerves to the tentacles.

ΚΠ

1851 F. Walker Insecta Britannica: Diptera I. 135 Præbrachial areolet.

1890 Cent. Dict. Prebrachial,..specifically noting a group of muscles composed of the biceps, coracobrachialis, and anticobrachialis.

1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 179 The chief difference is in the præbrachial nervure (the third on the disc of the wing towards the tip).

1964 J. Z. Young Model of Brain xv. 257 The anterior suboesophageal mass forms an unknown feature of the whole system. There are many small cells here, especially in the front part (‘prebrachial lobe’).

1985 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 310 109 After filling of a brachial nerve many somata and afferent fibres were filled in the prebrachial and brachial lobes and in the anterior pedal lobe.

prebranchial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbraŋkɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbræŋkiəl/

/ˌpriˈbrɑŋkiəl/

Zoology situated in front of the gills or a gill.

ΚΠ

1887 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 108 The aperture in the prebranchial zone is small.

1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 611/2 The prebranchial zone, which separates the branchial sac behind from the branchial siphon in front.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xii. 283 The anterior or pre-branchial branch is the smaller of the two, and runs down the posterior border of the hyoid arch.

1996 Polar Biol. 16 79 These differed considerably from other notaspidean species, mainly by the presence of three gills and a prebranchial sac with large external expansions.

prebronchial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbrɒŋkɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbrɑŋkiəl/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or anterior to a bronchus or the bronchi.

ΚΠ

1882 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Zool. Soc. 562 The most anterior [air-sac] is that just mentioned, which may be called præbronchial.., as the bronchus lies between it and the next, or subbronchial.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xvi. 438 The air-sacs are nine in number; a median interclavicular, a pair of cervical or pre-bronchial, two pairs of thoracic or intermediate, and a pair of abdominal or posterior.

1998 European Jrnl. Radiol. 27 25 The right pulmonary artery remains prebronchial and its upper lobe branch enters the mediastinum.

prebuccal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈbʌkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈbək(ə)l/

Zoology rare situated in front of the mouth; preoral.

ΚΠ

1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præbuccalis, applied to a kind of funnel which precedes the mouth..in the Holothuriæ, termed the prebuccal cavity.

1904 Amer. Naturalist 38 798 Viallanes..states that the head of an insect presents three prebuccal segments.

2002 Korean Jrnl. Biol. Sci. 6 207 Pseudostomella longifurca is characterized by..five dorsal papillae on the prebuccal apparatus.

precapillary adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkəˈpɪl(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkæpəˌlɛri/

(a) adj. designating or relating to a blood vessel immediately proximal to a capillary (with respect to the direction of circulation); (b) n. a blood vessel located immediately proximal to a capillary.

ΚΠ

1871 Jrnl. Anthropol. 1 254 The precapillary vessels of the brain.

1940 Science 6 Sept. 224/1 The perivascular nerve plexus was rich on the arterioles and precapillaries but sparse on the capillaries.

1990 Brain 113 1453 From the smaller arterioles and venules which run from these vessels arise the precapillaries which supply the superficial capillary net.

2005 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 190 305 Decompensated hemorrhagic shock..is associated with loss of vascular tone in skeletal muscle precapillary arterioles.

precaudal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɔːdl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɔd(ə)l/

/ˌpriˈkɑd(ə)l/

Zoology situated in front of or on the anterior part of the tail; anterior to the caudal vertebrae.

ΚΠ

1867 R. I. Murchison Siluria (new ed.) x. 238 A wide expanded precaudal joint.

1931 Sci. Monthly Nov. 392/1 In an adult Philippine macaque the tail amounts to 135 per cent. of the length of the precaudal spine.

1993 Dog World Oct. 44/3 There will be a precaudal gland, marked by a black spot of fur, on the top of the tail, several inches from the body, but this is also present in dogs.

precentral adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɛntr(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɛntrəl/

Anatomy of, relating to, or designating the convolution of the frontal lobe of the brain immediately in front of the central sulcus (including the primary motor area); (also) designating the sulcus which forms its anterior boundary.

ΚΠ

1880 Science 31 Dec. 326/2 The pre-central fissure..is as long as the fissure of Rolando, extending farther upward [in the orang-utan] than in man.

1906 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 17 602 The ‘intermediate pre-central’ field is in front of the pre-central area proper and extends downwards to the orbital surface of the hemisphere.

1942 W. J. S. Krieg Functional Neuroanat. xiii. 235 When the anterior lip of the precentral sulcus is stimulated at a point with minimal current the muscular response is likely to be quite restricted.

1992 Sci. Amer. Sept. 57/1 Georgopoulos..has found command neurons of a kind in the monkey's motor cortex (precentral gyrus) that encode the direction of forelimb movement.

† precerebroid adj. Zoology Obsolete rare situated anterior to an organ resembling a brain.

ΚΠ

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 107 Which has not any separate prae-cerebroid ganglion frontale developed upon it as in insects.

precloacal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkləʊˈeɪkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌkloʊˈeɪk(ə)l/

Zoology of, relating to, or situated in front of or in the anterior part of the cloaca.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Precloacal, of or pertaining to the front of the cloaca; situated in the fore part of the cloaca.—Precloacal cartilage.

1921 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 210 361 It is small, as the vertebræ of the basking shark go, for those of the precloacal region measure some 150 mm. across horizontally.

2003 Phyllomedusa 2 21 The new species is a small amphisbaenian with four precloacal pores.

precoccygeal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒkˈsɪdʒɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌprikɑkˈsɪdʒiəl/

Anatomy and Zoology situated above or anterior to the coccyx.

ΚΠ

1893 Athenæum 25 Mar. 382/2 The parts of the urostyle and precoccygeal vertebræ.

1977 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 47 409 The numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae..are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes.

1986 Dis. Colon & Rectum 29 755 A barium enema showed a bilobed precoccygeal mass of moderate size involving the posterior aspect of the distal rectum.

precommissural adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈsjʊərəl/

/ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈsjɔːrəl/

/ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈʃʊərəl/

/ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈʃɔːrəl/

U.S.

/ˌprikəˈmɪʃʊrəl/

/ˌpriˌkɑməˈʃʊrəl/

Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to a commissure of the brain, esp. to the anterior commissure.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > commissure

commissural1815

callosal1852

callosomarginal1861

precommissural1864

supra-optic1900

chiasmatic1912

suprachiasmatic1938

1864 T. H. Huxley in Med. Times & Gaz. 5 Mar. 256/2 There are numerous longitudinal fibers passing forwards from the fornix in the septal area, above and in front of the anterior commissure; these may be called the ‘pre-commissural’ fibers.

1971 J. Z. Young Anat. Nerv. Syst. Octopus Vulgaris iv. 69 There is a direct connection between the rather enigmatic precommissural region and the anterior pedal lobe.

1995 Brain Res. 683 1 The midbrain contained relatively few infected cells, but some were present in the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei.

precondylar adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒndᵻlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑndələr/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a condyle.

ΚΠ

1866 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. II. 78 The position..of the precondylar groove..helps in the determination of the bird-affinities.

1996 Jrnl. Anat. 188 207 The basiocciput of 265 Indian adult human skulls was examined for precondylar tubercles, which are single or paired osseous formations anterior to the occipital condyles and foramen magnum.

precondyloid adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒndᵻlɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑndəˌlɔɪd/

Anatomy and Zoology (now rare) designating the anterior condyloid foramen (the hypoglossal canal).

ΚΠ

1850 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 140 522 One on each side of the base of the condyle..is the ‘precondyloid foramen’, which gives exit to the hypoglossal nerve.

precorneal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɔːnɪəl/

/ˌpriːkɔːˈniːəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɔrniəl/

Physiology and Medicine situated on or relating to the anterior surface of the cornea.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Precorneal, situated on the front of the cornea of the eye.

1897 W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver Syst. Dis. Eye I. 233 During fœtal life the peripheral parts of the cornea are invaded by the precorneal vascular network.

1994 Jrnl. Amer. Optometric Assoc. 65 792 The condition of the precorneal tear film is a major determinant in the success of contact lens wear.

precostal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkɒstl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkɑst(ə)l/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a rib or the ribs.

ΚΠ

1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 197 For the insertion of the precostal ligament.

1982 Jrnl. Anat. 135 753 The precostal anastomosis is an important collateral supply in some older subjects with arterial disease.

precrucial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈkruːʃl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈkruʃəl/

Zoology (now rare) (in carnivores and certain other mammals) situated in front of the cruciate sulcus of the cerebrum.

ΚΠ

1885 Athenæum 3 Jan. 20/3 A distinct and conspicuous lozenge-shaped patch of brain substance defined by the crucial and precrucial sulci.

1974 Brain Res. 73 229 A discrete phonatory area in the isthmus of the prefrontal (precrucial) gyrus.

predentary adj. and n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɛntəri/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɛn(t)əri/

Zoology (a) adj. designating a bone situated in front of the dentary bone in some non-mammalian vertebrates (esp. ornithischian dinosaurs); (b) n. a predentary bone.

ΚΠ

1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 1155 The mandible [in the Iguanodontidæ], again, presents the peculiar feature of having a horse-shoe-like predentary bone at the extremity of the symphysis.

1915 Canada Dept. Mines Museum Bull. Geol. ser. 24 12 12 The nasal horn cores may be considered as..similar to the epijugals, epoccipitals, the rostral, and the predentary.

1985 D. Norman Illustr. Encycl. Dinosaurs 102/2 At the front of the jaw there is a familiar horn-covered predentary.

2001 Evolution 55 1432/2 Examples include..the predentary bone of ornithischian and rostral bone of ceratopsian dinosaurs.

predorsal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈdɔːsl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈdɔrs(ə)l/

chiefly Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the dorsal region, esp. of the vertebral column; (in fishes) situated anterior to the dorsal fin.

ΚΠ

1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 765 They..anastomose with those of the heart and lungs, and enter the predorsal ganglia [Fr. les ganglions prédorsaux].

1876 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1874–5 14 14 New types of living fish..characterized by a great development of the predorsal fin spine, a double spine, not co-ossified.

1938 E. F. Haden Physiol. French Consonant Changes in Language 14 15 The tongue's surface is divided into: apical region (apex, tip); predorsal, middorsal, postdorsal regions.

1975 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. 163 397 A small lesion involving the deep periventricular layers as well as the superficial layers produced degeneration in the predorsal bundle.

1993 Bull. Marine Sci. 52 669 Three predorsal bones precede the dorsal pterygiophores.

preglenoid adj. and n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈɡliːnɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈɡlɛˌnɔɪd/

/ˌpriˈɡliˌnɔɪd/

Anatomy and Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of the glenoid cavity (mandibular fossa) of the temporal bone; spec. relating to or designating a process of the temporal bone; (b) n. the preglenoid process of the temporal bone (rare).

ΚΠ

1883 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1882–3 20 193 The fragments of the supposed second individual include two large glenoid cavities with strong preglenoid crests.

1890 Cent. Dict. Preglenoid,... A preglenoid formation. In some animals, as badgers, both pre- and postglenoid processes of the temporal bone are so highly developed that the lower jaw is locked in its socket.

1994 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 344 162 Moderately well developed preglenoid process for the attachment of the adductores mandibulae.

2004 W. H. Kimbel et al. Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis v. 148 The line denoting the anterior attachment of the articular synovial capsule is clear and does not extend onto the preglenoid plane.

† preglenoidal adj. Anatomy and Zoology Obsolete rare = preglenoid adj. and n. (a).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Preglenoidal, same as preglenoid.

prehyoid adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈhʌɪɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈhaɪˌɔɪd/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the hyoid bone.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [adjective] > bones of mouth

palatomaxillary1782

hyoidean1835

mylohyoidean1838

mylohyoid1839

hyoid1842

hyo-epiglottic1847

hyoidal1852

palatopterygoid1854

palatoquadrate1859

mento-hyoidean1867

hyosternal1870

mentomeckelian1871

hyomandibular1875

hyo-epiglottidean1881

hyoglossal1886

hyoglossian1886

hyoidan1888

prehyoid1949

splanchnocranial1974

1949 I. F. Henderson & W. D. Henderson Dict. Sci. Terms (ed. 4) 351/1 Prehyoid, mandibulo-hyoid; appl[ied to] cleft between mandible and ventral parts of hyoid arch.

1974 D. Webster & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. vii. 129 In living amphibians the hypobranchial muscles can be divided into a prehyoid and a posthyoid group.

1991 Jrnl. Morphol. 210 55 The coracomandibularis..is homologous to prehyoid muscles of salamanders.

prelabial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈleɪbɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈleɪbiəl/

Zoology situated in front of the labium (e.g. of an insect or crustacean); relating to the anterior part of the labium.

ΚΠ

1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 24 The anterior portion of the prælabial plate pertains to the same segment as the second antennæ.

1965 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 249 117 There is no sign in Squaloraja of the prelabial cartilage which in living chimaeroids lies alongside the proximal part of the lateral rostral cartilage.

1997 Systematic Biol. 46 65/1 This refers to a secondary, dorsal flexor of the paraglossae, probably derived from one of the extrinsic prelabial muscles.

prelumbar adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈlʌmbə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈləmˌbɑr/

/ˌpriˈləmbər/

Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the lumbar region, esp. of the spine.

ΚΠ

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) (at cited word) The prelumbar surface of the spinal column is the anterior surface of the lumbar portion.

1996 Amer. Jrnl. Gastroenterol. 91 759 The presence of aortic calcification was determined by performing anteroposterior and lateral radiograms of the prelumbar region.

premandibular adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːmanˈdɪbjᵿlə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌmænˈdɪbjələr/

Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of or anterior to the mandible; †(b) n. a premandibular bone occurring in the lower jaw of some fishes, reptiles, etc. (obsolete).

ΚΠ

1845 R. Owen Odontography I. 96 The premandibular pieces of the lower jaw are similarly paved with two rows of hemispherical molars.

1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 273 The exposed portions of the premaxillaries and premandibulars are incased by a complicated dental covering.

1900 L. C. Miall & A. R. Hammond Struct. & Life Hist. Harlequin Fly vi. 169 The third is the premandibular segment.

1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) xvi. 563 Anteriorly, we may assume..only a single premandibular visceral arch and consider the terminalis as the nerve of the region anterior to the gills.

prementum n.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈmɛntəm/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmɛn(t)əm/

Entomology the distal region of an insect's labium, typically (in the adult) bearing the labial palps and ligula.

ΚΠ

1925 A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. i. 19 Arising from the distal margin of the prementum are two pairs of lobes which collectively form the ligula.

1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xii. 181 Each of these [sc. labial palps] is composed of four segments and is joined to the prementum by the flexible, membranous palpifer.

2000 Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 130 478 The prementum of the labium of Stylogymnusa lacks the pair of distal setae that characterize most other aleocharines.

premotor adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈməʊtə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈmoʊdər/

Anatomy designating the area of the cerebral cortex anterior to the motor area, which is concerned with the coordination of movement.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > seats of specific faculties

sensorial power1794

reticular formation1847

premotor1923

limbic1952

mesolimbic1971

the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > lobe

rhinencephalic1846

postnasal1859

parietal1861

prefrontal1878

postrhinal1880

postfrontal1883

suboccipital1885

insular1886

transfrontal1889

preoptic1890

premotor1923

1923 Science 13 Apr. 449/2 It was then possible to identify this structural character in cells known to be more remotely related to the musculature than are the peripheral efferent cells or those pre-motor cells closely related to them.

1993 New Scientist 7 Aug. 38/1 In the monkey, the planning phase—when the brain calculates the direction the arm must move to reach the banana—seems to take place in parts of the cortex known as the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex.

preoccipital adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/

U.S.

/ˌpriɑkˈsɪpᵻdl/

Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the occipital lobe of the brain.

ΚΠ

1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 475 (caption) Præoccipital fissure (fus gyrus fusiformis).

1951 D. Wayne Current Trends Psychol. Theory 61 The neurological data on the recovery of vision following trauma of the occipital and preoccipital areas.

1989 C. R. Legg Issues in Psychobiol. (BNC) 40 In the rhesus monkey, the primary visual cortex..always lies just behind the lunate and preoccipital sulci.

preoesophageal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːᵻsɒfəˈdʒiːəl/

/ˌpriːiːsɒfəˈdʒiːəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriəˌsɑfəˈdʒiəl/

(also pre-esophageal) Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the oesophagus; spec. (in many invertebrates) relating to or designating a ganglion or other part of the nervous system anterior to the oesophagus (cf. supra-oesophageal adj. at supra- prefix 1a(b)).

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Preësophageal, situated in front of the gullet.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) ix. 165 The pre-œsophageal ganglionic mass, or ‘brain’, is a white mass of considerable size, situated just behind and slightly above the bases of the antennules.

1998 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 3031/1 (caption) The postcerebral, preesophageal connective tissue.

prepalatine adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpalətʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpæləˌtaɪn/

Anatomy situated in front of the palate.

ΚΠ

1857 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 147 105 The maxillary extends 4½ inches in advance of the first alveolus.., slightly diverging from its fellow to form the hinder two-thirds of an unusually long prepalatine or incisive fissure.

1905 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 23 He concludes that the prepalatine centers are the homologues of the vomers of the amphibians.

1989 Anat. & Embryol. 179 285 HCC [= hyaline-cell cartilage] occurs [in the heads of teleosts] in lips and rostral folds, in pre-palatine and submaxillary menisci, [etc.].

preparoccipital adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːparɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpɛrɑkˈsɪpᵻdl/

Anatomy rare designating a fissure situated anterior to the side of the occipital lobe of the brain.

ΚΠ

1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 902 Lastly the thirteen intragyral, inconstant fissures: Adoccipital, inflected, fronto-marginal, postcalcarine, sub-occipital, preparoccipital, postparoccipital, intraparacentral, medi-frontal, intermedia, subsylvian, episylvian and hyposylvian.

1907 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 240 Fissures of the parietal and occipital lobes:..Preparoccipital.

preperitoneal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpɛrᵻtəˈniːəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpɛrətnˈiəl/

Anatomy and Medicine situated or occurring in front of the peritoneum.

ΚΠ

1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 Dec. 83 Preperitoneal Fatty Tumours.

1961 Jrnl. Internat. College Surgeons 36 732 (title) Midline preperitoneal approach to undescended testes and inguinal hernia repair.

1993 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 95 309 The thicknesses of the preperitoneal fat layer (P) and subcutaneous fat layer (S) in the abdomen were measured by ultrasonography and the P/S ratio was calculated.

† prepigmental adj. Zoology Obsolete rare situated in front of the pigment layer of the eye (in a cephalopod).

ΚΠ

1836 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 553/1 We..regard [this layer]..as constituting a true prae-pigmental retina.

prepituitary adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpᵻˈtjuːᵻt(ə)ri/

/ˌpriːpᵻˈtʃuːᵻt(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌpripəˈt(j)uəˌtɛri/

Anatomy (now rare) (a) adj. situated in front of the pituitary gland or the pituitary fossa; (b) n. the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland.

ΚΠ

1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 129 There is a large compressed prepituitary portion already developed to the basisphenoid.

1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 291 The pre-pituitary is thus related to skeletal development.

1947 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 135 106 Reconstruction (x 50 linear) of prepituitary region of the brain.

1968 Animal Behaviour 11 419 Prolactin is the (or a) prepituitary hormone.

prepontile adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpɒntʌɪl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɑnˌtaɪl/

Anatomy rare = prepontine adj.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Prepontile, situated in front of the pons Varolii:..opposed to postpontile.

1975 Ann. Otolaryngol. 92 573 When there is pain..which fails to respond to opiates, partial microcoagulation of the pre-pontile root of the trigeminal nerve is an excellent solution.

prepontine adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈpɒntʌɪn/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈpɑnˌtaɪn/

Anatomy situated in front of the pons of the brain.

ΚΠ

1898 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 190 128 In some experiments, as a control upon the spinal, transection was made at prepontine levels.

1962 Science 8 June 874/2 Amphetamine alerting is lost when the transection is cephalad to the anterior border of the pons (prepontine).

2002 Pediatric Neurosurgery 37 152/1 The consequences of injury to surrounding structures with prepontine cysts often lowers the threshold for intervention.

preprostatic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːprɒˈstatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌprɑˈstædɪk/

Anatomy and Medicine situated in front of the prostate gland; proximal to the prostate gland.

ΚΠ

1841 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 235/2 Certain accessory glands..called..preprostatic.

1984 Anat. Clin. 6 69 Detachment of the suspensory ligament and roots of the penis allows exposure of the preprostatic venous plexus.

1999 Jrnl. Urol. 161 654 The preprostatic urethra was composed of three layers of smooth muscle, while distal to the prostate striated muscle became predominant.

prepyloric adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːpʌɪˈlɒrɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌpaɪˈlɔrɪk/

Anatomy, Medicine, and Zoology situated or occurring in front of or in the anterior part of the pylorus; proximal to the pylorus.

ΚΠ

1877 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Instr. Pract. Biol. (ed. 4) xii. 132 A short ‘pre-pyloric’ ossicle which ascends obliquely forwards and is articulated with the anterior edge of the pyloric piece.

1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) ix. 163 The prepyloric ossicle lies in the anterior wall of the pyloric chamber [of the crayfish], and is hinged above to the anterior border of the pyloric ossicle.

1993 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. 80 52/1 One had prepyloric and pyloric inflammation.

prerectal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈrɛktl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈrɛkt(ə)l/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or proximal to the rectum.

ΚΠ

1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Prerectal.

1918 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 44 402 The Small Intestine..expands dorsally to form the Pre-rectal Ampulla.

1996 Jrnl. Urol. 156 1659 Lidocaine was injected into the prerectal space.

prerolandic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːrəʊˈlandɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌroʊˈlændɪk/

Anatomy and Medicine situated anterior to the fissure of Rolando in the brain.

ΚΠ

1888 Lancet 3 Mar. 408/2 The pre-Rolandic and post-Rolandic regions of the brain have a uniform proportion to one another.

1949 H. Bailey Demonstr. Physical Signs Clin. Surg. (ed. 11) ix. 93 Try to find out where the fit began. In conjunction with this, it is useful to recall the localization of the various centres in the pre-Rolandic area.

1989 Brain 112 961 Twelve cases..had fluent aphasia (acutely or within a short interval after onset) despite large suprasylvian and prerolandic or perirolandic lesions.

presacral adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈseɪkr(ə)l/

/(ˌ)priːˈsakr(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈseɪkrəl/

Anatomy situated or occurring anterior to or in front of the sacrum; esp. designating vertebrae anterior or superior to the sacrum.

ΚΠ

1876 O. C. Marsh in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 111 165 In D[inoceras] mirabile the entire brain was actually so diminutive that it could apparently have been drawn through the neural canal of all the presacral vertebræ, certainly through the cervicals and lumbars.

1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 1056 There are 29 vertebræ, of which 18 are presacral.

1964 L. C. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) i. 37 The search for an adrenal tumour may require straight films of the adrenal areas, intravenous pyelography, and films taken after presacral insufflation of air.

1993 Nature 7 Jan. 65/1 There are no pneumatic cavities in the presacral vertebrae, as often occurs among saurischians.

presemilunar adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɛmɪˈluːnə/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɛˌmaɪˈlunər/

/ˌpriˌsɛmiˈlunər/

Anatomy rare designating the part of the cerebellum anterior to the semilunar lobules.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Presemilunar, anterior to the semilunar lobe of the cerebellum.

prespinal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈspʌɪnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈspaɪn(ə)l/

Anatomy situated anterior to the spinal column; situated anterior or proximal to the spinal cord.

ΚΠ

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Prespinal, that which is situate before the spine. The prespinal surface of the vertebral column is the anterior surface.

1918 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 4 242 The myodomic cavity [in the Holostei and Crossopterygii] is..in part subspinal and in part prespinal and subpituitary in position.

1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xx. 605/2 The brainstem is a prespinal integrating center of great complexity.

1998 Pediatric Radiol. 28 527 The DA [= descending aorta] was prespinal in 10%, with a trend toward a more paraspinal location.

prespiracular adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːspʌɪˈrakjᵿlə/

U.S.

/ˌprispəˈrækjələr/

/ˌpriˌspaɪˈrækjələr/

Zoology situated in front of a spiracle.

ΚΠ

1879 Philos. Trans. 1878 (Royal Soc.) 169 699 In these Elasmobranchs the posterior [opening]..transmits the common stem of the pre-spiracular and post-spiracular branches of the Facial nerve.

1910 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 3 99 The prothorax has its arrangement modified by the persistence of three sclerites, the cervical shield.., the prespiracular wart, with two or three setæ..and the subventral wart.

1988 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 182 169 The chorda tympani becomes a prespiracular nerve for the most part in the chick by the reduction of the postspiracular component of the spiracular loop.

presubterminal n.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsʌbˈtəːmᵻnl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsəbˈtərmən(ə)l/

Entomology rare (in the markings of a moth's wing) a transverse line immediately in front of the subterminal line (which is the hindmost of the principal transverse lines).

ΚΠ

1895 E. Meyrick Handbk. Brit. Lepidoptera 239 Discal dot beyond median, praesubterminal not black-marked.

presylvian adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈsɪlvɪən/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈsɪlviən/

Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the Sylvian fissure of the brain.

ΚΠ

1868 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. III. 137 Cerebral Folds: Sylvian..Presylvian..Postsylvian.

1990 Brain Res. 508 273 Contralateral efferent zones were found within both the rostral part of the coronal gyrus and the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus.

presymphysial adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːsɪmˈfɪzɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˌsɪmˈfɪziəl/

(also presymphyseal) Anatomy and Zoology situated or occurring in front of a symphysis, esp. that of the lower jaw or the pubis.In quot. 1883: = predentary adj. and n. (a).

ΚΠ

1883 Amer. Naturalist 17 1274 The anterior angle of the presymphysial bone bears some crests or denticles of bone.

2005 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Oncol., Biol. & Physics 61 270 (caption) Three-dimensional phantom with measure tracks. (A) 1: in front of the symphysis (presymphyseal).

prethoracic adj.

Brit.

/ˌpriːθɔːˈrasɪk/

/ˌpriːθɒˈrasɪk/

/ˌpriːθəˈrasɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpriθəˈræsɪk/

/ˌpriˌθɔˈræsɪk/

Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the thorax.

ΚΠ

1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 108 The number..is never made up of the same pre-thoracic, thoracic, abdominal, and post-abdominal factors.

1982 Plastic & Reconstructive Surg. 70 153 A lower thoracic advancement flap for use in postmastectomy breast reconstruction is described that allows modest supplementation of prethoracic skin coverage and creation of a stable, well-defined inframammary fold.

pretibial adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtɪbɪəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtɪbiəl/

Anatomy, Medicine, and Zoology situated or occurring in front of or on the anterior part of the tibia.

ΚΠ

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Pretibial,..situate before the tibia; as the ilio-pretibial and ischio-pretibial muscles.

1872 E. S. Morse in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. 10 151 To show still more plainly the reasons for believing that the pretibial bone of Wyman represents the intermedium, the following diagrams are presented.

1984 J. R. Tighe & D. R. Davies Pathol. (ed. 4) xxii. 206 Pretibial myxoedema may develop.

1990 M. J. Benton Vertebr. Palaeontol. viii. 220 This process in ratites..has been interpreted as a new element called the pretibial bone.

pretracheal adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈtreɪkɪəl/

/ˌpriːtrəˈkiːəl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈtreɪkiəl/

Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the trachea.

ΚΠ

1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 211 The glands most affected are the anterior or pretracheal.

1984 J. Joseph Aids to Anat. (ed. 13) ii. 57 The pretracheal fascia is attached to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages.

prevertebral adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈvəːtᵻbr(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈvərdəbrəl/

/ˌprivərˈtibrəl/

Anatomy situated in front of the spinal column.

ΚΠ

1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstr. Anat. 570 A gangliated portion situated by the side of the vertebral column, and of prevertebral plexuses.

1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. iv. 105/2 One well marked layer [of the cervical fascia], the prevertebral layer, covers the prevertebral muscles on the bodies of the vertebrae, behind the pharynx.

1987 M. J. Neal Med. Pharmacol. at Glance vii. 20/2 The sympathetic nerves..leave the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord..and synapse either in the paravertebral ganglia..or in the prevertebral ganglia..and plexuses in the abdominal cavity.

prevesical adj.

Brit.

/(ˌ)priːˈvɛsᵻkl/

/(ˌ)priːˈviːsᵻkl/

/ˌpriːvᵻˈsʌɪkl/

U.S.

/ˌpriˈvɛsək(ə)l/

Anatomy situated in front of the bladder.

ΚΠ

1876 A. C. Cowperthwaite Insanity in its Medico-legal Relations 125 Some operators prefer to dispense with the rectal bag, placing the patient in Trendelenberg's position, when the bladder by its own weight separates the pre-vesical fold from the pubes.

1992 Pediatric Radiol. 22 200 Three patients..showed the extension of the tumor superiorly and anterior to the bladder in the prevesical space of Retzius.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	pre-
释义	pre-prefix Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: Middle English– pre-, 1500s– prae-. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymons: Latin prae-, pre-. Etymology: < classical Latin prae- (in post-classical Latin also pre-) before, use as (very common) prefix and combining form of prae , preposition and adverb, ultimately < the same Indo-European base as fore adv. and prep. Compare French pré-.Uses in Latin. In Latin prae- was prefixed adverbially to a great number of verbs, as prae-acuere to sharpen at the end, or to a point (see preacuate v.), prae-ambulāre to walk before (see preamble v.¹), praeclūdere to shut off, to obstruct, to prevent (see preclude v.), praecognōscere to get to know beforehand, to have foreknowledge of (see precognosce v.), praecurrere to run in front of, to precede (see precurrent adj.), prae-ēminēre to stand out prominently, to surpass, exceed, be superior to (see pre-eminent adj.), praeiūdicāre to judge beforehand, give a preliminary judgement, to form an opinion in advance, to be prejudicial to (see prejudicate v.), praemordēre to bite at the extremity, to bite from the end (see premorse adj.); also with verbal derivatives, as praecentor person who leads singing in a choir (see precentor n.), praecursor forerunner, advanced guard (see precursor n.), praedictio prediction n., praefātiō introductory statement, introductory formula, preface, prologue (see prefation n.). It occurs less often with adjectives and nouns, as praecānus very grey-haired or prematurely grey, praematūrus premature adj., praevius leading the way (see previous adj.), praeminister servant who prepares (late 2nd or early 3rd cent. in Tertullian), praemolestia anxiety, apprehension, praenōmen praenomen n. It is also very frequently prefixed as an intensive to adjectives, as praealtus high before or in comparison with others, pre-eminently high, praeclārus very bright, radiant, splendid, magnificent, excellent, outstanding (see preclare adj.), praepotens prepotent adj., praevalidus prevalid adj. In Latin prae- was rarely prefixed with prepositional force, as in praecordia (plural) parts of the body below the heart, (in medical writings) the lower chest in front of the heart, the region over the diaphragm, the upper abdomen below the ribs, the diaphragm (see praecordia n.), praerīpia places in front of or near the bank of a river, praemodum (adverb) to an excessive degree, exceedingly. Uses in English. Borrowings and adaptations of words either directly from Latin or via French are found from the Middle English period onwards (for early examples see e.g. pre-eminence n., prejudice n.). Formations within English are apparently first found late in the Middle English period (e.g. preterminable adj., predestiny n., pre-excellence n.), and are numerous from the 16th cent. onwards (e.g. prepetition n., preclose v., pre-ordinate adj.², etc.). The majority of words borrowed from or modelled on words in other languages are given as separate headwords, although a number of the formations given below may in fact be modelled on corresponding formations in classical Latin or post-classical Latin; e.g. with pre-allege vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preallegare to mention or allege before (c1239–1445 in British sources), with pre-assign vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin praeassignare to indicate in advance (a1406), with pre-assigned adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preassignatus (frequently from early 13th cent. in British sources), with preconfess vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preconfessus previously confessed (c1357 in a British source), with preconsume vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare classical Latin praeconsūmere to use up prematurely, with pre-counsel vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preconsiliari to deliberate beforehand (14th cent. in a British source), with pre-contemplation n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin praecontemplatio previous consideration (6th cent.), with predemonstrate vb. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin praedemonstrare (6th cent.; 15th cent. in a British source), with predescribed adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin predescriptus already described (12th cent., 1440 in British sources), with pre-erected adj. at sense 1a(a)(i) compare post-classical Latin preerigere to lift up beforehand (1344 in a British source), with pre-expectation n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin preexpectatio pre-expectation (1620 in a British source), with pre-inquisition n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin preinquisitus previously inquired into (1283 in a British source), with pre-intelligence n. at sense 1a(b)(i) compare post-classical Latin praeintelligentia pre-intelligence (4th cent.). Formations within English are found with words of a wide variety of different origins, rather than simply those ultimately of Latin origin; compare e.g. pre-embody , pre-plot , pre-sift , etc., and also frequent formations with proper names. New formations with intensive meaning (as pre-pious adj., pre-pleasing adj., pre-regular adj. at sense 1d) or with the sense ‘surpassing’ (as pre-Luciferian adj. at sense 1c, pregravitate v., or more recently pre-epic adj. at sense 1c) are very rare in English. The prepositional construction, in which pre- governs the second element, which was so rare in Latin, has in English received vast extension (as also in French), pre- being preferred to ante- as the opposite of post- in new formations, and often substituted for it, as in pre-Christian , prehistoric , pre-Darwinian , pre-reformation instead of ante-Christian , ante-historic , ante-Darwinian , ante-reformation . This preference for pre- may be partly due to its greater shortness and shared initial letter with post- , but it is probably largely in order to avoid confusion of ante- with anti- in the spoken language, as in ante-Christian beside antichristian , ante-Darwinian beside anti-Darwinian . In its prepositional sense, pre- may be combined with adjectives (and their derivative adverbs and nouns), and potentially also with a noun + adjectival ending, as pre-reformation-al . It may also be combined with nouns in order to form compound nouns directly, as precancer n., preclimax n., predelinquency n. at sense 2a(a)(vi), prehominid n. and adj., premenarche n., adv., and adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi), premyelocyte n., prepuberty n., etc. Compounds of this type are of relatively recent appearance. The earliest appears to be pre-Adamite n. in the mid 17th cent., which is in fact after a contemporary model in post-classical Latin (see discussion at that entry). Also in the 17th cent. compare prediluvian adj., and in the 18th cent. pre-beatific adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi), preantepenultimate n. Such formations become very common from the 19th cent. onwards. The use with nouns or proper names to form adjectives is apparently found earliest in the mid 19th cent. (compare prepublication adj., Pre-Raphael in quot. 1850 at sense 2a(b)(ii), pre-railroad adj., pre-Reformation adj., pre-revolution adj. at sense 2a(b)(i)). The resulting adjectives are sometimes used adverbially (compare pre prep.), e.g. pre-emergence adj. and adv. at sense 2a(b)(iii), pre-tax adv., pre-war adv. The prepositional use denoting position appears to have arisen in the second quarter of the 19th cent., among the earliest instances being preocular adj., predorsal adj., prepigmental adj. at sense 2b (compare also much earlier precordial adj.²). Spelling. The prefix was commonly written prę- or pre- in post-classical Latin, and has become pre- in the modern Romance languages. In English the prefix was sometimes written præ- after the revival of learning, but is now regularly pre- . The spelling prae- is now usual only in words that are not fully naturalized, as e.g. praecipe n., praecognitum n., praecordia n., praemunire n., or in terms relating to classical antiquity, as e.g. praetor n. There are also some 17th-cent. words that became obsolete before the pre- spelling became predominant, which are found only with the spelling prae- , as e.g. praelabour n. This spelling has also been deliberately used by some writers in words normally spelt with pre- ; see praecornu n. for a very rare example of a 19th-cent. formation which apparently only shows the spelling prae- . From the Middle English period onwards (as also in Latin and in French) words in pre- show very occasional spelling variants in per- or pro- , and vice versa. This is apparently sometimes the result of confusion with the prefixes per- prefix, pro- prefix¹, or pro- prefix² (sometimes prompted by the existence of words with similar or related meanings showing one of the other prefixes), but in other cases may show genuine variation in the form of the prefix (or perhaps simply scribal or typographical error). Pronunciation. In the majority of English formations in pre- there is secondary stress on the prefix, with a pronunciation /iː/ (as e.g. in preboil, pre-Greek, pretelegraph, etc.). In those borrowings in which the prefix forms part of a bound stem in English (i.e. the stem cannot easily be analysed within English as consisting of a prefix combined with a separate word) there is normally no secondary stress, although in some cases the stress may fall on the first syllable (with a variety of different realizations of the vowel, sometimes differing for particular items between British and U.S. English); compare e.g. ˈprecipice beside preˈcipitous, preˈfer beside ˈpreference, also e.g. ˈprecinct, ˈprevious. For more detailed information see under each headword. Use of Hyphen. Formations within English were formerly written most commonly with a hyphen, although (in line with general trends in the use of hyphens in English spelling) this is now becoming less common. The hyphen is most often retained before a second element beginning with e, as in pre-eminent, pre-engage, pre-exist, etc. (Very occasionally a diaeresis has been used for the same purpose, preëminent, etc.). 1. Combinations in which pre- is adverbial or adjectival, qualifying the verb, adjective, or noun to which it is prefixed. a. Of time or order of succession. (a) With verbs, or participial adjectives and verbal nouns derived from them, in sense ‘fore-, before, previously, in advance’. (i) † pre-acquit v. Obsolete ΚΠ a1711 T. Ken Hymnotheo i, in Wks. (1721) III. 23 All Sins are venial the Elect commit, Which God's Decrees Eternal pre-acquit. pre-adjust v. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdʒʌst/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdʒəst/ ΚΠ 1686 S. Pepys Mem. Royal Navy (1690) 33 400000l. per Annum..in a known and effectual Order of Payments, to be pre-adjusted with the Persons, who..shall be intrusted by your Majesty. 1880 J. H. Burton Hist. Reign Queen Anne I. v. 173 The punishment preadjusted by the Deity. 2001 Jrnl. of Money, Credit, & Banking 33 782 There is no need to pre-adjust the individual series..before applying the NH test. pre-adjusted adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdʒʌstᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdʒəstəd/ ΚΠ 1855 A. Potter Lect. Evid. Christianity Introd. 137 Tyrant after tyrant..would have to be ranked..as missionaries of the Most High—preadjusted parts in nature's universal plan. 1993 Brit. Jrnl. Orthodontics 20 53/2 Many younger orthodontists tend to manage their cases..using a relatively small range of techniques, including the now universal pre-adjusted edgewise system. pre-adopt v. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdɒpt/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdɑpt/ ΚΠ a1805 D. Gilson Serm. Pract. Subj. (1807) x. 208 Covetous men, hastening to the grave, seem to pre-adopt one of its qualities,—and cry out with it,—We can never have enough! 1993 Times-Picayune (New Orleans) (Nexis) 24 June ii. 1 To meet the dogs in advance, you can visit the shelter today and pre-adopt any one of the dogs. pre-adopted adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdɒptᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdɑptəd/ ΚΠ c1750 J. Byrom Misc. Poems (1773) I. 237 The choosing not to see, of any Theme, More than may suit his preadopted Scheme. 1878 Mind 3 196 I can account for it only by the exigencies of some pre-conceived or pre-adopted theory of what the history of philosophy ought to have been. 2002 K. L. Pfeiffer Steps towards Anthrop. of Culture 369 Its transformation into material for literary analysis is possible only from a pre-adopted and generalized literary perspective. pre-addressed adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdrɛst/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdrɛst/ ΚΠ 1912 W. Owen Let. Aug. (1967) 152 I didn't bring your pre-addressed envelope. 1998 Earth Matters Autumn 37/2 FOE does use pre-addressed cards as part of certain campaigns. † pre-affect v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1638 E. Reynolds Medit. Last Supper xix The Spirit of God doth preaffect the Soul with an evident taste of that glory. † pre-allege v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1588 J. Harvey Discoursiue Probl. conc. Prophesies 127 Any proofes, or testimonies prealledged in the former part. 1612 T. Taylor Αρχὴν Ἁπάντων: Comm. Epist. Paul to Titus (i. 12) 243 The iust causes prealleadged. 1770 tr. C. H. Manstein Mem. Russia 211 For the reasons prealledged, the more distant troops could not get to be there at the time. preannex v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈanɛks/ , /ˌpriːəˈnɛks/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈæˌnɛks/ , /ˌpriəˈnɛks/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-annex. 1995 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 29 Dec. (Metro Southwest section) 1 The Village Board's decision to preannex 517 acres northwest of the Manhattan-Monee Road interchange. preapprehend v. Brit. /ˌpriːaprᵻˈhɛnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌæprəˈhɛnd/ , /ˌpriˌæpriˈhɛnd/ ΚΠ 1641 T. Cooke Episcopacie Asserted A2^v So they tyred in themselves with their owne self-conceited presumpcions and preapprehending the dangers they are in to be censured as Sacrilegious. 1824 S. T. Coleridge Let. 22 Oct. (1971) V. 382 You had pre-apprehended the result. 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 680 What..causes, before rising preapprehended,..did Bloom..recapitulate? 2003 T. W. Klein How Things are in World vi. 172 We know ourselves to be finite, precisely because we experience ourselves as less than the infinite which we only preapprehend. † pre-apprise v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1808 J. Bentham Sc. Reform 70 Of whose inability to give effect to it he is thus pre-apprised. pre-approve v. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpruːv/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpruv/ ΚΠ 1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. iii. 57 Whom He fore-Knowes, that is, Preapproves..them he Predestinates. 1994 Richmond (Va.) Times-Dispatch 6 Dec. a12/3 Those who use the media to slam free expression should consider how they'd like it if everything they communicated had to be pre-approved by official government censors. pre-approved adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpruːvd/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpruvd/ ΚΠ 1960 Science 10 June 1723/3 These ‘institutional grants’ are viewed as an important step away from the policy of tying all grants to specific, preapproved projects. 1994 Harper's Mag. June 26/1 Ask them to make a product that fits the pre-tested, pre-approved package. preapproving n. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpruːvɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpruvɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1654 J. Owen Doctr. Saints Persev. iii. 58 His preapproving of them..must be His Eternall Gracious Acceptation of them in Christ. 2004 Triangle Business Jrnl. (Nexis) 11 June 30 We do preapproving [of] investors all the time. pre-ascertain v. Brit. /ˌpriːasəˈteɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌæsərˈteɪn/ ΚΠ 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. IV. viii. xxix. 469 Quantity being pre-ascertained or agreed on. 1907 Internat. Jrnl. Ethics 17 452 Human conditions..vary with the whole course of intellectual development which cannot be pre-ascertained. 2002 Canberra Times (Nexis) 22 July a10 It was unreasonable to expect anyone involved to be able to pre-ascertain critical aspects of the physical nature of the structural steel to be blasted. preassemble v. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsɛmbl/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsɛmb(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > manufacturing processes > perform general or industrial manufacturing processes [verb (transitive)] > pre- or sub-assemble subassemble1919 preassemble1922 society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > build or construct [verb (transitive)] > prefabricate preassemble1922 prefabricate1932 prefab1955 1922 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 19 Oct. 32/5 (advt.) Entire front separately pieced, shaped and built into each garment; not pre-assembled and padded into place. 2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 10499/1 CIKS helps to preassemble a fraction of IKK complexes with signal-responsive proteins to facilitate signal transmission. preassembled adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsɛmbld/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsɛmb(ə)ld/ ΚΠ 1939 Sunday Times-Signal (Zanesville, Ohio) 19 Nov. i. 5/4 (advt.) Choose the pieces you really want instead of taking some pre-assembled grouping that may not fill your individual needs. 1994 T. Clancy Debt of Honor Prol. 27 The preassembled sets of rebar were already stacked around this hole. pre-assign v. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsaɪn/ ΚΠ 1861 J. A. Andrew Let. 26 Oct. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1899) 3rd Ser. I. 837 You have..deprived several Massachusetts regiments of participation in important military operations now in progress, and to which they had been preassigned. 2004 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 2 Mar. 23 Passengers now have the option to go back into existing bookings and pre assign seats. pre-assigned adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsʌɪnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsaɪnd/ ΚΠ 1769 T. Wilder tr. J. Maguire Measures of Ratios 54 in I. Newton Universal Arithmetick It is evident in the same Manner, that the Index remaining unchanged, the Logarithms will come out in any other preassigned System whatsoever. 1914 K. Royce tr. F. Enriques Probl. Sci. i. 15 The..word ‘infinite’ cannot be applied to any given number or quantity, but denotes only a mode of increase of a variable quantity, which may be susceptible of receiving a higher value than any preassigned constant value. 2004 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 5 Dec. t2 The pre-assigned seats are comfortable and the dome car allows for unobstructed views. pre-audit v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːdɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔdət/ , /ˌpriˈɑdət/ ΚΠ 1884 Times 4 Nov. 9/2 The Ministry of Finance now audits, or rather pre-audits, the accounts of all the public departments except three. 1970 N. Ward Govt. Canada (ed. 5) xviii. 363 Expenditures are pre-audited before being made, to ensure that Parliament has actually voted the money for the proposed expenditure and that the money has not already been spent. 2004 News & Observer (Raleigh, N. Carolina) (Nexis) 8 June b3 The lease was not notarized, nor was it pre-audited by the county finance director, a violation of state law, according to the report. pre-auditing n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻtɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔdədɪŋ/ , /ˌpriˈɑdədɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1935 Charleston (W. Va.) Daily Mail 9 Jan. 3/2 To establish the pre-auditing of requisitions made under quarterly budget allotments, for the purpose of controlling state expenditures. 1980 Afr. Stud. Rev. 23 3 He..advocates ‘pre-auditing’ to ensure institutionalized criticism. pre-baptize v. Brit. /ˌpriːbapˈtʌɪz/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌbæpˈtaɪz/ , /ˌpriˈbæpˌtaɪz/ , /ˌpriˌbæbˈtaɪz/ , /ˌpriˈbæbˌtaɪz/ ΚΠ 1638 T. Herbert Some Yeares Trav. (rev. ed.) 47 Hereticks who used to baptize after death in case they were not pre-baptiz'd. 1993 Times (Nexis) 2 Aug. He was pre-baptised, on the day of his birth, Baudouin Leopold Albert Charles Axel Marie Gustave. † pre-bargained adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1622 C. Archer in R. Willis & J. W. Clark Archit. Hist. Univ. Cambr. (1886) II. 76 Upon..which pre-bargained pece of ground a brick wall is alreadie erected. preboil v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbɔɪl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbɔɪl/ ΚΠ 1876 F. K. Robinson Gloss. Words Whitby at Creave To pre-boil rice or wheat so as to soften it for cookery purposes. 2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 11994/1 The extent of cleavage was increased when the sample was preboiled at pH 13 or 1. preboiled adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbɔɪld/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbɔɪld/ ΚΠ 1873 Good Cheer 28/2 The farmers' wives had brought in large cans of ‘furmity’, or ‘creaved’ wheat... [Gloss] Creaved—pre-boiled. 1899 Trenton (New Jersey) Evening Times 4 Feb. 1/6 Over this pour three-quarters of the pre-boiled chicken meat in a bowl. 2002 Proc. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 99 4664/1 All solutions were prepared with preboiled distilled water. prebook v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbʊk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbʊk/ ΚΠ 1964 Times 25 Sept. 6/5 Practically all passengers were pre-booked and carried weekly or monthly tickets. 1994 Tourism Managem. Oct. 354/2 Very little space was available for the vacationing tourist, as most was already prebooked by companies. pre-booked adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbʊkt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbʊkt/ ΚΠ 1932 Times 23 June 9/1 Coaches sent round..to collect pre-booked passengers. 2002 N.Y. Mag. 14 Oct. 116/1 Symptoms of today's Cali [i.e. California] fever include a thrice-weekly Greenmarket habit, a compulsion to make your own goat cheese, and a pre-booked heirloom Thanksgiving turkey. prebooking n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbʊkɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbʊkɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1855 Poultry Chron. 1 518/2 What pre-booking of places, what squabbles about luggage. 1995 Leisureways (Nova Scotia) Apr. 15/3 In some instances prebooking may require a credit card guarantee. prebreathed adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbriːðd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbriðd/ ΚΠ 1872 Indiana (Pa.) Democrat 19 Dec. If any portion of the inhaled air be prebreathed air, says Dr. MacCormac, the dead metamorphic carbon will be retained. 1991 Jrnl. Appl. Physiol. 71 1574 There were no differences, related to prebreathed gases or site of airway occlusion, in the depth of inspiratory efforts at the time of MO [sc. mouth opening]. pre-build v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbɪld/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbɪld/ ΚΠ 1944 Times 30 May 2/1 Here 90 per cent. of the plumbing is prebuilt and goes from the factory with all the pipes in position. 1997 A. W. Maldonado Teodoro Moscoso & Puerto Rico's Operation Bootstrap x. 113 The Puerto Rico Industrial Development Company.., whose primary mission was to prebuild factory plants. pre-built adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbɪlt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbɪlt/ ΚΠ 1927 Mansfield (Ohio) News 29 June 12 (advt.) Either of these types can be installed with the Pre-Built Erection Method which saves 25% of the usual cost of stair installation. 2000 Personal Computer World May 68/1 Experienced hackers like to label people who use this kind of pre-built tool ‘script kiddies’. precalibrated adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkalᵻbreɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkæləˌbreɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1939 Daily Independent (Monessen, Pa.) 27 Mar. 7/1 The army will bring the pre-calibrated instruments to Industries Hall of Carnegie Tech from Washington. 1998 Acta Astronautica 43 277 The scene is illuminated by Infra Red flashes and the reflected light is acquired by up to 8 precalibrated and synchronized CCD cameras. precensure v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛnʃə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛn(t)ʃər/ ΚΠ 1650 S. Dillingham in H. Cary Memorials Great Civil War (1842) II. 246 The most submissive papers were precensured by the committee. 2000 Buffalo (N.Y.) News (Nexis) 28 Mar. 3 b. Broder would have McCain's speech precensured. pre-centrifuge v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛntrᵻfjuː(d)ʒ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛntrəˌfju(d)ʒ/ ΚΠ 1969 European Jrnl. Pharmacol. 7 45/2 The blood platelets were isolated, ultrasonicated, precentrifuged and then ultracentrifuged. 1992 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 89 9731/1 Sephadex G-50 precentrifuged at 100 x g for 2 min. prechilled adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtʃɪld/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtʃɪld/ ΚΠ 1928 G. D. Turnbow Ice Cream vii. 222 As soon as the pre-chilled cans are filled, they should be covered and capped with parchment paper and put into the hardening room. 2004 Chicago Tribune 15 Feb. iv. 7/3 Instant Blooms, prechilled, presprouted bulbs that can be planted in containers or..in the garden. precleaned adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkliːnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈklind/ ΚΠ 1944 Daily Courier (Connellsville, Pa.) 28 July 13/6 All seed saved should be placed in a precleaned vermin-proof bin or in clean bags. 1992 Time 6 July 51/2 Other technologies and energy sources may leapfrog over the concept of a precleaned coal slurry. pre-clear v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈklɪə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈklɪ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1953 Math. Tables & Other Aids Computation 7 113 ‘Clear’ or ‘Hold’ where ‘Clear’ signifies the desire to preclear the accumulator to zero. 2003 National Post (Canada) 8 Apr. a16/2 U.S. officials say they did not ask Canada to pre-clear ferry passengers. precoat v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkəʊt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkoʊt/ ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > coating or covering with a layer > coat or cover with a layer [verb (transitive)] > in advance precoat1856 1856 L. L. Hill Treat. Heliochromy 133 I pre-coated the plate with a sort of carbonaceous glaze. 1993 Cell 73 317/1 Labeled cells..were added to individual wells of 48-well nontreated cluster plates..that had been precoated overnight with varying amounts of penton base or vitronectin. precoated adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkəʊtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkoʊdəd/ ΚΠ 1920 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 13 150/1 If kieselguhr is added to the melted sugars..and this fed properly to the precoated press, filtration is exceedingly rapid. 1993 Mycol. Res. 97 252/1 Analysis was performed on commercially available pre-coated plates of Silufol. precoating n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkəʊtɪŋ/ , /ˈpriːkəʊtɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkoʊdɪŋ/ , /ˈpriˌkoʊdɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1920 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 13 992/2 Freshly crushed cider is filtered, using a precoating of 15 lbs. of Filter-Cel per 100 sq. ft. of filtering surface. 1998 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 8842/1 PET disks were implanted with or without precoating with either albumin (25 mg/ml) or fibrogen (500 μg/ml). † precommend v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1651 R. Weldon Of Antichrist Pref. sig. B4 Under this Head I shall pre-commend unto favourable consideration, mine Endeavours in severall particulars not usually observed. 1733 A. Pope Corr. 20 Apr. (1956) III. 366 It was labour'd, corrected, præcommended and post-disapprov'd, so far as to be dis-own'd by themselves. pre-commit v. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈmɪt/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈmɪt/ ΚΠ 1854 L. Marsh Apocatastasis 170 There remain, therefore, for all minds not precommitted to credulity, but two possible methods of solution of this difficulty. 1996 Prospect Mar. 11/2 To the extent that researchers have pre-committed the exploitation of patents to particular companies..the impartiality of their institutions..is compromised. precomprehend v. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒmprᵻˈhɛnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑmprəˈhɛnd/ ΚΠ 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. II. iii. i. 9 To pre-comprehend all these facts,—and on them, when so pre-comprehended, to ground a set of questions. 1993 Boundary 2 20 25 All the ethical philosophy that one reads, even the non-Western ethical philosophies, unthinkingly precomprehends that kind of subject. precompute v. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːt/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈpjut/ ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > [verb (intransitive)] > in advance precompute1943 1943 Industr. & Engin. Chem. (Industr. ed.) 35 571/2 The latter bracket is constant throughout the bed length and may be precomputed. 1987 S. Brand Media Lab i. iii. 48 Another one [sc. corollary of interaction] was limited look-ahead... You can't have precomputed everything you're going to say. precomputed adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈpjudəd/ ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > [adjective] > computed in advance precomputed1931 1931 P. V. H. Weems Air Navigation xxv. 471 Once the curve of precomputed altitudes has been made for a scheduled flight, the navigator may take time and altitude observations as often as he wishes. 1987 Spaceflight Oct. 59/2 The space rocket took off from the sputnik at a precomputed point on its orbit. preconclude v. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈkluːd/ , /ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːd/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈklud/ ΚΠ a1684 R. Leighton Pract. Comm. 1st Epist. Peter (1693) I. 444 It was preconcluded there, that the Son should undertake the business. 1798 M. Charlton Phedora II. vii. 235 The pain it gave her to think thus, she imputed to sisterly fondness, by pre-concluding that her brother's happiness would be blighted by this circumstance. 2004 Lloyd's List (Nexis) 10 May 7 We should not pre-conclude that Norwegian shipping will decline further. preconcluded adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈkluːdᵻd/ , /ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːdᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈkludəd/ ΚΠ 1920 D. H. Lawrence Women in Love i. 11 Her interest was piqued. Here was something not quite so preconcluded. 2005 Idaho Statesman (Nexis) 21 June 6 The Commission on Wartime Relocation and Internment of Civilians..ignored ‘MAGIC’ spy cables, and its preconcluded finding of racism was the result. preconfess v. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈfɛs/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈfɛs/ ΚΠ c1650 in A. J. Warden Dundee Burgh Laws (1872) 41 And thai faillie, the samen sall be holden preconfest, and the Mr. sall be decerned to pay the skaithe. 1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic 14 Without pause, preconfessed his sins. 1900 Overland Monthly Feb. 100/1 Though I give way to the inclination I so deprecate in others, I do so in all humility, pre-confessing my errors and asking absolution for them. 2002 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 3 Mar. c2 Another nervous period looms: warnings season, that stretch at the end of each quarter when companies preconfess their earnings shortfalls. preconjecture v. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈdʒɛktʃə/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈdʒɛk(t)ʃər/ ΚΠ 1588 J. Harvey Discoursiue Probl. conc. Prophesies 81 Might not Ælius..probably pre-coniecture, that Adrian should be crowned Emperor? a1667 G. Wither Speculum Speculativum in Misc. Wks. (1872–7) 23 Now, what of our Affairs, I pre-conjecture By this Glasse, I intend to read a Lecture As pertinently, as my shallow wit..will permit. 1687 R. Franck Philos. Treat. Original & Production Things 110 But of this admirable and eminent Subject, there are some so precipitant to preconjecture Job too copious. pre-consolidated adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsɒlᵻdeɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈsɑləˌdeɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1845 J. Phillips & C. G. B. Daubeny Geol. in Encycl. Metrop. VI. 542/1 Effects of subterranean convulsions upon the preconsolidated strata. 1998 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 356 2724 It was found that the same residual friction was produced after significant displacement irrespective of whether tests were undertaken on pre-consolidated or remoulded samples. preconstituted adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒnstᵻtjuːtᵻd/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkɒnstᵻtʃuːtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑnstəˌt(j)udəd/ ΚΠ a1679 J. Brown Life Justif. Opened (1695) xvi. 242 This Imputation, being founded upon this double preconstituted relation, cannot be called meerly arbitrary. 1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. ii. 170 Being governed by law, that is, by known, preconstituted, inflexible rules of action and adjudication. 1856 H. P. Tappan Elements of Logic 128 Can I find out with what preparations—with what pre-constituted and adapted capacities, the mind begins to know? 2000 Polit. Theory 28 828 The various subgroups..are considered to be preconstituted, in some cases ‘natural’ phenomena. preconsume v. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsjuːm/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈs(j)um/ ΚΠ 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion viii. 372 In whom a premature Necessity Blocks out the forms of Nature, preconsumes The reason. View more context for this quotation 1996 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 12 Feb. 10 Everyone knows alcohol is banned from grounds. Unless, that is, it is pre-consumed. † pre-continue v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1750 Student 1 No. 2. 43 Mahomet found most of his laws already prepared to his hands by the long pre-continued observation of them. pre-convert v. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈvəːt/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈvərt/ ΚΠ 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. V. ix. iii. iv. 80 Mendacity..preconverted..into perjury. 2003 Scotsman (Nexis) 15 Feb. 3 A number of models pre-converted by manufacturers are covered by the PowerShift programme. pre-converted n. and adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈvəːtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈvərdəd/ ΚΠ 1958 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 30 42/1 (note) The Sydney Bulletin (Feb. 1, 1890) called the A.N.A. special session a rally of the preconverted. 1994 Tourism Managem. Oct. 327/1 The timeshared facilities were frequently converted motels or condominiums which..were of questionable economic value in either their converted or pre-converted states. precook v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkʊk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkʊk/ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook [verb (transitive)] > cook in advance precook1920 1920 Amer. Food Jrnl. Aug. 11/3 I have tested samples of dehydrated fruits and vegetables from Denmark, Germany, Russia, and other European countries, but find that over there they precook everything before dehydrating it. 1990 Country Homes Oct. 122/2 Precook a 10–12 inch shortcrust pastry case, baking it blind. precooked adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkʊkt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkʊkt/ ΚΠ 1921 Iowa City Press-Citizen 9 July 6/2 When the older ones eat precooked crisp breakfast food, baby may have bread and milk for a change. 2005 Spokesman-Rev. (Washington) (Nexis) 4 Oct. The Sandpoint Area Senior Center..may have to switch from daily trips to weekly ones, delivering precooked meals for the whole week at one time. pre-cooking n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkʊkɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkʊkɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1917 Amer. Food Jrnl. Sept. 493/2 No. 1 peas are peas which were, before precooking (blanching), small enough to pass through a screen of 9/32 inch (7 mm.) mesh. 2005 Prepared Foods (Nexis) 1 Aug. 46 These textured soy proteins do not require pre-cooking, as do their meat counterparts. pre-counsel v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkaʊnsl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkaʊns(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1833 E. B. Barrett tr. Æschylus Prometheus Bound in Prometheus & Misc. Poems 62 They have been all foreseen, precounsellëd [1850 precounselled of]. 2003 Evening Herald (Plymouth) (Nexis) 22 Apr. 16 We pre-counsel patients beforehand to explain what will happen. predecide v. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈsʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈsaɪd/ , /ˌpridiˈsaɪd/ ΘΚΠ the mind > will > decision > resolve or decide upon [verb (transitive)] > decide or settle beforehand foreclose1722 predecide1785 1785 Parl. Reg. Ireland V. 443 He said he had never predecided on any matter to be agitated in that House. 1852 C. Gayarre Louisiana 3rd Ser. 330 The King had finally predecided this point. 1982 Times 18 Oct. 24/3 The British Foreign Secretary forcibly told his colleagues that there could be no question of negotiating with a country (Argentina) which..would only talk if the outcome of discussions was predecided in its favour. pre-decided adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈsʌɪdᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈsaɪdᵻd/ , /ˌpridiˈsaɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1920 Bull. Torrey Bot. Club 47 25 The others are located successively in a pre-decided relation to the first. 1991 Jrnl. Palestine Stud. 20 158/2 It was not a pre-decided tactic on our part. pre-demanded adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈmɑːndᵻd/ , /ˌpriːdᵻˈmandᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈmændəd/ , /ˌpridiˈmændəd/ ΚΠ 1652 J. Wright tr. J.-P. Camus Nature's Paradox iii. 55 Without preventing their commands by a predemanded leave or any feined distast. 2004 Freiburg Working Paper no. 7 35 A reverse auction, with one buyer and competing sellers for a pre-demaded project. predemonstrate v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɛmənstreɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɛmənˌstreɪt/ ΚΠ 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 130 You may..predemonstrate them, by calculation, before the senses give an Experimental thereof. 2001 Nation's Restaurant News (Nexis) 29 Oct. 45 We want an area with more independents and more people who predemonstrate that they would get what Samba Room is about. pre-describe v. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈskrʌɪb/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈskraɪb/ , /ˌpridiˈskraɪb/ ΚΠ 1663 E. Waterhouse Fortescutus Illustratus l. 554 Expensive not onely as to the quantity predescribed..but also further in Donaries of Rings which they are to give. 1766 J. Bate Rationale Literal Doctr. Orig. Sin xiv. 318 The principal one, was, to typify and predescribe the Christian Oeconomy. 1936 Sun (Baltimore) 8 June 2/8 Mr. Ickes predescribed the Cleveland convention as the scene of ‘a supreme effort on the part of a political mouse’. 2001 Washington Post (Nexis) 5 Aug. g.2 It's very important not to pre-describe a piece in my own head. If I do that, I'm terrified of killing it. predescribed adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈskrʌɪbd/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈskraɪbd/ , /ˌpridiˈskraɪbd/ ΚΠ 1653 E. Waterhouse Humble Apol. Learning 164 Truly I think men of the predescribed temper, are most fit for darlings and favorites. 1882 Nature 5 Oct. 550/1 Referring back to his own pre-described species. 2004 DC Plan Investing (Nexis) 9 Nov. 8 They didn't say these are our predescribed programs, or you have to follow this route. † predevise v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1671 R. McWard True Non-conformist 254 As much..as if they were set and predevised. predevour v. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈvaʊə/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈvaʊ(ə)r/ , /ˌpridiˈvaʊ(ə)r/ ΚΠ a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Notts. 317 Where..the Queens Kindred, had pre-devoured his Estate. 1746 M. Clancy Hermon iv. 72 The Falcon..with eager Eyes Takes in at once, and predevours in Appetite The whole presented Flight. predirect v. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈrɛkt/ , /ˌpriːdʌɪˈrɛkt/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈrɛk(t)/ , /ˌpriˌdaɪˈrɛk(t)/ ΚΠ a1678 A. Woodhead Motives Holy Living (1688) 28 Predirecting us in our affairs. 1788 C. F. Triebner Ess. to Lay Open Gospel 41 To create a variety of rational creatures, after our own image..and also to predirect their moral actions, by a positive law. 1998 Ann. Rev. Anthropol. 27 116 Indian social scientists are fully aware that Western questions predirect their efforts, even their contestation. † pre-dissuade v. Obsolete ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 204 May possibly..be pre-disswaded, and deprecated, in all Civill Consultations. pre-dried adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdrʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdraɪd/ ΚΠ 1925 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 12 410 (caption) Toxicity of pre-dried and of aerated sulphur suspensions. 1993 Mycol. Res. 97 131/1 Biomass dry weights were determined after filtering 10 ml samples through pre-dried weighted Whatman glass microfibre filters. pre-drying n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdrʌɪɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdraɪɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1918 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 10 752/2 Much could be written regarding manufacturing methods... Among such topics may be mentioned the pre-drying of air supply to burners, etc. 2005 Brit. Plastics & Rubber (Nexis) 1 Mar. 30 The sheet is resistant to chemicals but is easy to glue and requires no predrying. pre-embody v. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻmˈbɒdi/ , /ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdi/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdi/ , /ˌpriɛmˈbɑdi/ ΚΠ 1875 T. Hill True Order Stud. 157 Prefigured and pre-embodied in nature. pre-embodied adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻmˈbɒdɪd/ , /ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdid/ , /ˌpriɛmˈbɑdid/ ΚΠ 1924 J. Stamp Current Probl. Finance & Govt. 111 It is difficult to see any abstract reason why this particular class of pre-embodied savings should be singled out. 2000 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 90 170/1 The journeys were undertaken in the here and now; they were not mere planning for the disembodied future—or recollections of a pre-embodied past. pre-employ v. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻmˈplɔɪ/ , /ˌpriːɛmˈplɔɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈplɔɪ/ , /ˌpriɛmˈplɔɪ/ ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Winter's Tale (1623) ii. i. 51 That false Villaine, Whom I employ'd, was pre-employ'd by him. View more context for this quotation 1791 J. Learmont Poems Pastoral 187 The man who will not vigil keep, Nor pre-employ the year, Shall have his bitter night to weep. 1972 Commerce (Texas) Jrnl. 25 May 4/1 A need to achieve local educational objectives by ‘pre-employing vocational preparation’. preenact v. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈnakt/ , /ˌpriːɛˈnakt/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻˈnæk(t)/ , /ˌpriɛˈnæk(t)/ ΚΠ 1825 S. T. Coleridge Aids Refl. 359 That every the least permissible form and ordinance..are pre-enacted in the New Testament. 1899 F. W. O. Ward My Old School in Eng. Roses 395 I see the fond familiar strife, Which pre-enacted then The future battle-field of life, With fiery speech or pen. 1993 PMLA 108 264/1 The performance of masculinity solicits and engages a reader outside the frame—a reader whose response is not preenacted. pre-entertain v. Brit. /ˌpriːɛntəˈteɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛn(t)ərˈteɪn/ ΚΠ 1819 W. Morgan Let. 21 Jan. in R. Polwhele Trad. & Recoll. (1826) II. 698 I pre-entertain a high opinion of their worth. pre-erected adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈrɛktᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈrɛktəd/ , /ˌpriiˈrɛktəd/ ΚΠ 1643 W. Prynne Soveraigne Power Parl. i. 91 Were they..to institute their preerected Principalities and Kings. 1996 TNT Mag. 8 July 140/2 (advt.) All coach tours include return luxury coach & ferry, pre-erected tents & full breakfast. pre-excuse v. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻkˈskjuːz/ , /ˌpriːɛkˈskjuːz/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪkˈskjuz/ , /ˌpriɛkˈskjuz/ ΚΠ 1670 S. Wilson Lassels's Voy. Italy (new ed.) Pref. sig. ā^v I..haue done it..to preexcuse some things in my booke. 2003 Deseret News (Salt Lake City) (Nexis) 15 Jan. b1 Parents can pre-excuse their children from class, she said. preextinguish v. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ , /ˌpriːɛkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ , /ˌpriɛkˈstɪŋɡwɪʃ/ ΚΠ 1822 ‘P. Beauchamp’ Anal. Infl. Nat. Relig. ii. 91 All practical improvement is thus pre-extinguished and stifled in the birth, by the sweeping epithet of unnatural. 2000 Daily News (N.Y.) (Nexis) 21 June 76 The tacky tiki torches were preextinguished by the rain. pre-film v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɪlm/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɪlm/ ΚΠ 1960 D. Wilson Television Playwright 16 Does insistence on cinematic grammar imply that all television drama should be pre-filmed? 1998 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 33 156 The senior officers involved in the November coup pre-filmed a video to play on national television. pre-filter v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɪltə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɪltər/ ΚΠ 1928 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 2 May 19/1 After this preliminary affining treatment the refiner melts the washed sugar which is then defecated or pre-filtered with Kieselguhr. 1991 Power Sept. 30/3 Pre-filtering the gas upstream of the SCR unit will extend the life of the catalyst. pre-fitted adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1939 Sikeston Herald (Missouri) 31 Aug. 13/3 Builders have learnt that the most economical method to get windows with the necessary qualities is to buy them prefitted as a packaged unit, whether in wood or in metal. 1995 Which? Feb. 5/2 New regulations mean that, from this month, most electrical goods must be sold with a pre-fitted plug. † prefool v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1633 J. Shirley Bird in Cage ii. i. sig. C4 A better project, wherein no courtier has prefool'd you. pre-format v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɔːmat/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɔrˌmæt/ ΚΠ 1983 Austral. Microcomputer Mag. Sept. 79/2 There are two major reasons for preformatting digital optical disks. 2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 3 May 4 The same data conversion wizard as in the direct paste operation will appear to pre-format the space-separated data into Excel. preformatted adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɔːmatᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɔrˌmædəd/ ΚΠ 1967 D. G. Hays Introd. Computational Linguistics iv. 74 A publisher might find use for an automatic page reader, even if he had to..put all copy on preformatted sheets. 2002 N.Y. Times 5 Dec. e10/2 Preformatted film transitions, like a classic Hollywood cross-fade between images, are plentiful in the average video-editing program. prefrozen adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfrəʊzn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfroʊzən/ ΚΠ 1942 Times 21 Jan. 8/2 The bacon arrived in perfect condition, and it had been shown that pre-frozen bacon would provide its own refrigeration in a winter crossing of the Atlantic. 2004 Boston Globe (Nexis) 4 Mar. (Calendar) 6 Too bad..about the prefrozen hash browns, which are basically bland potato chunks. prefund v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfʌnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfənd/ ΚΠ 1959 W. Reuther in H. M. Christman Sel. Papers (1961) 296 Proposals to prefund health care for older people—that is, to set aside money for it before retirement—are being advanced. 2002 Time 16 Sept. 88/3 If that's not enough security, a worthy alternative is a prepaid [credit] card... Parents ‘prefund’ the card, giving students access to a limited amount of money. prefurnish v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfəːnɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfərnɪʃ/ ΚΠ a1683 J. Owen Thirteen Serm. (1756) iii. 54 If Christ hath not pre-instructed and pre-furnished him with Gifts. 1989 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Despatch (Nexis) 25 June (Travel section) 3 Many condo developers..sell the apartments prefurnished with standard interiors pleasing to renters. pre-ground adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡraʊnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡraʊnd/ ΚΠ 1938 Mansfield (Ohio) News-Jrnl. 16 Dec. 11/3 (advt.) Well, the coffee you purchased, since it was pre-ground has lost most of its freshness, flavor and aroma. 1991 Chile Pepper 5 ii. 44 Cooks are advised not to use pre-ground powder, but rather to keep a pepper mill for custom grinding. pre-imbibe v. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈbʌɪb/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbaɪb/ ΚΠ 1659 T. White Controversy-logicke 66 No doubt then, but if any indifferent person, not preimbibed with any wrong maxime, shall bestow competent paines in reading the Fathers, he will infallibly become Catholike. 1905 Daily Chron. 8 May 3/4 Constitutions rendered weak by pre-imbibing more dangerous stimulants. pre-imbibed adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈbʌɪbd/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbaɪbd/ ΚΠ 1678 J. Owen Ζυνεσις Πνευματικη v. 147 Præimbibed opinions. 1776 B. Beddome Scriptural Expos. Baptist Catech. (ed. 2) 156 Should we for this purpose lay aside..all pre-imbibed prejudices? 1993 Functional Ecol. 7 396/2 Seeds in five Petri dishes kept in darkness during 24h for imbibition (preimbibed seeds)..or (b) 10 Petri dishes with seeds recently sown (not preimbibed). preimbue v. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈbjuː/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbju/ ΚΠ 1697 J. Sergeant Solid Philos. 349 Had he not been pre-imbued with natural notions. 1998 Crain's Detroit Business (Nexis) 17 Aug. 23 An icon conveniently preimbued with a sense of romantic independence. pre-impart v. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈpɑːt/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈpɑrt/ ΚΠ 1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 384 Laws or rules of associability pre-imparted to them. preincubate v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkᵿbeɪt/ , /(ˌ)priːˈɪnkᵿbeɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪnkjəˌbeɪt/ , /ˌpriˈɪŋkjəˌbeɪt/ ΚΠ 1943 Jrnl. Bacteriol. 46 383 One penicillin-containing set with and without glucose was allowed to preincubate uninoculated at 37°C., and a similar set at 2°C. 1990 Glycobiol. 1 35/1 (caption) Granulocytes were preincubated in the presence of either T or B cells or monocyte-enriched populations. † pre-inhere v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1830 S. T. Coleridge On Constit. Church & State 221 In both..the sensibility must have pre-existed, (or rather pre-inhered). † pre-instil v. Obsolete ΚΠ a1711 T. Ken Urania in Wks. (1721) IV. 433 All Prophesies..Into the ancient Prophets pre-instill'd. pre-ionized adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈʌɪənʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈaɪəˌnaɪzd/ ΚΠ 1938 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 166 109 During the initial portion of the leader stroke where the leader is traversing a pre-ionized path the luminosity only lasts about 1 μsec. 1998 Science 4 Sept. 1469/1 The light was focused onto both a preionized plasma..and a solid target. pre-know v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnoʊ/ ΚΠ 1771 Theol. Repository III. 42 Nor have we authority from scripture to say, that the part which he acted in the last scene of our Saviour's life, was pre-known, or pre-determined by God. 1867 J. S. Mill Let. 14 Feb. (1910) II. x. 76 Our freedom may be real though God preknows our actions. 2004 Disaster Prevention & Managem. (Nexis) 30 May 208 Man in his illusory universal power wishes strongly, or even as a necessity, to pre-know the future. pre-let v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɛt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɛt/ ΚΠ 1965 Times 20 Oct. 20/2 The construction of phase one involving a cost of some $25,000,000 is due to start early next year and the major part of this phase has already been pre-let to responsible tenants. 1992 Economist 11 July 91/3 The new realities pose a challenge to landlords who have long been in the habit of pre-letting an entire building before construction began. pre-liquidated adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɪkwᵻdeɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɪkwəˌdeɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1827 J. Bentham Rationale Judicial Evid. IV. viii. xviii. 302 Binding themselves..to pay a sum of money, preliquidated or not preliquidated,..in case the plaintiff should lose his cause. 2004 Caribbean Today (Nexis) 30 June 21 The surviving parent corporation is deemed to have been engaged in the liquidated subsidiary's pre-liquidated business. pre-lubricate v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈluːbrᵻkeɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlubrəˌkeɪt/ ΚΠ 1938 Nebraska State Jrnl. 26 Oct. 11/3 (advt.) The coldest oil-plated engine is always oiled in advance..pre-lubricated before any oil down in the crankcase could ever stir. 2002 Fleet Equipm. (Nexis) Oct. 36 Pre-lubricate simply by turning the ignition key (or master switch) to the ‘on’ position and wait only seconds for the oil pressure light to go out. premachine v. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈʃiːn/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈʃin/ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > industry > working with specific materials > working with metal > work with metal [verb (transitive)] > machine > in advance premachine1948 1948 Industr. & Engin. Chem. 40 1931/3 (table) All seats should be premachined to size. 2005 Doors & Hardware (Nexis) 1 Jan. 44 Many manufacturers will prefit and premachine doors at the factory, including pilot holes, for an additional fee. premachined adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈʃiːnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈʃind/ ΚΠ 1971 Physics Bull. July 406/3 Deep penetration welding using electron beams is becoming quite widely used for assembling pre-machined parts into complex assemblies as an economic alternative to forging, casting and mechanical fastening. 1997 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 453 1092 The assembly of the thermocouple is shown in plan view in figure 10 and was housed in a premachined slot in the workpiece. premake v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmeɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmeɪk/ ΚΠ 1851 J. Cumming Foreshadows viii. 225 He went with his mind pre-made up to undergo a certain treatment. 2005 Packaging Digest (Nexis) 1 Apr. 20 Polymer Packaging uses a Waterline Ritebag gearless pouch machine from Karlville Development Group..to premake the pouches. pre-measure v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɛʒə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛʒər/ ΚΠ 1946 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 13 Oct. (Comic section) 2/3 7 ingredients are pre-measured and pre-mixed for you when you make tender, golden muffins. 2002 Wargames Illustr. Apr. 14/1 You can pre-measure movement as much as you like, but not so much as to slow the game. pre-measured adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɛʒəd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛʒərd/ ΚΠ 1851 R. Braithwaite Sonnets & Other Poems 8 When I reach short life's pre-measured score, Lord, to the grave, in peace, thy servant send. 1943 Salisbury (Maryland) Times 6 July 7/4 A pre-measured line runs between the tops of the frames. 2003 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 Dec. 62/2 High-end coffee companies..now sell pre-measured single-serve espresso capsules, or pods. † premodelling n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1772 J. Law tr. J. Böhme Wks. III. lxxiii. 470 A premodelling or Representation. † prenecessitated adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1715 M. Davies Εἰκων Μικρο-βιβλικὴ 162 In Defence of their prenecessitated Constitutions. pre-notify v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnəʊtᵻfʌɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnoʊdəˌfaɪ/ ΚΠ 1725 Bibliotheca Biblica III. i. 30 Wherefore it should be the Divine Pleasure, that the great Mystery of Man's Redemption should be so covertly Prenotified in Dark Types and Shadows? 1857 Harper's Mag. Oct. 658/1 There were present..other friends who were invited, being pre-notified of the singular character and object of this reunion. 1995 Which? Oct. 37/2 An employee..told our researcher: ‘It would be impossible to notify all customers who go overdrawn.’ Abbey already pre-notifies. pre-obtain v. Brit. /ˌpriːəbˈteɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriəbˈteɪn/ , /ˌpriɑbˈteɪn/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Unless a license has been pre-obtained. 2003 India Abroad (Nexis) 7 Nov. 6 In order to pre-obtain such a visa through post, an additional 16 has to be remitted. pre-obtaining n. Brit. /ˌpriːəbˈteɪnɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriəbˈteɪnɪŋ/ , /ˌpriɑbˈteɪnɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1701 J. Cowell Interpreter Words & Terms at Impetration It is used in our Statutes for the pre-obtaining of Benefices. 1835 Tomlins's Law Dict. (ed. 4) I. at Impetration In our statutes it is a pre-obtaining of church benefices in England from the court of Rome. prepartake v. Brit. /ˌpriːpɑːˈteɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpɑrˈteɪk/ ΚΠ 1866 R. Quinn Heather Lintie (new ed.) 39 Why mourn ye, happy children of the light..who prepartake of Hope's deliciousness. prepattern v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpatn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpædərn/ ΚΠ 1644 J. Vicars Jehovah-jireh 93 The great work intended, and..pre-patterned as aforesaid. 1899 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 4 538 In this development of the nervous system conformably to its germ is pre-patterned also the psychical life of the creature. 2005 Electronic Engin. Times (Nexis) 23 May 1 Leave the design rules constant and gain speed by designing better nanowires with which to prepattern wafers. pre-perceive v. Brit. /ˌpriːpəˈsiːv/ , U.S. /ˌpripərˈsiv/ ΚΠ 1792 A. Geddes tr. Bible II. Pref. p. iv What torrents of illiberal abuse and obloquy this honest declaration will draw upon my head, I can readily preperceive. 1865 R. G. Hazard Freedom of Mind in Willing 65 The whole object of my effort, and what I will, is to push against it to please him, and this I pre-perceive to be possible. 2005 N.Y. Times (Nexis) 28 Aug. vii. 1/1 I didn't pay that much attention to New York. It always seemed weirdly pre-perceived, with other people already on the job. pre-plan v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplan/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplæn/ ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] forethinkc897 bethinka1225 compass1297 contrivec1330 ordain1340 conjectc1380 imaginec1380 cast1382 ordaina1387 advisec1400 forecast1413 imagec1450 ordainc1450 project1477 foreminda1535 invent1539 aimc1540 practise1550 plat1556 trive1573 meditate1582 patterna1586 plot1589 platform1592 design1594 chew1600 forelay1605 to map out1618 to cut out1619 agitate1629 laya1631 plod1631 cut1645 calculate1654 concert1702 to scheme out1716 plan1718 model1725 to rough out1738 to lay out1741 plan1755 prethink1760 shape1823 programme1834 pre-plan1847 encompass1882 target1948 1847 J. H. Ingraham Edward Manning xvi. 84 He knew she would look with haughty repugnance upon the very idea of his pre-planning advantages from her possible union with Manning. 1995 M. Kesavan Looking through Glass 105 Everything, said Ratface complacently, had been pre-planned. preplanned adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpland/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplænd/ ΚΠ 1857 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 507 A regular and pre-planned figure, woven out of many different and variously colored threads. 1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xiv. 460 Such delicate issues would be dealt with later, in private arm-twistings and minister-to-minister preplanned strategic confrontations. pre-planning n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplanɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplænɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1924 Sci. Monthly Oct. 394 A surprising degree of accuracy and completeness of returns is secured by means of careful pre-planning. 2001 K. Sampson Outlaws (2002) 251 Layer after layer of scheming and pre-planning will take care of each and any eventuality. pre-plot v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplɒt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplɑt/ ΚΠ 1976 Mind 85 74 Nor..can you have already pre-plotted or rehearsed the final development of the remark that you are now still in the middle of composing-cum-delivering. 2005 Pittsburgh (Pa.) Post-Gaz. (Nexis) 7 Mar. a8 In essence, it [sc. a robot] pre-plots the swerves it could perform if it needed to avoid an obstacle. pre-plotted adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplɒtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplɑdəd/ ΚΠ 1643 W. Prynne Romes Master-peece 32 A chiefe actor in this pre-plotted Treason. 1993 Theory & Society 22 834 It can in this sense be quite ‘rational’ for an actor to disregard and withdraw from institutionally pre-plotted kinds and courses of action. prepolarize v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpəʊlərʌɪz/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpoʊləˌraɪz/ ΚΠ 1923 Science 19 Oct. 310/2 The hydrogen overvoltage of mercury is found to be a linear function of the logarithm of the current density over a very extensive range if the cathode is carefully prepolarized. 2004 Jrnl. Electroanalytical Chem. 572 188/1 All samples were prepolarized in 0.1 M NaOH by 120 potential cycles. prepolarized adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpəʊlərʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpoʊləˌraɪzd/ ΚΠ 1925 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 29 205 The cathode consists of carefuly prepolarized mercury. 1989 Guitar Player Mar. 72 (advt.) ATM31 PrePolarized Condenser Cardioid... The best thing that's happened to home studio recording. pre-practise v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpraktɪs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpræktəs/ ΚΠ 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. xi. 168 Making it necessary for others, what voluntarily they had prepractised themselves. 1992 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald Amer. 2 Aug. d14/3 When he pre-practiced before the lake went off limits he noticed all the fishermen fishing in the same places. pre-prepare v. Brit. /ˌpriːprᵻˈpɛː/ , U.S. /ˌpripriˈpɛ(ə)r/ , /ˌpriprəˈpɛ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1850 Message from President U.S. 426 It was not commenced; but some stone[s] were pre-prepared, and also the wood-work of a coffer dam. 1993 Personal Computer World Nov. 442/2 Once programmed, an OLR dials in, grabs what it has been told to and uploads anything else which was pre-prepared offline. pre-prepared adj. Brit. /ˌpriːprᵻˈpɛːd/ , U.S. /ˌpripriˈpɛ(ə)rd/ , /ˌpriprəˈpɛ(ə)rd/ ΚΠ 1867 Times 6 Sept. 7/4 Why, therefore, should I rob them of the fruit of their labours, and of the toil which they had in preparing those necessarily pre-prepared addresses for the different sections? 1996 Daily Tel. 29 May 15/4 I am then given her limited, pre-prepared version of the recent events. pre-pressurize v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈprɛʃərʌɪz/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈprɛʃəˌraɪz/ ΚΠ 1967 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Product Res. & Devel. 6 29/1 The membrane was prepressurized at 1495 p.s.i.g. to eliminate compaction as a possible variable. 2000 Lloyd's List (Nexis) 12 July 11 It is also possible to pre-pressurise the ballast tanks during the submerging operations. pre-pressurized adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈprɛʃərʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈprɛʃəˌraɪzd/ ΚΠ 1945 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 67 157/1 Bubbles form in prepressurized water when it is quickly frozen. 1982 Science 18 June 1315/2 This was achieved by using a pressure-retaining sterilizable seawater sampling system in connection with a prepressurized hyperbaric isolation chamber. pre-pronounce v. Brit. /ˌpriːprəˈnaʊns/ , U.S. /ˌpriprəˈnaʊns/ ΚΠ 1804 ‘E. de Acton’ Tale without Title III. 34 We would pre-pronounce the censure of little critics. 2002 Afr. Amer. Rev. Spring 172 Why else would the New Republic and the New York Times have assigned so much space to far-ranging discussions of a work they pre-pronounce (quite accurately) to be both trivial and silly? pre-prove v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpruːv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpruv/ ΚΠ 1840 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 130 126 It should ever be remembered that the chemical theory sets out with a power, the existence of which is pre-proved, and then follows its variations. 2003 Vancouver Sun (Nexis) 5 May b1 We don't have time to pre-prove allegations. pre-provide v. Brit. /ˌpriːprəˈvʌɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriprəˈvaɪd/ , /ˌpriproʊˈvaɪd/ ΚΠ 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. iv. 115 He provisionally pre-provided Incumbents for them. 1865 S. Pancoast Ladies' Med. Guide 234 Especially must she [sc. Nature] pre-provide for the perpetuity of the human family. 1994 R. Edwards & R. Usher Postmodernism & Educ. 68 The terms through which we do this are pre-provided by language. pre-publish v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpʌblɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpəblɪʃ/ ΚΠ 1636 J. Trussell Contin. Coll. Hist. Eng. 190 Hee seriously vowed, according as hee had prepublished in his passage thither; That hee only challenged the benefit of his birth-right, which was the Inheritance of the Dutchy of Yorke. 1850 Littell's Living Age 23 Feb. 371/2 If Parliament were to oblige the proprietors of all quack medicines to prepublish the exact cost of the ingredients which compose them, [etc.]. 2004 Chem. & Industry (Nexis) 21 June 10 The tendency of many journals to pre-publish their print articles electronically as preprints. pre-qualify v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkwɒlᵻfʌɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkwɑləˌfaɪ/ , /ˌpriˈkwɔləˌfaɪ/ ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > ability > be able to [verb (intransitive)] > make oneself competent for something > in advance pre-qualify1847 1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature ii. 443 Before he realized all of his prophetical anticipations, he ceased to live; and Joshua, who was pre-qualified, advanced to his position as prophet and governor. 1997 Rail 12 Mar. 14/3 Bidders were invited to pre-qualify for ScotRail on April 25 1996. pre-received adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈsiːvd/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈsivd/ , /ˌpririˈsivd/ ΚΠ 1605 A. Wotton Answere Popish Pamphlet 27 An externall signe, or seale, of a prereceaued grace. 1794 W. Peckitt Wonderful Love God to Men 105 There, in union with the pre-received blood, it is assimilated as One fluid body. 2004 Waikato Times (Hamilton, N.Z.) (Nexis) 8 July 1 Is there any pre-received information about the offender that gives cause for concern? † preresemble v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1601 Bp. W. Barlow Def. Protestants Relig. 34 Preresembled in those three kings or sages, which came from farre to do personall homage vnto her head, and King at Bethleem. pre-respire v. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈspʌɪə/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈspaɪ(ə)r/ , /ˌpririˈspaɪ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-respire. prereveal v. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈviːl/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈvil/ , /ˌpririˈvil/ ΚΠ 1852 G. C. Mundy Our Antipodes III. v. 149 It was certainly never pre-revealed to me that I should spend one of the few Christmas days..at sea. 2003 Jrnl. Marketing Res. (Nexis) May 161 When the disclosure was prerevealed, subjects appeared to pay careful attention to the context brand. presecure v. Brit. /ˌpriːsᵻˈkjʊə/ , /ˌpriːsᵻˈkjɔː/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈkjʊ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1663 J. Mayne tr. Lucian Part of Lucian sig. Hh2^v I would know the nature of the Starres, of the Moone, and Sun himselfe, being præsecur'd from their fires. 2000 Daily Variety (Nexis) 13 Sept. a4 It's particularly tough because you have limited windows for the sorts of major artists that we're hoping to presecure for our projects. pre-sentence v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛnt(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛntns/ ΚΠ 1654 T. Fuller Inaug. Serm. To Rdr. sig. A2 Who have unmercifully pre-sentenced me. 1998 Atlanta Jrnl. & Constit. (Nexis) 20 Aug. 5 c The media and the officers in Bartow County..have pre-convicted and pre-sentenced these men to the electric chair. pre-separated adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛpəreɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛpəˌreɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1963 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 85 632/2 The entire mixture was preseparated on an alumina column.] 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset iii. 30 Pre-separated colour art work can be prepared using Bourges Colotone overlays. 1992 Science 6 Nov. 1053/1 Carbon can be separated from fossil fuels by separating CO₂ from products of combustion in air or in pre-separated oxygen. pre-sift v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɪft/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɪft/ ΚΠ a1670 J. Hacket Scrinia Reserata (1693) i. 28 In weightier Petitions..which was not to be presifted by the other Officers. 1950 Jrnl. Animal. Ecol. 19 96/1 The flour and yeast are pre-sifted through a no. 8 bolting cloth sieve to obtain particles smaller in size than any of the living stages. 2001 Rockford (Illinois) Register-Star (Nexis) 16 May 4 b In a medium-sized bowl, pre-sift flour, then add salt and baking powder and sift again. prestore v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstɔː/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstɔr/ ΚΠ 1940 New Phytologist 39 274 (caption) A and B pre-stored and post-stored at 25° C. 2003 Diabetes Week (Nexis) 28 Apr. 38 Availability of a reliable procedure to prestore islets would diminish the labor and make it possible to pool islets taken from human pancreatic donors to do a transplant. prestored adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstɔːd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstɔrd/ ΚΠ 1940 New Phytologist 39 274 Mature leaves, picked from the same tree at the same time and treated in the same way, gave 20% browning as against less than 1% for the pre-stored controls. 2000 Wired Jan. 156/2 A prestored, life-size image of you flashes on the wall, as if you had poked your head through the open door. prestudy v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstʌdi/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstədi/ ΚΠ a1661 T. Fuller Worthies (1662) Cambr. 159 A most excellent preacher, who..preached what he had pre-studied some competent time before. 1807 T. E. Hook Fortress iii. i. 53 Paulina. ‘What do you mean to say to him?’ Thomas. ‘Say?—do you, wife of mine, suppose I'd pre-study, as they call it?’ 1982 Lat. Amer. Res. Rev. 17 209 Projects were to be prestudied to determine their economic viability. pre-surmise v. Brit. /ˌpriːsəˈmʌɪz/ , U.S. /ˌprisərˈmaɪz/ ΚΠ 1664 H. Power Exper. Philos. ii. 122 The effect was this (as was pre-surmised). 1934 PMLA 49 645 The Russian Novelist did not presurmise the dream of Miguel de Unamuno. † pre-suspect v. Obsolete ΚΠ a1642 H. Best Farming & Memorandum Bks. (1984) 83 If shee bee longe in lambinge and presuspeckted. preteach v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtiːtʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtitʃ/ ΚΠ 1721 N. Amhurst Terræ-filius (1726) I. 13 He takes the oaths of allegiance and supremacy, which he is prætaught to evade, or think null. 1993 Coloradoan (Fort Collins) 4 Apr. c7/1 The teacher..provides instruction when the child needs a new skill or may preteach it in anticipation of the child being able to use the skill. prethink v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈθɪŋk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈθɪŋk/ ΘΚΠ the mind > will > intention > planning > plan [verb (transitive)] forethinkc897 bethinka1225 compass1297 contrivec1330 ordain1340 conjectc1380 imaginec1380 cast1382 ordaina1387 advisec1400 forecast1413 imagec1450 ordainc1450 project1477 foreminda1535 invent1539 aimc1540 practise1550 plat1556 trive1573 meditate1582 patterna1586 plot1589 platform1592 design1594 chew1600 forelay1605 to map out1618 to cut out1619 agitate1629 laya1631 plod1631 cut1645 calculate1654 concert1702 to scheme out1716 plan1718 model1725 to rough out1738 to lay out1741 plan1755 prethink1760 shape1823 programme1834 pre-plan1847 encompass1882 target1948 1760 Voy. & Cruises Commodore Walker II. 192 My friend was greatly alert and elevated, prethinking her his future bride. 1955 Amer. Math. Monthly 62 20 All of us..trust to thinking in front of our audiences, with preparation consisting largely of pre-thinking ourselves into the vocabulary from which they will listen. 1999 Evening Standard (Nexis) 22 Feb. 19 There isn't a part of my person that Emma does not assist. She organises, prethinks, plans and arranges my schedule. pre-thinking n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈθɪŋkɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1842 W. H. Prescott Jrnl. 20 Aug. in Lit. Memoranda (1961) II. 92 Tried to write on an imperfect pre-thinking—i.e. thinking, as Irving said to me—with a pen. 1964 Ann. Math. 80 311 The prethinking which inspired Lemma 4 may be described as follows. 2001 Business Rev. Weekly 23 Feb. 87/3 Stevens says that today, PwC is not just waiting for a client to ask for a solution. ‘We are doing a lot more pre-thinking.’ † pre-torturing n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1655 T. Fuller Church-hist. Brit. viii. 22 Their cruelty in pre-torturing of many, whom afterwards they put to death. pretune v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtjuːn/ , /(ˌ)priːˈtʃuːn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈt(j)un/ ΚΠ 1931 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 22 Oct. 10/6 (advt.) We will pre-tune it..with the new, built-in Antenna Adjuster. 2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 8892/1 A He/Ne laser, pretuned to 543 nm, was used to image laminin simultaneously. pretuned adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtjuːnd/ , /(ˌ)priːˈtʃuːnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈt(j)und/ ΚΠ 1928 Wisconsin Rapids Daily Tribune 31 Oct. 9/4 (advt.) A beautifully finished instrument containing the same remarkable pre-tuned Equasonne chassis. 1983 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 63 372 Selling pretuned radios to the Indians apparently receives the author's approval. pre-understand v. Brit. /ˌpriːʌndəˈstand/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌəndərˈstænd/ ΚΠ 1658 Hist. Q. Christina of Swedland 140 Holstenius having preunderstood that the Baron Ghirardi had thoughts of conferring with her. 2005 Flex (Nexis) 1 Sept. 326 In terms simple to ‘pre-understand’, satellite cells are embryonic raw material for the eventual formation of adult muscle cells. † preunite v. Obsolete ΚΠ 1640 E. Reynolds Treat. Passions xx. 204 It doth in some sort pre-unite our Soules and our Blessednesse together. pre-worn adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈwɔːn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈwɔrn/ ΚΠ 1924 Washington Post 29 Apr. 7/4 (advt.) Have them [sc. clothes] re-styled, recolored and returned to you in all their pre-worn splendor. 1998 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 56 144/1 Merely thinking about the pebble is not sufficient for appreciating the silky smoothness which is emphasized by contrasting its feel with an image of its pre-worn state. prewrap v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrap/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈræp/ ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > covering > wrapping > wrap [verb (transitive)] > in advance prewrap1934 1934 Webster's New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Pre-wrap. 1936 Syracuse (New York) Herald 11 Dec. a.3/4 (advt.) A neat stack of Beautitwist parcels pre-wrapped and ready to delight. 2000 Advocate (Baton Rouge, Louisiana) (Nexis) 20 Nov. 5 d Another option is to prewrap cookies to give to each participant to take home. prewrapped adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrapt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈræpt/ ΚΠ 1945 Traverse City (Mich.) Record-Eagle 21 Apr. 2 (advt.) Avoid wrapping pre-wrapped or packaged merchandise. 2001 R. B. Parker Potshot (2002) 187 Prewrapped ham sandwiches..and chicken deep-fried in cholesterol. prewrite v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈraɪt/ ΚΠ 1855 Putnam's Monthly Mag. Apr. 355/1 His oratic style, we think, shows for itself, that it is very much pre-written. 1989 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. 7 vi. 18/1 Some of those sections will..have been prewritten as boilerplate for use in all proposals. prewritten adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrɪtn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈrɪtn/ ΚΠ 1934 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 7 663 There is no record whatever of pre-written tradition showing him at variance with brahmans on the accepted Immanence of that day. 1993 Pop. Sci. Oct. 56/1 Automated voice and ‘fax-back’ services, which supply prerecorded or prewritten answers to commonly asked questions. (ii) pre-baked adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbeɪkt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbeɪkt/ (partially) baked beforehand. ΚΠ 1923 Indianapolis Star 18 July 4/5 Pour stewed huckleberries into pre-baked shell..and brown in oven while preparing other dishes. 1962 Times 16 July 13/2 A pie in a pre-baked crust is baked at a lower temperature.., while an unbaked crust requires a higher temperature. 2004 F. Lawrence Not on Label 105 Half of the big retailers' in-store bakeries are using ‘prebaked’ dough and ‘baking it off’. precompiled adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈpʌɪld/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈpaɪld/ Computing designating software or electronic information which is stored in such a way that it can be used directly, or incorporated into another program without further modification. ΚΠ 1967 Appl. Statistics 16 96 This feature is of particular importance for the analysis of experimental data, especially when the analysis required is a standard program which has been precompiled.] 1969 Datafair 2 Any of the standard precompiled I/O packages available at the laboratory can be augmented by the set of GROATS procedures and automatically added to a user program. 1985 Computerworld (Nexis) 17 June 59 The product uses precompiled code to allow the user to set up a customer filing system by responding to menu prompts. 2004 ColdFusion Developer's Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 Feb. 18 So what benefits do we reap by using stored procedures? One benefit is that they are fast because they are precompiled. † prededicate adj. Obsolete dedicated or committed in advance. ΚΠ 1854 S. T. Dobell Balder xxxviii. 251 You solemn imperturbable o'er-high All-seeing and prededicate avengers, For once ye sit in vain! 1889 R. L. Stevenson Master of Ballantrae vi. 169 The same day, which was certainly prededicate to joy. predrink v. Brit. /ˈpriːdrɪŋk/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌdrɪŋk/ intransitive to engage or indulge in predrinking. ΚΠ 2002 Hamilton (Ont.) Spectator 16 Nov. a12/2 You should definitely pre-drink, I think. Have a few beers before the game. 2011 D. R. Hales Invitation to Health (Internat. ed.) xii. 384/2 College students predrink for a variety of reasons. predrinking n. Brit. /ˈpriːdrɪŋkɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌdrɪŋkɪŋ/ the action or practice of drinking alcohol, esp. in large quantities, before going out to a bar, party, or other event, esp. one where the availability of alcohol might be restricted. ΚΠ 1996 J. Stobo et al. Princ. & Pract. Med. (ed. 23) xiv. iv. 927/2 The repeated urge to use can be felt as a craving or manifested by maneuvers to ensure that the drug will always be available, such as hiding ‘stashes’ or ‘pre-drinking’ (drinking before attending an event where access to alcohol might be limited). 2012 Sun (Nexis) 22 Nov. 33 80 per cent of females studied said they would indulge in predrinking before heading to a pub or club. prefogged adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɒɡd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɑɡd/ (of a film or other photographically sensitive surface) subjected to prefogging. ΚΠ 1952 Spectrochimica Acta 5 272 The use of cathode-ray microphotometry to give a straight line graph at low intensities was also unreliable unless the emulsion was prefogged. 1996 Jrnl. Imaging Sci. & Technol. 40 70/1 A very-high-contrast direct-positive image was obtained when a prefogged AgBr photographic emulsion containing certain bipyridinium salts..was processed. prefogging n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɒɡɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɑɡɪŋ/ the exposure of a film or other photosensitive surface to light or other radiation of low, uniform intensity, esp. in order to sensitize it (by reducing the amount of further exposure needed to form a visible image). ΚΠ 1928 Proc. Royal Soc. 1927–8 A. 117 492 With a view to reducing plate variations and also to increase the sensitiveness of the plate in the region 2350 Å.U.–2100 Å.U. some of the plates were subjected to a little prefogging. 1991 Photographer Sept. 43/1 A certain, carefully-controlled pre-fogging must take place so that further exposure (the result of the printing process) immediately forms density. pregame v. Brit. /ˈpriːɡeɪm/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌɡeɪm/ North American colloquial intransitive. = predrink vb. ΚΠ 2004 University Wire (Nexis) 3 Mar. Penn students ‘pregame’ with friends..four hours before they plan on heading to clubs, off-campus parties, frat parties or a tiny little room in High Rise East. 2014 Insider's Guide to Colleges, 2015 (Yale Daily News) 441/1 One student even commented that the prohibition of alcohol leads to binge drinking behavior: ‘People drink stupidly because they need to pregame faster so they don't get caught’. pregaming n. Brit. /ˈpriːɡeɪmɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌɡeɪmɪŋ/ North American colloquial = predrinking n. ΚΠ 2004 University Wire (Nexis) 3 Mar. I don't think in a place where pregaming spans from 5:45 to 10:15..that the limit is really four drinks or less. 2014 D. Grazian in M. Duneier et al. Urban Ethnogr. Reader 647/1 Edward defends pregaming for its utility: the ritual provides an efficient means of getting drunk cheaply, in order to offset the costs of drinking downtown. pregive v. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡɪv/ Philosophy transitive to constitute prior to perception or analysis. ΚΠ 1927 tr. M. Scheler in Philos. Rev. 36 107 The ‘social’ ‘co-world’-sphere and the historical ‘pre-world’-sphere are pre-given..in all the following (succeeding) spheres. 1943 M. Farber Found. Phenomenol. xv. 506 The theory of pre-predicative experience, which ‘pre-gives’ the most primitive substrates in object-evidence, represents the first portion of the phenomenological theory of judgment. 1999 Educ. & Training (Nexis) 41 403 Each ‘instant’ is unique in its texture and rhythm since each involves unique human beings whose very subjectivities are in some sense ‘pregiving the world’ in which practice takes place. pregiven n. and adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡɪvn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡɪv(ə)n/ Philosophy (a) n. something which is given or constituted prior to perception or analysis; (b) adj. which is so constituted. ΚΠ 1932 Jrnl. Philos. 29 658 He considers the categories of the ‘pre-given’ to be the greatest danger on the part of phenomenology. 1970 B. Brewster tr. L. Althusser & E. Balibar Reading Capital (1975) iii. iv. 297 In Marx's theory..a synthetic concept of time can never be a pre-given, but only a result. 1999 Communication Theory 9 32 Because speaking does not simply codify pregiven personal thought, self-talk is necessary to thought's living (i.e., temporal) existence. premastering n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɑːst(ə)rɪŋ/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmast(ə)rɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmæstərɪŋ/ the process of making a master copy of data before transferring it to a CD, DVD, etc. ΚΠ 1984 PR Newswire (Nexis) 15 Feb. The new EECO still-frame audio system consists of two companion microprocessor controlled units: the AVC-300 Still-Frame Audio/Video Converter, which digitally compresses the audio information during premastering, and the VAC-300.., which captures the compressed audio during playback. 1986 Studio Week Aug. 34/4 A pre-mastering facility could spot potential errors with a phase meter. 1990 B. N. Flagg Formative Eval. Educ. Technol. x. 168 During the production phase of an interactive videodisc, various prototypes may be developed for evaluation, prior to making a premastering videotape. 2004 Remix (Nexis) 1 Nov. 11 Premastering is one of the most abused tools in the hands of musicians. pre-owned adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈəʊnd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈoʊnd/ originally U.S. (euphemistic) used; second-hand. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > advantage > usefulness > use (made of things) > [adjective] > re-used > second-, etc., hand fourth-hand1598 second hand1673 repossesseda1678 second-handed1682 third hand1862 used1874 resale1929 pre-owned1934 pre-loved1972 1934 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 27 May ii. 13 (advt.) Factory branch close out sale—floor sample and pre-owned washers. 1949 Holland (Mich.) Evening Sentinel 19 Oct. 16/1 (advt.) In addition to handling good Pre-owned auto-mobiles, we will carry a full line of Standard Oil products. 1997 Photo Answers Mar. 97/1 (advt.) We have a large selection of pre-owned Hasselblad, Bronica, [etc.] cameras, lenses and motordrives. (b) Prefixed to nouns (chiefly verbal derivatives) in sense ‘earlier, preceding, previous’, denoting a thing which existed or came into being, or an action which took place or began, previously. (i) pre-accusation n. Brit. /ˌpriːakjᵿˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌækjəˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌækjuˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1847 Webster's Amer. Dict. Eng. Lang. Preaccusation, previous accusation. 1982 Brit. Jrnl. Sociol 33 117/1 In courtroom examination, a considerable range of actions (such as accusations, pre-accusations, denials, excuses, justification, etc.) are..minimally recognizable as ‘questions’ and ‘answers’. preadjustment n. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈdʒʌs(t)m(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdʒəs(t)mənt/ ΚΠ 1845 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. July 48/2 True instruction always proceeds..not by a fixed inflexible system, now shrinking or stretching, and now bending or straightening its subjects, to suit its own pre-adjustments. 1999 Lat. Amer. Perspectives 26 105 In 1993 the trade deficit was 3.5 times larger than it was in the preadjustment period. preadministration n. Brit. /ˌpriːədmɪnᵻˈstreɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriədˌmɪnəˈstreɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1659 J. Pearson Expos. Apostles Creed x. 735 Baptism as it was instituted by Christ after the preadministration of S. John. 2001 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 98 721/1 Preadministration of puromycin had no effect on the inhibition of the sGC transcripts by E2. preadvertisement n. Brit. /ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻsm(ə)nt/ , /ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻzm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzmənt/ , /ˌpriədˈvərdəzmənt/ ΚΠ 1646 J. Howell Lustra Ludovici iii. 43 The design was to draw from her a solemn oath, that she would not come to the Kings Court without his preadvertisement, and approbation, which oath she took upon the Evangelists. 1671 Philos. Trans. 1670 (Royal Soc.) 5 2084/1 An Alphabetical Table of the chief things contained in this Fifth Volume for..1670... Mr. Flamsteads Pre-advertisements of the Moons motions this following Year. ?1830 S. T. Coleridge Lett. (1971) VI. 831 As to the Pre-advertisement or Prospectus, it would be necessary to have the Stuff, or specimen of the Materials graphic & scriptorial, and to know the Editor's plan & notions of what the work is to be, in order to make it tell. 1998 Independent (Nexis) 27 Dec. 4 It came as a surprise. No pre-advertisement, no fuss. preappearance n. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpɪərəns/ , /ˌpriːəˈpɪərn̩s/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpɪrəns/ ΚΠ 1681 Whole Duty of Nations 28 In Sodom and Gomorrah, was given a pre-appearance of the final Judgment upon the World. 1851 Littell's Living Age 2 Aug. 198/1 The portion he wrote was never published, owing chiefly to the pre-appearance of other similar publications. 1987 Ethics 97 865 Bloch continues to take them [sc. myths, etc.] seriously..as anticipations and preappearances of something to be achieved in the future. † preapprobation n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1652 R. Brome Weeding of Covent-Garden Prol., in Five New Playes (1659) That he besought Preapprobation though they lik't it not. pre-approval n. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpruːvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpruv(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-approval. 1945 Jrnl. Educ. Sociol. 19 27 Pre-approval of forum subjects is necessary and all courses offered are subject to review by the State office. 1992 Art Newspaper (BNC) 13 All proposals should require pre-approval of the international advisory council. † pre-arrestment n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1856 T. De Quincey Confessions Eng. Opium-eater (rev. ed.) in Select. Grave & Gay V. 243 The one counterworking secret for pre-arrestment of this evil. pre-ascertainment n. Brit. /ˌpriːasəˈteɪnm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌæsərˈteɪnmənt/ ΚΠ 1816 J. Bentham Extract Constit. Code: Official Aptitude Maximized 36 For preascertainment of the expense. 2000 Hansard Commons 9 Mar. 14283/1 Pre-ascertainment of the person who will be the subject of a warrant and the specific services they will be using is no longer an effective way of dealing with the issue. pre-audit n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔdət/ , /ˌpriˈɑdət/ ΚΠ 1878 Times 12 Sept. 4/5 The claims..should be submitted to the pay examiner of the Presidency concerned for pre-audit. 2005 Nation (Thailand) (Nexis) 15 Aug. The Office of the Auditor-General wants to put its emphasis on pre-audits, since its traditional post-audits cannot prevent unproductive spending and corruption. preauditor n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻtə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔdədər/ , /ˌpriˈɑdədər/ ΚΠ 1938 Sun (Baltimore) 2 Apr. 6/2 It retains the principle of pre-audit but it makes the pre-auditor amenable to Presidential authority. 1994 Jrnl. Accounting Res. 32 20 Unmodified reports on the last preauditor litigation statement. precensorship n. Brit. /ˌpriːˈsɛnsəʃɪp/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛnsərˌʃɪp/ ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > publishing > publisher > [noun] > censor > expurgation of literary work > in advance of publication precensorship1928 1928 Times 8 Aug. 11/2 The posters need stricter control, but pre-censorship would be administratively difficult. 1992 Premiere Jan. 68/1 Lardner seemed to be advocating precensorship of JFK or trying to discourage people from seeing the movie. precivilization n. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪvl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːsɪvᵻlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌsɪvəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1870 J. Bonwick Last of Tasmanians xiii. 335 He then turns to the pre-civilization doctrine, remarking, ‘It is, I think, improbable that any race of men..should entirely abandon pursuits so easy and so advantageous.’ 1991 C. Eddy Stairway to Hell 69/2 As if John and Alan Lomax set up their big recording rig amid the cement and manholes of the final vestige of precivilization. 2006 World Hist. (CliffsAP) ii. 12 Means of determining the approximate dates of pre-civilizations include the following: Stratigraphy, [etc.]. pre-coat n. Brit. /ˈpriːkəʊt/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌkoʊt/ ΚΠ 1926 Industr. & Engin Chem. 18 342/2 In some instances a ‘precoat’ was laid on the filter leaves; that is, one pressful of sludge with a high filter aid content was run through the press preceding the actual filtration. 1991 Process Engin. Aug. 47/2 This design eliminates the need for the multi pre-coats usually associated with candle type systems. pre-collection n. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈlɛkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈlɛkʃən/ ΚΠ 1664 Bp. H. King Let. in I. Walton Donne 3 in Lives (1670) By which means his and your Pre-collections for that Work fell to the happy Menage of your Pen. 2005 Times 31 Aug. (Features) 12 The French fashion house's designer..choosing Sienna..as one of the inspirations for his last pre-collection. precommitment n. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈmɪtm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈmɪtmənt/ ΚΠ 1855 N.Y. Times 31 July 4/2 The unhealthy glare of private or personal or political prejudices, or pre-commitment. 1933 New Eng. Q. 6 47 This situation of pre-commitment was one of the sore spots of the convention. 2004 Social Res. (Nexis) 71 691 My life as a student of mind has taught me one incontrovertible lesson: mind is never free of precommitment. precomprehension n. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒmprᵻˈhɛnʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑmprəˈhɛn(t)ʃən/ ΚΠ 1842 E. A. Poe in Graham's Mag. Feb. 126/2 Let him reperuse ‘Barnaby Rudge’, and, with a pre-comprehension of the mystery. 1996 Renaissance Q. 49 72 This project is meaningful in such a way that it can be defined only in relation to a precomprehension of the infinite and undetermined totality. preconcession n. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsɛʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈsɛʃən/ ΚΠ 1650 Exercitation conc. Usurped Powers 1 Jeroboam..had Gods preconcession of a kingdom. 1974 Boundary 2 2 239 Olson..councils [sic] that the uncovering of the energies that made the old mythologies vital must be undertaken singly without preconcession to the past. preconclusion n. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈkluːʒn/ , /ˌpriːkəŋˈkluːʒn/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈkluʒən/ ΚΠ 1596 W. Warner Albions Eng. (rev. ed.) xii. lxx. 293 By pre-conclusion Twixt him and Dorcas. 1884 Overland Monthly Oct. 445/1 Suppose these young men..should set themselves..to study without shirking or preconclusion, and from competent authority, the facts of the case? 2004 Lewiston (Idaho) Morning Tribune (Nexis) 26 Jan. 8 a His preconclusions about the Iraqi threat foreshadow his end result. preconnection n. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈnɛkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈnɛkʃən/ ΚΠ 1784 R. Bage Barham Downs II. 219 A narrative of his pre-connexion with Mrs. Delane. 1992 M. Aparicio & P. N. Strong in S. J. Leven & D. S. Levine Motivation, Emotion & Goal Direct. in Neural Networks i. 8 The real architecture of nervous systems is a substrate for learning..not a structural preconnection to suit every possible contingency in the life of an organism. preconsent n. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsɛnt/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈsɛnt/ ΚΠ 1856 W. Plumer Life W. Plumer vii. 285 With as much propriety might a new partner be admitted..as a new state..be admitted into the Union, without the preconsent [1803 previous consent] of each of the present states. 1999 Ethics 109 644 Archard..provides a balanced discussion of what the law counts as evidence of consent or, alternatively absence of consent, whether prior or preconsent is relevant, and the mens rea of rape. pre-constituent n. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒnˈstɪtjʊənt/ , /ˌpriːkɒnˈstɪtʃʊənt/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈstɪtʃəwənt/ ΚΠ 1816 S. T. Coleridge Statesman's Man. p. xxxviiii Of the three Factors, by which the mind is determined to the admission or rejection of the point in question..both depend on the first [logical conguity], not indeed as their cause or preconstituent, but as their indispensable condition. 2002 Jrnl. Nietzsche Stud. Spring 99 Earth and sky are not things; they are elementals. They might best be regarded as primordial pre-constituents. pre-contemplation n. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒntəmˈpleɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːkɒntɛmˈpleɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑn(t)əmˈpleɪʃən/ ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1957) III. 159 The very pre-contemplation, and pre-denunciation of that judgement..was a..distastfull bitternesse to the Prophet. 1995 GQ Jan. 132/1 This model shows the typical process that we go through from head-in-the-sand inertia to adopting a healthier lifestyle. The fun starts with pre-contemplation. preconviction n. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈvɪkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈvɪkʃən/ ΚΠ 1803 M. Lewis Let. in D. Jackson Lett. Lewis & Clark Exped. (1962) 100 I go with the most perfect preconviction in my own mind of returning safe. 1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature ii. 555 Each one had prejudices so strong in favor of certain peculiar doctrines, and all were so anxious to have their pre-convictions prevail, that justice and purity were entirely excluded. 1993 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Dec. 4/3 Like so much modern scholarship, this dismissal derives directly and solely from personal preconvictions. pre-decay n. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈkeɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈkeɪ/ , /ˌpridiˈkeɪ/ ΚΠ 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica 361 For..some pre-decay is observable. View more context for this quotation 1871 L. Colange Zell's Pop. Encycl. 656/3 Pre-decay, premature decay. predecision n. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈsɪʒn/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈsɪʒən/ ΚΠ 1635 J. Mede Let. 6 Feb. in Diatribae Pars IV (1652) 608 In regard of the predecision of the Church. 1759 R. Jackson Hist. Rev. Constit. & Govt. Pensylvania 295 A Prediciaion..that..they could have no Objection to this method. 1826 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1971) VI. 545 What becomes of Schleiermacher's Logic..of..immutable Predecisions? 1997 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. 91 999/1 The model borrows heavily from John Kingdon's work on predecisions in American politics. pre-dedication n. Brit. /ˌpriːdɛdᵻˈkeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdɛdəˈkeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1840 T. De Quincey Mod. Superstition in Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Apr. 555/2 Bearing a prededication to a service. 1985 tr. J. Baudrillard in Diacritics 15 58 It is this pre-dedication of luxury that negatively determines the level of survival and not the reverse. † pre-detainer n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1659 T. Lushington Resurrection Rescued 61 His repossession of it defrauded all the Præ-detainers. predevelopment n. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈvɛləpm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈvɛləpmənt/ , /ˌpridiˈvɛləpmənt/ ΚΠ 1868 Human Nature 2 32 I designate this building up (preparing) of an organism fitted for our life hereafter ‘Predevelopment’. 1996 McKinsey Q. 2 142 In predevelopment and research, a 99 percent error rate is acceptable; in downstream development, even 1 percent is considered too high. pre-discipline n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɪsᵻplᵻn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɪsəplən/ ΚΠ 1894 Daily News 4 June 5/6 The General warmly commended the marching and pre-discipline of both teams. pre-embodiment n. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈbɒdɪm(ə)nt/ , /ˌpriːɛmˈbɒdɪm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdᵻmənt/ , /ˌpriɛmˈbɑdᵻmənt/ , /ˌpriᵻmˈbɑdimənt/ , /ˌpriɛmˈbɑdimənt/ ΚΠ 1863 C. C. Clarke Shakespeare-characters xviii. 467 [She] seems a living pre-embodiment of those ghastly spectres. 1985 P. Tobin in H. Bloom Gabriel Garcia Marques (1989) 215 If we seek the pre-embodiment woman, we are more likely to find her through Jacques Derrida's meditation upon Nietzsche's meditation on woman. † pre-entail n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1678 S. Butler Hudibras: Third Pt. iii. ii. 97 As Forfeit Lands, Deliver'd up into his hands,..By Pre-intail of Providence. pre-equipment n. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈkwɪpm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈkwɪpmənt/ , /ˌpriiˈkwɪpmənt/ ΚΠ 1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 377 In the shape of structural pre-equipment for the mind. 2005 Candy Industry (Nexis) 1 Apr. 40 We have the pre-equipment either for chocolate or for sugar, but we do not have the packaging equipment for afterwards. pre-evangelism n. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈvan(d)ʒəlɪz(ə)m/ , /ˌpriːᵻˈvan(d)ʒl̩ɪz(ə)m/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈvændʒəˌlɪzəm/ , /ˌpriiˈvændʒəˌlɪzəm/ ΚΠ 1968 F. A. Schaeffer God who is There v. ii. 143 Pre-evangelism must come before evangelism... The reason we have not been reaching many of these people is because we have not taken enough time with pre-evangelism. 2005 Post-Crescent (Appleton, Wisconsin) (Nexis) 3 Sept. 3 e It's what we in our circles called ‘pre-evangelism’. It's what you do ahead of time to get yourself in a position to do evangelism. pre-excitation n. Brit. /ˌpriːɛksʌɪˈteɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriɛkˌsaɪˈteɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1951 K. S. Lashley in L. A. Jeffress Cerebral Mechanisms Behavior 120 Such contaminations might be ascribed to differences in the relative strength of associative bonds between the elements of the act, and thus not evidence for pre-excitation of the elements or for simultaneous pre-excitation. 1976 Lancet 30 Oct. 938/2 The electrocardiographic appearances in hypertrophic cardiomyopathy may erroneously suggest the presence of pre-excitation. 1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 90 641/2 The direction of the blue light-induced current, which occurs only after preexcitation with green light, is in the same direction as was found for the green light-induced current. † pre-excogitation n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1575 J. Rolland Treat. Court Venus iv. f. 52 Greit argumentis, and preexcogitatioun Of baith the Lawis. pre-expectation n. Brit. /ˌpriːɛkspɛkˈteɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛkˌspɛkˈteɪʃən/ ΚΠ a1686 J. Rawlet tr. Seneca in Poetick Misc. (1687) 126 Preexpectation doth alleviate ill. 1774 A. Gerard Ess. Genius ii. ix. 248 Pre-expectation..renders the remembrance of an object durable. 2005 Detroit News (Nexis) 6 Mar. 1 a I don't think there's any pre-expectation about what the percentage would have been this year. pre-expounder n. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻkˈspaʊndə/ , /ˌpriːɛkˈspaʊndə/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪkˈspaʊndər/ , /ˌpriɛkˈspaʊndər/ ΚΠ 1817 J. Bentham Chrestomathia Pt. II 282 That wordy and cloudy pre-expounder of a nebulous original. † prefecundation n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1881 Nature 3 Nov. 24/1 A curious case of prefecundation observed in a Spionide. prefilter n. Brit. /ˈpriːfɪltə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈfɪltə/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌfɪltər/ , /ˌpriˈfɪltər/ ΚΠ 1911 Times Engin. Suppl. 30 Aug. 20/4 (advt.) Filtration plant for waterworks... Prefilters and appurtenances, filtered water reservoir..as shown and specified. 2002 Fine Woodworking Mar. 117/2 Many respirators come with a prefilter in front of the charcoal filter canister. prehearing n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈhɪərɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈhɪrɪŋ/ ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > [noun] > listening > to recording > pre-hearing of recording prehearing1915 1915 Star & Sentinel (Gettysburg, Pa.) 16 Sept. 6/6 It was not cited as decisive of the matter of a pre-election or prehearing pledge. 1995 Goderich (Ont.) Signal-Star 27 Dec. a8/3 The June 18 prehearing and trial beginning Sept. 6..have been moved to Goderich. preimpression n. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈprɛʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈprɛʃən/ ΚΠ 1859 All Year Round 3 Dec. 140 M... told me..the following pre-impression of the event, in a dream. 1995 Diacritics 25 38 To liberate his discourse of all Freudian preimpression is not only impossible, it would be illegitimate. preincubation n. Brit. /ˌpriːɪŋkjᵿˈbeɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːɪnkjᵿˈbeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɪnkjəˈbeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌɪŋkjəˈbeɪʃən/ ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > laboratory analysis > processes > [noun] > incubation incubation1928 preincubation1941 1941 A. R. Winter & E. M. Funk Poultry Sci. & Pract. vi. 158 Pre-incubation of eggs beyond the equivalent of fourteen to eighteen hours of regular incubation is harmful to hatching results. 1993 Science 1 Jan. 82/2 Preincubation of DRG cultures with dantyrolene (40-μM) for 15 min prevented growth cone collapse evoked by NI-35. † pre-indisposition n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1745 Philos. Trans. 1744–5 (Royal Soc.) 43 278 Disorders, wherein, without any obvious Præ-indispositions, Persons in a Moment sink down and expire. 1836 Times 12 Mar. 6/2 I suppose pre-indisposition induced him to refuse his food. † pre-inhabitation n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1956) VIII. 267 The pre-possession, the pre-inhabitation, but not the sole possession, nor sole inhabitation of the Holy Ghost. pre-inquisition n. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnkwᵻˈzɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːɪŋkwᵻˈzɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɪnkwəˈzɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌɪŋkwəˈzɪʃən/ ΚΠ a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1838) III. 416 What they all wanted was a pre-inquisition into the mind, as part organ, part constituent, of all knowledge. 1927 Mind 36 171 Cudworth not only starts the pre-inquisition, but carries it further than had anywhere yet been done. pre-intelligence n. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈtɛlᵻdʒ(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈtɛlədʒəns/ ΚΠ 1736 R. Loveday tr. G. de Coste Hymen’s Præludia II. ix. 136 This Discourse seems to imply some Pre-intelligence of your Fortune. 1992 Classical Q. New Ser. 42 483 A state of being when..he most fully knows himself as he is (i.e. as a pre-existing pre-intelligence). pre-knowledge n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnɒlɪdʒ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnɑlədʒ/ ΚΠ 1709 F. Gandouet French Politick Detected sig. A5 The Third Chapter begins with God's pre-Knowledge of all his Works, where the Doctrine of Predestination is detected. 1873 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 2 325 Without any..preconceived design or intention other than that which is implied in the pre-knowledge of man's appearance. 1998 Educ. Rev. 12 i. 86/1 The units contain starter exercises, which attempt to assess pre-knowledge. pre-negotiation n. Brit. /ˌpriːnᵻɡəʊʃɪˈeɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːnᵻɡəʊsɪˈeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprinəˌɡoʊʃiˈeɪʃən/ , /ˌprinəˌɡoʊsiˈeɪʃən/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > speech > conversation > [noun] > topic of or subject for conversation or gossip > discussion > discussion of terms > preliminary precognit1654 pourparler1709 pourparleying1880 pourparlering1900 round1947 pre-negotiation1957 talks about talks1971 1957 Times 1 June 6/2 This ‘pre-negotiation’ should seek to establish the conditions for a cease-fire. 1995 Daily Tel. 1 May 18/4 The Cannes summit on June 26 which will launch the pre-negotiations. pre-opinion n. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈpɪnjən/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈpɪnjən/ ΚΠ 1650 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica (ed. 2) iii. xxv. 144 Some..out of a timorous preopinion refraining very many. 1997 St. Louis (Missouri) Post-Dispatch (Nexis) 12 Mar. 2 I'm not sure it would be appropriate for me to be offering pre-opinions on how I view the evidence. prepolarization n. Brit. /ˌpriːpəʊlərʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpoʊlərəˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌpoʊləˌraɪˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1947 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 69 2994/1 This cathodic prepolarization resulted in still smaller cathodic waves and larger anodic waves. 1992 Analytica Chimica Acta 257 247 Increased activities were detected when adsorption was conducted at positive prepolarization of the electrode. prepressurization n. Brit. /ˌpriːprɛʃ(ə)rʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌprɛʃərəˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌprɛʃəˌraɪˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1967 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Product Res. & Devel. 6 29/2 The prepressurization of the methane and the use of corrected flow rates will result in lower value for the membrane constant. 1995 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 448 443 This minimized any pre-pressurization of the explosive column which would complicate the interpretation of the initial explosive deflagration. pre-publicity n. Brit. /ˌpriːpʌbˈlɪsᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌpripəˈblɪsᵻdi/ ΘΚΠ society > communication > information > publishing or spreading abroad > [noun] > publicity word of mouth1578 publicity1609 agitation1829 limelight1877 play1912 pre-publicity1959 1959 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 6 July 20/1 Its producers have conducted such a careful campaign of pre-publicity that it's doubtful that a single child..hasn't had word to watch for the movie. 1997 Daily Tel. 20 Jan. 15/1 If pre-publicity was low-key, the gala concert by the Ulster Orchestra under Jerzy Maksymiuk unleashed a compensatory euphoria. pre-qualification n. Brit. /ˌpriːkwɒlᵻfᵻˈkeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkwɑləfəˈkeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌkwɔləfəˈkeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1653 W. Allen Some Baptismal Abuses 24 The Major or Sherriff is not vested with his authority..by any prequalification or action preparatory thereunto. 1847 A. J. Davis Princ. of Nature II. 773 A pre-qualification and predisposition should never escape the observation of a parent, in any of his children. 1993 Guardian 2 Nov. i. 7/1 Twenty-four hours before the closure date for ‘pre-qualification’ tenders.., the ForthRight Alliance delivered a copy of alternative proposals to the Scottish Office. pre-railroadite n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈreɪlrəʊdʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈreɪlˌroʊdˌaɪt/ ΚΠ 1860 W. M. Thackeray in Cornhill Mag. Oct. 504 There will be but ten praerailroadites left. prerehearsal n. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈhəːsl/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈhərs(ə)l/ , /ˌpririˈhərs(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ society > communication > record > recording or reproducing sound or visual material > sound recording and reproduction > [noun] > rehearsal for recording prerehearsal1945 demo1962 1945 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 21 Sept. 3/3 A pre-rehearsal of the circus..is planned for 7.30 p.m. Saturday. 2000 Jrnl. Aesthetics & Art Crit. 58 168/2 This strongly suggests that Kerouac put key experiences through obsessive prerehearsals that must indeed have turned his writing sessions into mere extensions of an ongoing mental process. † pre-reluctation n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 356 In every sinne thou hast..some reluctation, before thou do that sinne; and that pre-reluctation, and pre-remorse was Mercy. † pre-remorse n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1954) VII. 356 In every sinne thou hast..some reluctation, before thou do that sinne; and that pre-reluctation, and pre-remorse was Mercy. prerepresentation n. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛprᵻz(ɛ)nˈteɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛprəˌzɛnˈteɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌrɛprəzənˈteɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1691 T. Beverley Thousand Years' Kingdom 19 That Great Pre-Representation of his Kingdom. 1872 R. Abbey City of God 100 He [sc. Jesus Christ] himself could not, beforehand, by symbolical pre-representation, teach his own future appearance, sacrifice, and death. 2000 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 97 13352/2 The prerepresentations or templates that focus the naive bird's attention on conspecific and consubspecific songs appear to be modified by experience. pre-success n. Brit. /ˌpriːsəkˈsɛs/ , U.S. /ˌprisəkˈsɛs/ ΚΠ 1891 W. Whitman in Pall Mall Gaz. 12 Dec. 3/1 If those pre-successes were all—if they ended at that—..America..were a failure. 2003 Fast Company (Nexis) Feb. 29 They spent most of their pre-success years being shouted down by naysayers. † pre-surmise n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 2 (1623) i. i. 167 It was your presurmize, That in the dole of blowes, your Son might drop. 1800 T. Browne Union Dict. Presurmise, surmise previously formed. pretaste n. Brit. /ˈpriːteɪst/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌteɪst/ ΚΠ 1790 J. Creighton Reciprocal Duty Ministers of Christ 23 Thus shall ye, and they experience here a pretaste of heavenly bliss. 1804 F. Burney Jrnl. 2 Dec. (1975) VI. 739 This..gave me..a soft pretaste of peace between the rival powers. 1995 Dayton (Ohio) Daily News (Nexis) 12 Feb. 1 a It's like God gave me a pretaste of Heaven. pre-taster n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈteɪstə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈteɪstər/ ΚΠ 1898 I. Zangwill Dreamers of Ghetto I. ii. §7. 56 God's Vicegerent..who dare not take the Eucharist without a Pretaster. 2004 Gloucester Citizen (Nexis) 9 Nov. (Features section) 8 It's a great pre-taster of things to come for the main 2005 festival. † pre-tincture n. Obsolete rare ΚΠ 1643 Answer Ld. Digby's Apol. 22 I am therefore a little jealous there might be some pre-tincture in your Lordshipps own eye. pre-union n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈjuːnjən/ , /(ˌ)priːˈjuːnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈjunjən/ ΚΠ 1653 T. Manton Pract. Comm. James ii. §.2. 14 A happy præunion of their Souls and their blessedness. 1998 San Jose (Calif.) Mercury News (Nexis) 3 Apr. (Eye section) 19 Many would hail its new album..as a reunion... If anything, Curve's first incarnation was a pre-union, producing music that was a few years ahead of what pop radio would play. preverbalisation n. Brit. /ˌpriːvəːbəlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːvəːbl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌvərbələˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌvərbəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1959 J. C. Catford in R. Quirk & A. H. Smith Teaching of Eng. vi. 188 Conscious preverbalisation in L1, and translation into L2, may be entirely suppressed, but errors due to interference from L1 still keep breaking through. 2002 South Bend (Indiana) Tribune (Nexis) 18 Aug. c1 Speech delays—no babbling or preverbalization at 12 to 15 months, not using two-word combinations by 2 years. (ii) pre-adjunct n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈadʒʌŋ(k)t/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈæˌdʒəŋ(k)t/ Grammar an adjunct that precedes the word it modifies. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [noun] > adjunct or adverbial > which precedes word it modifies pre-adjunct1898 1898 H. Sweet New Eng. Gram. ii. §1759 Thus pre-adjunct or pre-adjective position means that the adjunct-word precedes its head-word. 1914 O. Jespersen Mod. Eng. Gram. II. xiv. 331 There are some adjectives that are hardly ever used predicatively, and on the other hand some that are hardly ever used as pre-adjuncts. 1957 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxviii. 123 What, which, whose, and how serve as pre-adjuncts: 1 What book?; 2 How far is it? 2000 A. M. Devine & L. D. Stephens Discontinuous Syntax: Hyperbaton in Greek vi. 285 It is..possible for one of the Y elements to be internal to the nuclear clause and the other an external adjunct or apposition (preadjunct plus internal noun or internal null head modifier plus appositional noun). † pre-advertency n. Obsolete a forewarning. ΚΠ 1671 A. Woodhead in tr. Life St. Teresa Pref. 22 Wittingly and with a preadvertency of it. pre-antiquity n. Brit. /ˌpriːanˈtɪkwᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌænˈtɪkwədi/ ancientness; the time before antiquity. ΚΠ 1709 R. Brocklesby Explic. Gospel-theism v. 95/2 There is nothing in Scripture, to countenance the Pre-antiquity of Egypt. 1855 P. J. Bailey Spiritual Legend in Mystic (ed. 2) 77 White isles whose præ-antiquity Transcends all date. 2001 New Statesman (Nexis) 26 Feb. From pre-antiquity to the end of the Middle Ages, practitioners of the occult sciences in China, India and Egypt have shared a common vocabulary and terminology. † pre-aptitude n. Obsolete innate or instinctive aptitude. ΚΠ 1815 J. C. Hobhouse Substance Lett. (1816) I. 2 The worthy members of our missions..exclude from the benefit of their protection..those found guilty of holding even parley with any Frenchman, whose attentions, like those of the devil, seem to convey a supposition of preaptitude for such evil communication. 1848 Jrnl. Psychol. Med. & Mental Pathol. 1 136 Hereditary tendency is one cause of puerperal insanity, and in many cases of the complaint we feel assured that it would not have occurred at all, were there not already in the patients a peculiar pre-aptitude for its aggression. preboding n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbəʊdɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈboʊdɪŋ/ foreboding. ΚΠ 1844 M. F. Tupper Heart x. 106 With a nervous pre-boding Henry took up the ‘Watchman’. 1891 New Eng. Mag. June 433/1 It was with a pang of preboding that his nearest friends heard him announce..that he was ‘going to kill Mrs. Partington’. pre-clearance n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈklɪərəns/ , /(ˌ)priːˈklɪərn̩s/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈklɪrəns/ (a) a sale held before a stock clearance (rare); (b) the granting or obtaining of permission beforehand, esp. so that normal clearance procedures do not have to be undergone. ΚΠ 1926 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 14 Nov. i. 6/2 (advt.) Tomorrow, Monday, great pre-clearance. 1951 Newport (Rhode Island) Daily News 30 Nov. 8/2 Authorization has been secured..for the special assistant U.S. attorneys..to file injunctive actions..without securing pre-clearance from Washington. 1991 Traveller Spring 14/1 Staggered arrivals at embarkation have ensured that certain flights have enjoyed a 100 per cent pre-clearance, with an average of 60 per cent on most others. precoding n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkəʊdɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkoʊdɪŋ/ chiefly Computing preparatory or preliminary encoding. ΚΠ 1937 S. Glueck & E. Glueck Later Criminal Careers 229 (heading) Pre-coding card used in second five-year period. 1969 Wireless World Feb. 80/2 What are needed at present are more good ideas to make for simpler and more direct precoding. 1993 PC Mag. Dec. 366/3 Precoding does have disadvantages, however, and increases the modem's sensitivity to noise from various sources. pre-come n. Brit. /ˈpriːkʌm/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌkəm/ (also pre-cum) = pre-ejaculate n.; cf. come n.¹ 5. ΚΠ 1984 R. N. Boyd Sex behind Bars 174 His cock, wet from pre-cum, slid easily into the ass that Steve had already loosened up. 2004 Gay Times Feb. 45 (advt.) HIV is in the blood, cum and pre-cum of an HIV positive man. precontour n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒntʊə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkɒntɔː/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑnˌtʊ(ə)r/ Phonetics an unstressed syllable which precedes the peak of a contour. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [noun] > accent > stress accent > stress group > syllables with respect to subtonic1827 pretone1884 pretonic1892 head1922 nucleus1922 tail1922 peak1935 post-nuclear1944 precontour1945 nuclear1949 tonic1962 1945 K. L. Pike Intonation Amer. Eng. iii. 29 Immediately preceding the stressed syllable of a primary contour there oftentimes will be one or more syllables which are pronounced in the same burst of speed with that primary contour but which themselves are unstressed. These syllables may be called precontours, and depend for their pronunciation upon the syllables which follow them. 1962 B. M. H. Strang Mod. Eng. Struct. 53 A contour may be preceded by one or more unstressed syllables forming a pre-contour; special meanings may be conveyed by varying the level of the pre-contour. 1989 Jrnl. Arabic Ling. 20 35 This primary contour occurs..in pause group non-final and final positions. It occurs with and without precontours. † predesert n. Obsolete previous deserving; recompense for an action not yet performed. ΚΠ 1678 R. L'Estrange tr. Seneca's Morals: Of Benefits ii. 6 Some good Offices we do to Friends; Others, to Strangers; but, those are the noblest, that we do without Predesert. predrink n. Brit. /ˈpriːdrɪŋk/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌdrɪŋk/ (a) an alcoholic drink consumed before an event or prior to going out to a bar, party, etc.; (b) (in plural) a social gathering where predrinks are served. ΚΠ 1981 J. A. Brown Let. 31 Oct. in M. Gilbert Winston S. Churchill (1982) V. Compan. iii. 676 He refused a pre-drink & went in to sit on my left. 1999 Sun Herald (Sydney) (Nexis) 17 Oct. 13 I'm taking the boy of my dreams and we'll go to pre-drinks at a friend's house. 2010 J. Pease Don't let me Go 169 The pre-drinks turned into a pre-party. 2013 Cornish Guardian (Nexis) 18 Dec. 45 The perfect night out would start with predrinks around a beach fire.., before heading into town and partying the night away. pre-ejaculate n. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈdʒakjᵿlət/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdʒækjələt/ , /ˌpriiˈdʒækjələt/ fluid released prior to ejaculation. ΚΠ 1980 Clin. Chem. 26 254 Specimens from the coital and non-coital vagina, and from the rectum and buccal cavity, and pre-ejaculate lubricating fluid were also assayed for both enzymes. 2001 Cosmopolitan Dec. 161/1 Condoms break about 2 percent of the time, usually before ejaculation, but even preejaculate can contain viruses and bacteria. pre-eternity n. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈtəːnᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈtərnədi/ , /ˌpriiˈtərnədi/ previous eternity; eternal previous existence. ΘΚΠ the world > time > duration > eternity or infinite duration > [noun] > pre- or post-eternity post-eternitya1631 eternity1656 pre-eternity1678 1678 R. Cudworth True Intellect. Syst. Universe i. iv. 393 He seemeth, with Ocellus, to maintain the Worlds Pre-eternity. 1722 J. Salwey Divine Worship Due to Christ 28 As for pre-eternity: In the Beginning was the Word. 1837 F. Silver (title) The pre-eternity of our Lord Jesus Christ denied and opposed by human pre-existerians. 1995 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 115 100/1 His [sc. Ghazālī's] main objection to the belief in the world's pre-eternity is that it is based on the premise that God acts by necessity. pre-flash n. Brit. /ˈpriːflaʃ/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌflæʃ/ (in flash photography) an initial flash emitted by a camera which causes the subject's pupils to contract, and thereby reduces the possibility of the main flash causing red-eye. ΚΠ 1985 Petersen's Photographic (Nexis) Nov. 77 P11 8-1/2 would indicate a preflash at 11 inches and a normal exposure at 8-1/2 inches. 1991 Pract. Photogr. Jan. 9/2 (advt.) The flash emits a series of soft, pulsing pre-flashes causing the pupils of your subjects' eyes to contract. So when the flash fires, red-eye virtually disappears. 2001 Daily Tel. 20 Nov. 30/4 A lot of models nowadays have a red eye reduction mode. This is usually a bright light or weak ‘pre-flash’ before the main flash that reduces the size of the subject's pupils. pre-name n. Brit. /ˈpriːneɪm/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌneɪm/ a forename. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > naming > name or appellation > [noun] > first name first namea1325 forename1534 praenomen1603 pre-name1728 front name1877 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. at Adoption The Person adopted chang'd all his Names; assuming the Prename, Name and Sirname of the Person who adopted him. 1847 Littell's Living Age 9 Oct. 57/2 Without a prename at all, Count Smith, and Baron Smith, so common on the continent, are highly respectable. 1900 Daily News 25 July 6/7 State pre-names (Christian names) of your parents. 1989 Times 7 Jan. 11/4 Perhaps it is time to adopt the international usage of ‘pre-names’ when even baptisms have become so meaningless. pre-out n. Brit. /ˈpriːaʊt/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌaʊt/ a type of electrical socket for the output of an unamplified line signal to a separate amplifier; cf. out n. 5e. ΚΠ 1983 High Fidelity Jan. (Musical Amer. ed.) 31/2 The first recommendation is that you use pre-out/main-in jacks. 2001 Total DVD Feb. 74/3 At the back, you'll find the six-channel pre-outs which require connecting to the six-channel input of any AV amplifier to get the real benefit of DVD-Audio. preoxygenation n. Brit. /ˌpriːɒksᵻdʒᵻˈneɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɑksədʒəˈneɪʃən/ the preliminary breathing of oxygen, esp. before high-altitude flight (to prevent decompression sickness) or before surgery. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by gas, air, or fumes > [noun] > treatment introducing gas or air pneumothorax1885 preoxygenation1942 pressure breathing1946 1942 Science 27 Feb. 210/2 Obviously, therefore, preoxygenation is not a feasible way of preventing ‘bends’, especially for fighter pilots who could not be expected to stay in an atmosphere of pure oxygen for five hours prior to each ascent. 1961 Lancet 19 Aug. 405/2 If a short-acting muscle relaxant is also used, conditions for intubation are obtained more quickly. Preoxygenation of the patient is a wise precaution. 1961 C. F. Gell in H. G. Armstrong Aerospace Med. x. 145/1 Preoxygenation, or the breathing of 100 per cent oxygen at sea level, is a procedure that was utilized prior to high level flights in airplanes without pressurized cockpits or in the absence of pressurized suits. 1992 Jrnl. Pediatrics 120 769 These effects are preventable by preoxygenation before suctioning. pre-part n. Brit. /ˈpriːpɑːt/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌpɑrt/ a previous or preceding part; a part of a product made before full assembly. ΚΠ 1786 J. Putnam in Hist. Putnam Family 239 The prepart of this month. 2005 Househ. & Personal Products Industry (Nexis) 1 Aug. 118 Both plants will continue to make all the pre-parts (or engines) of the dispensers for worldwide final assembly. prepattern n. Brit. /ˈpriːpatn/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌpædərn/ a pre-existing pattern; (Embryology) a genetically determined pattern which governs the development of an embryo. ΚΠ 1940 K. Young Personality xvii. 439 ‘Just getting by’ in school perhaps is after all a prepattern for that same attitude and level of performance later in life. 1956 C. Stern in Arch. f. Entwicklungsmechanik 149 2 In other words, a ‘prepattern’ must anticipate and condition the appearance of the observed pattern of bristles. 1988 Sci. Amer. Mar. 62/2 Each observed coat pattern is thought to reflect an underlying chemical prepattern. 1999 Nature 25 Mar. 302/3 Genetic analysis is also revealing how prepatterns are laid down, as Coen illustrates by describing..the development of segmentation in Drosophila. prepulse n. Brit. /ˈpriːpʌls/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌpəls/ a preliminary pulse of electricity. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electricity in living organisms > [noun] > preliminary pulse prepulse1952 1952 Electronic Engin. 24 437/1 A pre-pulse..must occur at least 0.5 microsecond before the beginning of the waveform to be monitored. 1978 Nature 2 Feb. 474/1 A 25–50-ms conditioning prepulse was used to determine the relationship between inactivation and membrane potential before and after glyoxal treatment. 1991 Nature 24 Jan. 307/1 We applied depolarizing prepulses to different potentials and then determined, with a subsequent test pulse, the fraction of channels inactivated by the prepulse. prereaction n. Brit. /ˌpriːrɪˈakʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpririˈækʃən/ chemical, biochemical, or physiological reaction occurring before some other process; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical reactions or processes > [noun] > chemical reactions (general) > pre-reaction prereaction1907 1907 Lancet 8 June 1612/1 Sometimes, however, on the second day an early and irritating erythema comes out which may be called the ‘pre-reaction’. 1950 Jrnl. Physical & Colloid Chem. 54 595 It is probable..that this pre-reaction is a decomposition of superficial formate. 1978 Nature 12 Jan. 165/2 Preincubation of the antiserum with purified β₂-μ reduced all peaks to background level, whereas pre-reaction with BSA had no effect. 2004 Analyt. Chem. 76 1302 The delivered method is straightforward, alleviating the requirement for prereaction with a complexing agent. pre-rinse n. Brit. /ˈpriːrɪns/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌrɪns/ a preliminary rinse, esp. before washing. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > cleanness and dirtiness > cleaning > washing > [noun] > preliminary wash, soak, or rinse pre-wash1902 presoak1919 pre-rinse1924 1924 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post-Crescent 25 Oct. 16/3 Empty bottles enter the machine through a pre-rinse of cold water. 1950 J. G. Davis Dict. Dairying 71 A jetting pre-rinse..raises the temperature of the bottle at the same time. 2004 Chattanooga (Tennessee) Times Free Press (Nexis) 16 May f3 I'm tired of my wife claiming that when the dog licks the serving bowl clean after dinner that it is considered a pre-rinse. pre-roll n. Brit. /ˈpriːrəʊl/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌroʊl/ (in video editing) a process involving rolling the record and playback tapes backwards then forwards in order to synchronize their relative positions; the facility enabling this; (also) the duration of this process. ΚΠ 1987 St. Petersburg (Florida) Times 29 Nov. f2/3 This unit offers two flying erase heads, eight-segment programable assemble editing, insert edit, preroll edit and frame recording capability. 1993 Camcorder User Mar. 76/1 Pre-roll,..the amount of time the machine has to play both tapes in order to synchronise them before an edit. 2002 Digit Oct. 35 Additional options such as pre-roll, ease-in, and ease-out can be adjusted, too. † pre-scene n. Obsolete an anticipatory scene; a preview. ΚΠ 1605 J. Sylvester tr. G. de S. Du Bartas Deuine Weekes & Wks. i. vi. 227 This Earth with blood and wrongs poluted,..the pre-Scæne of Hell To cursed Creatures that 'gainst Heau'n rebell. preshadow n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈʃadəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈʃædoʊ/ a shadow of what is to come; a foreshadow or presentiment. ΚΠ 1851 E. B. Browning Casa Guidi Windows ii. xix. 122 Some pre-shadow rising slow Of what his Italy would fancy meet To be called Brutus. 1981 Times 7 Mar. 8/7 Walton is thus a pre-shadow (and after-shadow) of Frankenstein. pretravel n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtravl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtræv(ə)l/ (the amount of) movement of a working part of a mechanism that occurs before a point of action is reached (cf. overtravel n.); frequently attributive. ΚΠ 1965 Wireless World Sept. 464/2 Pre-travel plunger movement is 0.050 in and up to 0.010 in overtravel is possible. 1966 Vision Res. 6 647 The RT [= reaction time] was timed by closure of a microswitch with calibrated pretravel of 0–6 mm performed by flexion of the right thumb. 1983 Buck & Hickman Catal. 1983–5 369 Has a special operated drive permitting plenty of over-travel and pre-travel as a stroke counter. 1999 Appliance Manufacturer (Nexis) 1 May 49 During actuation, pretravel is achieved when an overlay on top of the switch is first deformed to come into contact with the button. 2000 Tooling & Production (Nexis) 1 Feb. 60 Low pretravel variation..means measurements can be performed with equal precision from any direction. (c) With an adjective. (i) † pre-coexistent adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1659 T. Lushington Resurrection Rescued 61 By natural relation his body was his own, as being the essential and proper counter-part of his soul, præ coexistent with it in one person. pre-combustible adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈbʌstᵻbl/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈbəstəb(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 626 Fanned by a constant updraught of ventilation between the kitchen and the chimneyflue, ignition was communicated from the faggots of precombustible fuel to polyhedral masses of bituminous coal. 1990 Limnol. & Oceanogr. 35 980/1 Stable isotopic tracer experiments require inorganic, precombustible filter materials. pre-essential adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈsɛnʃl/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsɛn(t)ʃəl/ ΚΠ 1864 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 7) 451 Soul, Though pre-essential in a bygone sphere, Or future form, shews still direct from God. 1996 Washington Times (Nexis) 10 Apr. a1 He reminds Americans that self-discipline is a pre-essential ingredient of success. † presubsistent adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1683 W. Cave Ecclesiastici 12 [He] was preexistent and presubsistent to the whole Creation. prethoughtful adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈθɔːtf(ᵿ)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈθɔtf(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˈθɑtf(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1848 E. Bulwer-Lytton Harold III. x. vi. 112 This it is which, free and pre-thoughtful of every chance, ye should now decide. (ii) pre-mutative adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmjuːtətɪv/ , /ˌpriːmjuːˈteɪtɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmjudədɪv/ , /ˌpriˌmjuˈteɪdɪv/ Linguistics rare (of a language) inflected by means of prefixes. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [adjective] > relating to affixes > prefixed or relating to prefixes prepositive1583 prefixed1633 prosthetic1738 preformative1821 prothetic1833 prefixional1858 prefixal1864 prefixial1893 pre-mutative1899 1899 R. C. Temple Univ. Gram. 7 Since affixes may be prefixes, infixes, or suffixes, agglutinative and synthetic languages are each divisible into (1) pre-mutative, or those that prefix their affixes; (2) intro-mutative..; and (3) post-mutative. b. Of local position. Chiefly Anatomy and Zoology. (a) Prefixed adverbially to adjectives with the sense ‘in front, anteriorly’. † precommunicant adj. Anatomy Obsolete (B. G. Wilder's term) designating a very short artery which joins the anterior cerebral arteries, forming the anterior link of the circle of Willis. ΚΠ 1885 B. G. Wilder in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 12 495 (table) Common Latin name. Communicans anterior... English paronym. Precommunicant. (b) Prefixed adjectivally to nouns and derived adjectives with the sense ‘situated or occurring in front, anterior’; spec. (Anatomy) prefixed to nouns and derived adjectives to denote the anterior (or superior) region of a part, organ, etc., or the foremost of a pair or group of similar or related structures. pre-abdomen n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈabdəmən/ , /ˌpriːabˈdəʊmən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈæbdəmən/ Zoology the anterior part of the abdomen, esp. in insects, crustaceans, etc. ΚΠ 1885 Bull. Amer. Mus. Nat. Hist. 1 182 The dorsal crust is preserved over..more than half of the preabdomen. 1961 J. Stubblefield Davies's Introd. Palaeontol. (ed. 3) v. 146 The Eurypterida had the body divided into three regions; the prosoma or cephalothorax, the mesosoma or pre-abdomen of 7 segments and the metasoma or post-abdomen of 5 segments and a telson. 1987 M. S. Laverack & J. Dando Lect. Notes Invertebr. Zool. (ed. 3) xxiii. 115 The opisthosoma is generally of 12 fused segments (a pre-abdomen of seven and a post-abdomen of five in scorpions). † prechoroid adj. Anatomy Obsolete (B. G. Wilder's term) designating the anterior choroid artery, which arises from the internal carotid artery and ends in the choroid plexus of the lateral ventricle of the brain. ΚΠ 1885 B. G. Wilder in Jrnl. Nerv. & Mental Dis. 12 495 (table) Common Latin name. Choroidea anterior... English paronym. Prechoroid. predigastric adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdʌɪˈɡastrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdaɪˈɡæstrɪk/ Anatomy rare of or relating to the anterior belly of the digastric muscle of the jaw. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Predigastric, of or pertaining to the predigastricus. 1969 Current Anthropol. 10 483/1 A digastric fossa is distinctly delimited by the edge of the predigastric crista. † predilatator n. Anatomy Obsolete rare the anterior part of the muscle which dilates the nostril (considered as a separate muscle).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Predilatator, the anterior dilatator muscle of the nostril. 1895 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Predilatator, Coues' name for the Dilatator naris anterior. † preforceps n. Anatomy Obsolete rare a group of fibres of the corpus callosum which form two branches curving forward into the frontal lobes.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Preforceps, certain anterior fibres of the corpus callosum which curve forward into the frontal lobe of the cerebrum, and are likened to a pair of forceps. † pregeminal adj. Anatomy Obsolete rare designating or relating to either of the anterior pair of quadrageminal bodies (superior colliculi); = preoptic adj. 1.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Pregeminal, pertaining to the anterior pair of the corpora quadrigemina of the brain. (c) In adverbial relation to a verb; in compounds formed in Latin, as preclude v., prefix v., premunite v. c. Of rank, degree, or importance, in sense ‘surpassing, in preference to, superior to, more or greater than, beyond’.Common in combinations already in Latin, but rare in English use. For precede v.², precel v., predominate v., pre-eminenced adj., pre-excellence n., prefer v., pregravitate v., pre-ordinate adj.², preponderate v.², etc., see individual headwords. pre-epic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɛpɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɛpɪk/ surpassing the epic. ΚΠ 1907 Sc. Hist. Rev. Jan. 166 Adventures pre-epic in their vastness. † pre-Luciferian adj. Obsolete surpassing Lucifer. ΚΠ a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1958) IX. 206 What a super-diabolicall, what a præ-Luciferian pride is his, that will be..superiour to God. †d. With intensive force, prefixed to adjectives and participial adjectives, in sense ‘pre-eminently, exceedingly, in the highest degree’. pre-pious adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1657 T. Reeve God's Plea for Nineveh 147 Single out that præpious person, that ye think is able to convert this Age. pre-pleasing adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1559 D. Lindsay Test. Papyngo 846 in Wks. (1931) I The eldest Dochter named was ryches; The secunde, Syster Sensualytie;..Preplesande to the Spiritualytie. pre-regular adj. Obsolete ΚΠ 1647 N. Ward Simple Cobler Aggawam 35 I had rather suppose them to powder, than expose them to preregular, much lesse to preter-regular judgements. 2. Combinations in which pre- is prepositional, having as its object the noun forming, or implied in, the second element. a. Of time or order of succession, in sense ‘before; anterior, prior, or previous to; preceding, earlier than; prefiguring, tending towards’.Ad hoc formations with this sense of pre- are extremely common. (a) With adjectives (and their derivative adverbs and nouns). (i) Prefixed to adjectives (also occasionally to nouns) derived from proper nouns, to names of people, and to names of races, nations, dynasties, religions, etc. pre-Alfredian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːalˈfriːdɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriælˈfridiən/ ΚΠ 1914 Eng. Hist. Rev. 29 696 (note) Hickes..printed a variant text of this, dated 767, from the original then at Worcester, which was in a pre-Alfredian hand. 2001 Jrnl. Brit. Stud. 40 9 It is more than likely that feud culture was something that pre-Alfredian kings shared with their nobility. pre-Aryan adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɛːrɪən/ , /(ˌ)priːˈɑːrɪən/ , /(ˌ)priːˈarɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɛriən/ ΚΠ 1860 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 7 296 How remarkable that the Pre-Aryan inhabitants of the Dekhan should be proved by their language alone. 1990 Indian Express (Madras) 31 Jan. 10/2 Being a vegetarian ‘Saiva’, Ravana belonged to the Dravidian race (a very civilized pre-Aryan heredity). pre-Assyrian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsɪrɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsɪriən/ ΚΠ 1886 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. & Hist. Fine Arts 2 213 He..has already made the discovery..of several important sites, with ruins dating back to the Assyrian and pre-Assyrian periods. 2000 Jrnl. Econ. Lit. 38 976/2 They present a history of international business from pre-Assyrian to Roman times. pre-Augustinian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɔːɡəˈstɪnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɔɡəˈstɪniən/ , /ˌpriˌɑɡəˈstɪniən/ ΚΠ 1881 Atlantic Monthly Dec. 816/2 That pre-Augustinian church of Britain which the mythical Arthur defended in vain. 1911 Catholic Encycl. XI. 313/1 It is not true that the doctrine of original sin does not appear in the works of the pre-Augustinian Fathers. 2000 William & Mary Q. 57 834 Defenders of England's Anglicanism..crediting the Irish with preserving, if not civilization, then at least a pre-Augustinian church. pre-Baconian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːbeɪˈkəʊnɪən/ , /ˌpriːbəˈkəʊnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpribəˈkoʊniən/ , /ˌpriˌbeɪˈkoʊniən/ ΚΠ 1865 J. S. Mill Exam. Hamilton's Philos. xxiv. 469 Generality of the pre-Baconian type. 1999 Renaissance Q. 52 249 Thus Bodin's Theatrum promises a glimpse into a pre-Baconian, pre-Cartesian world of ‘science’. pre-British adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbrɪtɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbrɪdɪʃ/ ΚΠ 1890 Eng. Hist. Rev. 5 144 He [sc. Pell] ‘proves’ some very curious facts, such as..that the equally Scandinavian ora was ‘pre-British’. 1995 Daily Tel. 8 Nov. 18/3 Debate about Hong Kong's pre-history has been part of wider interest in the territory's pre-British history. pre-Buddhist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbʊdɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbudəst/ , /ˌpriˈbʊdəst/ ΚΠ 1869 Harper's Mag. May 766/2 The Hinduism which has taken its place is far more gross than that of the pre-Buddhist era. 1996 Inner Bookshop (Oxford) Catal. 110 Sacred world. Shambala warriorship in daily life—Buddhist mindfulness practice & pre-Buddhist shamanic teachings. pre-Celtic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɛltɪk/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsɛltɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɛltɪk/ , /ˌpriˈsɛltɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Celtic people > [adjective] > period before advent of the Celts pre-Celtic1854 1854 J. C. Nott & G. R. Gliddon Types of Mankind i. iii. 91 The Pre-Celtic researches of Wilson, among the peat-bogs of the British Isles, have carried the existence of man in England and Scotland back to ages immensely remote. 1934 S. Robertson Devel. Mod. Eng. (1936) ii. 18 The pre-Hellenic inhabitants of Greece..were not Indo-European, nor were the Etruscans in Italy, the pre-Celtic peoples who inhabited Britain, or the Basques in Spain. 2004 Prediction Apr. 11/1 The ‘people of the bogs’ are thought to be an Irish pre-Celtic and rather primitive race called the Firbolgs. pre-Chaucerian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtʃɔːˈsɪərɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌtʃɔˈsɛriən/ , /ˌpriˌtʃɔˈsɪriən/ , /ˌpriˌtʃɑˈsɛriən/ , /ˌpriˌtʃɑˈsɪriən/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poet > poet by period > [adjective] > pre- or post-Chaucerian pre-Chaucerian1873 post-Chaucerian1889 1873 D. Masson in Contemp. Rev. Jan. 218 The Pre-Chaucerian portion of the Period, extending from about 1150 to about 1350. 1996 Speculum 71 669 The contours of published pre-Chaucerian Middle English continue to broaden even in the present day. pre-Communist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒmjᵿnɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑmjənəst/ ΚΠ 1933 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 5 Nov. iii. 8 A Rivera masterpiece of the Mexican artist's pre-Communist days. 1992 New Republic 18 May 9/1 A country where the pre-Communist fascist experience remains taboo. pre-Copernican adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkə(ʊ)ˈpəːnᵻk(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈpərnəkən/ ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific Ptolemean1623 Ptolemaical1653 Ptolemaic1654 Copernican1667 Tychonic1670 Newtonian1676 Tychonian1710 Galilean1728 vortician1734 pre-Copernican1851 Ptolemaian1864 pre-Galilean1880 post-Einsteinian1938 Velikovskian1974 1851 H. L. Mansel Prolegomena Logica App. 293 In speaking of the inconceivability of the pre-Copernican astronomy, we see at once that the boundary is overleaped, which separates the necessary laws of thought from the generalized phenomena of matter. a1963 C. S. Lewis Discarded Image (1964) iii. 22 Casual statements about pre-Copernican astronomy in modern scientists who are not historians are often unreliable. 1999 16th Cent. Jrnl. 30 174 Yves Bonnefoy..considers how pre-Copernican Renaissance artists understood space and time. pre-Copernicanism n. Brit. /ˌpriːkə(ʊ)ˈpəːnᵻkənɪz(ə)m/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈpərnəkəˌnɪzəm/ ΚΠ 1865 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. 170 It would be possible to point out in our greatest old poets..fashions of speculative thought, which might be debited to their pre-Copernicanism. 1996 Social Text Spring Introd. 10 If nothing else, Gross and Levitt have reinforced a weird pre-Copernicanism that views the entire social universe as revolving around scientists and that suspects all bodies with slightly eccentric orbits as displaying antiscience tendencies. pre-Dantean adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdantɪən/ , /(ˌ)priːˈdɑːntɪən/ , /ˌpriːdanˈtiːən/ , /ˌpriːdɑːnˈtiːən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdæntiən/ , /ˌpriˈdɑntiən/ ΚΠ 1893 Publ. Mod. Lang. Assoc. Amer. 8 123 Wolfram's Parzival..might be described briefly and made to show what pre-Dantean medieval art was. 1991 Speculum 66 182 A body of poetry (the very early Italian sonnets, works from the pre-Dantean and pre-Petrarchan times) which..remains confined mostly to Italianists and specialists. pre-Darwinian adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpriːdɑːˈwɪnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdɑrˈwɪniən/ ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution Lamarckian1846 Darwinian1859 Darwinite1860 polygenistic1860 vestigian1860 Darwinistic1863 monogenistic1865 un-Darwinian1869 pre-Darwinian1870 Darwinic1871 hereditarian1873 monogenetic1873 pangenetic1875 phylogenic1875 evolutionistic1876 Darwinical1881 neo-Lamarckian1884 Darwinizing1886 neo-Darwinian1888 unigenist1896 Haeckelian1897 pangenic1900 Mendelian1902 monogenic1902 pre-Mendelian1902 Weismannian1903 autonomistic1904 adaptionist1915 adaptationist1931 gradualist1931 selectionist1944 Morganist1949 saltationist1954 punctuational1976 punctuationalist1978 punctuationist1979 1870 Nature 11 Aug. 305/2 Commencing with the pre-Darwinian theories of transformation of Blainville and Lamarck, he then proceeds to give a résumé of the theory of Darwin. 1876–7 W. James in R. B. Perry Thought & Char. W. James (1935) I. xxviii. 478 Pre-Darwinians thought only of adaptation. They made [the] organism plastic to its environment. 1921 G. B. Shaw Back to Methuselah p. viii The pre-Darwinian age had come to be regarded as a Dark Age in which men still believed that the book of Genesis was a standard scientific treatise. 1991 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 13 June 13/3 Pre-Darwinian anthropology loudly disputed the claims of monogenists..and polygenists. 1993 Philos. Sci. 60 171 Pre-Darwinians came up with the idea of evolution. Darwin established the idea as fact. pre-Doric adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɒrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɔrɪk/ ΚΠ 1878 W. E. Gladstone Homer i. 13 A poet of Asia..would probably have called the pre-Doric Greeks by the race-name of Hellenes. 1998 Hesperia 67 340 (note) A nonperipteral, ‘pre-Doric’ reconstruction of the Temple of Poseidon at Isthmia. pre-European adj. Brit. /ˌpriːjʊərəˈpiːən/ , /ˌpriːjɔːrəˈpiːən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌjərəˈpiən/ , /ˌpriˌjʊrəˈpiən/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > [adjective] > before the rise of European culture pre-European1876 1876 Academy 19 Aug. 192/3 A work which is itself a summary..of all that several hundred authors have recorded as to the pre-European inhabitants of this vast district. 1908 Westm. Gaz. 7 June 2/2 In India itself the idea and word ‘Indian’ hardly existed in pre-European times. 2004 P. Whitfield Rough Guide Maori N.Z. (Wanderlust ed.) 17 In pre-European times complex trade routes developed to supply Maori..from the greenstone sources on the South Island's west coast. pre-Fascist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfaʃɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfæʃəst/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > fascism > [adjective] > before fascism pre-Fascist1924 1924 Times 4 Apr. 11/1 The pre-Fascist procession [sc. in a propaganda poster] is composed of unshaven bravos and dishevelled harpies waving red flags. 2001 Amer. Polit. Sci. Rev. (Nexis) 1 Mar. 235 The examples..that receive the most attention in Gregor's analysis are prefascist Italian nationalism [etc.]. pre-Gothic adj. and n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡɒθɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡɑθɪk/ ΚΠ 1831 Westm. Rev. July 31 The Siegfried's Chapel, in primeval, Pre-Gothic architecture, not long since pulled down. 1965 Language 41 24 The pre-Gothic vowel shifts are traceable..to similar assimilations. 2003 Church Times 8 Aug. 16/2 It was now a virtually unspoiled example of pre-Gothic. pre-Greek adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡriːk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡrik/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > nations > native or inhabitant of Europe > native or inhabitant of ancient or medieval Europe > ancient Greeks and neighbours > [adjective] > period before ancient Greek culture pre-Greek1881 1881 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 2 298 Comparing this rock with the rock-acropolis lately discovered above the ‘Niobe’ near Magnesia, I had no doubt that it was a stronghold of a pre-Greek race. 1998 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 24 Sept. 61/2 And then we push further back in time and further east to the Mittani, the Hittites, and the Urarians of pre-Greek Anatolia. pre-Han adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈhan/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈhæn/ ΚΠ 1930 Bull. School Oriental Stud. 6 5 In pre-Han literature there are no references to alchemy. 2001 Chinese Lit. 23 104 The Book of Changes subcategory..contains 166 texts, stretching chronologically from pre-Han times to the mid-Qing. pre-Hellenic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːhᵻˈlɛnɪk/ , /ˌpriːhɛˈlɛnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprihɛˈlɛnɪk/ ΚΠ 1859 B. W. Dwight Mod. Philol. 62 Giese, in his Æolische Dialekt, draws incidentally a picture of the pre-Hellenic period. 1989 M. Gimbutas Lang. of Goddess ii. xvii. 178 Another pre-Hellenic god was Hyakinthos..whose festival, the Hyakinthia, was celebrated at Amykla in Lakonia. pre-Hispanic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːhɪˈspanɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprihɪˈspænɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > peoples of Central America > specific period pre-Hispanic1908 classic1928 preclassic1945 post-classic1956 1908 Amer. Anthropologist 10 337 Study of the pre-hispanic necropolis of Calama, department of Antofagasta. 2000 Native Peoples: Arts & Lifeways No. 5. 26/4 Atole, a soothing corn porridge, is another Southwestern staple with pre-Hispanic origins. pre-Hitlerian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːhɪtˈlɪərɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌhɪtˈlɪriən/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > oppression > [adjective] > tyrannical, despotic, or autocratic tyrant1297 tyrannous1491 Pharaonical1528 tyrannical1560 tyrannizing1589 servile1603 despotical1608 monarchicala1618 Nimrodian1631 autocratoric1641 Dominical1644 despotic1650 Pendragonish1650 autocratical1651 autocratorical1651 Pharaonian1673 autocratic1769 Pharaonic1792 Corsican1804 Napoleonic1810 satrapian1822 satrapical1823 sultanic1827 absolutist1829 absolutistic1841 arbitrary1862 Napoleonistic1870 Nimrodic1877 pre-Hitlerian1942 1942 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 14 361 They have turned to J. Paul's Gustaf Adolf for the latest pre-Hitlerian German conception of that ruler's policies. 2002 P. Blom To have & to Hold (2003) 201 Another Jewish refugee I encountered, the former Berlin bookseller Ernst Laske in Tel Aviv, kept pre-Hitlerian Germany alive in his flat. pre-Hitlerite adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈhɪtlərʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈhɪtləˌraɪt/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [adjective] > characteristic of Hitler or his regime > before pre-Hitler1850 pre-Hitlerite1934 1934 C. Lambert Music Ho! iii. 224 The earnest and thoroughgoing sense of sin that gave such a peculiar flavour to pre-Hitlerite night life. 2003 Contemp. Rev. (Nexis) 1 Aug. 114 The infusion of talent, drive and ideas from the rather unfamiliar world of pre-Hitlerite Middle Europe has substantially altered the face of Britain. pre-Incaic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪŋˈkeɪɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪnˈkeɪɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca pre-Inca1860 pre-Incarial1860 pre-Incaic1920 Moche1953 1920 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 3 510 In other words, Sarmiento is of the opinion that the pre-Incaic state of Peru was one resembling that which existed in parts of Spain in the days of the behetrias. 1998 Ethnohistory 45 137 For Garcilaso de la Vega..it was necessary to assert a pre-Incaic past in which sodomy reigned. pre-Incan adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪŋkən/ ΚΠ 1879 H. George Progress & Poverty 96 Fragments of massive ruins yet attest a grander pre-Incan civilization. 2004 Guardian (Nexis) 20 Nov. 11 You can hike to pre-Incan ruins. pre-Islamic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪzˈlamɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪˈslɑmɪk/ , /ˌpriɪzˈlɑmɪk/ ΚΠ 1861 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Jan. 41 Nor in the whole circle of Arabian literature is there anything that surpasses in true lyric fire and spirit these pre-Islamic poetic effusions. 1991 Saudi Med. Jrnl. 12 129/1 In the pre-Islamic period, female infants were often buried alive, but with the advent of Islam the rights of children became better recognized. pre-Islamite adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪzləmʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪsləˌmaɪt/ ΚΠ 1857 W. Muir (title) The Life of Mahomet... With Introductory Chapters on the Original Sources for the Biography of Mahomet, and on the Pre-Islamite History of Arabia. 1910 Geogr. Jrnl. 36 169 It is possible that it marks the site of an idolatrous and pagan temple of the pre-Islamite Arabs. pre-Israelitish adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪzrəlʌɪtɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪzr(i)əˌlaɪdɪʃ/ ΚΠ 1889 Times 28 Jan. 4/5 From the Hittite monuments we were likely to gain most important information concerning the pre-Israelitish religion. 1948 D. Diringer Alphabet 89 The pre-Israelitish peoples of Palestine. pre-Jewish adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdʒuːɪʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdʒuɪʃ/ ΚΠ 1899 Times 20 Oct. 3/3 Mention was made of remains having been found at both sites pertaining to Jewish and pre-Jewish periods. 1982 Jrnl. Near Eastern Stud. 41 71/2 Of non-‘Jewish’ Hebrew and pre-Jewish Aramaic so little has survived that Jewish elements can scarcely be isolated in the extant texts. pre-Kantian adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkantɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑntiən/ ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > idealism > [adjective] > of or relating to Kantianism and its adherents dialectical1788 Kantian1796 synthetical1796 synthetic1819 multiplex1838 multiple1839 tri-logicala1856 pre-Kantian1866 dialectic1872 subreptive1877 criticist1878 category1901 1866 D. Masson Recent Brit. Philos. (new ed.) 167 Was it not always, or generally the pre-Kantian forms of Transcendentalism that Mr. Mill attacked? 2000 Yale French Stud. No. 97. 17 This stress on the author at the expense of the reader is pre-Kantian, since already Kant had given the reader, the receptor, the beholder an important role, more important than the author's. pre-Keynesian adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkeɪnzɪən/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkiːnzɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkeɪnziən/ , /ˌpriˈkinziən/ ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > management of money > management of national resources > [adjective] > of or relating to specific theories or doctrines physiocratical1789 Smithian1801 physiocratic1804 protective1822 Ricardian1824 cameralistic1831 Marshallian1894 monetarist1914 Paretian1916 neoclassical1926 marginalist1929 Keynesian1931 underconsumptionist1936 pre-Keynesian1939 Walrasian1942 trickle-down1944 neo-Keynesian1947 Schumpeterian1950 structuralist1962 monetaristic1972 market fundamentalist1997 1939 Polit. Sci. Q. 54 601 He is pre-Keynesian in his attitude toward the relations between investment, income, interest and employment. 2005 Observer (Nexis) 17 July 11 Politicians in the Eurozone have been placing their faith in the kind of pre-Keynesian economics known in this country as ‘the Treasury view’ during the 1920s and 1930s. pre-Koranic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈranɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈrænɪk/ , /ˌpriˌkɔˈrænɪk/ ΚΠ 1876 W. R. Cooper Archaic Dict. 30 An ancient title of the Deity among the pre-koranic Arabs. 2001 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 121 6 The fact that ʿĪsā has no satisfactory derivation and no pre-Koranic history should have alerted scholars to the possibility that the word is a mistake. pre-Linnaean adj. Brit. /ˌpriːlᵻˈniːən/ , /ˌpriːlᵻˈneɪən/ , U.S. /ˌprilɪˈneɪən/ , /ˌprilɪˈniən/ (also pre-Linnean) ΘΚΠ the world > plants > botany > [adjective] > specific systems of classification Linnaean1753 Jussiaean1824 pre-Linnaean1861 1861 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 8 160 The generic name Bucardia, being pre-Linnaean, must give way to Poli's name, that being the first one given to the genus under the binomial system. 1936 Discovery Mar. 85/1 There is a rich collection of botanical incunabula, old herbals, and other pre-Linnaean items. 2000 William & Mary Q. 57 43 A natural history catalogue in which plants and animals are identified by pre-Linnaean Latin tags that were often lengthy. pre-Listerian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːlᵻˈstɪərɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriləˈstɪriən/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [adjective] > 18th century Harveian1755 Hunteriana1819 pre-Listerian1881 1881 Lancet 16 Apr. 615/2 Successful results of pre-Listerian practice. 1996 Daily Tel. 18 Mar. 19/7 The prospect of a vinyl revival is about as much to be encouraged as a return to steam locomotion and pre-Listerian surgery. pre-Malthusian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmalˈθjuːzɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmɔlˈθuziən/ , /ˌpriˌmɔlˈθuʒən/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > science of mankind > [adjective] > study of populations > theories > relating to period before Malthus pre-Malthusian1894 1894 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 57 408 He proceeds in his first book to investigate what we may call the pre-Malthusian period. 1991 Population & Devel. Rev. 17 207 A customary and seldom-criticized approach..has been to lump together all writings before 1800 as ‘pre-Malthusian’ and to consider them chiefly for their anticipation of Malthus. pre-Mendelian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛnˈdiːlɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmɛnˈdiliən/ ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > of genetics or evolution Lamarckian1846 Darwinian1859 Darwinite1860 polygenistic1860 vestigian1860 Darwinistic1863 monogenistic1865 un-Darwinian1869 pre-Darwinian1870 Darwinic1871 hereditarian1873 monogenetic1873 pangenetic1875 phylogenic1875 evolutionistic1876 Darwinical1881 neo-Lamarckian1884 Darwinizing1886 neo-Darwinian1888 unigenist1896 Haeckelian1897 pangenic1900 Mendelian1902 monogenic1902 pre-Mendelian1902 Weismannian1903 autonomistic1904 adaptionist1915 adaptationist1931 gradualist1931 selectionist1944 Morganist1949 saltationist1954 punctuational1976 punctuationalist1978 punctuationist1979 1902 W. Bateson Mendel's Princ. Heredity 7 The cases are all examples of discontinuous variation: that is to say, cases in which actual intermediates between the parent forms are not usually produced on crossing. [Note] This conception of discontinuity is of course pre-Mendelian. 2001 Isis 92 66 Most of the experimental data they presented was ‘pre-Mendelian’ in its design—for example, they did not always record precise numbers of offspring produced. pre-Messianic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛsɪˈanɪk/ , /ˌpriːmɛsʌɪˈanɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmɛsiˈænɪk/ , /ˌpriˌmɛsiˈɑnɪk/ ΚΠ 1845 N. Amer. Rev. Apr. 362 Christians must deny to Judaism that vitality which is essential to its maintenance upon the true basis even of a pure pre-Messianic creed. 1985 Jrnl. Amer. Oriental Soc. 105 147/1 Schiffman reads these texts as indicating a theological understanding of purity which underlay the Torah in the immediately pre-Messianic Age. pre-Mohammedan adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmᵿˈhamᵻd(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌprimoʊˈhɑməd(ə)n/ ΚΠ 1888 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 10 104 There appears to have existed between these tribes an ancient pre-Mahommedan connection. 1913 G. Bell Let. 25 Dec. (1927) I. xiii. 317 Safaitic inscriptions..are pre-Muhammadan, the rude inscriptions of nomad tribes. 2003 Sentinel (Stoke-on-Trent) (Nexis) 24 Mar. 9 A number of encyclopaedians point to the name Allah appearing in pre-Mohammedan literature and even suggest it was the name of the moon-god. pre-Mycenaean adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmʌɪsᵻˈniːən/ , /ˌpriːmʌɪˈsiːnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmaɪsəˈniən/ , /ˌpriˌmaɪˈsiniən/ ΚΠ 1893 Classical Rev. 7 481/1 At least nine such strata are clearly defined, as follows:—pre-Mycenaean or pre-historic [etc.]. 1900 Jrnl. Hellenic Stud. 20 172 Of Dr. Halbherr's discoveries at Phaestos no particulars are yet to hand, except that he is excavating a large citadel of the Mycenean and pre-Mycenean age. 2000 Washington Post (Nexis) 10 Jan. a9 The program has dispensed $1.6 million to 38 archaeologists for sites from Megiddo's Stratum 6 to..the pre-Mycenaean strata at the citadel of Koukounaries on the Greek island of Paros. pre-Nazi adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnɑːtsi/ , /(ˌ)priːˈnatsi/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnɑtsi/ , /ˌpriˈnætsi/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > Nazism > [adjective] > before Nazism pre-Nazi1933 1933 Times 24 July 14/2 The strength of the Schiedermanns, Stresemanns, and Brünings of the pre-Nazi régime. 2002 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 67 825/1 In the twentieth century, the best known pre-Nazi instance is the Young Turk movement's assault..against the Armenian population in Turkish Armenia and Asia Minor. pre-Newtonian n. and adj. Brit. /ˌpriːnjᵿˈtəʊnɪən/ , /ˌpriːnjuːˈtəʊnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌn(j)uˈtoʊniən/ ΚΠ 1873 J. Morley Rousseau II. xii. 191 Prae-Newtonians knew not the wonders of which Newton was to find the key. 1919 Amer. Math. Monthly 26 19 Child obtains a group of formulas for differentiation and integration, such as have been gathered also from other pre-Newtonian writers. 1932 E. A. Burtt Metaphysical Found. Mod. Physical Sci. (ed. 2) i. 17 As for pre-Newtonian science, it is one and the same movement with pre-Newtonian philosophy. 1957 Isis 48 493 It is..[the author's] contention that the pre-Newtonians, and indeed Newton himself, were concerned with the social and particularly the theological impact of science, in contrast to the eighteenth century scientists. 1998 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 8 Oct. 49/2 In an important sense, especially in his geometric style, Newton is pre-Newtonian. pre-Norse adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnɔːs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnɔrs/ ΚΠ 1904 Geogr. Jrnl. 23 137 The book contains chapters on pre-Norse records, the Norse occupation, and other early events. 2005 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 17 May 9 The dig uncovered remains dating from the early Iron Age through to the fourteenth century, with the pre-Norse evidence disappearing suddenly as the settlers arrived in larger numbers. pre-Pauline adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpɔːlʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɔˌlaɪn/ , /ˌpriˈpɔˌlin/ , /ˌpriˈpɑˌlaɪn/ , /ˌpriˈpɑˌlin/ ΚΠ 1867 H. P. Liddon Divinity of our Lord vi. 243 You would still..be debarred from saying that St. James' Epistle is a sample of the earliest Christianity, of the Christianity of the pre-Pauline age of the Church. 1986 Evangelical Q. Apr. 123 I agree with Fiorenza..that 1:18–31 [Corinthians] had its origin in the pre-Pauline communities, and that Paul is using this midrash for his own purposes. pre-Pharaonic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːfɛːreɪˈɒnɪk/ , /ˌpriːfəˈrɒnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌfɛreɪˈɑnɪk/ , /ˌprifəˈrɑnɪk/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-Pharaonic. 1992 Jrnl. Field Archaeol. 19 72/2 This well-illustrated work emphasizes the origins of Egyptian civilization and the contributions of Pre-pharaonic cultures to the development of the Egytpian state. pre-Romanesque adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrəʊməˈnɛsk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌroʊməˈnɛsk/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > architecture > style of architecture > [adjective] > Romanesque and pre-Romanesque Romanesque1819 pre-Romanesque1888 1888 Amer. Jrnl. Archaeol. & Hist. Fine Arts 4 468 Much valuable space is wasted by the study of pre-Romanesque architecture as a whole, instead of in its relations with Romanesque only. 1974 D. Yarwood Archit. Europe iv. 182/1 The tradition in this region was, as in pre-Romanesque times.., to build in solid wood. pre-Saxon adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsaksn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsæks(ə)n/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Germanic people > ancient Germanic peoples > [adjective] > Saxons > pre-Saxon pre-Saxon1869 1869 Appletons' Jrnl. 16 Oct. 279/1 A large proportion of them [sc. Normans] were Bretons, of the very same Cymric race with the pre-Saxon inhabitants of England. 1999 Oxoniensia 63 25 There were two important trackways which passed through the estate, both of which were pre-Saxon roads. pre-Semitic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsᵻˈmɪtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈmɪdɪk/ ΚΠ 1877 Outl. Hist. Relig. 165 The Magians were..a pre-Semitic and pre-Aryan priestly tribe in West Asia. 2000 T. Robbins Fierce Invalids 347 Switters..wished he might have visited the tents of some of those lusty Semitic and pre-Semitic lasses. pre-Shakespearean adj. Brit. /ˌpriːʃeɪkˈspɪərɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌʃeɪkˈspɪriən/ ΚΠ 1865 Catholic World July 555/2 No one will contend that..it would be possible for a modern writer..to go back beyond him and endeavor to establish a pre-Shakespearian school of English literature. 1942 G. Greene Brit. Dramatists 20 We have only to compare Jonson's Sejanus with the pre-Shakespearian historical plays to notice the difference. 2019 Huntington Libr. Q. 82 208 It is a question that usually makes little sense to readers unaware of the pre-Shakespearean history of the Leir story. pre-Solomonic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɒləˈmɒnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɑləˈmɑnɪk/ ΚΠ 1902 Geogr. Jrnl. 19 496 Concluding that..the golden Pactolus which streamed into Tyre and Jerusalem in Solomonic and even pre-Solomonic times, had its sources in the present Rhodesia. 1999 G. Robins in B. Vivante Women's Roles in Anc. Civilizations vi. 127 In the Book of Numbers the Levites are assigned a variety of housekeeping tasks in and around the pre-Solomonic portable tent sanctuary called the Tabernacle. pre-Solonian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsəˈləʊnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈloʊniən/ ΚΠ 1887 Classical Rev. 1 59/1 Aristotle's well-known Four Stages of the evolution of democracy..correspond to what actually occurred in the history of Athens. The First Stage.., corresponds to the pre-Solonian period. 2000 Classical Philol. 95 94 The gene..of the Eupatridai and other pre-Solonian aristocratic families. pre-Soviet adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊvɪət/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsɒvɪət/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊvɪɛt/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsɒvɪɛt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsoʊviət/ , /ˌpriˈsoʊviˌɛt/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > Russian politics > [adjective] > before the soviets pre-Soviet1924 1924 Times 21 Feb. 11/3 The equality of treatment enjoyed by this country in the pre-Soviet period. 2001 Black Belt Sept. 67/2 The progenitor of sambo, samoz was founded upon the martial traditions of pre-Soviet Russia. pre-Vedic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈveɪdɪk/ , /(ˌ)priːˈviːdɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈveɪdɪk/ , /ˌpriˈvidɪk/ ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > non-Christian religions > Hinduism > Hindu sects and groups > [adjective] > Vedism pre-Vedic1872 the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Indo-Iranian > Indic > Sanskrit > before Vedic culture pre-Vedic1872 1872 Atlantic Monthly Nov. 594/1 Unless the horrible custom [sc. suttee] had received the sanction of a public opinion bequeathed from pre-Vedic times, the Brahmins would have had not motive for fraudulently reviving it. 1992 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 16 Jan. 42/3 Muddupalani did not belong to the pre-Vedic age. pre-Virgilian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːvəːˈdʒɪlɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌvərˈdʒɪljən/ , /ˌpriˌvərˈdʒɪliən/ ΚΠ 1905 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 26 330 The technique of pre-Virgilian narrative, whether in prose or in poetry, has been but superficially examined. 1987 Harvard Stud. in Classical Philol. 91 244 Varro, who is representative of the pre-Virgilian tradition, states [etc.]. (ii) Geology. Forming adjectives and nouns relating to or denoting the period preceding the division of geological time denoted by the second element. Cf. also Precambrian adj. and n. pre-Carboniferous adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɑːbəˈnɪf(ə)rəs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑrbəˈnɪf(ə)rəs/ ΚΠ 1855 J. Phillips Man. Geol. 613 The quantity of carbonic acid in the atmosphere in the precarboniferous ages. 1894 Geol. Mag. Oct. 461 The South Welsh pre-Carboniferous barrier of Hull, which forms the northern boundary of the visible Coal-fields. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 752/1 Controversy has centred more particularly around the schistes lustrés, which are held by some to be of Triassic age and by others to be pre-Carboniferous. 1995 Chem. Geol. 125 249 The data..place severe constraints on the crustal evolution of this region during the Carboniferous and pre-Carboniferous epoch. pre-Laurentian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːlɒˈrɛnʃn/ , /ˌpriːlɔːˈrɛnʃn/ , /ˌpriːləˈrɛnʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌlɔˈrɛn(t)ʃən/ ΚΠ 1875 J. W. Dawson Nature & Bible 76 The Earth's crust thrown into folds, The first continents. Pre-Laurentian vegetation, known only inferentially. 1935 Science 22 Feb. 186/2 Do ordinary field studies give us even the basis for a poor guess that these schists are in reality Archean, in the sense of being pre-Laurentian? pre-Palaeozoic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpalɪəˈzəʊɪk/ , /ˌpriːpeɪlɪəˈzəʊɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpeɪliəˈzoʊɪk/ ΚΠ 1875 T. S. Hunt Chem. & Geol. Ess. vii. 76 I adduced a further argument in favor of such a pre-palæozoic continent to the eastward, from the climatic conditions of great dryness which gave rise in the palæozoic region of North America to deposits of salt, gypsum, and dolomite. 1996 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 4990/1 Pre-Palaeozoic strata from the Altar Desert of the Caborca region (Sonara, Mexico) have yielded a new locality for fossils of an early shallow marine Ediacaran community. pre-Permian adj. and n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpəːmɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpərmiən/ ΚΠ 1895 Science 10 May 523/2 In discussing the age of the folding of the Alps the author makes it clear that there have been at least two chief periods of folding, one pre-Permian, and the other post-Miocene. 1986 J. C. M. Taylor in J. Brooks et al. Habitat of Palaeozoic Gas in N.W. Europe 43/2 Wells reaching the pre-Permian in Hampshire and Dorset follow the broad pattern seen at outcrop in Devon. 1997 Internat. Jrnl. Plant Sci. 158 679/1 These occurrences may indicate an earlier (pre-Permian) origin for glossopterids. pre-Silurian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsʌɪˈl(j)ʊərɪən/ , /ˌpriːsᵻˈl(j)ʊərɪən/ , /ˌpriːsʌɪˈl(j)ɔːrɪən/ , /ˌpriːsᵻˈl(j)ɔːrɪən/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈlʊriən/ , /ˌpriˌsaɪˈlʊriən/ ΚΠ 1860 W. H. Harvey Let. 24 Aug. in C. Darwin Corr. (1993) VIII. 325 We shall not trouble ourselves to compare thereby the enormous length of the post-silurian epoch (from the present year, back to the date of the first silurian bed):—but let us endeavour to conceive, guided by palæontological evidence, the probable length of the pre-silurian-organic period, from the lowest bed of the Primordial Form. 1993 Nature 15 July 223/1 The pre-Silurian terrestrial environment was not devoid of plants. (iii) Medicine. Forming adjectives (and occasionally corresponding nouns) designating conditions, symptoms, etc., occurring before the disease, disorder, etc., denoted by the second element (esp. as the preceding stage in the course of that disease, disorder, etc.). pre-albuminuric adj. Brit. /ˌpriːalˌbjuːmᵻˈnjʊərɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriælˌbjuməˈn(j)ʊrɪk/ ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Pre-albuminuric, preceding the occurrence of albuminuria: as, the prealbuminuric stage of Bright's disease. 1998 Nephrol. Dialysis Transplantation 13 Suppl. 8. 35/1 Metabolic control in the prealbuminuric phase was effective in reducing the incidence of microalbuminuria, even if it was unable to reduce the incidence of overt proteinuria in patients with type I diabetes. pre-ascitic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈsɪtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈsɪdɪk/ ΚΠ 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 111 The early or pre-ascitic stage of cirrhosis. 1997 Jrnl. Hepatol. 26 808 Patients with pre-ascitic cirrhosis show elevated levels of endothelin-1 and endothelin-3 throughout the day. pre-epileptic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɛpᵻˈlɛptɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛpəˈlɛptɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke > epilepsy epilentical1483 epileptic1608 epileptical1621 epilepsian1627 epileptiform1861 epileptoid1876 epileptogenous1885 pre-paroxysmal1887 epileptogenic1889 uncinate1899 psychomotor1902 pre-epileptic1903 1903 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 14 389 He had acted strangely for a day or two before he ran away. It is very probable that this was a pre-epileptic confusion. 1928 L. J. J. Muskens Epilepsy vii. 257 The pre-epileptic headache..is little influenced by drugs. 1983 Epilepsia 24 200 Taurine levels in the pre-epileptic state remain near normal. † pre-fungoidal adj. Obsolete rare ΚΠ 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VIII. 887 In this so-called ‘pre-fungoidal’ stage. premalignancy n. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈlɪɡnənsi/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈlɪɡnənsi/ also figurative ΚΠ 1947 Lancet 5 Apr. 440/2 Suspected pre-malignancy dispersed in at least 3 cases. 1956 J. Thurber in Science 27 Apr. 705/2 The most alarming incidence of verbal premalignancy occurs, of course, in this very area of politics. 1988 Cancer Surv. 7 504 This will give an indication of the risk of HPV infection for the development of cervical premalignancies. pre-malignant adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈlɪɡnənt/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈlɪɡnənt/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > cancer > previous to cancer precancerous1879 pre-malignant1884 1884 Lancet 26 July 139/1 It was in a pre-malignant condition. 1961 Lancet 29 July 250/2 It is suggested that there is a premalignant defect in the genes which control the development of the reticulo-endothelial system. 2000 M. M. Burke & J. A. Laramie Primary Care of Older Adult xiv. 378 Benign prostatic hyperplasia..is not a premalignant state, nor is it related to the development of cancer in any way. pre-paroxysmal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːparəkˈsɪzm(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpɛrəkˈsɪzm(ə)l/ , /ˌpripəˌrɑkˈsɪzm(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke > epilepsy epilentical1483 epileptic1608 epileptical1621 epilepsian1627 epileptiform1861 epileptoid1876 epileptogenous1885 pre-paroxysmal1887 epileptogenic1889 uncinate1899 psychomotor1902 pre-epileptic1903 1887 Lancet 16 Apr. 784/2 Besides the pathology of the inebriate pre-paroxysmal physical antecedent, there was the pathology of the inebriate diathesis. 1907 W. A. Turner Epilepsy vi. 121 A form of pre-paroxysmal psychosis..is the feeling of good spirits and of exceptional well-being, which precedes the onset of an attack in some cases. 1982 Neuroscience 7 1955 The..development of the..activity was divided into (a) a first phase characterized by an increased rate of neuronal firing, (b) a pre-paroxysmal phase wherein neurons began to fire clusters of action potentials and (c) a paroxysmal phase. (iv) Grammar. Forming adjectives (or related adverbs), in sense ‘preceding the phonetic or grammatical feature, etc., denoted by the second element’. preaccentual adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəkˈsɛn(t)ʃʊəl/ , /ˌpriːəkˈsɛn(t)ʃ(ᵿ)l/ , /ˌpriːəkˈsɛntjʊəl/ , /ˌpriːəkˈsɛntjᵿl/ , U.S. /ˌpriækˈsɛn(t)ʃ(əw)əl/ , /ˌpriəkˈsɛn(t)ʃ(əw)əl/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > intonation, pitch, or stress > [adjective] > accent > before an accent preaccentual1894 1894 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 15 414 Only three propositions seem to me reasonable and provable in this regard as to the e/o series: 1st. e is accentual, 2d. o is post-accentual, and 3d. complete disappearance of the vowel is pre-accentual. 1981 Word 32 236 The non-falling non-rising is found in preaccentual and accented syllables. pre-adjectival adj. Brit. /ˌpriːadʒᵻkˈtʌɪvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌædʒəkˈtaɪv(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adjective > [adjective] > preceding an adjective pre-adjectival1960 1960 Amer. Speech 35 86 This paper is mainly concerned with the pre-adjectival positions. 1993 Amer. Speech 68 377 They explain this effect by pointing to the absence of a copula in pre-adjectival settings in some West African languages. preadverbial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːədˈvəːbɪəl/ , /ˌpriːadˈvəːbɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriədˈvərbiəl/ , /ˌpriædˈvərbiəl/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > adverb > [adjective] > preceding an adverb preadverbial1976 1976 Archivum Linguisticum 7 32 Absolute-final position is the norm for final position, with pre-adverbial positions as optional variants in sentences where non-sentence adverbials occur. 2002 Linguistics 40 1118 Let us investigate..the prosodic markedness of preadverbial and postadverbial definites. preconsonantal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑnsəˈnæn(t)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective] > before or after anteconsonantal1888 preconsonantal1896 post-consonantal1905 post-consonantic1935 preconsonant1949 1896 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 17 444 Eighth-century scribes do not confine themselves to one form of contraction stroke or symbol of final or preconsonantal m. 1993 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 38 57 Pronunciations such as [dezástrœ] with final [œ] are normally found only in preconsonantal position. preconsonantally adv. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantl̩i/ , /ˌpriːkɒnsəˈnantəli/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑnsəˈnæn(t)l̩i/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adverb] > before or after a consonant preconsonantally1932 post-consonantally1941 1932 Language 8 185 Preconsonantally they remain long and are true diphthongs. 1992 D. Gutch in C. Blank Lang. & Civilization I. 570 The unstressed sequence -er is realized preconsonantally and word-finally as a low form of [ə]. pre-inflectional adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈflɛkʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːɪnˈflɛkʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈflɛkʃ(ə)nəl/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > inflection > [adjective] > before origin of inflection pre-inflectional1932 1932 Language 8 199 These case-endings, mere grades of bases without inflexion, imply, it would seem, a pre-inflexional stage of Indo-European. 1981 Language 57 335 Direct borrowing of many bound affixes had occurred:..denominative verbalizing suffix, pre-inflectional thematizing verbal suffix,..,and various others. prepausal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpɔːzl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɔz(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˈpɑz(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > before a pause pre-pause1934 prepausal1941 1941 Language 17 225 A study of post-pausal and pre-pausal allophones reveals several recurrent differences between these and the corresponding allophones occurring elsewhere than at points of open juncture. 1992 D. Gutch in C. Blank Lang. & Civilization I. 562 Each unhistorical final r in these extracts is contextually preconsonantal or prepausal, and so would be realized as [r] by the writer..only if she was rhotic. pre-suffixal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsʌfᵻksl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsəfɪks(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > morpheme > [adjective] > relating to affixes > suffixed or relating to suffixes > before a suffix pre-suffixal1933 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 220 Some suffixes have pre-suffixal stress: the accent is on the syllable before the suffix. 1998 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 61 219 The occurrence of pre-suffixal epenthesis in Najdi Arabic mirrors in surprising fashion the distribution of case vowels. presyllabic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsᵻˈlabɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈlæbɪk/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > syllable > before a syllable presyllabic1912 1912 Classical Philol. 7 167 There follows, in resumption of the address, a dactylic monometer with two spondees,..; then, one presyllabic ithyphallic. 1995 Poetics Today 16 472 This early Russian poetry, which was initially composed in ‘presyllabic verse’..was written by ecclesiastics. (v) Forming other adjectives (or the nouns to which these are related), frequently in sense ‘existing or occurring prior to the development or knowledge of’. pre-capitalist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkapᵻtl̩ɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkæpədl̩əst/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > specific political theories or doctrines > [adjective] > capitalism > before pre-capitalist1916 1916 J. A. Ryan Distributive Justice xxii. 341 Smith restricted this conclusion to primitive and pre-capitalist societies. 2002 High Country News 13 May 10/1 Her thesis..is that our best hope lies in going back to the pre-industrial, pre-capitalist, pre-consumer cultures of hunters and gatherers. precapitalistic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkapᵻtlˈɪstɪk/ , /ˌpriːkapᵻtəˈlɪstɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkæpədlˈɪstɪk/ ΚΠ 1904 Polit. Sci. Q. 19 167 Mr. Dodd..in his description of pre-capitalistic days in England, gravely asserts that the ‘purest country air then was fouler than the air of our city slums.’ 2003 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 13 Feb. 49/2 Adorno establishes a relationship..between the supposed ‘premodern’ and ‘precapitalistic’ character of Russian society and some ‘traits’ of a presumed ‘pre’-subjectivism. pre-chemical adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɛmᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɛmək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > chemical substances > [adjective] > of or relating to chemicals > before chemicals pre-chemical1916 1916 Proc. Royal Soc. 1915–16 A. 92 385 They [sc. steps in ignition] must be regarded as pre-chemical atomic combination, caused by direct electrification. 1996 Econ. Hist. Rev. 49 214 Both constraints, operating within the context of pre-chemical and pre-mechanical agricultural sytems,..limited the scale and scope of French endeavours to follow the path taken by Britain. precinematographic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˌsɪnᵻmatə(ʊ)ˈɡrafɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪnəˌmædəˈɡræfɪk/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > [adjective] > films or the cinema > before precinematographica1961 prefilmic1966 a1961 H. D. HERmione (1981) iii. 60 Precinematographic conscience didn't help Her. Later conscience would have. 1974 M. Taylor tr. C. Metz Film Lang. iii. 32 The most obvious pictorial juxtaposition, the most properly literary effect of composition, were, to hear him, prophetically precinematographic. pre-civilized adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɪvl̩ʌɪzd/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsɪvᵻlʌɪzd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɪvəˌlaɪzd/ ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > civilization > lack of civilization > [adjective] wilda1300 bestiala1398 wilderna1400 savagine?a1439 barbaric1490 rudea1530 barbar1535 barbarous1538 pagan1550 uncivil1553 Scythical1559 raw?1573 savaged1583 incivil1586 savage1589 barbarian1591 uncivilized1607 negerous1609 mountainous1613 ruvid1632 ruvidous1632 barbarious1633 incivilizeda1645 alabandical1656 inhumanea1680 tramontane1740 semi-barbarous1798 irreclaimed1814 semi-savage1833 semiferine1854 warrigal1855 sloven1856 semi-barbaric1864 pre-civilized1876 wild and woolly1884 jungle1908 medieval1917 jungli1920 1876 W. G. Palgrave in Fortn. Rev. Apr. 536 There were a dozen Maroon corials, mere hollow tree-trunks, the simplest forms of barbaric invention—survivals, to borrow Mr. Tylor's excellent nomenclature, of a præ-civilized era in river navigation. 2003 New Yorker 29 May 89/1 The world of ‘Oryx and Crake’—a future rendered pre-civilized by catastrophe. pre-coitional adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌprikoʊˈɪʃ(ə)nəl/ ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > actions or bird defined by > [adjective] > mating > leading to pre-coitional1950 1950 Q. Rev. Biol. 25 340/2 Although a highly spectacular precoitional ceremony occurs, the writer does not believe that the cycles of both males and females must be attuned, as the males are apparently always ready to participate. 1959 K. E. L. Simmons in D. A. Bannerman Birds Brit. Isles VIII. 218 The ceremonies are not ‘pre-coitional’ in that they do not lead immediately to mating. 1998 E. A. H. Wallace & G. E. Wallace in A. Poole & F. Gill Birds N. Amer. No. 362. 8/1 Before copulation, male assumes ‘lower precoitional posture’... If male takes upper precoitional posture, female may leave. pre-commercial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈməːʃl/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈmərʃəl/ ΚΠ 1881 W. R. Smith Old Test. in Jewish Church xii. 348 Based on the old precommercial state of things. 2001 Sunday Times (Nexis) 11 Mar. (Features section) In a pre-commercial society, there was always that history, and there was a connection between seller and buyer that is lacking in contemporary commercial society. precontemporaneous adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəntɛmpəˈreɪnɪəs/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˌtɛmpəˈreɪniəs/ ΚΠ 1884 Science 7 Mar. 294/1 In discussing the precontemporaneous history of the subject, he defined the following epochs: 1, The archaic (prior to 1700); 2, The pre-Linnean (1700-50); 3, The post-Linnean (1750-1800); [etc.]. precopulative adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒpjᵿlətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑpjələdɪv/ , /ˌpriˈkɑpjəˌleɪdɪv/ ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [adjective] > preliminary to intercourse pre-coital1935 precopulative1968 1968 Ann. Amer. Acad. Polit. & Social Sci. 376 150/2 Cunnilingus is now widely accepted among sexologists as normal precopulative sex play. 1992 Evolution 46 915/2 A G[erris] odontogaster male has to..subdue the female by grasping her during precopulative struggle. pre-democratic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdɛməˈkratɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdɛməˈkrædɪk/ ΚΠ 1881 Times 5 Jan. 4/1 With these groups compare Gainsborough's energetic sketch of Fox, in his pre-democratic period. 1997 A. Barnett This Time 3 The hope was that collective sentiment would return to its pre-democratic reliability. pre-earthly adv. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈəːθli/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈərθli/ ΚΠ 1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 213 Cities and fanes of diamond crown the hills..Of this preearthly paradise. 1997 Entertainment Weekly (Nexis) 30 May 48 Spielberg seemed enraptured..by the primal wonder and terror of dinosaurs, by these beasts so mammoth and ancient they seem less prehistoric than pre-earthly. pre-economic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːiːkəˈnɒmɪk/ , /ˌpriːɛkəˈnɒmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛkəˈnɑmɪk/ , /ˌpriˌikəˈnɑmɪk/ ΚΠ 1872 Economist 13 July 861/2 He was born in the pre-economic period; he has not a conception of the principles which Europe owes to Adam Smith. 2001 Amer. Econ. Rev. 91 559/2 One [sc. explanation] is that cropsharing is largely a feature of pre-economic, custom-bound cultures. pre-elemental adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɛlᵻˈmɛntl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛləˈmɛn(t)l/ ΚΠ 1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 475 That peace, Premotional, preelemental, prime. 1963 Jrnl. Hist. Ideas 24 61 The atomists—like Milton—conceived of the universe as emerging from a chaos composed of pre-elemental material. pre-federal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɛd(ə)rəl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈfɛd(ə)rl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɛd(ə)rəl/ ΚΠ 1906 Times 30 Aug. 6/1 In pre-federal conditions, a locally controlled Australian squadron was an impossibility. 1997 Europe-Asia Stud. 49 1339 Serbs and Russians..saw the federations not only as logical successors to pre-federal (and pre-communist) polities but also as ‘rewards’ for the particular privations suffered..during World War II. prefilmic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfɪlmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfɪlmɪk/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > cinematography > [adjective] > films or the cinema > before precinematographica1961 prefilmic1966 1966 S. Gilbert tr. R. L. Delevoy Dimensions of 20th Cent. ii. 114 ‘Pre-filmic’ texts—texts, to say, which seem to hint at a cinematographic way of seeing. 1974 M. Taylor tr. C. Metz Film Lang. v. 114 The iconology (likewise prefilmic) that organizes the denotation of those same objects. 1996 Representations No. 55 Special Issue Summer 20 Griffith emancipated cinema from its dependence on prefilmic entertainment. pre-imperial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪmˈpɪərɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈpɪriəl/ ΚΠ 1875 Fraser's Mag. Dec. 776/1 In the pre-imperial days, when Prussia was a third-rate power, diplomacy could offer but very limited prospects in life to men of good family and small means. 1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) p. xix There are two kinds of Russianness, one connected with the people, the language and the pre-imperial principalities, the other with territory. pre-industrial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈdʌstrɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈdəstriəl/ ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of other specific periods Georgian1745 romancean1804 early modern1817 federal1838 Jacobean1844 post-Reformation1850 pre-Reformation1855 postcolonial1861 post-Renaissance1874 post-conquest1880 post-conquestual1880 Jacobian1883 post-pyramidal1883 pre-industrial1883 early American1895 bow-and-arrow1899 palaeotechnic1904 Renaissancist1932 steam age1941 Carolinian1949 postcolonialist1957 1883 F. Ward Dynamic Sociol. I. vii. 486 Considering the existing industrial races of men, we are compelled to assume that they have passed into their present from some pre-industrial state. 2004 Times Lit. Suppl. 23 Aug. 13/3 Piero Camporesi discusses the hallucinogenic and physical disorders associated with..contaminated bread in pre-industrial Europe. preindustrialist adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈdʌstrɪəlɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈdəstriələst/ ΚΠ 1940 Mod. Lang. Notes 55 58 To Lindsay, the decisive factor in Bunyan's life was his so-called ‘proletarian’ and ‘pre-industrialist’ status. 1996 Hist. Teacher 29 539 Women were not exploited in the same ways by the patriarchal preindustrialist and the capitalist industrial systems. pre-intellectual adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktʃʊəl/ , /ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktʃ(ᵿ)l/ , /ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktjʊəl/ , /ˌpriːɪntᵻˈlɛktjᵿl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɪn(t)əˈlɛk(t)ʃ(əw)əl/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > [adjective] > relating to childhood childhood1600 bread and buttera1625 early1630 prepubertal1858 preschool1879 pre-intellectual1891 preadolescent1904 pre-kindergarten1912 prepuberal1913 pre-teen1929 prepubic1932 1891 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 20 319 All the theories hitherto advanced..imply that the primordial mind had effaced all signs of its pre-intellectual ancestry. 1982 R. Littlewood & M. Lipsedge Aliens & Alienists ii. 58 Blacks were not slow to point out that this stereotype was merely a revival of the primitive at a pre-intellectual stage of development. pre-lexical adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɛksᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɛksək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > morphology > word-formation > [adjective] > of an element in process of forming word pre-lexical1957 1957 C. La Drière in N. Frye Sound & Poetry ii. 103 The concord is of natural, or at least prelexical or paralexical, suggestion of the sound with its conventional reference. 2002 Professional Safety (Nexis) Sept. 18 A format that clearly defines the warning and makes it stand apart from other information could allow users to bypass or ignore it altogether (also known as ‘pre-lexical’ filtering). preliterary adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɪt(ə)rəri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɪdəˌrɛri/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > [adjective] > pre-literary preliterary1876 1876 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 130/1 Made out of the proper epical material, that is to say, the mythology, the pre-literary traditions, and the first literature of the poet's own country. 1981 Word 1980 31 201 All Latin geminate consonants were reduced to simple consonants in the preliterary period except ll, nn and rr. prematrimonial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmatrᵻˈməʊnɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmætrəˈmoʊniəl/ ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > action or fact of marrying > [adjective] > before marriage antenuptial1671 pre-connubial1837 prenuptial1862 prematrimonial1863 premarital1878 1863 Q. Rev. Apr. 510 The genuine sensation device of a pre-matrimonial secret. 1995 Amer. Lit. Hist. 7 255 The day was hot, her breasts were covered only by a nightgown of filmy crêpe, a relic of prematrimonial days. prematutinal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈtjuːtᵻnl/ , /ˌpriːməˈtʃuːtᵻnl/ , /ˌpriːmatjᵿˈtʌɪnl/ , /ˌpriːmatʃᵿˈtʌɪnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈt(j)utn̩l/ , /ˌpriˌmætʃəˈtaɪn(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the world > time > day and night > night > [adjective] > pre-dawn antelucan1609 pre-dawn1883 prematutinal1925 1925 Mod. Lang. Notes 40 78 In Indersdorf the prematutinal terrores of Easter came immediately after the so-called Elevatio Crucis. 1963 V. Nabokov Gift ii. 119 The river runs into the murk of the prematutinal twilight that still hangs in the gorges. pre-medieval adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛd(ɪ)ˈiːvl/ , /ˌpriːmiːd(ɪ)ˈiːvl/ , /ˌpriːmᵻˈdiːvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmid(i)ˈiv(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˌmɛd(i)ˈiv(ə)l/ , /ˌpriməˈdiv(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1859 T. Parker in J. Weiss Life & Corr. T. Parker (1863) II. 403 The Pope is a fossil ruler, pre-mediæval. 1991 Hist. Today Oct. 54/3 Traces chronologically the history of parkland from the pre-medieval period to the present. premodern adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɒdn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɑdərn/ ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the present (time) > [adjective] > modern > pre- or post-modern premodern1901 postmodern1956 1901 Amer. Hist. Rev. 6 430 The earliest author, and the only pre-modern one, in whose pages has been found any mention of a panic at the year 1000 is the German abbot Joannes Tritemius. 1995 N.Y. Times 10 Dec. iv. 14/4 Elinor wouldn't have had a hope in this more familiar premodern world in which manners are turned into caricature. pre-monadic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɒˈnadɪk/ , /ˌpriːmə(ʊ)ˈnadɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprimoʊˈnædɪk/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-monadic. 1989 J. W. Pelletier & J. Rosicky in J. Adamek & S. MacLane Categorical Topol. & its Rel. to Anal., Algebra & Combinatorics 163 Many categories of C-algebras and related structures..have been shown to be monadic or premonadic. premonarchical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈnɑːkᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈnɑrkək(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1881 Encycl. Brit.* XIII. 403/2 Premonarchical Israel is represented as a hierocracy and Samuel as its head. 1998 B. E. Johansen Encycl. Native Amer. Legal Trad. 67 Adams saw American Indian governments as a window to the premonarchical past of Europeans. premonumental adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɒnjᵿˈmɛntl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmɑnjəˈmɛn(t)l/ ΚΠ 1864 J. W. Draper Intell. Devel. Europe I. iii. 77 Traces of the prehistoric, premonumental life of Egypt. 1991 Jrnl. Field Archaeol. 18 210/1 The despotic approach prescribes that monuments are necessary to the urban process, thereby obscuring from us the premonumental origins of this city form. premythical adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɪθᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɪθək(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1854 T. De Quincey Let. Oct. in ‘H. A. Page’ T. De Quincey: Life & Writings (1877) II. xviii. 84 It is not only a prehistoric, but a premythical,..even a prefabulous and a pretraditional thesis. 1995 Amer. Anthropologist 97 580/2 The gods, who, by devouring humans upon their death, restore their premythical immortality which was lost during the cataclysmic events of the end of the world. pre-objective adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəbˈdʒɛktɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriəbˈdʒɛktɪv/ , /ˌpriɑbˈdʒɛktɪv/ ΚΠ 1941 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 1 495 That..presupposes that preobjective ‘outstandingnesses’ are passively constituted as there, intentionally, for the ego to grasp. 1995 Espace Summer 10/1 He is after a pre-objective compass on the perceptual world. pre-observational adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɒbzəˈveɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːɒbzəˈveɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɑbzərˈveɪʃən(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˌɑbzərˈveɪʃn(ə)l/ ΚΠ a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) xxi. 346 The pre-observational simplicity of the philosophers whom I have just referred to. 1987 Amer. Statistician 41 122/2 A re-examination in the light of results of the assumptions on which the pre-observational partition of the sample space was based would be regarded..as bad statistics. preoriginal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈrɪdʒᵻnl/ , /ˌpriːəˈrɪdʒn̩l/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈrɪdʒən(ə)l/ , /ˌpriəˈrɪdʒn(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 545 See, like clouds, the gods disperse, Into their preoriginal nothingness. 1999 Wired Nov. 216/2 I found a preoriginal manuscript of Ballet Mécanique for four pianolas alone, without the percussion. prepersonal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpəːsn̩(ə)l/ , /(ˌ)priːˈpəːsən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpərs(ə)nəl/ ΚΠ 1862 Atlantic Monthly Feb. 243/1 Even if we quite overlook its pre-personal ancestry, still the roots it has in its immediate author will be of unmeasured depth. 1948 J. L. Adams tr. P. Tillich Protestant Era viii. 134 The dark ground of pre-personal being..is effective in every moment of our conscious existence. 2000 Philos. Rev. 109 467 Insofar as her book looks to prepersonal processes for an explanation of unity at the personal level, there should be no quarrel with Kant. pre-philosophical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːfɪləˈsɒfᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌfɪləˈsɑfək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > [adjective] > pre-philosophical pre-philosophical1891 1891 tr. A. Schmid in Mind 16 147 All the trans-subjective things that are valid for the common rational or pre-philosophical consciousness. 1991 Jrnl. Theol. Stud. 42 405 A fairly elementary form of the sort of religious positivity that has to be sublated in philosophical reflection; it works at a pre-philosophical level, mythological and personalist. pre-political adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpəˈlɪtᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpripəˈlɪdək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > [adjective] > before pre-political1887 1887 B. Hastie tr. B. Pünjer Hist. Christian Philos. of Relig. i. v. 303 In respect of the former prepolitical condition [sc. the condition of life prior to the existence of State], it does not sound in accordance with naturalism when we read that he who is not bound by a civil law sins when he acts against his conscience. 1905 Polit. Sci. Q. 20 230 The state of nature as conceived by Locke is a pre-political rather than a pre-social condition. 2003 Hastings Center Rep. 33 17 Individualist or atomistic political theories that postulate pre-societal or pre-political rights rest on a mistaken view of the basic capacities of agents. pre-predicative adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈprɛdᵻkətɪv/ , /ˌpriːprᵻˈdɪkətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈprɛdəˌkeɪdɪv/ , /ˌpriˈprɛdəkədɪv/ ΚΠ 1936 Jrnl. Philos. 33 332 The importance of pre-predicative experience in the transcendental Urteilstheorie and the doctrine that every mode in which objects are given must refer back to an original experiential mode of givenness. 2001 MELUS Winter 82 After the protagonist has toppled the last discourse on value and has discovered a purified intentionality, a pre-predicative (pre-objective) world void of ontological considerations. pre-prophetic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːprəˈfɛtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriprəˈfɛdɪk/ , /ˌpriproʊˈfɛdɪk/ ΚΠ 1859 A. Edersheim tr. J. H. Kurtz Hist. Old Covenant I. 190 If..we were..to believe that the Maleach Jehovah of patriarchal and pre-prophetic history was the Logos, or God manifest..it would imply two different modes of Scripture teaching and interpretation. 1996 Jrnl. Afr. Hist. 37 331 Harris was not the earliest of the great West African prophets..but he was the oldest..and the product of a complex ‘pre-prophetic’ formation, to which Shank devotes over a third of his text. pre-rabbinical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrəˈbɪnᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈbɪnək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > law > Jewish law > Talmudic scholar, rabbi > [adjective] > before pre-rabbinical1885 1885 J. S. Black & A. Menzies tr. J. Wellhausen Prolegomena to Hist. Israel v. 157 In 2 Chron. xxxi. 6 the tithe of cattle is indeed mentioned, but on the other hand the firstlings are not; in the pre-rabbinical literature no traces of it are discoverable. 2001 B. Kimmerling Invention & Decline of Israeliness v. 152 Important central practices (the mitzvoth, or precepts) of pre-rabbinical Jewish religion, such as observing the Sabbath, the laws of ritual purity, circumcision, and so on. pre-religious adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈlɪdʒəs/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈlɪdʒəs/ , /ˌpririˈlɪdʒəs/ ΚΠ 1870 E. B. Tyler in Jrnl. Ethnol. Soc. 2 370 Here..are tribes of men who have no religion because their forefathers never had any. They represent a prereligious stage of the human race. 1993 Atlantic June 123/2 That's how ready he is for such a vision, such a release. That readiness I call pre-religious. pre-scholastic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːskəˈlastɪk/ , /ˌpriːskɒˈlastɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriskəˈlæstɪk/ ΚΠ 1867 Catholic World Apr. 85/2 The great teacher of the pre-scholastic age was St. Augustine, one of the most spiritual of the fathers. 2001 Renaissance Q. 54 1282 Anxiety about the carnal dimension of the rite..was as much a feature of pre-scholastic and medieval theologies as of polemical battles in the sixteenth and seventeenth centuries. presecular adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛkjᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛkjələr/ ΚΠ 1852 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 5) 533 As in presecular time emergent thence. 1998 Polit. Theory 26 605 In presecular terms, ideology is God; in secular terms, we have arrived at the paradox and paranoia that the only truth is that ideology is truth. presocial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsoʊʃəl/ ΚΠ 1861 H. S. Maine Anc. Law v. 114 The præ-social state. 2001 C. Benard Turning on Girls 261 He held a presocial, egocentric view of the world—that's how Alex's father would have explained Adam. pre-socialist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃl̩ɪst/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊʃəlɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsoʊʃələst/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > political philosophy > socialism > [adjective] > before pre-socialist1924 1924 R. MacDonald in Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 25 Jan. 5/5 The class war idea..belongs to the pre-Socialist and pre-scientific phase of the Labour movement. 2000 K. Leech in A. Hastings et al. Oxf. Compan. Christian Thought 678/1 The papal ‘social encyclicals’ since 1891 have included severe critiques of capitalism but they have, until recently, been pre-socialist critiques. presymptomatic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪm(p)təˈmatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪm(p)təˈmædɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > symptom > [adjective] > preceding symptoms preclinical1876 presymptomatic1928 1928 Times 25 July 11/3 By such a practice the pre-symptomatic stage of disease may be detected. 1999 Jrnl. Health & Social Behavior 40 431/1 A few studies have been done on attitudes towards presymptomatic testing, carrier testing, or prenatal diagnosis for other diseases. pre-telegraphic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈɡrafɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌtɛləˈɡræfɪk/ ΚΠ 1882 Nature 24 Aug. 393/1 Pre-telegraphic days, when the letter-carrier was our swiftest messenger. 1992 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 51 16 9 A study of pre-telegraphic information flows in the eastern U.S. pretelescopic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈskɒpɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌtɛləˈskɑpɪk/ ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > observational instruments > [adjective] > telescope telescopical1664 telescopic1674 pretelescopic1895 photopolarimetric1971 1895 Science 1 Mar. 244/2 The phases of Venus, which, by the way, hardly belong to pre-telescopic astronomy. 1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 130/1 The then unprecedentedly accurate pretelescopic star positions obtained by Tycho Brahe during previous decades. pretheoretical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːθɪəˈrɛtᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌθiəˈrɛdək(ə)l/ , /ˌpriθɪˈrɛdək(ə)l/ ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > speculation > confirmation of hypothesis, theory > [adjective] > preceding theory pretheoretical1935 1935 Philos. Rev. 44 236 Schlick clearly asserts that he possesses an initial insight which is not a theory simply because it ‘precedes the formulation of every theory’. It is, in other words, a pre-theoretical insight. 1992 I. Zarifopol-Johnston tr. E. M. Cioran Heights of Despair 49 It may be that I'm wasting my time trying to establish a theoretical basis for it when in fact it originates in a pretheoretical zone. pretraditional adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtrəˈdɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːtrəˈdɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpritrəˈdɪʃ(ə)nəl/ ΚΠ 1854 T. De Quincey Let. Oct. in ‘H. A. Page’ T. De Quincey: Life & Writings (1877) II. xviii. 84 It is not only a prehistoric, but a premythical,..even a prefabulous and a pretraditional thesis. 1999 Rhetorical Rev. 18 191 The ‘new forms of assessment,’ which look to be pretraditional, are entirely local and based on the expert if not demonstrably reliable judgments of local teachers. pretragic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtradʒɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtrædʒɪk/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > drama > [adjective] > tragedy tragediousa1513 tragediala1529 tragedical1548 tragical1559 tragic1563 cothurnical1599 cothurnal1602 buskined1603 cothurnic1607 polytragic1607 cothurnate1612 cothurnian1661 tragediac1782 cothurned1882 pretragic1939 1939 Trans. & Proc. Amer. Philol. Assoc. 70 139 One faces the embarrassing problem of finding any other solid evidence for a pre-tragic satyr-play, and then of explaining how tragedy could have grown out of it. 1994 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 115 223 Moralizing discourse about hubris links Suppliants both with its own tragic tradition and with the pretragic and prephilosophical moralizing poetry of Hesiod, Solon, and Theognis. (vi) pre-adult adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈadʌlt/ , /ˌpriːəˈdʌlt/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈdəlt/ , /ˌpriˈæˌdəlt/ occurring prior to the attainment of adulthood; not yet adult. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > young person > [adjective] > adolescent adolescent1481 undergrown1601 pubescent1646 halfling1801 halflang1805 teenish1811 halfling1815 teening1818 puberala1856 puberate1880 pre-adult1899 teenage1912 teenaged1913 1899 Science 21 July 80/2 The report contains an extended account of the eggs and pre-adult stages of these insects. 1902 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) IV. 527/2 The condition..becomes manifest during the growing or preadult period. 1974 Sci. Amer. Sept. 127/3 A husband, a wife and their preadult children. 2000 A. Calcutt Brit Cult 68/2 These two sides of Blair are both based on new ideas of the electorate as pre-adult cultural consumers. pre-aestival adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈiːstᵻvl/ , /ˌpriːiːsˈtʌɪvl/ , /ˌpriːɛsˈtʌɪvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɛstəv(ə)l/ , /ˌpriɛsˈtaɪv(ə)l/ (also pre-estival) occurring or undergoing some process (e.g. flowering) before midsummer. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Preëstival, occurring before midsummer: as, the preëstival plumage of a bird. 1908 Bot. Gaz. 46 294 The sedges are all pre-estival, while the grasses are all estival or post-estival in their floral activity. 1953 Ecology 34 217/1 Thirty-three common species [sc. of fungus] were compared on a chart and it was found that several ‘aspects’ could be distinguished:..(3) pre-aestival, end of May to early June, mostly sphagnicolous species. 1993 Cell &Tissue Res. 271 315/1 The animals display a high level of locomotor activity because of pre-aestival burrowing. pre-agonal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈaɡ(ə)nl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈaɡn̩l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈæɡən(ə)l/ occurring immediately before death. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > [adjective] > before or premonitory of death agony pre-agonic1886 pre-agonal1900 1900 Buck's Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) I. 563/1 Immediately preceding death there is an intense congestion of the viscera which frequently results in an outpour of serum. This condition, when involving the peritoneal cavity, is termed pre-agonal ascites. 1992 Chest 101 800 Total lung capacity was not significantly increased, but this may be a consequence of preagonal edema. pre-agonic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəˈɡɒnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈɡɑnɪk/ = pre-agonal adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > death > [adjective] > before or premonitory of death agony pre-agonic1886 pre-agonal1900 1886 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. II. 49/1 A sudden high elevation of temperature..after a chill in a previously apyretic case, means a complication, and not a fatal issue, but a hyperpyrexia without chill, and with a profuse sweat, is pre-agonic. 1995 Vet. Microbiol. 43 33 Ascitic fluids were often present in the preagonic stage. pre-agricultural adj. Brit. /ˌpriːaɡrᵻˈkʌltʃ(ə)rəl/ , /ˌpriːaɡrᵻˈkʌltʃ(ə)rl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌæɡrəˈkəltʃ(ə)rəl/ prior to the development of agriculture as a means of subsistence. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of lowa1387 primitive1838 pre-revolution1860 metronymic1868 pre-feudal1870 prelogical1880 polyzoic1886 pre-agricultural1898 pre-civil1902 pre-feudalic1907 subcultural1909 protocultural1920 pre-independencea1922 apparented1934 sensate1937 patrimonial1946 non-literate1948 inner-directed1950 underground1953 pop-cultural1963 technopolitan1965 1898 Cent. Mag. Oct. 838/2 The ranges are not so vast as they were in the pre-agricultural period, because the present-day cattle-ranges are in the main made up of lands which the cattle-grazers actually own. 1927 Contemp. Rev. July 85 The moon to pre-agricultural society was the real magic. 1975 J. G. Evans Environment Early Man Brit. Isles iii. 55 The mixed deciduous woodlands of pre-agricultural Britain. 2003 Independent on Sunday 30 Nov. 18/2 The idea that the Palaeolithic diet eaten by pre-agricultural humans is best because the human body evolved around it. pre-analytic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːanəˈlɪtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdɪk/ acting or existing prior to analysis. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adjective] > pre- or post-analytical prelogical1880 pre-analytic1887 pre-analytical1910 1887 Mind 12 425 The Ego, the ‘I’, is in popular, pre-philosophic, that is, pre-analytic thought. 1929 C. I. Lewis Mind & World-order ii. 54 The acceptance of such preanalytic data as an ultimate epistemological category would..put an end to all worthwhile investigation. 1984 H. Kohut How does Analysis Cure? vii. 112 The preanalytic hypnotist ordered the hypnotized patient to get rid of symptoms. pre-analytical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːanəˈlɪtᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdᵻk(ə)l/ = pre-analytic adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adjective] > pre- or post-analytical prelogical1880 pre-analytic1887 pre-analytical1910 1910 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 7 373 The single word which at first denoted the object in its pre-analytical simplicity, comes to stand for several words which denote the components of the object in their post-analytical simplicity. 1965 A. C. Danto Analyt. Philos. Hist. x. 207 From the Deduction Assumption, together with our pre-analytical notion of explanatory inadequacy, we may..elicit the remainder of Hempel's Analysis. 1998 Rev. Financial Stud. 11 678 The theory of efficient capital markets was still in an essentially preanalytical state. pre-analytically adv. Brit. /ˌpriːanəˈlɪtᵻkli/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌænəˈlɪdᵻk(ə)li/ prior to analysis. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [adverb] > preanalytically pre-analytically1934 1934 M. R. Cohen & E. Nagel Introd. Logic xix. 385 Analysis..may reveal many complexities in the pre-analytically simple object or concept. 1951 Mind 60 550 Something which we knew pre-analytically to be true. 2000 Philos. Rev. 109 112 No beliefs about events themselves, however preanalytically observable, are permissible. pre-Arnoldian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɑːˈnəʊldɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɑrˈnoʊldiən/ (a) of or relating to the time before Thomas Arnold (1795–1842), educationalist and headmaster of Rugby School; (b) of or relating to the time before Thomas Arnold's son Matthew Arnold (1822–88), poet and critic. ΚΠ 1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. iii. 22 In those pre-Arnoldian times no lofty code of honour was even ideal among school-boys. 1961 Hist. Educ. Q. 1 No. 1. 16 In those pre-Arnoldian days..the senior boys still retained a considerable degree of independence from the masters. 1988 PMLA 103 797/1 The approach fails to provide an accurate account of the formative, pre-Arnoldian history of the discipline. prearticle n. Brit. /ˈpriːɑːtᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌɑrdək(ə)l/ Grammar any of a set of words that can precede an article in a noun phrase. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > determiner > [noun] > article > word preceding or following an article post-article1944 prearticle1965 1965 N. Chomsky Aspects Theory Syntax ii. 107 Det→(pre-Article⁀of) Article (post-Article). 1971 Archivum Linguisticum 2 131 The terms Pre-article and Post-article can be used when talking about arrangements of non-lexical formatives in surface structure. 1996 Noûs 30 Suppl. 151 The quantifier is classified as a ‘prearticle’, and ‘of’ is inserted transformationally to produce ‘most of the rocks’. pre-artistic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɑːˈtɪstɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɑrˈtɪstɪk/ existing or occurring before the application of artistic criteria; not yet artistically aware or functioning on an artistic basis. ΚΠ 1883 Eng. Illustr. Mag. Nov. 89/2 The silversmith's work of the late Georgian or early Victorian age which might be fairly designated the preartistic..period. 1962 W. Nowottny Lang. Poets Use viii. 207 There is a sufficient number of sporadic verbal links..to suggest an ‘associative cluster’ in the pre-artistic mind. 1997 French Rev. 70 757 Symbolically, the walls of a cave on Jeanjean's property are bare, pre-artistic. pre-bacillary adj. Brit. /ˌpriːbəˈsɪl(ə)ri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈbasᵻl(ə)ri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈbasl̩(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbæsəˌlɛri/ Medicine rare (esp. in relation to tuberculosis) existing or occurring prior to invasion by or shedding of bacilli. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Prebacillary, prior to invasion by bacilli. 1908 Times 24 Jan. 6/5 Cases in which the tuberculosis is ‘open’, and the sputa are crowded with bacilli, and..cases in a pre-bacillary stage. pre-bacteriologic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːbakˌtɪərɪəˈlɒdʒɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpribækˌtɪriəˈlɑdʒɪk/ = pre-bacteriological adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > other theories animalcular1753 zoocentric1882 organismic1886 pre-bacteriological1892 pre-bacteriologic1902 age and area1915 neurogenic1915 maturationist1968 1902 A. H. Buck Ref. Handbk. Med. Sci. (rev. ed.) IV. 391/2 It..was long ago expressed by Alexander von Humboldt.., to be sure, in pre-bacteriologic language. 1979 Hist. Teacher 12 608 Jarvis remains true to the overriding conviction of those devoted to public health in the pre-bacteriologic era, that health was determined by the circumstances in which people worked and lived. pre-bacteriological adj. Brit. /ˌpriːbakˌtɪərɪəˈlɒdʒᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpribækˌtɪriəˈlɑdʒək(ə)l/ existing or occurring before the discovery of the relationship of bacteria to disease, or before the development of bacteriology. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > theories > [adjective] > other theories animalcular1753 zoocentric1882 organismic1886 pre-bacteriological1892 pre-bacteriologic1902 age and area1915 neurogenic1915 maturationist1968 1892 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Feb. 2/1 He was educated in the pre-bacteriological era, and had little sympathy with modern developments of medical science. 1965 S. Peller in D. V. Glass & D. E. C. Eversley Population in Hist. v. 94 In the pre-bacteriological era, the survival rates for the ruling families were far ahead of those of the general population. 1992 Isis 83 629 Laboratory findings needed to be moderated with the socially sensitive policies that were also characteristic of prebacteriological public health practice. † pre-beatific adj. Obsolete occurring prior to a beatific vision. ΚΠ a1711 T. Ken Hymnotheo in Wks. (1721) III. 171 He [sc. Stephen] had of God pre-beatifick View. † pre-bromidic adj. Obsolete rare prior to the use of bromides as sedatives in medicine. ΚΠ 1899 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. VII. 793 Agents of repute in the pre-bromidic days. pre-Canaanite adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkeɪnənʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkeɪnəˌnaɪt/ occurring before the period of Hebrew settlement in Canaan; before the development of the Canaanite language or alphabet. ΚΠ 1879 Jrnl. Amer. Geogr. Soc. N.Y. 1877 9 115 As some of them [sc. tels or mounds] are wholly or in part artificial, they carry us back to the Canaanite, or to the pre-Canaanite period. 1954 H. M. Orlinsky Anc. Israel ii. 40 An important part of the legal code of ancient Israel clearly derives from the pre-Canaanite period which coincides with the Hebrew wandering in the Wilderness. 1992 Classical Rev. 42 159 B. detects pre-Canaanite signs in each of them [sc. alphabets]. precancer n. Brit. /ˌpriːˈkansə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkænsər/ Medicine a growth or condition which is likely to lead to the development of cancer. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [noun] > cancer > condition preceding precancer1934 1922 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press-Telegram 15 Nov. 9/4 The time to recognise and interpret what may be coming is the pre-cancer stage.] 1934 Lancet 11 Aug. 333/2 Soon the name pre-cancer began to be given to a weak spot susceptible to infection—a wart, adenoma or other growth, hitherto benign, or a fissure, ulcer, or any site of chronic inflammation. 1963 New Statesman 19 July 71 Microscopic studies of the cervical smears showed..five cases of pre-cancers. 1996 Daily Tel. 2 Apr. 16/3 He has used the lamp to treat 137 cancers in 77 patients with Bowen's disease, an early or pre-cancer which can turn into more serious cancers. precancerous adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkans(ə)rəs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkæns(ə)rəs/ Medicine occurring as a precursor to cancer. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > diseases of tissue > [adjective] > cancer > previous to cancer precancerous1879 pre-malignant1884 1879 Lancet 1 Mar. 299/1 The pre-cancerous period of the malignant disease. 1899 J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. 10 182 An early stage of epithelioma;—a pre-cancerous stage. 1975 Sci. Amer. Nov. 78/3 Screening programs have an additional shortcoming: for every cancer they detect they reveal perhaps 10 other abnormalities, many of which seem to be precancerous. 1994 Nat. Health Nov. 8/2 People who already have pre-cancerous changes in their lungs. pre-carcinogen n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɑːs(ᵻ)nədʒ(ə)n/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkɑːsn̩ədʒ(ə)n/ , /ˌpriːkɑːˈsɪnədʒ(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑrˈsɪnədʒən/ , /ˌpriˈkɑrs(ə)nəˌdʒɛn/ a non-carcinogenic precursor of a carcinogen. ΚΠ 1948 I. Berenblum in Unio Internat. Contra Cancrum Acta 6 18/1 Support for the theory would be derived from the discovery of a pure precarcinogen (i.e. one which is not itself carcinogenic, but which, when followed by croton oil treatment, would lead to the development of tumours). 1990 Mutagenesis 5 623/2 Myrcene may exert an antimutagenic effect by inhibiting certain forms of cytochrome P-450 enzymes required for the activation of pre-mutagens and pre-carcinogens. pre-carcinogenic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɑːs(ᵻ)nəˈdʒɛnɪk/ , /ˌpriːkɑːsn̩əˈdʒɛnɪk/ , /ˌpriːkɑːˌsɪnəˈdʒɛnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑrs(ə)nəˈdʒɛnɪk/ , /ˌpriˌkɑrs(ə)noʊˈdʒɛnɪk/ capable of causing a precancerous condition; designating or relating to a precarcinogen. ΚΠ 1941 Cancer Res. 1 811/2 Precarcinogenic action, the production of a preneoplastic condition. 2001 Prepared Foods (Nexis) 1 Sept. sn5 Acetate, a strong acid, lowers the pH more effectively, thereby eliminating pathogenic bacteria before they produce metabolites that can be precarcinogenic. pre-Caroline adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkarəlʌɪn/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkarəlɪn/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkarl̩ɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɛrəˌlaɪn/ , /ˌpriˈkɛrələn/ (of handwriting) occurring before the development of the Caroline style (Caroline adj. 1a). ΚΠ 1897 H. W. Johnston Lat. MSS 70 It [sc. the half uncial] is also called the Roman Uncial and Pre-Caroline Minuscule. 1948 D. Diringer Alphabet 545 The pre-Caroline book-hand in North Italy. 1996 Classical Q. New Ser. 46 186 (note) In some pre-Caroline scripts, and also in early Caroline minuscule, the apostrophe was not seldom used for both -us and -ur. precartilaginous adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɑːtᵻˈladʒᵻnəs/ , /ˌpriːkɑːtᵻˈladʒn̩əs/ , /ˌpriːkɑːtlˈadʒᵻnəs/ , /ˌpriːkɑːtlˈadʒn̩əs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑrdlˈædʒənəs/ Biology existing or occurring before the development of cartilage in an embryo or embryonic structure. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Precartilaginous, prior to the formation of cartilage, as a stage or state of an embryo. 1916 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 207 451 The section figured here is cut directly through the fenestra ovalis.., in which lies the still precartilaginous stapes. 1993 Jrnl. Cellular Physiol. 156 399 These results suggest that NCAM [sc. neural cell adhesion molecules] may mediate the formation of precartilaginous condensations. pre-Cavourian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈvʊərɪən/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈvʊriən/ existing or occurring before the period of Camillo Benso, Count of Cavour (1810–61), Italian statesman and unifier of Italy. ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-Cavourian. 1971 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 43 164 He [sc. Depretis] therefore found himself..in the thick of the wary liberalism of pre-Cavourian Piedmont. pre-ceramic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsᵻˈramɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprisəˈræmɪk/ of or relating to the period before the widespread use of ceramics or fired pottery. ΚΠ 1889 Amer. Anthropologist 2 249 The shapes of this pottery do not show a very wide range of variation, for the stamp of the preceramic originals are still upon them. 1973 Times 18 Jan. 18/2 Cultural and skeletal remains of a preceramic culture have been found in the cave. 2002 Smithsonian Aug. 58/2 It meant Caral could be what archaeologists term pre-ceramic, or existing before the advent of pot-firing technology in the area. pre-civil adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɪvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɪvᵻl/ occurring or existing prior to the development of complex or urban social organization. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of lowa1387 primitive1838 pre-revolution1860 metronymic1868 pre-feudal1870 prelogical1880 polyzoic1886 pre-agricultural1898 pre-civil1902 pre-feudalic1907 subcultural1909 protocultural1920 pre-independencea1922 apparented1934 sensate1937 patrimonial1946 non-literate1948 inner-directed1950 underground1953 pop-cultural1963 technopolitan1965 1902 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 7 578 He [sc. Calhoun] condemned in no uncertain terms the time-honored hypothesis of a pre-civil ‘state of nature’ and the origin of government by means of a contract. 1957 C. Vereker Devel. Polit. Theory iii. 98 The metaphorical language used by political thinkers who posit a pre-civil social condition is usually designated contractual. 1992 J. M. Kelly Short Hist. Western Legal Theory vi. 216 He was bound not to injure the life, liberty, or property of others, and conversely might, in pre-civil society, avenge for himself any encroachments on his own rights in those areas. preclimax n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈklʌɪmaks/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈklaɪˌmæks/ Ecology (a) (in the monoclimax theory of plant succession) a climax community which differs from that which might be predicted for the region due to adverse local environmental conditions; (b) a community preceding the climax community in a plant succession. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > [noun] > replacement of one species by another > climax climax1899 post-climax1916 preclimax1916 subclimax1916 proclimax1930 polyclimax1933 monoclimax1934 plagioclimax1935 disclimax1936 1916 F. E. Clements Plant Succession vi. 110 As a consequence [of reduced water-content], development would cease before reaching the climax proper, and the potential community..may be called the preclimax. 1929 J. E. Weaver & F. E. Clements Plant Ecol. xviii. 424 The prairie itself is a preclimax to the deciduous forest with higher rainfall. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. xi. 331 There are instances in which an apparent climax constitutes in reality a preclimax, in that its..co-dominants are replaced by others more advanced in life-form. 1994 M. Allaby Conc. Oxf. Dict. Ecol. 315/1 Pre-climax, the community immediately preceding the climax, especially where there is forest (e.g. on light soils in Britain, beechwood is the pre-climax to oakwood). pre-colonial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈləʊnɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈloʊnjəl/ , /ˌprikəˈloʊniəl/ relating to a time prior to colonization; occurring or existing before the colonial period of a country. ΘΚΠ society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > [adjective] > before colonization pre-colonial1867 society > authority > rule or government > a or the system of government > direct rule, devolution, or trusteeship > [adjective] > relating to colonial system > before or after colonial rule postcolonial1861 pre-colonial1867 postcolonialist1957 1867 J. W. Draper Hist. Amer. Civil War I. 21 The differentiation or separation of the American people, though it had its beginning in English life and in pre-colonial times, may..be considered as having been substantially produced by the climate of this continent. 1975 A. Drummond Thames Jrnls. Vicesimus Lush 18 No mention appears to have been made of potential goldfields in pre-colonial New Zealand. 1994 Appl. Linguistics 15 143 The major forces behind Nigeria's complicated linguistic market are related to precolonial political systems. pre-Columbian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈlʌmbɪən/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈləmbiən/ existing or occurring in America before the arrival there of Columbus; of or designating the period before his arrival. ΚΠ 1854 National Mag. Sept. 263/1 A collection of treatises has been compiled to discuss the original peopling of America, the pre-Columbian discoveries, the Canaanite, Phoenician, and Scythian immigrations [etc.]. 1870 Jrnl. Amer. Geogr. & Statist. Soc. 2 ii. 43 Do the manuscripts which describe these voyages belong to the pre-Columbian age? 1929 Amer. Archaeol. 31 553 We know sufficient to assign mound works north of the Ohio to pre-Columbian times. 1994 New Scientist 5 Mar. 52/2 Silverman advocates the ‘s’ spelling for the Pre-Columbian culture of Nasca, and the ‘z’ for the modern town of Nazca. precompetitive adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈpɛtᵻtɪv/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈpɛdədɪv/ Business relating to or designating an early stage in the development of a commercial idea or product, during which competing companies collaborate. ΚΠ 1957 Amer. Econ. Rev. 47 360 The electric power consumer will be the one to pay..for the know-how, the patent rights and any other advantages acquired by electric utilities during the precompetitive period of nuclear power. 1982 Financial Times 16 July 17/8 There is ample scope for a greater European investment in research at the ‘pre-competitive stage’—that is before the competing national industries take up the ideas thus spawned and run with them. 2004 Aerospace Amer. (Nexis) Aug. 39 The European Commission..invites EU industry and research organizations to bid for precompetitive research projects in those areas. pre-conciliar adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsɪlɪə/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈsɪliər/ Roman Catholic Church relating to or designating the period prior to a church council, spec. either of the two Vatican Councils (1869–70 and 1962–5). ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > kinds of church government > conciliarism > [adjective] > prior to pre-conciliar1912 1912 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 18 316 Any theological reconstruction therefore that would be thorough-going and do for our age what the original creators of theology did for theirs in preconciliar periods must face two tasks. 1976 Times 9 Aug. 11/1 The post-conciliar church polishes characteristically pre-conciliar weapons of censure, interdict, suspension and excommunication. 2005 Catholic New Times (Nexis) 25 Sept. 12 The past decade has seen these renewed practices gradually replaced by pre-conciliar traditions: pompous liturgies, benediction of the Blessed Sacrament, Marian devotions with little or no theological content. pre-connubial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈnjuːbɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈn(j)ubiəl/ occurring before marriage; premarital. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > marriage or wedlock > action or fact of marrying > [adjective] > before marriage antenuptial1671 pre-connubial1837 prenuptial1862 prematrimonial1863 premarital1878 1837 J. Moultrie Poems iii. 343 Mr. Day; Whose pair of breaking tits would not endure The strictness of his pre-connubial sway. 1887 F. R. Stockton Borrowed Month 201 Preconnubial satisfaction of a very high order. 1996 Courier-Mail (Brisbane) (Nexis) 8 Oct. Travis, the swine, has obviously been indulging in some pre-connubial coupling. pre-Constantinian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒnst(ə)nˈtɪnɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkɑnstənˈtɪniən/ of or belonging to the period prior to that of the Roman emperor Constantine the Great ( a.d. 306–337). ΚΠ 1864 Biblical Repertory Jan. 3 It is not a return to the pre-Constantinian basis, with its spirit of persecution. 1977 D. Cupitt in J. Hick Myth of God Incarnate vii. 138 Pre-constantinian Christian art was scarce, unofficial, of very poor quality and often somewhat ambiguous. 2000 Church Times 8 Dec. 15/3 Apart from much interesting information about the..Constantinian (and pre-Constantinian) chi-rho, Thiede devotes most of the rest of his space to the titulus. preconvulsive adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈvʌlsɪv/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈvəlsɪv/ Medicine preceding a convulsion, esp. an epileptic seizure. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke fitty1811 preconvulsive1907 pre-seizure1926 postictal1941 ictal1950 pre-ictal1953 1907 W. A. Turner Epilepsy ix. 195 He regarded the pre-convulsive fall in alkalinity as a ‘biochemical aura’. 1995 Brain Res. 675 55 Neck myoclonus is the preconvulsive motor symptom specifically induced by photic stimulation. precosmic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒzmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑzmɪk/ previous to the cosmos; existing before the world. ΚΠ 1876 F. M. Müller Chips from German Workshop IV. 454 That from which it [sc. language] sprang, whatever its pre-historic, pre-mundane, pre-cosmic state may have been, must have been different from that from which it did not spring. 1891 F. C. S. Schiller Riddles of Sphinx 234 The pre-cosmic conditions of the world-process. 1998 E. Davis TechGnosis (1999) iii. 94 We carry within ourselves the leftover sparks of the divine and precosmic Pleroma (Fullness) that existed before the demiurgic construction company plastered everything over. pre-creative adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkrɪˈeɪtɪv/ , U.S. /ˌprikriˈeɪdɪv/ belonging to the period before the origin of the world or universe, esp. before the Biblical creation. ΚΠ 1855 P. J. Bailey Mystic in Mystic & Other Poems 28 The immortal seeker now..In precreative fire conjunctive ranged. 1859 J. B. Mozley Indian Conversion in Ess. (1878) II. 328 The praecreative or praeeternal spirit. 1992 Ethics 103 163 Molinists contend that God's foreknowledge does not restrict human freedom because it is based on his ‘middle knowledge’, a pre-creative grasp of what creatures would freely do if placed in appropriate circumstances. pre-cultural adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkʌltʃ(ə)rəl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkʌltʃ(ə)rl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkəltʃ(ə)rəl/ relating to human existence prior to or independent of cultural development. ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > [adjective] > prior to cultural development pre-cultural1925 1925 Jrnl. Social Forces 3 220/1 Man cannot be considered solely as an isolated animal existing in a primitive or pre-cultural age. 1962 W. H. Auden Dyer's Hand (1963) 87 Politics in every advanced society is..not concerned with human beings as persons and citizens but with human bodies, with the precultural, prepolitical human creature. 1993 C. Tilley Interpretative Archaeol. i. 52 Psychoanalysis has debated for over a century the question of the experience of the pre-cultural infant. predecimal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɛsᵻml/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɛs(ə)məl/ (esp. of coinage) of or relating to a time before the introduction of a decimal system, esp. the introduction of decimal currency in the United Kingdom in 1971. ΚΠ 1968 Buck County (Pa.) Times 22 Apr. 7/4 ‘When we go decimal we will have 100 new pennies to the pound. That means it will be much easier to do money sums.’ Maybe the decimal board thinks so, but a couple of pre-decimal tryouts led to more trouble than simplification. 1971 Times 23 Oct. 19/6 The price of Investment-Trust Units went steadily upwards from 1s 11½d (pre-decimal money but allowing for the unit split in 1969) to 2s 11d. 2004 Times (Nexis) 4 Oct. (Features section) 51 He was paid 5s 3d (the predecimal equivalent of 26p) an hour. predelinquency n. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nsi/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənsi/ behaviour which is believed to lead to, or indicate a predisposition towards, delinquency. ΚΠ 1924 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 14 Dec. a18/1 Berkeley's [police] chief..is recognized as the father of the pre-delinquency movement. 1932 W. C. Reckless & M. Smith Juvenile Delinquency vi. 168 (heading) Truancy as predelinquency. 1972 N.Y. Law Jrnl. 24 Oct. 4/8 California's Predelinquency Statute: A Case Study and Suggested Alternatives. 1991 D. Gaines Teenage Wasteland vi. 136 Learning disabilities, minimal brain dysfunction, and hyperactivity were linked to the idea of ‘predelinquency’. predelinquent adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənt/ having characteristics believed to indicate a predisposition towards delinquency. ΚΠ 1920 Boston Daily Globe 14 Dec. 18/4 At the round table discussion the ‘Needs of the Pre-Delinquent Boy and Girl’ was discussed by Miss Anne P. Hincks of the Bethesda Society. 1977 M. Edelman Polit. Lang. iv. 69 Affluent adults may be ‘predelinquent’ or ‘prepsychotic’; but it is not behavior that governs the connotations of these terms, but, rather, the statistical chances for a group and the belief that poor children are high risks. 2004 Roanoke (Virginia) Times (Nexis) 24 Apr. b7 We will target at-risk youth and those who already have exhibited predelinquent behavior and steer them into productive activities. pre-delinquent n. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈlɪŋkw(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈlɪŋkwənt/ a person having characteristics believed to indicate a predisposition towards delinquency. ΚΠ 1932 R. H. Gault Criminology c. 446 As time goes on such a record will prove to be invaluable in making the diagnosis both of delinquents and pre-delinquents. 1997 Social Forces 76 121 Pre-delinquents do not reveal a despair or distress born of a disjunction between their economic aspirations and expectations. prediastolic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdʌɪəˈstɒlɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdaɪəˈstɑlɪk/ Physiology (immediately) preceding the diastole of the heartbeat. ΚΠ 1853 W. O. Markham tr. J. Skoda Treat. Auscultation 213 (note) A prediastolic murmur is heard. 1993 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 168 190 Within 2 days after delivery the mean pulsatility index of uterine arteries had increased significantly.., and the prediastolic notch had reappeared. predicrotic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdʌɪˈkrɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdaɪˈkrɑdɪk/ Physiology rare preceding a dicrotic pulse or wave. ΚΠ 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIV. 104/1 The predicrotic, first tidal, or second ventricular systolic wave occurs after the first systolic wave and during the ventricular contraction. 1971 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 82 596 Pressure tracing demonstrated a dicrotic pulse... The tidal (predicrotic) wave. predynastic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈnastɪk/ , /ˌpriːdʌɪˈnastɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌdaɪˈnæstɪk/ , /ˌpridəˈnæstɪk/ existing before a recognized dynasty or dynasties, esp. before the dynasties of ancient Egypt. ΚΠ 1898 Daily News 14 Sept. 6/3 The Libyan stock..can now safely be assigned to the pre-Dynastic stock, about 5000 b.c., and even earlier. 1947 D. Diringer Alphabet i. 41 The earliest extant written cuneiform documents.., belonging to the ‘Uruk Period’ of the Mesopotamian pre-dynastic period, are couched in a crude pictographic script. 2008 J. Thompson Hist. Egypt i. 9 By the beginning of the Predynastic Period around the end of the sixth millennium bc, most of Egypt's population had moved to the Nile Valley. pre-electoral adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/ , /ˌpriːᵻˈlɛkt(ə)rl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/ , /ˌpriiˈlɛkt(ə)rəl/ occurring before an election; cf. pre-election adj. ΚΠ 1895 St. James's Gaz. 12 Dec. 3/1 In their muddle-headed way, they wrongly supposed that pre-electoral heterodoxy would not necessarily be changed into orthodoxy even after a general election and a majority of 150. 1950 World Politics 2 520 Some dreaded a putsch, some ascribed the fever to pre-electoral turmoil. 2004 Toronto Star (Nexis) 22 May a1 A pre-electoral sop to the 1.3 million Cubans who now dwell in the United States. pre-emergent adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈməːdʒ(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈmərdʒənt/ , /ˌpriiˈmərdʒənt/ = pre-emergence adj. and adv. (a) at sense 2a(b)(iii). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > other systems of growing crops sharecrop1871 two-field1907 sharecropped1933 pre-emergence1939 pre-emergent1942 monocrop1953 1942 Ecol. Monogr. 12 210/1 The failure of this percentage of the viable seed to emerge is attributed to preemergent damping-off, variable sowing depth, and perhaps..to insects. 1986 G. Keillor Lake Wobegon Days 93 Bud has considered using a pre-emergent herbicide. pre-erythrocytic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻrɪθrə(ʊ)ˈsɪtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/ , /ˌpriiˌrɪθrəˈsɪdɪk/ Biology designating the period between the entry of malaria parasites into the body (as sporozoites) and the invasion of red blood cells by merozoites; occurring or existing during this period. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > balance of nature > organisms in interrelationship > [adjective] > parasites > stage of pre-erythrocytic1944 1944 Huff & Coulston in Jrnl. Infectious Dis. 75 237/2 For all the stages of the parasite [sc. Plasmodium] between sporozoite and erythrocytic trophozoite we shall use the term pre-erythrocytic stages. 1973 R. M. Pinder Malaria ii. 26 This process, which constitutes the pre-erythrocytic or primary tissue stage, takes from 8 to 12 days and is essential to allow the parasites to undergo the necessary metabolic adaptation for the change from life in a poikilothermic insect to that in a warm-blooded vertebrate. 1991 Lancet 14 Sept. 689/2 After the female anopheline mosquito has introduced malarial sporozoites into the human intermediate host, a pre-erythrocytic stage develops in the liver. pre-Evite n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈiːvʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈiˌvaɪt/ poetic a woman existing before the Biblical Eve; cf. pre-Adamite n. ΚΠ 1862 Atlantic Monthly Aug. 155/2 A wardrobe fit for fair Pre-Evites to wear lay rolled away. pre-evolutional adj. Brit. /ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃən(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃ(ə)nəl/ rare = pre-evolutionary adj. ΚΠ 1876 Mind 1 56 If, then, this type be regarded as in itself right or good, its place in a moral system will correspond to that of the ‘Nature’ of præ-evolutional writers. 1912 J. Watson Interpr. Relig. Experience iv. 78 The scholastic adage, Nihil est in intellectu quod non fuerit in sensu, was formed in a pre-evolutional age, and must now be discarded. pre-evolutionary adj. Brit. /ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/ , /ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃəˌnɛri/ existing or occurring before the introduction of the theory of evolution. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > evolution > [adjective] developing1808 evolutionary1810 evolutive1823 evolutional1862 derivative1871 historical1875 evolutionistic1885 transformistic1887 pre-evolutionary1889 1889 Publ. Amer. Econ. Assoc. 4 10 But the common criticism of Socialism..continues to deal mainly with the obsolete Utopias of the pre-evolutionary age. 1928 F. C. Grant New Horizons of Christian Faith iii. 59 The ancient biology, Aristotelian, scholastic.., and pre-evolutionary, got on very well with traditional religion. 1989 Nature 24 Aug. 597/3 Pre-evolutionary biologists (such as Linnaeus) classified organisms fairly well without invoking evolutionary change. pre-evolutionist adj. Brit. /ˌpriːiːvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩ɪst/ , /ˌpriːɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn̩ɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛvəˈluʃənəst/ = pre-evolutionary adj. ΚΠ 1885 W. R. Sorley Ethics of Naturalism vii. 170 A remnant of the false, pre-evolutionist individualism. 1949 A. Koestler Insight & Outlook xix. 273 Our textbooks..are relics of the static, preevolutionist conception of the world. 2001 Jrnl. Blacks in Higher Educ. 34 112/2 For Agassiz not only believed that every species was created separately—which was, of course, the orthodox pre-evolutionist view. pre-exponential adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɛkspə(ʊ)ˈnɛnʃl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɛkspəˈnɛn(t)ʃəl/ , /ˌpriˌɛkspoʊˈnɛn(t)ʃəl/ Mathematics occurring as a non-exponential multiplier of an exponential quantity. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > number > calculus > [adjective] > other partial1801 Runge–Kutta1930 differentiable1935 pre-exponential1940 1940 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 175 129 The pre-exponential terms in the equilibrium expression thus reduces [sic] to a ratio of the products of the vibrational partition functions of the active and normal molecules. 1970 Nature 12 Dec. 1086/1 The Arrhenius expression is a frequently erroneous semiempirical formula, with the temperature independence of the activation energy E and the pre-exponential factor A becoming increasingly questionable as the reaction temperature range broadens. 1998 Science 17 July 392/3 He found that the preexponential factor varied between 0.05 and 0.5 and the exponential term between −0.63 and −0.91. prefabulous adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈfabjᵿləs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈfæbjələs/ existing before the time of fables.Apparently an isolated use. ΚΠ 1854 T. De Quincey Let. Oct. in ‘H. A. Page’ T. De Quincey: Life & Writings (1877) II. xviii. 84 It is not only a prehistoric, but a premythical,..even a prefabulous and a pretraditional thesis. 1957 J. Reeves (title) Prefabulous animiles.] pre-Galilean adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɡalᵻˈleɪən/ , /ˌpriːɡalᵻˈliːən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɡæləˈleɪən/ , /ˌpriˌɡæləˈliən/ of or relating to the time before Galilei Galileo (1564–1642), Italian scientist and astronomer. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > theory > [adjective] > specific Ptolemean1623 Ptolemaical1653 Ptolemaic1654 Copernican1667 Tychonic1670 Newtonian1676 Tychonian1710 Galilean1728 vortician1734 pre-Copernican1851 Ptolemaian1864 pre-Galilean1880 post-Einsteinian1938 Velikovskian1974 1880 W. James in Atlantic Monthly Oct. 459/2 The Spencerian philosophy of ‘force’..carried us back to a pre-Galilean age. 1952 Mind 61 417 He thinks biology is in a ‘pre-Galilean’ stage. 2000 Renaissance Q. 53 888 We have a decidedly pre-Galilean Ficino, in step with the assumptions of his age, reproving poets for suggesting that things familiar to us in the subcelestial realm could be attributed to supercelestial entities. pregalactic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɡəˈlaktɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriɡəˈlæktɪk/ Astronomy occurring or existing before the formation of galaxies. ΚΠ 1953 P. P. Wiener Readings in Philos. Sci. 99 In the dim pregalactic past we perceive a glimpse of a metaphysical ‘St. Augustine's Era’ when the universe, whatever it was made of, was involved in a gigantic collapse. 1993 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 4770 Measurement of the spectral intensity and anisotropy of the CIB radiation would provide important new insights into intriguing issues such as the amount of matter undergoing luminous episodes in the pregalactic Universe. pregamic adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡamɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡæmɪk/ Cell Biology (in certain protozoans) existing or occurring prior to sexual reproduction. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive substances or cells > [adjective] > gametes gametic1883 gametal1888 oogamous1888 progamic1891 heterogamous1895 gametoid1903 heterogametic1910 homogametic1910 pregamic1934 planogametic1957 1934 Anat. Rec. 60 (Suppl.) 92 The most distinctive spindles are the first pregamic figures. 1994 Developmental Genetics 15 172 This mutation discriminates..between mitotic spindle elongation during the pregamic and postzygotic divisions and spindle elongation during the vegetative cell cycle. pregastrular adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡastrᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡæstrələ/ Biology occurring or existing before gastrulation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > embryo or fetus > [adjective] > gastrula paragastrular1890 pregastrular1894 1894 Biol. Lect. (Marine Biol. Lab., Wood's Holl, Mass.) II. 2 This consideration led some morphologists to insist on the need of a more precise investigation of the præ-gastrular stages. 1970 Annales Embryol. & Morphogénèse 3 133 (heading) Competence and induction in the pregastrular chick blastoderm. 1992 Internat. Jrnl. Developmental Biol. 36 293 In advanced pregastrular embryos (3 days) the number of silver grains was greatly increased over nuclei, cell borders and non-yolk cytoplasmic elements, notably in the animal half of the embryos. pre-Georgian adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdʒɔːdʒ(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdʒɔrdʒ(ə)n/ of or belonging to the period in British history prior to the reigns of George I–George IV (1714 –1830). ΚΠ 1861 A. Beresford-Hope Eng. Cathedral of 19th Cent. iv. 119 The low morals of a large mass of the clergy in the Georgian or just præ-Georgian days. 1913 Indianapolis Star 23 Mar. (Auto section) 4/4 Chippendale and Sheraton and Sir Christopher Wren—those great artists in design of the Georgian and pre-Georgian era. 1993 C. Tilley Interpretative Archaeol. vii. 334 In this and other classes of evidence we see a shift to order, symmetry, segmentation and standardization; away from ‘pre-Georgian’ towards ‘Georgian’. pregrammar n. Brit. /ˌpriːˈɡramə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡræmər/ Linguistics language used without an understanding or awareness of grammar; the study of the pregrammatical development of language. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > [noun] > study of pre-grammatical stage of language pregrammar1931 1931 Hispania 14 p. U2 (advt.) Popular Spanish Grammars... Lecciones Orales (for the pre-grammar stage). 1949 Archivum Linguisticum 1 121 Is there anything against speaking of ‘pre-grammar’ as one speaks of prehistory alongside history? 1953 W. J. Entwhistle Aspects Lang. v. 163 To some extent the grammatical process has consisted in disentangling the undifferentiated masses of pregrammar. 2004 D. I. Slobin in J. Langer et al. Biol. & Knowl. Revisited viii. 261 These children do not show a standard pregrammar or protolanguage in which the two languages are differentiated only by choice of lexical items. pregrammatical adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɡrəˈmatᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriɡrəˈmædək(ə)l/ Linguistics relating to or designating language, an utterance, etc., before the development of grammatical structure, or a stage in language acquisition prior to the awareness or acquisition of grammar. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > [adjective] > terms relating to origin of language > prior to emergence of (grammatical) language prelingual1872 pregrammatical1878 prelinguistic1884 pre-language1928 protolinguistic1955 1878 Johnson's New Universal Cycl. IV. 1657/2 The question whether a pre-grammatical relationship can be scientifically demonstrated between the Semitic and Indo-European families of tongues has been vehemently disputed. 1937 J. Orr tr. I. Iordan Introd. Romance Linguistics iv. 331 Every form of grammar has an individual origin, and has its source in some pre-grammatical or extra-grammatical act which in process of time is transformed into grammar. 1972 W. Samarin Tongues Men & Angels ii. 42 Perhaps some glossolalic utterances are simpler than others, but all are significantly different from the pre-grammatical stage of child language. 2004 D. I. Slobin in J. Langer et al. Biol. & Knowl. Revisited viii. 260 Research on detailed corpora of very early child speech in English..makes it clear that much of early language is item-based rather than reflecting productive combinations of the telegraphic or pregrammatical type. † pre-hemiplegic adj. Medicine Obsolete rare preceding a stroke causing hemiplegia. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Pre-hemiplegic chorea, choreic movements occurring previous to cerebral hemorrhage. pre-hexameral adj. Brit. /ˌpriːhɛkˈsam(ə)rəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌhɛkˈsæm(ə)rəl/ occurring prior to the six days of the biblical Creation. ΚΠ 1861 Christian Remembrancer 61 408 Those passages tell us far more about this pre-hexameral period,..than about the hexameron or six days work itself. pre-Hieronymian adj. Brit. /ˌpriːhʌɪ(ə)rə(ʊ)ˈnɪmɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌhaɪ(ə)rəˈnɪmiən/ , /ˌpriˌhaɪ(ə)roʊˈnɪmiən/ occurring before St Jerome's translation of the Bible into Latin, a.d. 383–405 (see Vulgate n. 1b). ΚΠ 1887 Classical Rev. 1 84/1 Ceolfrid had brought from Rome in an earlier visit a Latin Bible of the prae-hieronymian translation. 1999 Speculum 74 452 Vulgate and pre-Hieronymian versions, which exhibit different incipits and different introductory material. prehypertension n. Brit. /ˌpriːhʌɪpəˈtɛnʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌhaɪpərˈtɛnʃən/ Medicine blood pressure slightly higher than is considered optimal, but below the values classified as hypertension. ΚΠ 1963 Current Therapeutic Res. 5 570 Persons with prehypertension—i.e., lesser degrees of blood pressure elevation, either systolic, diastolic, or both—represent a very heterogenous group. 2004 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Feb. 166/2 Under new guidelines, people with pressure between 120 and 139 systolic (the top number in the reading) 80 and 89 diastolic (bottom number) are considered to have ‘prehypertension’ and should make lifestyle changes. pre-ictal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪktl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪktl/ Medicine preceding an epileptic seizure or a stroke. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke fitty1811 preconvulsive1907 pre-seizure1926 postictal1941 ictal1950 pre-ictal1953 1953 Electroencephalogr. & Neurophysiol. 5 319 Pre-ictal violent self-defensive measures. 1969 W. Pryse-Phillips Epilepsy v. 17 Grand mal fits..may be preceded by pre-ictal symptoms such as tiredness, irritability, etc. 1989 Brain 112 1042 The preictal state of the patient was recorded as part of the final evaluation. preimmune adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈmjuːn/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻˈmjun/ Immunology of, relating to, or designating an organism that has not yet developed full immunity, esp. to a specific antigen. ΚΠ 1928 Lancet 12 May 967/1 [It is] possible for a person to be in a pre-immune condition with no antitoxin in the blood and a Schick positive. 1975 Jrnl. Membrane Biol. 25 341 Purified gamma globulin from immunized animals, but not from control animals or preimmune serum, inhibited (Na⁺ + Ka⁺)-ATPase. 2001 Jrnl. Virol. 75 622 While the antibody titers observed in preimmune and naive mice were similar, the overall CTL response appeared to be reduced in preimmune mice. pre-Incarial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪŋˈkɛːrɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪŋˈkɛriəl/ prior to the time of the Incas; pre-Inca. ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca pre-Inca1860 pre-Incarial1860 pre-Incaic1920 Moche1953 1860 W. Bollaert (title) Antiquarian, Ethnological, and other Researches in New Granada, Equador, Peru, and Chili; with Observations on the pre-Incarial, Incarial, and other Monuments of Peruvian Nations. 1876 J. Orton Andes & Amazon (ed. 3) ii. xxxv. 454 Massive monolithic monuments,..prehistoric, pre-incarial. 1924 Man 24 12 In early pre-Incarial times there was some cultural influence there from Central America. preinfinitival adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnfɪnᵻˈtʌɪvl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɪnˌfɪnəˈtaɪvəl/ Linguistics occurring before the infinitive. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > mood > [adjective] > infinitive > preceding preinfinitival1977 1977 Language 53 330 I will outline B's analysis of the variation in the form of the pre-infinitival complementizer in Guyanese decreolization. 1997 Language 73 199/2 P accounts for the appearance of preinfinitival clitics in Middle and Modern French as movement over the infinitive to the newly developed Infl node. preinvasive adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈveɪsɪv/ , /ˌpriːɪnˈveɪzɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈveɪsɪv/ , /ˌpriᵻnˈveɪzɪv/ Medicine designating or relating to a stage in the development of a cancer in which it has not yet become locally invasive. ΚΠ 1929 Lancet 5 Oct. 711/1 The precancerous or pre-invasive period. 1939 Arch. Pathol. 27 804 The lesions were diagnosed as benign though now they are classified as preinvasive carcinoma. 2002 Ladies' Home Jrnl. Oct. 90/1 They all had something called ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS), also known as intraductal cancer, preinvasive breast cancer or Stage 0 breast cancer. prejunctural adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdʒʌŋ(k)tʃərəl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈdʒʌŋ(k)tʃərl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdʒəŋ(k)(t)ʃərəl/ Linguistics occurring before the transition between two linguistic segments. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > transition between sounds > preceding prejunctural1946 1946 Language 22 357 Pre-junctural features: (1) normal intensity of stress; (2) [etc.]. 1968 Language 44 84 The border between words constitutes a potential pause point. The features manifested at this prejunctural spot are correlated with the difference between rapid speech forms and deliberate speech forms. 1987 Bull. School Oriental & Afr. Stud. 50 334 As to Akkadian, we posit for this language a vowel-like word juncture that allows a long vowel before a prejunctural consonant. pre-Latin adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlatɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlætn/ of or relating to any of the Italic languages older than Latin; of or relating to tribes or cultures in Italy before the Romans. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > languages of the world > Indo-Hittite > [adjective] > Indo-European > Italic > of or relating to Latin > pre-Latin pre-Latin1879 1879 Globe Encycl. 408/2 Rich and powerful Greek colonies were planted all along the shores of Southern Italy.., eradicating the pre-Latin races, and leaving here and there only a word or relic to indicate faintly their origin. 1933 L. Bloomfield Lang. 373 Pre-Latin [kolnis] ‘hill’ gives Latin collis. 1996 Italica 73 510 In the Sicilian dialects we find words of pre-Latin origin. preleukaemia n. Brit. /ˌpriːl(j)uːˈkiːmɪə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌluˈkimiə/ Medicine a disorder characterized by abnormal development of blood cells, sometimes progressing to leukaemia; myelodysplastic syndrome. ΚΠ 1920 Brit. Jrnl. Children's Dis. 17 18 The case recently reported..would be a quite typical example of pre-leukæmia, if attention were concentrated on the blood condition in the early stages. 1964 Jrnl. Kentucky Med. Assoc. 62 862/1 Preleukemia refers to the disease state in which various hematologic abnormalities may exist prior to the occurrence of the diagnostic changes of leukemia. 2003 Women's Health Weekly (Nexis) 10 July 32 Innovative clinical trials of this agent for preleukemia (myelodysplastic syndrome)..and adjuvant therapy for colon cancer are reasonable to consider. preleukaemic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːl(j)uːˈkiːmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌluˈkimɪk/ Medicine preceding, or progressing to, leukaemia; of the nature of preleukaemia. ΚΠ 1903 Lancet 21 Nov. 1424/2 We see none of those slighter forms, none of those pre-leukæmic stages from which recovery may take place. 2002 Human Molecular Genetics 11 1586/1 Lack of early programming of the developing immune system, followed by later exposure to common infections, could lead to infection-related, immune-mediated stress on a preleukaemic clone that is sufficient to progress to leukaemia. prelogic n. and adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɒdʒɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɑdʒɪk/ (a) n. a mode of thought which precedes the development of logical reasoning (cf. prelogical adj. and n.); (b) adj. designating or exemplifying this mode of thought. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > [noun] > prelogic prelogic1914 prelogical1926 palaeologic1956 1914 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 11 187 This act is intuitive, it is prelogic, it answers to an interior vision. 1928 Philos. Rev. 37 549 Pre-logic, the logic of participation (which is a kind of anti-logic, since it does not recognize the principle of contradiction) was superseded by the logic of inclusion and exclusion, deduction, induction, and quantification. 1957 H. J. Uldall in L. Hjelmslev & H. J. Uldall Outl. Glossematics i. 4 All languages..are based on this participative prelogic. 1991 Slavic Rev. 50 375 In cultural ethnography and anthropology, Lucien Lévy-Bruhl mapped for her the regularities of ‘pre-logic thinking’. pre-maniacal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈnʌɪəkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈnaɪək(ə)l/ preceding mania or madness. ΚΠ 1883 H. Maudsley Body & Will iii. v. 297 The premaniacal semblance of mental brilliancy. prematerial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈtɪərɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈtɪriəl/ prior to what is material; relating to a time before the origin of matter. ΚΠ a1881 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric (1883) 69 What prematerial ages of ether beyond ether it may picture. 1931 Science 25 Sept. 303/2 The pre-material entities or units condense and cohere into constellations, which increase in size and structure until they reach the macroscopic stage of observation. 1998 C. G. Martin Ruins of Allegory i. 40 For Milton, these channels have at once been closed and opened by the material infusions obscurely originating both in light's ex deo expressions and in the formless darkness of its absence, in Night's prematerial realm. premeiotic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmʌɪˈɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmaɪˈɑdɪk/ (also †pre-maiotic) Cell Biology occurring before meiosis; that has not yet undergone meiosis. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > genetic activity > [adjective] > stages of mitosis or meiosis homotypical1870 heterotypical1888 homoeotypical1888 heterotypic1889 homoeotypic1889 skein1889 heterotype1895 homotype1895 synaptic1895 synaptenic1900 presynaptic1903 homotypic1904 dictyate1905 post-meiotic1905 premeiotic1905 telophasic1907 postsynaptic1909 metaphase1912 prophasic1912 telosynaptic1912 interkinetic1927 synapsed1931 synizetic1931 interphasic1948 1905 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 48 490 We may group the cells that are produced in the life cycle of an animal or plant into three categories, viz. Premaiotic, Maiotic, and Post-Maiotic respectively. 1972 Genetical Res. 20 201 The sensitive stage lay between the last premeiotic mitosis and the start of DNA synthesis. 1990 Nucleic Acids Res. 18 261/1 In meiosis mRNA levels increase prior to initiation of premeiotic DNA synthesis. prememorial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmᵻˈmɔːrɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈmɔriəl/ immemorial, of an age preceding memory; occurring prior to the operation of human memory. ΚΠ 1854 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Oct. 475 Still rears its crag and heathless edge Your praememorial wall. 1963 A. W. Melton in C. N. Cofer & B. S. Musgrave Human Behavior & Learning ix. 358 My interpretation of these data is that there is a temporary storage of information in the sensory system that is preassociational and prememorial. 1994 J. R. Rychlak Logical Learning Theory v. 131 Memory requires a preliminary formulation, a prememorial context from which the learning to be remembered takes root. premenarchal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːkl/ , /ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛˌnɑrk(ə)l/ , /ˌpriməˈnɑrk(ə)l/ Medicine = premenarcheal adj. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > girl > [adjective] > pre- or post-menarchal post-menarcheal1937 premenarcheal1937 premenarchal1956 1956 Amer. Jrnl. Obstetr. & Gynecol. 71 1319 The premenarchal girl who produces estrogen but in insufficient quantities to cause bleeding. 1975 G. S. Richardson in J. J. Gold Gynecologic Endocrinol. (ed. 2) v. 56/1 The premenarchal ovary is a polycystic ovary with an unscarred ‘porcelain’ surface. 1992 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 159 89 Cysts are common in premenarchal girls between 2 and 12 years old. premenarche n., adv., and adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːki/ , /ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːki/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmɛnɑːk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛˌnɑrki/ , /ˌpriməˈnɑrki/ Medicine (a) n. the stage of life (immediately) preceding menarche; (b) adv. before menarche; (c) adj. = premenarcheal adj. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > girl > [noun] > girlhood > pre-menarche premenarche1951 1951 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 10 612 They excrete very little 17-ketosteroid until the pre-menarche interval. 1976 Ann. Human Biol. 3 279 The weight and skinfolds of 36 longitudinally studied British girls were analysed to determine their variability from two years pre-menarche to two years post-menarche. 1981 Cancer 48 1846 Granulosa theca cell tumor (GTCT) in the premenarche accounted for 7% of all ovarian tumors treated at the Children's Hospital Medical Center from 1928 through 1979. 1997 Jrnl. Cardiovascular Risk 4 33 In the first group, comprising the youngest patients, all the girls were pre-menarche. premenarcheal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛˈnɑːkɪəl/ , /ˌpriːmᵻˈnɑːkɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈnɑrkiəl/ (also premenarchial) Medicine occurring or existing before the menarche; (of a girl) who has not yet begun to menstruate. ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > child > girl > [adjective] > pre- or post-menarchal post-menarcheal1937 premenarcheal1937 premenarchal1956 1937 Human Biol. 9 27 The positive slope of the regression of chest-width upon chronological age is greater in the case of premenarcheal girls than in the case of post~menarcheal girls. 1968 M. R. Abell in J. J. Gold Textbk. of Gynecologic Endocrinol. ix. 193 (heading) Premenarchial endometrium. 1988 Sci. Amer. Mar. 72/3 The greatest change in estimated body composition during the premenarcheal weight spurt is a large increase in body fat. premetallic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmᵻˈtalɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈtælɪk/ occurring or existing prior to the knowledge or use of metals. ΚΠ 1875 Jrnl. Anthropol. Inst. 4 273 One of the stone cases is specially recorded by Mr. Bateman as bearing all the appearances of the pre-metallic period. 1899 R. Munro Prehist. Scotl. xii. 449 The barrows of the premetallic period. 1987 Isis 78 298/2 Phylakopi, whose flourishing has sometimes been traced back to its supposed control of this essential premetallic tool material [sc. obsidian]. premetamorphic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmɛtəˈmɔːfɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmɛdəˈmɔrfɪk/ occurring or existing prior to metamorphosis (in various senses). ΚΠ 1924 Amer. Naturalist 58 540 The five cases..comprise the following..developmental stages: Typical larval male... Incipient premetamorphic female [etc.] 1963 Q. Rev. Biol. 38 1/2 A pronephros is essentially a larval kidney and in young active premetamorphic frogs and newts..it is the sole excretory (or osmoregulatory) organ. 2002 Jrnl. Petrol. 43 1637/1 An alternative possibility is that the hornblende compositions were not reset by the ∓2700 Ma metamorphism, such that the hornblende barometer records premetamorphic (i.e. 2725 Ma) crystallization pressures. pre-moral adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɒrəl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmɒrl̩/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɔrəl/ of, relating to, or designating a stage of development prior to the acquisition of moral responsibility. ΘΚΠ society > morality > [adjective] > before moral awareness pre-moral1858 1858 G. Duff in Evening Star 14 Aug. 2/6 Belonging as he [sc. Lord Palmerston] does, to the premoral, as Lord Derby says he does to the pre-scientific, school. 1898 L. F. Ward Outl. Sociol. v. 112 The evolving intellect throughout all this long pre-social and pre-moral period was exclusively devoted to the egoistic interests of individuals. 1963 L. Kohlberg in Vita Humana 6 13 The six developmental types were grouped into three moral levels and labelled as follows: Level I. Pre-Moral Level. 2000 Ethics 110 868 Kohlberg struggled for years with how to classify the relativists—are they in ‘transition’.., or do they ‘regress’ to a premoral stage? premorality n. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈralᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈrælədi/ , /ˌpriˌmɔˈrælədi/ a state or action that is before the development of moral responsibility. ΘΚΠ society > morality > [noun] > stage preceding moral awareness premorality1943 1943 Mind 52 19 The pseudo-morality of sanctions lacks the inward reality of morality. It is in fact a sort of pre-morality. 1998 Res. Lang. & Social Interaction 31 467 One might distinguish between two kinds of elementary phenomena coming before or lying underneath morality in dialogue: premorality, concerning developmentally prior conditions, precursors, of morality and responsibility; and proto-morality, [etc.] premortal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɔrdl/ (a) chiefly Theology existing or occurring before the creation of mortal creatures; (b) existing or occurring shortly before death; also in extended use. ΚΠ 1848 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 3) 201 The premortal manhood which inhered In the conception of creative mind. 1916 I. Friedlaender tr. S. M. Dubnow Hist. Jews in Russia & Poland viii. 263 The pre-mortal agonies of the doomed commonwealth, which was destined to undergo two more partitions. 1993 Ensign Mar. 58/1 The seed of that respectful conviction was planted in the premortal existence, when the Father's plan of moral agency..was followed over Lucifer's proposed amendment of forced obedience. 1998 R. Gordon Ailments through Ages 129 The next evening, Dickens developed the premortal gasping breathing known to Hippocrates, [and] at six he died. pre-mortuary adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtjʊəri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtjᵿri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtʃʊəri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈmɔːtʃ(ᵿ)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɔrtʃuˌɛri/ occurring, or relating to what may occur, before death. ΚΠ 1854 U.S. Rev. Nov. 375 The attempt to seize the ‘Sick Man's’ property, while the said invalid yet retained a very alarming amount of spasmodic and pre-mortuary vitality, was premature. 1880 A. M. Fairbairn Stud. Life Christ (1881) xiv. 244 A covenant may be a sort of pre-mortuary testament. 1996 Population: Eng. Select. 8 76 A number of Moroccan physicians have..informed us that they observe this phenomenon of ‘pre-mortuary’ return to the homeland. pre-Mosaic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmə(ʊ)ˈzeɪɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprimoʊˈzeɪɪk/ occurring before the time of Moses. ΚΠ 1859 J. Martin tr. J. H. Kurtz Hist. Old Covenant II. 58 There is a decisive proof of the pre-Mosaic origin of the blessing in the address to Levi. 1913 H. W. Robinson Relig. Ideas of Old Test. iii. 53 No certain evidence for the pre-Mosaic use of the form Yahweh..seems yet to have been brought forward. 1994 18th-cent. Stud. 27 683 The general law of retaliation prevailed among the Israelites in the pre-Mosaic patriarchal era. pre-mycosic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmʌɪˈkəʊsɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmaɪˈkoʊsɪk/ [after French prémycosique (1892)] Medicine rare = premycotic adj. ΚΠ 1893 H. R. Crocker Dis. Skin (ed. 2) 643 This pre-mycosic period, in which erythema is the most common form of dermatitis, may last for months or years. 1900 J. Hutchinson in Arch. Surg. 11 195 Typical lesions in all stages and degrees..from the pre-mycosic, figured eczema to nodosities. 1938 Lancet 11 June 1368/1 Premycosic erythrodermia. preneoplastic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːnɪə(ʊ)ˈplastɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌnioʊˈplæstɪk/ Medicine occurring or existing prior to the development of a neoplasm; potentially neoplastic. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > growth or excrescence > [adjective] > before development preneoplastic1922 1922 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 9 Dec. 1102/2 The production of the cancerous state is not necessarily the result of the action of the irritant on neoplastic, as contrasted with pre-neoplastic, tissues. 1941 Cancer Res. 1 45/1 The object of these investigations was the study of the influence of irritation on the first manifestation of neoplastic transformation, which, in the case of the skin, represents the conversion of the preneoplastic thickened epithelium into a papilloma. 1988 BioFactors 1 130/2 Many preneoplastic lesions express defects in differentiation control, and initiators of carcinogenesis selectively and stably block cellular differentiation. prenephritic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːnᵻˈfrɪtɪk/ , /ˌpriːnɛˈfrɪtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprinəˈfrɪdɪk/ Medicine occurring or existing prior to the development of nephritis. ΚΠ 1885 W. Roberts Urin. & Renal Dis. (ed. 4) iii. iv. 472 During this prenephritic stage, high tension is produced by the contraction of the muscular walls of the arterioles. 2004 Kidney Internat. 66 869 Captopril treatment delayed the onset of proteinuria when administered to prenephritic mice, whereas verapamil did not. pre-Norman adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈnɔːmən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnɔrm(ə)n/ existing or occurring before the period of the Normans, or (in Britain) before the Norman Conquest. ΚΠ 1869 E. Edwards Free Town Libraries 10 (note) The workmen found, built up or buried within a wall of the nave of the church a carved sepulchral monument of pre-Norman times. 1890 J. P. Harrison (title) The pre-Norman date of the design and some of the stone-work of the choir of Oxford Cathedral. 1977 Times Lit. Suppl. 4 Mar. 249/1 The pre-Norman mediciners of the Lords of Dinefwr. 1999 Oxf. Compan. Irish Hist. 160 The exceptional archaeological discoveries which have transformed modern knowledge of pre-Norman Dublin. prenoun n. Brit. /ˈpriːnaʊn/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌnaʊn/ Grammar a word which usually precedes and is in close syntactical relation to a noun. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > a part of speech > noun > [noun] > word preceding the noun prenoun1851 prenominal1947 1851 W. Manneville Eng. Gram. Simplified 13 Prenouns (Articles) intended to give a more definite meaning to nouns: a book; the tree. 1946 L. Bloomfield in C. F. Hockett Leonard Bloomfield Anthol. (1970) 460 Particles (prenouns) appear before nouns in less variety than before verbs [in Algonquian]. 1992 Afr. Lang. & Cultures Suppl. No. 1. 86 Abraham also took care, again more than Bargery, to illustrate the various inflectional forms of verbs, such as pre-noun direct object and pre-pronoun direct object forms. pre-Oedipal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈiːdᵻpl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɛdəp(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˈidəp(ə)l/ [compare German präödipalisch (1926 or earlier), French préoedipien (1926)] Psychoanalysis relating to or designating a phase of psychosexual development prior to the onset of an Oedipal phase; cf. Oedipal adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > psychology > theory of psychoanalysis > theories of Freud > child's desire for parent > [adjective] > prior to pre-Oedipal1926 1926 O. Rank Literary Autobiogr. in Jrnl. Otto Rank Assoc. 16 (1981) 37 Odier quotes me in a confirmatory way with regard to the primal source of the super-ego in the preoedipal (maternal) inhibitions. The preoedipal super-ego has since been overemphasized by Melanie Klein. 1999 J. Butler Gender Trouble 95 Rubin claims that the unlimited universe of sexual possibilities exists for the pre-Oedipal child. pre-organic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɔːˈɡanɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɔrˈɡænɪk/ existing or occurring prior to the existence of organic life. ΚΠ 1864 J. W. Draper Hist. Intellect. Devel. Europe (ed. 2) 558 To Steno, a Dane, is due the recognition of preorganic in contradistinction to organic rocks, a distinction the terms of which necessarily involve the idea of time. 1895 Biblical World 6 374 Chapman in his ‘Pre-organic Evolution’ holds that the general equilibrium of the primitive world-all needed action ab extra to initiate motion. 1937 R. A. Wilson Birth of Lang. 73 That the earth had a long pre-organic history..seems now to be reasonably certain. 1998 S. C. Morris Crucible of Creation ii. 34 Their subsequent organization into replicating and membrane-bound systems may be..by no means an automatic consequence of surface conditions that are conducive to pre-organic synthesis. pre-orgasmic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɔːˈɡazmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɔrˈɡæzmɪk/ (a) occurring prior to orgasm; (b) (of a person, esp. a woman) that does not experience or has not yet experienced orgasm. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sexual relations > sexual activity > [adjective] > relating to orgasm > capable of > not pre-orgasmic1966 anorgasmic1975 1966 W. H. Masters & V. E. Johnson Human Sexual Response 210 Frequently a preorgasmic secretory emission..escapes involuntarily from the urethral meatus. 1980 Time 28 Jan. 90/1 Psychologists persistently refer to unresponsive women as ‘pre-orgasmic’. 1993 Ghosts Winter 47/2 They want to stay at that edge, at just the preorgasmic moment, and keeping that ecstasy, or that almost ecstasy, all the time. preovulatory adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɒvjᵿlət(ə)ri/ , /(ˌ)priːˈəʊvjᵿlət(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈoʊvjələˌtɔri/ , /ˌpriˈɑvjələˌtɔri/ Physiology occurring before ovulation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > ovulation post-ovulatory1922 pre-ovulation1922 post-ovulation1923 ovulating1926 ovulatory1928 post-ovulative1929 preovulatory1932 ovulated1938 superovulated1939 1932 P. E. Smith in E. Allen Sex & Internal Secretions xv. 739 A secretion of the hypophysis..is present (in rabbits) before the rupture of the follicle and during the period when its pre-ovulatory period of rapid growth is taking place. 1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) x. vi. 426/2 (caption) The preovulatory surge of LH induces ovulation and the follicle transforms into the corpus luteum, which secretes progesterone. † prepalaeolith n. Obsolete rare a stone (supposedly) used before the Palaeolithic or Early Stone Age as a weapon or implement; cf. eolith n., palaeolith n. ΚΠ 1895 H. Stopes in Athenæum 325/1 Some of these prepalæoliths..are found in many positions in Swanscombe. pre-pathological adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpaθəˈlɒdʒᵻkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpæθəˈlɑdʒək(ə)l/ (a) prior to the development of modern scientific pathology (rare); (b) (of a physiological or psychological state or change) preceding or potentially leading to a pathological condition. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > [adjective] > preceding occurrence pre-pathological1869 premorbid1920 1869 Lancet 23 Jan. 141/2 The prepathological period. 1897 A. D. L. Napier Menopause iv. 78 For a variable period, usually about two years, the physiological economy is preparing for this pre-pathological change [sc. the climacteric]. 1987 Jrnl. Animal Sci. 65 1228 The best indicator of an animal suffering from stress is the development of a pre-pathological state; i.e., a stress-related change in biological function that threatens the animal's well-being [such as]..a suppression of the immune system..or the development of behaviors that would lead to such undesirable acts as tail-biting or excessive fighting. pre-Patrician adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpəˈtrɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpripəˈtrɪʃən/ occurring or existing before the time of St Patrick (fl. 5th cent.), patron saint of Ireland. ΚΠ 1890 J. Healey Irel. Anc. Schools 28 Another pre-Patrician, if not pre-Christian poet..was Torna Eigas. 1955 H. G. Leask Irish Churches & Monastic Buildings I. ii. 5 No trace remains of any pre-Patrician church building nor, indeed, can we assign any structure extant to the times of the national apostle. 2000 Irish Times (Nexis) 27 Mar. (Features section) 12 Patrick and the early Celtic church built on the pre-Patrician church in Ireland. pre-Petrine adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpiːtrʌɪn/ , /(ˌ)priːˈpɛtrʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpiˌtraɪn/ , /ˌpriˈpitr(ə)n/ , /ˌpriˈpɛˌtraɪn/ , /ˌpriˈpɛtr(ə)n/ occurring or existing before the time of Peter the Great of Russia (1672–1725); cf. Petrine adj. 2. ΚΠ 1910 Encycl. Brit. II. 139/1 A Romanticist programme of reforms based on the old traditions of the pre-Petrine epoch. 1997 G. Hosking Russia (1998) ii. iii. 114 She displayed a shrewd sense of..psychology by using the old pre-Petrine alphabet. pre-phonemic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːfəˈniːmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌprifoʊˈnimɪk/ , /ˌprifəˈnimɪk/ Linguistics occurring before (or having no knowledge of) the development of phonemic analysis. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > phoneme, allophone, etc. > before concept of phoneme pre-phonemic1951 1951 Language 27 292 The phraseology..is pre-phonemic, but..the article is one of the cornerstones of phonemic analysis. 1960 H. M. Hoenigswald Lang. Change viii. 73 The doctrine of gradual phonetic change may turn out to be a remnant from pre-phonemic days. 1997 J. S. Falk Women, Lang., & Linguistics 156 Reviews..cite purported inadequacies in transcription, the ‘pre-phonemic’ nature of her analyses, and the conservative, Boasian cast to her grammars. preplacental adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpləˈsɛntl/ , U.S. /ˌpripləˈsɛn(t)l/ Biology occurring or existing prior to the development of the placenta during pregnancy. ΚΠ 1889 Amer. Naturalist 23 926 The preplacental absorption of food by the embryos of placentalian mammals. 1975 Jrnl. Embryol. & Exper. Morphol. 34 633 Mouse chorioallantoic pre-placental structures alone or in association with the embryo were explanted during the 9th day of gestation. 1996 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 93 3313/2 Consequentially, the loss of RARβ₂ promoter activity demonstrates that RA synthesis in the preplacental embryo requires yolk-sac-derived RBP. preplanetary adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplanᵻt(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplænəˌtɛri/ Astronomy existing before the formation of planets; spec. constituting material from which the planets were subsequently formed. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > planet > [adjective] planetical?a1563 planetary1593 planetal1624 planetic1631 planetarian1652 planeted1745 planetocentric1856 preplanetary1869 protoplanetary1957 1869 C. F. Winslow Force & Nature 77 [Laplace] conceived and propounded the idea that the solar system in its preplanetary periods had existed in nebulous conditions as a vast volume of molecular dust and vapour. 1968 R. A. Lyttleton Myst. Solar Syst. ii. 54 Evidence seems to suggest that the meteorites do not represent original pre-planetary material but are a later product of the solar system. 1989 C. J. Avers Process & Pattern in Evol. ii. 42 (caption) The solar system is believed to have begun as a diffuse cloud of dust and gases, which contracted over time to form the central sun (star) and whirling disks of preplanetary material. pre-planting adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈplɑːntɪŋ/ , /(ˌ)priːˈplantɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈplæn(t)ɪŋ/ occurring, applied, or performed before a crop is planted. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > preparation of land or soil > [adjective] > prior to planting pre-planting1926 1926 Jrnl. Farm Econ. 8 161 Acreage changes may be related to relative prices in the planting or pre-planting period. 1955 Sci. News Let. 2 July 10/3 Pre-planting treatment is made on the soil before any seed is planted in the ground. 2003 Independent 23 June 1/2 Resistant weeds were controlled with a pre-planting ‘burn-down’ (which kills everything), using 2,4-D, another weedkiller. pre-prep adj. Brit. /ˈpriːprɛp/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌprɛp/ = pre-preparatory adj. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > nursery school pre-primary1922 pre-preparatory1936 pre-prep1963 1963 Sociol. of Educ. 37 92/1 He went to a ‘pre-prep school’ and public school in England and then to Harvard for a B.A. in government. 1975 Ld. Hailsham Door wherein I Went iv. 15 My formal education began at the age of five..when I was sent to a pre-prep school in Rosary Gardens. 1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 74/2 (advt.) Applications are invited for this important post involving the day-to-day management of the new Pre-Prep Department within the co-ed Preparatory School. pre-preparatory adj. Brit. /ˌpriːprᵻˈparət(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpripriˈpɛrəˌtɔri/ , /ˌpriprəˈpɛrəˌtɔri/ designating a school for younger children, usually for pupils prior to attendance at a preparatory school. ΘΚΠ society > education > place of education > school > [adjective] > nursery school pre-primary1922 pre-preparatory1936 pre-prep1963 1936 Times 27 May 30/3 (advt.) Cambridge graduate, wife Froebelian, wants suitable centre or nucleus Preparatory and Pre-preparatory School. 1947 Hispania 30 90 This is in part the result of students beginning the study of French in pre-preparatory schools before entering the secondary schools. 1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 76/4 (advt.) Required for September 1995 an enthusiastic teacher to join our small but rapidly expanding pre-preparatory department. preproenkephalin n. Brit. /ˌpriːprəʊɛnˈkɛfəlɪn/ , /ˌpriːprəʊɛnˈkɛfl̩ɪn/ , /ˌpriːprəʊɛŋˈkɛfəlɪn/ , /ˌpriːprəʊɛŋˈkɛfl̩ɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌproʊɛnˈkɛfələn/ , /ˌpriˌproʊɛnˈkɛfəˌlin/ Physiology a precursor of proenkephalin. ΚΠ 1982 Nature 21 Jan. 202/1 Nucleotide sequence analysis of the cloned cDNA has revealed the whole amino acid sequence of bovine preproenkephalin. 1988 Biol. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 34 255 Preproenkephalin B includes three copies of Leu-enkephalin as well as dymorphin..and neo-endorphin. 1999 Science (Nexis) 4 June 1634 [They] selected herpes simplex virus, which readily infects nerve cells, to transport the gene for human preproenkephalin (a precursor of Met-enkephalin, an opioid peptide with pain-killer activity) into mouse afferent nerves. preprohormone n. Brit. /ˌpriːprə(ʊ)ˈhɔːməʊn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌproʊˈhɔrˌmoʊn/ Physiology a precursor of a prohormone, typically consisting of the prohormone linked to a signal peptide. ΚΠ 1975 Nature 11 Sept. 89/2 The signal peptide must be detached from the preprohormone on the ribosome before the proinsulin chain is completed. 1999 Biochim. et Biophysica Acta 1435 84 Alignment of the predicted preprohormone structures with those of other species, showed that preproCCK has been well conserved among all vertebrates, whereas progastrin is less conserved. preproinsulin n. Brit. /ˌpriːprəʊˈɪnsjᵿlɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌproʊˈɪnsəlᵻn/ Physiology a precursor of proinsulin. ΚΠ 1975 Nature 11 Sept. 89/2 The existence of an analogous precursor to insulin, a preproinsulin, was strongly supported by the experiments of M. A. Permutt. 1979 Nature 21 June 675/1 The gene coding for preproinsulin II contained an additional intron of about 500 nucleotides between the region encoding amino acids 38 and 39 of the proinsulin II peptide chain. 1991 D. J. Weatherall New Genet. & Clin. Pract. (ed. 3) iii. 46 Insulin..is first synthesized as a molecule called preproinsulin which is 110 amino acids long. prequark n. Brit. /ˈpriːkwɑːk/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌkwɔrk/ , /ˈpriˌkwɑrk/ Particle Physics a hypothetical particle postulated as a constituent of quarks; = preon n. ΚΠ 1976 J. C. Pati & A. Salam in A. Zichichi High Energy Physics (Proc. European Physical Soc. Internat. Conf., Palermo) I. 154 The suggestion that quarks and leptons, themselves, are made out of pre-quarks and pre-bosons. 1999 Dallas Morning News (Nexis) 5 Apr. d7 We can't be sure that there aren't still smaller things, that quarks aren't made of prequarks or subquarks or something. pre-reflective adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈflɛktɪv/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈflɛktɪv/ , /ˌpririˈflɛktɪv/ occurring prior to reflection or rational thought. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > [adjective] belly-sprung1607 intuitive1645 intuitional1860 pre-rational1875 pre-reflective1902 telepathic1902 pre-reflexive1955 shoot-from-the-hip1967 1902 Philos. Rev. 11 476 It was only very slowly, out of this pre-reflective, undifferentiated matrix, that the realism and idealism of later thought developed. 1978 S. H. Hodgson Philos. of Refl. I. i. ii. 107 The undistinguished unity of primary, pre-reflective, consciousness. 2002 Contemp. Lit. 43 177 Merleau-Ponty's emphasis on the body as the focus of world-experience and, in his late work, on the ‘flesh’ as the prereflective site at which body and world blend. pre-reflexive adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈflɛksɪv/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈflɛksɪv/ , /ˌpririˈflɛksɪv/ = pre-reflective adj. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > perception or cognition > intuition > [adjective] belly-sprung1607 intuitive1645 intuitional1860 pre-rational1875 pre-reflective1902 telepathic1902 pre-reflexive1955 shoot-from-the-hip1967 1955 J. Wild Challenge Existentialism iv. 92 Sartre..tries to show how nothingness, taken in many different senses to which it is susceptible, can shed light on pre-reflexive and reflexive awareness. 1970 J. M. Edie Patterns of Life-world xviii. 339 Chomsky's..own investigations lead us to what Merleau-Ponty termed the ‘pre-reflexive’ structures of experience. 2000 Amer. Jrnl. Polit. Sci. 44 11/1 It means only that it [sc. salience] resides deep in the well of pre-reflexive background knowledge which is accessible only through methodical effort. pre-reformatory adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈfɔːmət(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈfɔrməˌtɔri/ , /ˌpririˈfɔrməˌtɔri/ Christian Church existing or occurring prior to the Reformation. ΚΠ 1884 P. Schaff et al. Relig. Encycl. III. 1805/2 In the pre-reformatory system there were no lessons for the sixth Sunday after Epiphany. 1950 W. R. Valentiner Stud. Ital. Renaissance Sculpt. iii. 36 The neo-Gothic movement with its baroque tendency in Germany, the leading country in this pre-reformatory period north of the Alps, is well known. 1994 L. B. Coser & W. B. Holdheim tr. M. Scheler Ressentiment v. 106 All the blunders and mistakes (from indulgence to autodar) by which the pre-reformatory Church often ‘provided’ for salvation. pre-relativistic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛlətᵻˈvɪstɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛlədəˈvɪstɪk/ Physics existing or occurring before the publication of the special and general theories of relativity (in 1905 and 1915 respectively); not taking the theory of relativity into account. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > relativity > [adjective] > preceding theory pre-relativity1920 pre-relativistic1923 1923 H. L. Brose tr. A. J. W. Sommerfeld Atomic Struct. & Spectral Lines iv. 211 Coulomb's law is valid and likewise ordinary (pre-relativistic) mechanics. 1952 A. Koestler Arrow in Blue vi. 51 In pre-Relativistic days it was still just possible for the non~specialist to keep abreast of general developments in science. 2000 Philos. Sci. 67 S566 In a pre-relativistic setting the presentist says that the real events for an observer are the events simultaneous with that observer. † pre-remote adj. Obsolete designating a cause antecedently remote in a chain of causation; cf. remote adj. 5a. ΚΠ 1796 E. Darwin Zoonomia II. 451 The pre~remote cause or disposition to the gout. 1798 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses II. 264 This..tendency to accumulation in horses.., together with the inspissating nature of the aliment itself, form the pre-remote cause of blindness, staggers, pursiveness [etc.]. pre-reproductive adj. Brit. /ˌpriːriːprəˈdʌktɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌriprəˈdəktɪv/ designating the period of life before an individual becomes capable of reproduction. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > reproductive period post-reproductive1900 pre-reproductive1900 1900 Q. Jrnl. Microsc. Sci. 44 3 Reproductive period.—I have used this expression to denote the whole of that period in the life of a mammal, whether male or female, during which its generative organs are capable of the reproductive function; and in contrast to the Pre-reproductive and Post-reproductive periods which severally precede and follow it, during which the generative organs are either not fully developed or are degenerate. 1977 J. L. Harper Population Biol. Plants 231 The pre-reproductive period of trees is usually long. 1997 M. E. Morbeck et al. Evolving Female iv. 107 Chimpanzees..have long prereproductive life stages that emphasize brain growth and information exchange. pre-rhotacistic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrəʊtəˈsɪstɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌroʊdəˈsɪstɪk/ Linguistics occurring in a language before a tendency to rhotacism. ΚΠ 1894 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 15 366 At some Italic period before the rhotacistic change was completed, there must have been doublets like *amase/amare in popular use. Verrius Flaccus and the archaist Festus preserved, as we know, pre-rhotacistic forms. 1910 Amer. Jrnl. Philol. 31 82 In rosodio he would see, without more ado, a genuine prerhotacistic form for rorido. pre-Roman adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrəʊmən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈroʊmən/ existing or occurring before the period of the Romans or before the Roman Empire. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of Greek or Roman antiquity classic1597 ancient1605 Constantinian1641 classical1691 post-classical1851 pre-classical1860 pre-Roman1863 post-Roman1865 preclassic1869 Hadrianic1886 Protogeometric1914 sub-Roman1932 1863 C. Lyell Geol. Evid. Antiq. Man ii. 21 Coins..of bronze and silver belonging to the first and pre-Roman division of the age of iron. 1910 A. L. Frothingham Dalmatia iv. 130 These magnificent gateways are not Roman at all but are remnants of the pre-Roman Etruscan city. 1995 Guardian 29 June i. 9/7 A mysterious historical society which plans to use the profit from the repackaged pre-Roman pastime to bankroll a Celtic arts centre. preseminal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛmᵻnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛmən(ə)l/ Biology (a) preceding fertilization (rare); (b) designating fluid secreted prior to the ejaculation of semen; cf. pre-ejaculate n. at sense 1a(b)(ii). ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. (at cited word) Prior to insemination or fecundation: as, the preseminal state of an ovum. 1973 Post Standard (N.Y.) 28 Feb. 35/1 When the male becomes stimulated sexually..a number of sperm may escape in the pre-seminal or lubricating fluid. 1994 San Francisco Chron. (Nexis) 10 Jan. d7 For oral sex with men, the risk stems from semen and, to a lesser degree, from pre-seminal fluid, which can contain the virus [sc. HIV] in smaller quantities. pre-seminary adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛmᵻn(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛməˌnɛri/ Biology = preseminal adj. (a). ΚΠ 1876 Philos. Trans. 1875 (Royal Soc.) 165 39 The growth of the ovarian egg and its envelopes or præseminary development. presolar adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsəʊlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsoʊlər/ chiefly Astronomy existing, occurring, or originating before the formation of the sun or another star; spec. constituting material from which the sun was subsequently formed; cf. prestellar adj. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > star > kind of star > protostar > [adjective] prestellar1897 protostellar1968 presolar1973 1855 P. J. Bailey Spiritual Legend in Mystic (ed. 2) 75 For sun and moon præsolar light precedes. 1877 P. J. Bailey Proem in Festus (ed. 10) 6 Hints of life, Foreworldly, pencilled by pre-solar light, Or Paradisal sun. 1973 Sci. Amer. Apr. 61/3 The molecules might be formed in the dense environs of a ‘presolar nebula’, that is, in the final phases of the collapse of a protostar into a self-luminous star. 1979 Nature 15 Feb. 556/1 According to the second model..the presolar grains condensed in a late supernova that triggered the collapse of the solar nebula. 2004 Nature 29 Apr. p. vii/3 Now using ion microscopy, presolar silicates have been identified in two primitive meteorites. presplenomegalic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːspliːnəʊmᵻˈɡalɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsplɛnoʊməˈɡælɪk/ , /ˌpriˌsplinoʊməˈɡælɪk/ Medicine rare occurring before enlargement of the spleen. ΚΠ 1905 H. D. Rolleston Dis. Liver 307 Presplenomegalic form in which the enlargement of the liver precedes that of the spleen. prestellar adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstɛlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstɛlər/ Astronomy existing or occurring before the formation of stars; spec. constituting material which subsequently goes to form a star or stars. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > star > kind of star > protostar > [adjective] prestellar1897 protostellar1968 presolar1973 1897 Harper's Mag. Mar. 555/2 Mr. Lanyard..suggests that the visible nebulæ may not be nascent stars, but emanations from stars, and the true pre-stellar nebulæ are invisible until condensed to stellar proportions. 1952 C. Payne-Gaposchkin Stars in Making (1953) ii. 43 Nebulae like the one in Orion must represent the primitive prestellar material. 1978 Sci. Amer. Apr. 112/1 The observational signpost for this prestellar stage is the emission by the cloud's many molecules of radio waves at wavelengths measured in millimeters. 1999 Science 12 Mar. 1719/1 The s of low-mass prestellar clumps has been revealed by millimeter observations of nearby star-forming regions. pre-structuralist adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rəlɪst/ , /(ˌ)priːˈstrʌktʃ(ə)rl̩ɪst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstrək(t)ʃ(ə)rələst/ Linguistics of or relating to the period prior to the development of structural linguistics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > other schools of linguistics > [adjective] > structuralism > not or prior to etic1954 pre-structuralist1954 1954 Language 30 84 The criticism applies in full to prestructuralist linguistics, less so to the Prague School and (more recently) to American structuralists. 1958 C. Rabin in Aspects of Transl. 130 Pre-Structuralist works on grammar recognized this fact by separating the description of forms (‘accidence’) from the discussion of their meaning, which appeared as part of ‘syntax’. 1992 Canad. Jrnl. Linguistics 37 96 Geeraerts..places cognitive semantic theory as the heir of the prestructuralist historical-philological tradition. presupernova n. Brit. /ˌpriːsuːpəˈnəʊvə/ , /ˌpriːsjuːpəˈnəʊvə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsuːpəˌnəʊvə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsjuːpəˌnəʊvə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsupərˈnoʊvə/ , /ˌpriˈsupərˌnoʊvə/ Astronomy a star in the period or stage before it explodes as a supernova. ΚΠ 1959 Physics & Chem. Earth 3 202 An equilibrium theory of element formation in the interiors of presupernovæ is one of the mechanisms currently believed responsible for nucleogenesis. 1988 Nature 21 Jan. 237/2 We suggest that such a star was indeed present as a binary companion to star 1 and was the actual presupernova. 1997 Science 30 May 1360/3 For rapid evolution as in a presupernova, or a supernova explosion itself, these conditions do not hold, and the spherical approximation fails. presystematic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪstᵻˈmatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪstəˈmædɪk/ occurring before the development of a formal system. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > [adjective] > prior to development of a system presystematic1931 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > [adjective] > lacking system or method unmethodical1570 immethodical1605 immethoded1653 amethodical1664 unsystematic1770 unsystematical1780 systemless1805 ramble-scramble1827 immethodic1858 rag-tag1860 impressionistic1909 presystematic1931 1931 Rev. Eng. Stud. 7 9 There is something to be said for the pre-systematic way of turning over one manuscript after another, with no set purpose except to follow up anything of interest that may arise. 1951 N. Goodman Struct. Appearance i. i. 23 Care..must be exercised..when one word..has both a systematic and a presystematic use. For example, ‘is a member of’ is used in several different presystematic ways and also as the mere verbal reading of the systematic sign ‘ε’. 2001 Philos. Rev. 110 242 Our starting point is a common, presystematic conception of logical consequence: Consider any class k of sentences and a sentence X which follows the sentences of this class. presystematically adv. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪstᵻˈmatᵻkli/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪstəˈmædək(ə)li/ in a pre-systematic manner. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > [adverb] > by means of specific linguistic analysis presystematically1951 polysystemically1973 biuniquely1975 the world > relative properties > order > disorder > irregularity > [adverb] > without system or method unmethodically1632 unsystematically1749 impressionistically1909 presystematically1951 1951 N. Goodman Struct. Appearance i. i. 22 I use ‘presystematically’ for ‘according to ordinary usage’. 1975 Jrnl. Philos. 72 552 Presystematically, the physicalist ontological position is simply put: ‘Everything is physical.’ 1995 Philos. & Phenomenol. Res. 55 898 Presystematically we might think of these as commitments to the truth of various propositions, that is, as beliefs. pretectonic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtɛkˈtɒnɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌtɛkˈtɑnɪk/ [after German vortektonisch (1930)] Geology occurring or existing before tectonic activity. ΚΠ 1938 E.B. Knopf & E. Ingerson in Mem. Geol. Soc. Amer. No. 6. viii. 108 The crystallization in such fabrics can be termed: pretectonic, posttectonic, or paratectonic with reference to the particular mineral that is under consideration. 1973 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) A. 273 473 A series of basic and ultrabasic bodies occur in the zone and appear to represent pre-tectonic intrusions very similar to those found in the northern marginal zone. 2004 Earth & Planetary Sci. Lett. 218 438/1 Stratigraphy in the Southern Pyrenees is subdivided into the pretectonic Pyrenean thrust sheet packages and syntectonic Ebro Basin assemblages. preterrestrial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtᵻˈrɛstrɪəl/ , /ˌpriːtɛˈrɛstrɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpritəˈrɛstriəl/ existing or occurring prior to the Earth or before the Biblical creation. ΚΠ 1869 C. F. Winslow Force & Nature 42 This wonderful fact.., vast in its significancy as the movements of matter and the action of universal forces in pre-terrestrial time. 1894 E. K. Mitchell tr. C. G. A. von Harnack Outl. Hist. Dogma App. i. 322 The old idea of preterrestrial existence with God. 1938 R. W. Lawson tr. G. von Hevesy & F. A. Paneth Man. Radioactivity (ed. 2) xv. 115 A radioactive isotope of very long life which was produced in pre-terrestrial times. 1999 M. R. Allen in R. H. Popkin Columbia Hist. Western Philos. 301 Aristotle asserts in the Generation of Animals that the rational soul originates outside the body, yet elsewhere he criticizes Plato for arguing that when the soul learns, it recalls what it knew in a preterrestrial state. pretransformational adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtrɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːtransfəˈmeɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːtrɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃən(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːtransfəˈmeɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌtræn(t)sfərˈmeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ Linguistics occurring before the development of transformational linguistics. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > schools or theories of grammar > [adjective] > transformational > not pretransformational1963 1963 R. P. Stookwell in P. L. Garvin Nat. Lang. & Computer 26 The IC model has been fashionable for a couple of decades; its pretransformational application to English was worked out most fully by Nida. 1983 Current Anthropol. 24 97/1 Keesing has pointed out that pretransformational linguistics had a marked bearing on ethnoscience and ethnography. pre-ulcerous adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈʌls(ə)rəs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈəls(ə)rəs/ liable to become ulcerated; predisposed to the development of an ulcer, esp. a peptic ulcer. ΚΠ 1937 Amer. Heart Jrnl. 14 430 I have performed a biopsy of the vein and skin in the pre-ulcerous stage. 1967 Current Anthropol. 8 216/1 I would like to suggest a series of gastric washings, studied for micro-organisms, on pre-ulcerous and ulcerous patients. 1989 B. A. Mason Love Life 147 He wasn't supposed to drink, because he was preulcerous. 1997 K. Loggins & J. Loggins Unimaginable Life i. 27 A preulcerous condition resulting from stress and alcohol convinced my doctor that I needed exercise and..colonics. prevernal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈvəːnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈvərn(ə)l/ chiefly Ecology occurring in, relating to, or designating a period before spring or very early in spring. ΚΠ 1879 C. Patmore Unknown Eros 13 O, quick, prævernal Power That signall'st punctual through the sleepy mould The Snowdrop's time to flower. 1905 F. E. Clements Res. Methods Ecol. 321 Prevernal, pertaining to early spring. 1928 Observer 26 Feb. 22/2 The impression given by these prevernal flowers. 1960 N. Polunin Introd. Plant Geogr. x. 285 In temperate forests..the seasonal aspects are apt to be important—in particular the prevernal (i.e. before spring) one of herbs which flower before the shading tree-leaves expand. 1986 Isis 77 420 C. K. Sprengel..discovered the close relationship of insects and flowers and discerned in some cases (such as dichogamy and prevernal florescences) a providential feeding of insects. pre-Victorian adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpriːvɪkˈtɔːrɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌvɪkˈtɔriən/ (a) adj. relating to the period before the reign of Queen Victoria (1837-1901) (b) n. a person living before the reign of Queen Victoria. ΘΚΠ the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > Victorian Victorian1839 early Victorian1871 pre-Victorian1887 middle Victorian1896 post-Victorian1912 neo-Victorian1940 1887 Murray's Mag. Oct. 486 In that golden pre-Victorian age, people did not study Shakespeare. 1933 E. Blunden Charles Lamb 193 It was Lamb's instinctive utterance of indignation against the spirit of the pre-Victorians, the tendency to make a boudoir or a Persian heaven. 1964 D. Owen Eng. Philanthropy (1965) 5 Victorians and pre-Victorians agitated..for more efficient employment of..charitable trusts. 1973 M. R. Booth Eng. Plays of 19th Cent. III. 25 The materialism of the age, its social ambition and self-seeking drive..are topics not really explored in pre-Victorian comedy. 1996 D. Flaherty in C. O. Jackson Other Americans 20 Whatever their status as pre-Victorians, most colonists had a sense of modesty and even prudery in moral matters that helped maintain standards of behavior. 1999 Scout Rep. Archives (Internet Scout Project) (Electronic text) 2 Apr. The textbase is a collection of primarily pre-Victorian (1450-1850) literature written by women. prevocational adj. Brit. /ˌpriːvə(ʊ)ˈkeɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːvə(ʊ)ˈkeɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌvoʊˈkeɪʃ(ə)nəl/ performed before vocational training; relating to preparations for vocational training. ΚΠ 1911 Vocational Educ. Sept. 40 Perhaps there is no type of industrial school where this dual purpose is so clearly seen..as that which we are coming to call pre-vocational. 1947 T. J. Reynolds & L. E. Kent Struct. Steelwork (ed. 8) 364 (advt.) The books in this series have been compiled to provide systematic and progressive courses of pre-vocational study preparatory to entrance to Senior Courses in Technical Colleges. 2004 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 7 July (Food section) 1 Fegen has been a supporter of the Kids Cafe from its inception, working with middle school and high school students in a professional kitchen setting, doing prevocational training and encouraging healthier choices. prevolitional adj. Brit. /ˌpriːvəˈlɪʃn̩(ə)l/ , /ˌpriːvəˈlɪʃən(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌvoʊˈlɪʃ(ə)nəl/ , /ˌprivəˈlɪʃ(ə)nəl/ occurring or existing before volition. ΚΠ 1865 Ladies' Repos. Dec. 728/1 As the intellect, the emotions, and the desires conditionally precede the volition, so we may call these the pre-volitional conditions. 1999 Philos. Rev. 108 322 God's knowledge of simple intelligence is his knowledge of necessary truths, which he is said to have prior, in the order of explanation, to his creative act of will. Hence it is sometimes referred to as his prevolitional knowledge. prezygotic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːzʌɪˈɡɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌzaɪˈɡɑdɪk/ Biology occurring before fertilization or zygote formation. ΚΠ 1926 F. A. E. Crew in Q. Rev. Biol. 1 341 The action of the Y-borne genes is prezygotic. 1997 G. S. Helfman et al. Diversity of Fishes xxiii. 408/2 Parental care is often distinguished as prezygotic (e.g., nest preparation) and postzygotic (e.g., internal brooding, guarding young). (b) With nouns or noun phrases forming adjectives. (i) Prefixed to common nouns, in sense ‘existing, happening, produced, etc., before the time of, or prior to, the thing indicated by the second element’. preadvertisement adj. Brit. /ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻsm(ə)nt/ , /ˌpriːədˈvəːtᵻzm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzmənt/ , /ˌpriədˈvərdəzmənt/ ΚΠ 1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 6 Nov. 1/2 In the pre-advertisement era a good newspaper was the exclusive luxury of the rich. 2000 Jrnl. Finance 55 940 We find that the preadvertisement performance of the mutual funds in our sample is higher than the various benchmarks. preadvertising adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈadvətʌɪzɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈædvərˌtaɪzɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-advertising, belonging to the days before advertising was usual. 2001 Marketing Sci. 20 195/2 The closing ratio and average spending per transaction had declined compared to the preadvertising period. pre-amalgamation adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəmalɡəˈmeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˌmælɡəˈmeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1866 Standard 27 Aug. 4/7 Holders of pre-amalgamation preferences. 1994 Where Winnipeg Mar. 13/1 The West section of the city which includes a large portion of the older pre-amalgamation City of Winnipeg. pre-auction adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔkʃən/ , /ˌpriˈɑkʃən/ ΚΠ 1943 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald-Jrnl. 16 Mar. 2 There was a pre-auction inspection for prospective buyers. 2003 Kitchen Sink Winter 91/3 An overlock is placed on the storage space until the pre-auction inventory process. prebetrothal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːbᵻˈtrəʊðl/ , U.S. /ˌpribəˈtroʊð(ə)l/ , /ˌpribəˈtroʊθ(ə)l/ , /ˌpribəˈtrɔθ(ə)l/ , /ˌpribəˈtrɑθ(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-betrothal. 1995 Amer. Ethnologist 22 495 Bangangté women liken the period immediately following birth to nja (the prebetrothal puberty rite). pre-bid adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈbɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbɪd/ ΚΠ 1937 Zanesville (Ohio) Signal 4 Dec. 6/4 The pre-bid talk on the golden slope did the football department..no good. 1997 Village Voice (N.Y.) 8 Apr. 27/1 A pre-bid conference..was swamped by more than 70 representatives of..possible vendors. pre-breakfast adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbrɛkfəst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbrɛkfəst/ ΚΠ 1896 S. R. Crockett Cleg Kelly 92 The voices of the men..answering one another in pre-breakfast monosyllables. 1995 National Geographic Traveler July 50/1 There were prebreakfast power walks for fitness fans. pre-Broadway adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbrɔːdweɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbrɔdˌweɪ/ , /ˌpriˈbrɑdˌweɪ/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [adjective] > pre-London or Broadway pre-Broadway1907 pre-London1954 1907 Decatur (Illinois) Rev. 27 Jan. 14/2 Contrary to the rest of its pre-Broadway tour, the play was acted to empty seats. 1994 D. Cassidy & C. Deffaa C'mon, get Happy xviii. 221 In the months of our pre-Broadway tour, we did boffo business. pre-cession adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛʃən/ ΚΠ 1920 Chambers's Jrnl. 13 Nov. 786/2 The natives obtained, individually or communally, land to which in the pre-cession days they could not have established a claim. 1990 Compar. Stud. Society & Hist. 32 159 (note) Laws and regulations relating to sanitation were initially made substantially earlier and a few were enacted by the pre-Cession planters' government (the Cakobau government). pre-chloroform adj. and adv. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈklɔːrəfɔːm/ , /(ˌ)priːˈklɒrəfɔːm/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈklɔrəˌfɔrm/ ΚΠ 1888 Edinb. Rev. Oct. 500 Sudden death sometimes occurred from the shock of a grave operation in pre-chloroform days. 1908 Daily Chron. 22 Oct. 3/3 They were also pre-chloroform days, and ‘the cries of the poor fellows who were operated on were very characteristic.’ 2004 Guardian (Nexis) 28 Feb. (Review section) 15 Fanny Burney's 1812 letter detailing her breast cancer operation conducted, pre-chloroform, without anaesthetic. pre-Christmas adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkrɪsməs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkrɪsməs/ ΘΚΠ society > faith > worship > liturgical year > feast, festival > specific Christian festivals > Christmas > [adjective] > before pre-Christmas1895 1895 Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate 12 Dec. 7/2 The use of holly in Christmas decorations is of great antiquity, and is probably merely a continuation of the Roman customs of pre-Christmas times. 1925 T. Dreiser Amer. Trag. I. ii. xxvii. 338 Clyde..was invited by her to attend a pre-Christmas dance. 2003 New Internationalist Jan. (Chronicle 2002 Suppl.) 2/2 I was made to open my coat to ensure that I was not a suicide bomber about to do in the pre-Christmas crowd. precivilization adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪvl̩ʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːsɪvᵻlʌɪˈzeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪvələˈzeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌsɪvəˌlaɪˈzeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1858 Lit. Gaz. 20 Feb. 177/3 The pre-civilization epoch, when wild in woods the noble surgeon ran. 1892 Polit. Sci. Q. 7 334 In the pre-civilization period these vexed questions of ‘morals’ practically did not exist. 2006 World Hist. (CliffsAP) ii. 12 Means of determining the approximate dates of pre-civilizations include the following: Stratigraphy, in cases of multiple layers of pre-civilization settlements; the older settlements lie at the bottom strata. pre-Civil War adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪvl ˈwɔː/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪvᵻl ˈwɔr/ ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > war > types of war > [adjective] > civil > before Civil War pre-Civil War1910 1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 431 The ideal of the radical land reformer of the pre-Civil War period has the imprint of the American primitive, isolated-farmhouse type of association. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Feb. 18/2 It is possible to view Fuller's life as a progress away from the net of intellectual gentlefolk in pre-Civil War Boston, and its environs. pre-coition adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəʊˈɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikoʊˈɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1951 L. E. Richdale Sexual Behavior in Penguins vi. 176 The pre-egg stage of these types is divided into a pre-coition and a coition phase. 1953 N. Tinbergen Herring Gull's World iv. 120 Head-tossing is the main part of the pre-coition behaviour. 1990 E. A. Ritter Shaka Zulu xvii. 202 They were past masters in the delicate art of pre-coition excitation or love play. pre-college adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒlɪdʒ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑlɪdʒ/ ΘΚΠ society > education > [adjective] > level of education advanced1705 postgraduate1858 post-school1898 pre-college1903 pre-professional1909 post-primary1919 postgrad1933 1903 Science 24 Apr. 649/2 Some of our students, whose ambitions or mental aspirations may have never been stirred in their pre-college days. 2003 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Sept. 242/1 Chess—a game he learned during his pre-college ‘gap year’ abroad. pre-computer adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkəmˈpjuːtə/ , U.S. /ˌprikəmˈpjudər/ ΘΚΠ society > computing and information technology > [adjective] > before computing pre-computer1959 1959 Jrnl. Industr. Econ. 7 185 In the pre-computer system lists were kept for every standard assembly and sub-assembly, showing their components in terms of sub-assemblies and piece-parts. 1993 Sci. Amer. Oct. 78/1 Nonlinear systems were investigated in the precomputer era, but computers allow mathematicians to explore these systems and watch them evolve. preconsonant adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒnsənənt/ , /(ˌ)priːˈkɒnsn̩ənt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑnsənənt/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > consonant > [adjective] > before or after anteconsonantal1888 preconsonantal1896 post-consonantal1905 post-consonantic1935 preconsonant1949 1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) ii. 20 The allomorphs are listed in a structurally corresponding fashion. First is given the preconsonant form and secondly the prevowel form. 2005 S. B. Kucer Dimensions of Literacy v. 262 Preconsonant nasals, such as /n/ and /m/, may be omitted because they are not perceptually salient. preconvention adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈvɛnʃn/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈvɛn(t)ʃən/ ΚΠ 1884 Wellsboro (Pa.) Agitator 8 July 2/5 They..are half inclined to renew their pre Convention talk about what they will and will not do. 1989 Exceptional Children 56 274/1 At its recent international convention..CEC embarked on a new..preconvention training program. pre-Crusade adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkruːˈseɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkruˈseɪd/ ΚΠ 1920 Amer. Hist. Rev. 25 214 Christian imitations of the Saracen gold besant of the pre-Crusade period. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 10 Aug. 39 (advt.) Various aspects of the social and religious history of the French kingdom in pre-Crusade Europe. pre-crusading adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkruːˈseɪdɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkruˈseɪdɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1892 Eng. Hist. Rev. 7 671 We are fortunate in having such complete narratives as those of Sæwulf and the Abbot Daniel as our guides to the pre-crusading buildings. 1997 Evening Post (Wellington) (Nexis) 16 Dec. 6 Hide's public and parliamentary persona..clearly mirrors that of the cowboy Peters in Winston's pre-crusading days. predevelopment adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈvɛləpm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈvɛləpmənt/ , /ˌpridiˈvɛləpmənt/ ΚΠ 1911 Colorado Springs Gaz. 4 Dec. 8/1 (advt.) The longer you put it off the less chance you have to get the best locations at the ‘pre-development’ price of $25. 1991 Musical Q. Fall 419 In the solo exposition, prior to the conventional predevelopment tutti section, the winds are present for only three measures. pre-dinner adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈdɪnə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɪnər/ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > meal > meal-time > [adjective] > before or after meal after-dinner1633 postprandial1820 preprandial1820 post-cenal1848 pre-dinner1905 pre-lunch1922 1905 Trenton (New Jersey) Times 17 Feb. 2/4 Beside each plate will be an artistically decorated miniature flask..containing the usual pre-dinner cocktail. 2004 C. P. Shaw Whisky (new ed.) 149/2 A nice pre-dinner dram, but generally available only from independent merchants. pre-dispersion adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdᵻˈspəːʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpridəˈspərʒən/ , /ˌpridəˈspərʃən/ ΚΠ 1898 Classical Rev. 12 48/1 A belief in the transmigration of souls existed amongst Celts, Greek and Hindoos and must also be regarded as a pre-dispersion belief. 1990 S. S. Tepper Raising Stones i. vi. 169 From the various animals man had used as workmates in pre-Dispersion times..cats had been chosen to accompany these settlers. pre-disruption adj. Brit. /ˌpriːdɪsˈrʌpʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpridɪsˈrəpʃən/ ΚΠ 1870 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 33 96 The pre-disruption ministers' fund, which is designed to augment the stipends of those ministers of that paricular class who have had to make..the largest pecuniary sacrifices. 2001 Amer. Sociol. Rev. 66 248/2 We expect compulsory transfers to reduce men's incomes, more so for men who provided the bulk of the couple's pre-disruption income. pre-dose adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈdəʊs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdoʊs/ ΚΠ 1930 H. L. Hollingworth Abnormal Psychol. xxv. 562 In the following table of results, the average forenoon (predose) performance is in all cases taken as 100%. 2001 Human Factors (Nexis) 22 June 310 Both..groups received a predose test within the hour prior to dosing on Day 2. pre-dynamite adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdʌɪnəmʌɪt/ , /(ˌ)priːˈdɪnəmʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdaɪnəˌmaɪt/ ΚΠ 1886 F. H. Doyle Reminisc. 26 In the happy predynamite days. 1962 Daily Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 14 Jan. 7/7 They..fished the rivers, which abounded in hognose and mountain mullet in pre-dynamite days. pre-Easter adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈiːstə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈistər/ ΚΠ 1864 B. Lumley Reminisc. Opera 37 Whatever success attended the pre-Easter season. 1997 Indianapolis Star 18 Apr. a21 (advt.) 50% Off Pre-Easter clearance..Easter Windsocks & Easter Flags. pre-emancipation adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻmansᵻˈpeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˌmænsəˈpeɪʃən/ , /ˌpriiˌmænsəˈpeɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1877 Macmillan's Mag. June 102/2 These, with Ram the bookseller, the English Jew of the pre-emancipation era, and some minor characters, give to the reader a most complete picture of Jews and Jewesses. 2000 Slavic Rev. 59 408 The state's granting of individual title to peasant proprietors also corresponded to..the weakness or nonexistence of communal institutions in the preemancipation era. preemployment adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻmˈplɔɪm(ə)nt/ , /ˌpriːɛmˈplɔɪm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻmˈplɔɪmənt/ , /ˌpriɛmˈplɔɪmənt/ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > working > career > [adjective] > before being employed pre-service1918 preemployment1927 1927 Times 1 Aug. 8/5 The types of educational provision required are:—pre-employment schools, either full or part time, for boys and girls of 14 to 16. 2001 B. Ehrenreich Nickel & Dimed (2002) iii. 124 My approach to preemployment personality tests has been zero tolerance vis-à-vis the obvious ‘crimes’. pre-examination adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻɡzamᵻˈneɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːɛɡzamᵻˈneɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/ , /ˌpriɛɡˌzæməˈneɪʃən/ ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > pre-examination pre-examination1890 1890 Times 1 Mar. 7/4 Drawing a comparison between pre-examination times and the system of competitive examinations [for entry to the Indian civil service]. 2001 Internat. Family Planning Perspectives 28 112/1 Stage 1 data showed the need for improvement in such basic infection-control measures as pre-examination hand washing. pre-flogging adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈflɒɡɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈflɑɡɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1898 Daily News 2 Nov. 2/2 A school to whose welfare I am still as much attached as I was when in the golden sixties I enjoyed the happiness of the pre-flogging, pre-bullying era. pre-free-trade adj. Brit. /ˌpriːfriːˈtreɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌfriˈtreɪd/ ΚΠ 1877 Times 27 Nov. 6/2 In this table I insert three dates—1840, 1850, and 1854—as belonging to the pre-Free-Trade period. 1997 Econ. Jrnl. 107 1804 The domestic industry pre-free-trade had a comparative disadvantage in precisely those sectors in which foreign industry grew. pregame adj. Brit. /ˈpriːɡeɪm/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌɡeɪm/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > match or competition > [adjective] > pre- or post-game after-game1904 pregame1913 post-game1934 1913 Lincoln (Nebraska) Daily Star 22 Nov. 8/3 Minnesota was the pre-game favorite here today in the annual Illinois-Minnesota football struggle. 2000 S. Bellow Ravelstein 55 I have an impression somehow of the President..intermittently interrupting the pregame action on the basketball court. pre-glasnost adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡlaznɒst/ , /(ˌ)priːˈɡlasnɒst/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnoʊst/ , /ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnɔst/ , /ˌpriˈɡlɑzˌnɑst/ ΚΠ 1987 Fortune 30 Mar. 14/2 In January the state record label, Melodiya, released an album of recordings Grebenschikov made at home in pre-glasnost days. 2000 D. Martin Soviet Attitude to Polit. & Social Change in Central Amer. v. 71 In the pre-glasnost era, casualty figures and the traumas of fighting in Afghanistan were hidden from the Soviet population. pre-Inca adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪŋkə/ ΘΚΠ the world > people > ethnicities > Indian of Central or South America > [adjective] > Indians of South America > pre-Inca pre-Inca1860 pre-Incarial1860 pre-Incaic1920 Moche1953 1860 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 30 Index 207/2 Tiaguanaco, ancient pre-Inca ruins in Bolivia. 1996 Independent 28 Aug. i. 7/1 Unprecedented quantities of ancient South American gold and other treasures are expected to be discovered under a deserted pre-Inca city in northern Peru. pre-increase adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪnkriːs/ , /(ˌ)priːˈɪŋkriːs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɪnˌkris/ , /ˌpriᵻnˈkris/ ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > increase in quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > before increase pre-increase1937 1937 Times 22 Feb. 7/6 (advt.) The Civil Service Stores..offer present stocks at the following great reductions off the pre-increase price. 1998 Grocer 12 Sept. 29/4 This week's best buys included Hovis wholemeal at Waitrose, and at Sainsbury in Newport, where it had returned to the pre-increase price of 49p. pre-independence adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪndᵻˈpɛnd(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌɪndəˈpɛndəns/ ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of lowa1387 primitive1838 pre-revolution1860 metronymic1868 pre-feudal1870 prelogical1880 polyzoic1886 pre-agricultural1898 pre-civil1902 pre-feudalic1907 subcultural1909 protocultural1920 pre-independencea1922 apparented1934 sensate1937 patrimonial1946 non-literate1948 inner-directed1950 underground1953 pop-cultural1963 technopolitan1965 a1922 W. H. Hudson Let. in M. Roberts W. H. Hudson, a Portrait (1924) viii. 104 Blessed are those who die struck by lightning! That was often said by a preacher of rebellion against the Mother Country in the pre-Independence days. 1994 Guardian 14 Mar. i. 5/3 Home movies..are treasured as well as films by colonial civil servants of pre-independence India. pre-inscription adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈskrɪpʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈskrɪpʃən/ ΚΠ 1894 Westm. Gaz. 22 Jan. 3/3 Merivale..wrote in the pre-inscription and the pre-Mommsen period. 2003 Philippine Daily Inquirer (Nexis) 26 May Now it is four years after its Unesco inscription [as a World Heritage site]. Some of the pre-inscription questions have been answered. pre-invasion adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɪnˈveɪʒn/ , U.S. /ˌpriᵻnˈveɪʒən/ ΚΠ 1926 Classical Philol. 21 19 A different suggestion..is that the pre-invasion dialect of Elis was Aeolic, but it is more probable that this was nearer akin to Arcadian. 1993 Offshore Oil Internat. Sept. 36/4 Rehabilitation of additional oil-gathering centres is progressing as the country had hoped and operations are approaching preinvasion capacity. pre-Islam adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɪzlɑːm/ , /(ˌ)priːˈɪslɑːm/ , /ˌpriːɪzˈlɑːm/ , /ˌpriːɪzˈlam/ , /ˌpriːɪˈslɑːm/ , U.S. /ˌpriɪzˈlɑm/ , /ˌpriˈɪsˌlɑm/ , /ˌpriˈɪzˌlɑm/ , /ˌpriɪˈslɑm/ ΚΠ 1887 Jrnl. Anthropol. Instit. 16 227 An enormous belief in the supernatural is possibly a relic of the præ-Islam state. 2004 Hollywood Reporter (Nexis) 5 May [The film] Troy is vaguely pre-Islam Middle Eastern, with exteriors reminiscent of D.W. Griffith's Babylon sequence in ‘Intolerance’. pre-jazz adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdʒaʒ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdʒæz/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > [adjective] > pre-jazz pre-jazz1923 1923 Landmark (Statesville, N. Carolina) 15 Oct. 7/6 The dances were Highland reels, eightsome reels..and other dances of the pre-Jazz era. 1996 Amer. Lit. Hist. 8 268 The recipe for good health offered by the pre-Jazz Age doctors of neurasthenia was the wise spending of nervous energy. pre-launch adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈlɔːn(t)ʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɔn(t)ʃ/ , /ˌpriˈlɑn(t)ʃ/ ΘΚΠ society > travel > air or space travel > space flight > [adjective] > before launching spacecraft pre-launch1954 1954 Times 21 Dec. 3/2 Equipment for the pre-launch testing of guided missiles..was seen yesterday. 1992 Economist 15 Aug. 61/1 The company's most optimistic pre-launch projections were for the sale of 18m razors and 200m blades in 1990. pre-legislation adj. Brit. /ˌpriːlɛdʒᵻˈsleɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌlɛdʒəˈsleɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1932 Times 23 Oct. 13/1 To secure consultation with Indian opinion at this pre-legislation stage the Bill will not be introduced until [etc.]. 1996 Daily Tel. 27 June 6/6 Labour is expected to require a simple majority in two pre-legislation plebiscites within weeks of coming to power. pre-liberation adj. Brit. /ˌpriːlɪbəˈreɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌlɪbəˈreɪʃən/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > lack of subjection > freedom or liberty > liberation > [adjective] > before liberation pre-liberation1937 1937 Jrnl. Mod. Hist. 9 349 Stoyanov's recent study of the preliberation period gains in value because of his unusual care in tracing Bulgarian economic development. 1997 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Jan. 42/1 I could just imagine her on a date in the 60s, the kind of feminine pre-liberation girl they don't make anymore. pre-life adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈlʌɪf/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlaɪf/ ΘΚΠ the world > life > source or principle of life > [adjective] > preliminary to life pre-life1937 1937 R. A. Wilson Birth of Lang. iv. 99 The formative energy which produced the tree must..have been latent in the pre-life matter. 1986 G. Benford & D. Brin Heart of Comet (1987) ii. 93 Might've kept things percolating long enough to cook up those exotic chemicals and prelife forms Lintz found. pre-London adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlʌndən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈləndən/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > the theatre or the stage > [adjective] > pre-London or Broadway pre-Broadway1907 pre-London1954 1954 Times 4 Jan. 7/3 The modern custom of the full cast going on a pre-London tour of the provinces was..unknown. 1986 William & Mary Q. 43 67 We know next to nothing of James Buchanan's pre-London years. pre-lunch adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈlʌn(t)ʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlən(t)ʃ/ ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > meal > meal-time > [adjective] > before or after meal after-dinner1633 postprandial1820 preprandial1820 post-cenal1848 pre-dinner1905 pre-lunch1922 1922 Times 22 Mar. 20/6 I should not think that at a pre-lunch meeting I could hope to emulate the after-dinner oratory of the gentleman. 1999 P. Matthews Cannabis Culture (2000) Postscript 220 I remember once inviting him up to my room for a surreptitious pre-lunch joint. premachine adj. Brit. /ˌpriːməˈʃiːn/ , U.S. /ˌpriməˈʃin/ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > equipment > machine > [adjective] > pre-machine premachine1916 1916 Econ. Jrnl. 26 450 There are..four times as many people living in England to-day as in the pre-machine era. 1999 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 107 S85 The issue is whether office workers had to be more able in the premachine period and became less able as machinery spread. premarket adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɑːkɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɑrkət/ ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > [adjective] > existing before trade premarket1923 society > trade and finance > selling > [adjective] > before selling premarket1923 pre-sale1937 pre-sales1957 1923 H. Kyrk Theory Consumption vii. 161 It is a pre-market valuation process; it takes place independently of exchange. 2004 Patient Care Law Weekly (Nexis) 16 Oct. 19 Abbott received approval and clearance for the Xact Carotid Stent and Emboshield Embolic Protection System based on its submission..in a Premarket Approval application filed in 2004. premarketing adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɑːkɪtɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɑrkədɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1950 Daily Reg. (Harrisburg, Illinois) 28 Sept. 2/3 In the most extensive pre-marketing tests ever given a new automobile the Henry J demonstrated its ability. 1995 L. Garrett Coming Plague (new ed.) xii. 399 The FDA reclassified tampons as Class Three Medical Devices, thus, for the first time, legally requiring premarketing safety tests. premarriage adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmarɪdʒ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛrɪdʒ/ ΚΠ 1893 Jrnl. Anthropol. Instit. 22 254 The ‘Morong’ indicates the wandering ‘horde’, settling down, and becoming less savage and nomadic, the relic of the former stage of pre-marriage communism. 1993 New Republic 16 Aug. 12/2 People will voluntarily make a premarriage contract to indicate that they take their marriage more seriously than the law requires. pre-match adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈmatʃ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmætʃ/ ΚΠ 1920 Los Angeles Times 12 Apr. 16/1 The result completely ruined all the dope of the pre-match thinkers. 2003 J. Mullaney We'll be Back 251 On the day of the game, we had a boozy pre-match session, joined by a load of Broadstreet RFC lads. pre-oidium adj. Brit. /ˌpriːəʊˈɪdɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌprioʊˈɪdiəm/ ΚΠ 1920 G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-bk. i. 7 This was pre-oïdium and pre-phylloxera wine. pre-pause adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈpɔːz/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɔz/ , /ˌpriˈpɑz/ ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of speech sound > speech sound > [adjective] > before a pause pre-pause1934 prepausal1941 1934 M. K. Pope From Lat. to Mod. French ii. xvii. 222 The prae-pause form of the word, the one with sounded consonant, was retained very generally. 1997 I. Roca Derivations & Constraints in Phonology iii. 245 The potential pre-pause position of word-final vowels, and the aerodynamics of the vocal tract all appear to have contributed to devoicing. pre-plaster-of-Paris adj. Brit. /ˌpriːplɑːstərəvˈparɪs/ , /ˌpriːplastərəvˈparɪs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌplæstərəvˈpɛrəs/ ΚΠ 1897 Daily News 4 Jan. 6/3 The picturesqueness of Cairo in the pre-plaster-of-Paris age. pre-pneumatic-tyre adj. Brit. /ˌpriːnjuːmatɪkˈtʌɪə/ , /ˌpriːnjᵿmatɪkˈtʌɪə/ , U.S. /ˌprin(j)uˌmædɪkˈtaɪ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-pneumatic-tire. pre-police adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpᵿˈliːs/ , /(ˌ)priːˈpliːs/ , U.S. /ˌpripəˈlis/ ΚΠ 1864 Realm 22 June 5 The highwayman of our old-fashioned romances and pre-police reports cried, ‘Stand and deliver!’ as he met you. 2004 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 7 Mar. 11 In a pre-police era in London, he makes his living tracking down thieves and debtors for wealthy clients. pre-portraying adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpɔːˈtreɪɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpɔrˈtreɪɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1876 ‘G. Eliot’ Daniel Deronda III. v. xxxvi. 75 Old portraits stretching back..to the pre-portraying period. pre-pottery adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpɒt(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɑdəri/ ΘΚΠ society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [adjective] > before the invention of pottery pre-pottery1914 1914 Man 14 9 Extremely interesting are the remains of a very ancient pre-pottery race near Coquimbo. 1994 Sci. Amer. June 48/2 Simple woven textiles reflected the beginnings of weaving, but alongside them lay elaborate twined textiles..characteristic of prepottery cultures. pre-printing adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈprɪntɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈprɪn(t)ɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-printing. 2004 Canad. Jrnl. Hist. (Nexis) 39 547 In a pre-printing era, travellers were valued as the best source of knowledge about distant places, people, and ideas. pre-qualificative adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkwɒlᵻfᵻkətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkwɔləfəˌkeɪdɪv/ , /ˌpriˈkwɑləfəˌkeɪdɪv/ ΚΠ 1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. 183 (heading) Adverbs in the pre-qualificative position... These immediately precede the qualificative. pre-race adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈreɪs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈreɪs/ ΚΠ 1922 Sunday State Jrnl. (Lincoln, Nebraska) 27 Aug. a9/1 A committee was appointed to work out details of the pre-race event. 2002 M. Rendell Kings of Mountains (2003) iv. 72 The arepa, a grilled pancake of sweetcorn pulp, butter and salt, provided the ideal pre-race breakfast. pre-radio adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈreɪdɪəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈreɪdioʊ/ ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > radio broadcasting > [adjective] > before radio pre-radio1925 society > communication > telecommunication > radio communications > [adjective] > before radio pre-radio1925 1925 Oakland (Calif.) Tribune 24 Sept. (Mag.) 1/1 Just as many young persons will leave the farm now as in pre-radio days. 1989 Amer. Q. 41 711 Inappropriately in a study of the late nineteenth and pre-radio twentieth centuries the author spends too much energy on the national level. pre-railroad adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈreɪlrəʊd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈreɪlˌroʊd/ ΚΠ 1852 F. L. Olmsted Walks & Talks 201 This was an immense vehicle, of pre-railroad origin, like our Pennsylvania wagons, but heavier and higher. 2000 New Eng. Q. 73 427 The identity of that New England she [sc. Harriet Beecher Stowe] often recalls with affectionate nostalgia from the pre-railroad era..remained in essence Congregationalist. pre-railway adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈreɪlweɪ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈreɪlˌweɪ/ ΚΠ 1866 Jrnl. Statist. Soc. 29 564 Had the railway traffic of 1865 been conveyed by canal and road at the pre-railway rates, it would have cost three times as much. 1997 Jrnl. Econ. Hist. 57 146 The development of reliable and prompt transport modes in the prerailway era was a necessary condition for the success of the Industrial Revolution. pre-recognition adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛkəɡˈnɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛkəɡˈnɪʃən/ ΚΠ 1924 Amer. Jrnl. Internat. Law 18 134 Mexico—United States. Revolutionary claims convention framed at prerecognition conference, signed at Mexico City. 1992 Pacific Affairs 65 319 Canada's pre-recognition China policy focused on China's stability and normal participation in regional and international affairs. pre-Reformation adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛfəˈmeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛfərˈmeɪʃən/ ΘΚΠ society > faith > sect > Christianity > Roman Catholicism > [adjective] RomanisheOE Laterana1400 Romana1500 papistical1527 popish1528 antichristian1532 pontifical1533 Babylonical1535 papish1538 Romish1538 papistic1545 west1549 catholic1554 catholic1554 mass-monging1556 western1562 Latin1564 Babylonian1567 Babylonish1570 Romish Catholic?1570 Romanist1572 Roman Catholic1587 papala1593 pseudo-catholical1601 Babylonic1602 pseudo-Catholic1605 Romist1605 Romified1609 Babelish1610 papizing1612 pontifician1612 pontificial1614 Romulean1615 papized1639 Romanistical1646 Romanical1664 papagan1679 popish-like1689 Anglo-Roman1766 papicolar1811 Romanistic1829 pre-Reformation1855 papalistic1861 papalized1879 the world > time > relative time > the past > historical period > [adjective] > of other specific periods Georgian1745 romancean1804 early modern1817 federal1838 Jacobean1844 post-Reformation1850 pre-Reformation1855 postcolonial1861 post-Renaissance1874 post-conquest1880 post-conquestual1880 Jacobian1883 post-pyramidal1883 pre-industrial1883 early American1895 bow-and-arrow1899 palaeotechnic1904 Renaissancist1932 steam age1941 Carolinian1949 postcolonialist1957 society > faith > sect > Christianity > Protestantism > Reformation > [adjective] > before pre-Reformation1855 1855 Biblical Repertory Jan. 178 Church Historians: Pre-Reformation Series. 1995 Church Times 14 July 12/5 Robert Miller..is studying pre-Reformation churches dedicated to St Nicholas or St Clement. pre-relativity adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛləˈtɪvᵻti/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛləˈtɪvᵻdi/ ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > relativity > [adjective] > preceding theory pre-relativity1920 pre-relativistic1923 1920 A. S. Eddington Space, Time & Gravitation ix. 149 Action is one of the two terms in pre-relativity physics which survive unmodified in a description of the absolute world. 1946 Mind 55 161 A pre-relativity physicist could use the figure..by interpreting AM and TM as curves of velocity. 1993 Brit. Jrnl. Philos. Sci. 44 399 (note) Pre-relativity physicists..would presumably have accepted clock transport as the method for synchronizing distant clocks in defining the Galilean transformations. pre-remittance adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈmɪt(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈmɪtns/ , /ˌpririˈmɪtns/ ΚΠ 1877 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer xxi, in Austral. Town & Country Jrnl. (Sydney) 27 Jan. 142/2 There is the Fons Bandusium, for a time..—at any rate, for a time—the pre-remittance stage. 2004 Tax Adviser (Nexis) 1 Sept. 560 Because many countries impose more than one tax on profits, separate rates have to be combined to obtain a single pre-remittance ‘combined tax rate’. pre-Renaissance adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪs(ə)ns/ , /ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪsɑːns/ , /ˌpriːrᵻˈneɪsɒ̃s/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈrɛnəˌsɑns/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > period, movement, or school of art > ancient, primitive, or pre-Renaissance > [adjective] > pre-Renaissance primitive1847 pre-Renaissance1995 1872 W. Besant in Brit. Q. Rev. 1 Oct. 349 The study of pre-Renaissance literature belongs especially to the present century. 1995 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 2 Nov. 38/1 By painting directly from nature the Brotherhood aimed to recapture the lambency and truthfulness of pre-Renaissance Italian and Flemish art. pre-retirement adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrᵻˈtʌɪəm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌprirəˈtaɪ(ə)rmənt/ , /ˌpririˈtaɪ(ə)rmənt/ ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > withdrawing from or vacating office > [adjective] > before pre-retirement1934 society > occupation and work > lack of work > [adjective] > relating to retirement > before retirement pre-retirement1934 1934 Amer. Econ. Rev. 24 89 The study covers such subjects as..preretirement annuities, dismissal compensation, and unemployment benefits. 1990 Intercity Apr. 27/1 Increasingly firms have come to realise the need for pre-retirement courses to help plan the available time. pre-revolution adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrɛvəˈl(j)uːʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌrɛvəˈluʃən/ ΘΚΠ society > society and the community > customs, values, and civilization > a civilization or culture > [adjective] > specific types or forms of lowa1387 primitive1838 pre-revolution1860 metronymic1868 pre-feudal1870 prelogical1880 polyzoic1886 pre-agricultural1898 pre-civil1902 pre-feudalic1907 subcultural1909 protocultural1920 pre-independencea1922 apparented1934 sensate1937 patrimonial1946 non-literate1948 inner-directed1950 underground1953 pop-cultural1963 technopolitan1965 1860 Sat. Rev. 17 Mar. 344/1 A certain tinge of the old prerevolution French manner..made them popular in the drawing-room. 1997 T. Mackintosh-Smith Yemen (1999) iii. 54 It..turned out to be nothing more than a figment of mass hysteria, an allegory of the fear inspired in pre-Revolution Yemenis by the tyrannical Imam Ahmad. pre-seizure adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsiːʒə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsiʒər/ ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > convulsive or paralytic disorders > [adjective] > fit or stroke fitty1811 preconvulsive1907 pre-seizure1926 postictal1941 ictal1950 pre-ictal1953 1926 R. G. Rows & W. E. Bond Epilepsy iv. 87 In the pre-seizure period the disturbances of consciousness often commence with a slight difficulty in the power of attention and pass through the stages of dreamy states and fugues to complete unconsciousness. 1992 P. Sandblom Creativity & Dis. 84 He [sc. Dostoyevsky] ascribes to them the symptoms he experienced, first of all his famous pre-seizure aura, a very unusual feature in medical literature. pre-settlement adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛtlm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛdlmənt/ ΚΠ 1901 Times 24 Sept. 5/5 The statements regarding the pre-settlement troubles are altogether one-sided. 1995 High Country News 13 Nov. 14/1 The presettlement forests were healthier than today's crowded, even-age forests. pre-show adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈʃəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈʃoʊ/ ΚΠ 1922 Times 13 Sept. 4/5 There have been numerous cuts throughout the year, and now the pre-show quotations show further reductions. 1991 J. Keenan Putting on Ritz (1992) xvi. 176 The star-to-be having a few preshow butterflies. pre-sleep adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈsliːp/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈslip/ ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > sleeping and waking > sleep > [adjective] > occurring or performed before sleep pre-sleep1925 1925 J. H. Leuba Psychol. Relig. Mysticism x. 275 The visions of the pre-sleep state. 1962 Science 27 Apr. 322/1 On awakening, skin resistance fell precipitously in all cases, usually returning to pre-sleep level. 2000 Cosmopolitan (Cape Town) Oct. 131/1 All you need is a few minutes' pre-sleep preparation. pretelegraph adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻɡrɑːf/ , /(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻɡraf/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtɛləˌɡræf/ ΚΠ 1870 J. K. Medbery Men & Myst. Wall St. 4 Those startling variations in prices between almost contiguous centres of trade which characterized all the prime commodites of life in pre-railroad and pre-telegraph days. 1997 Hispanic Amer. Hist. Rev. 77 755 The slow-paced communications of that pretelegraph era allowed the British and French envoys..to pursue far more aggressive actions than their governments really wanted. pre-television adj. Brit. /ˌpriːtɛlᵻˈvɪʒn/ , /(ˌ)priːˈtɛlᵻˌvɪʒn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtɛləˌvɪʒən/ ΘΚΠ society > communication > broadcasting > television > [adjective] > before television pre-television1934 1934 Times 14 Aug. 40/5 Here then, in what may be called the pre-television and pre-film-recording phase, are two media for conveying entertainment to the public. 1990 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 17 May 30/2 For young people in the early 1990s, the pre-atomic, precomputer, pretelevision age is almost inconceivable. pretheatre adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈθiːətə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈθɪətə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈθiədər/ ΚΠ 1928 Lima (Ohio) Sunday News 22 Jan. 21 They linger longer over pre-theater dinners, and thus are forced to do a lot of ankle-kicking..to get to their allocated pews. 1991 N.Y. Mag. 16 Dec. 82/2 Between 5:30 and 7 p.m., this cozy upper West Side bistro serves a pretheater prix fixe for $15.95 per person. pre-tour adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈtʊə/ , /ˌpriːˈtɔː/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtʊ(ə)r/ ΚΠ 1948 Sheboygan (Wisconsin) Press 20 Feb. 6/6 The Mission House A Capella choir..will present pre-tour concerts at Campbellsport [etc.]. 1996 Music Week 27 Apr. 14/4 Recent pre-tour live dates have shown them to be an entertaining and accomplished three-piece, who readily win fans over through Hannon's dilettante-ish charm. pre-treaty adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtriːti/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtridi/ ΚΠ 1907 N.E.D. at Pre- prefix Pre-treaty. 1994 S. Butala Perfection of Morning vi. 102 More and more scholars have begun the difficult study of the movements, alliances, life—the history—of pre-treaty Amerindian Nations. prevowel adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈvaʊəl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈvaʊl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈvaʊ(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1949 E. A. Nida Morphol. (ed. 2) ii. 16 Word-initial prevowel glottal stops. 1998 L. I. House Introd. Phonetics & Phonology vi. 130 These early preconsonant and prevowel sounds gradually become shaped into words. pre-work adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈwəːk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈwərk/ ΚΠ 1926 Proc. Royal Soc. 1925–6 B. 99 408 A pre-work, work, and a post-work experiment was carried through on the same fixed diet. 1994 Science 3 Sept. 20/3 Bennet found that the pre-work nap boosts people's psychological performance by 15 per cent. pre-world adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈwəːld/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈwər(ə)ld/ ΚΠ 1923 D. H. Lawrence Birds, Beasts & Flowers (London ed.) 99 Fishes, With..their pre-world loneliness. 1990 Jrnl. Asian Stud. 49 492 South Asia..cannot easily be..seen as the fossilized relic of a pre-world system past. (ii) Prefixed to personal names, in sense ‘before the time of, prior to the influence, innovations, etc., of’, as pre-Augustine, pre-Hitler, pre-Reynolds, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > politics > German politics > [adjective] > characteristic of Hitler or his regime > before pre-Hitler1850 pre-Hitlerite1934 1850 W. M. Rossetti P.R.B. Jrnl. July in Præraph. Diaries & Lett. (1900) 275 I reverence—indeed almost idolize—what I have seen of the Pre-Raphael painters. 1861 J. G. Sheppard Fall of Rome xiii. 719 Early British, or pre-Augustine Christianity. 1905 Daily Chron. 11 Dec. 3/3 The obvious fact about painting in England in pre-Reynolds days was the indifference to native practitioners. 1938 E. Waugh Scoop i. iv. 74 A volume of pre-Hitler German poetry. 1961 Guardian 7 Mar. 7/6 The ancien (pre-Nasser) régime Egyptian politicians. 1981 J. Simon Paradigms Lost v. 97 I found its derivation in the shlock fiction Barbara must have been reading in pre-Sarah Lawrence days and cutting her spiritual teeth on. 1993 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Dec. 99/1 If she had been a factory worker it would have been shocking enough, but duchesses in those pre-Fergie days were supposed to be respectable. (iii) pre-baby adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbeɪbi/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbeɪbi/ of or relating to life before the birth of a child. ΚΠ 1945 Marriage & Family Living 7 75/2 What Bill really longed for was Mary of the pre-baby days. 1980 Washington Post (Nexis) 19 June d5 The pre-baby world will seem empty in retrospect. 2000 Sydney Morning Herald 22 Apr. (Icon Suppl.) 3/4 If you're up early to feed or comfort your newborn babe, make the most of it by logging into a chat with Jacquie Lamb, who promises to reveal how to get back into pre-baby shape. pre-close adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkləʊz/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkloʊz/ Finance (a) occurring before the close of a day's trading on the stock market; (b) British of or relating to the period starting with the completion of the balance sheet of a company, and ending with the public announcement of its results. ΚΠ 1988 Platt's Oilgram Price Rep. 29 Sept. 6 a/2 The widening Brent/WTI spread, combined with a pre-close fall on the Merc, brought levels back to $12.85-12.90. 1998 Managem. Accounting (Nexis) Dec. 11 (heading) Pre-close preparation, procedures and policies. 2003 Daily Tel. 31 July 31/1 Niall Fitzgerald, the chairman of Unilever, yesterday said he would no longer make pre-close briefings, after the consumer goods giant shocked the market with a sales warning last month. pre-consumer adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkənˈsjuːmə/ , U.S. /ˌprikənˈs(j)umər/ (a) of or relating to the time before a product reaches a consumer; (b) existing before a time viewed as one in which the consumption of goods is the most important social or economic activity. ΚΠ 1946 Coshocton (Ohio) Tribune 7 June 1/5 The administration is considering rationing wheat at the pre-consumer level to assure a fair supply of bread. 1992 Z. Bauman Intimations of Postmodernity ii. 50 Social conformity in his own, still largely pre-consumer, society. 1997 Canad. Interiors Spring 17/3 The kitchen cupboards..consist of pre-consumer waste wood, with no added formaldehyde. pre-credit adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkrɛdɪt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkrɛdət/ (a) occurring or existing before the awarding of a credit, esp. a tax credit; (b) Film and Television (also in form pre-credits) shown before the opening credits. ΚΠ 1922 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 27 659 The precredit field work allows [for] the sorting the students somewhat on the basis of ability and interest. 1964 Great Bend (Kansas) Daily Tribune 17 Feb. 4/4 This style of [wedding service] presentation—it seems to be called the pre-credits sequence—will be hard to get rid of. 1998 South China Morning Post (Hong Kong) (Nexis) 9 Jan. (Weekend Entertainm. section) 2 The pre-credit scene sets the mood for the entire movie. 2004 Herald Sun (Melbourne) (Nexis) 27 May 103 Looks promising—especially with a pre-credits pash. pre-Davenport adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdavnpɔːt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdævənˌpɔrt/ rare (now historical) occurring before the visit to Britain of the American Davenport brothers, spirit mediums and performers. ΚΠ 1869 Young Gentleman's Mag. June 370 It was not an uncommon event in pre-Davenport days for some mountebank to allow himself to be tied hand and foot, put into a sack or small cupboard, and emerge in a few seconds with the cord in a neat coil in his hands. pre-emergence adj. and adv. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻˈməːdʒ(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˈmərdʒəns/ , /ˌpriiˈmərdʒəns/ (a) adj. occurring, performed, or applied before the emergence of seedlings from the soil; (b) adv. before the emergence of seedlings from the soil. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > [adjective] > other systems of growing crops sharecrop1871 two-field1907 sharecropped1933 pre-emergence1939 pre-emergent1942 monocrop1953 1939 R. L. Watts Veg. Growing Business iii. 25 Zinc oxide dust often is advantageous as protection against pre-emergence damping-off. 1955 Sci. News Let. 2 July 10/3 Pre-emergence control is done after seeds have been sown, but before a desired plant pushes up through the ground. 1971 Arable Farmer Feb. 15/3 Tri-allate applied pre-emergence to wheat to control wild oat. 1993 Zeneca (company brochure) 9 Major new products include..Acetochlor, a pre-emergence maize herbicide. pre-enclosure adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɛnˈkləʊʒə/ , /ˌpriːɛŋˈkləʊʒə/ , /ˌpriːᵻnˈkləʊʒə/ , /ˌpriːᵻŋˈkləʊʒə/ , U.S. /ˌpriɛnˈkloʊʒər/ , /ˌpriᵻnˈkloʊʒər/ existing or occurring before the enclosure of common lands in Britain. ΚΠ 1910 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 24 317 In this way we discover pre-enclosure purchases in five parishes. 2001 Britannia 32 60 The pre-Enclosure name of the area was ‘Stemborough Field’ in 1815. pre-flame adj. Brit. /ˈpriːfleɪm/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌfleɪm/ Science existing or occurring in a flow of heated gas before it reaches a flame, or before a flame is formed. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > burning > fire or flame > [adjective] > of the nature of or resembling flame > before flame is produced pre-flame1914 1914 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 90 279 It is during the ‘preflame’ period of ignition which precedes the true explosion that water vapour influences the rate of propagation. 1973 Boldt & Griffiths in J. P. Allinson Criteria for Quality of Petroleum Products v. 59 Amongst the main preflame products are the highly temperature sensitive peroxides and if these exceed a certain critical threshold concentration, the end gas will spontaneously ignite before the arrival of the flame front emanating from the sparking plug: this causes detonation or ‘knocking’. 1996 Jrnl. Fluid Mech. 318 1 Oscillations imposed at the nozzle exits result in reactant concentration and temperature oscillations at the outer edge of the preflame diffusive zones. pre-IPO adj. Brit. /ˌpriːʌɪpɪˈəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌaɪpiˈoʊ/ Stock Market occurring or existing prior to an initial public offering of a company's shares; cf. IPO n. at I n.¹ Additions. ΚΠ 1985 Inc. Sept. 102/1 He acknowledges that he relied largely on Karki's books and records in preparing the pre-IPO financial papers, and that he received documentation only for the few income items he specifically requested to spot-check. 2000 Red Herring Feb. 102/2 A mega-conglomerate ‘webutator’ that by 2002 or 2003 has 60 percent stakes in 150-plus dot.com companies, of which 50 are public, 80 are operational and pre-IPO, and 20 are in launch phase. pre-log-rolling adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlɒɡrəʊlɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈlɔɡˌroʊlɪŋ/ , /ˌpriˈlɑɡˌroʊlɪŋ/ occurring or existing before a period of exchanging mutual favours; cf. log-rolling n. 2. ΚΠ 1887 Pall Mall Gaz. 5 Jan. 4/1 The simple souls of the pre-log-rolling era. 1966 Ethics 76 97/2 Eastland may offer to hold firm on both of his votes, which would throw the result back to the pre-logrolling stage. pre-main-sequence adj. Brit. /ˌpriːmeɪnˈsiːkw(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmeɪnˈsikwəns/ Astronomy designating a star which is too young (and therefore too bright, hot, or small) to belong to the main sequence on a Hertzsprung-Russell diagram; cf. main adj.² ΚΠ 1958 M. Schwarzschild Structure & Evol. Stars iv. 156 The pre-main-sequence phases of stellar evolution represent the contraction of a stellar mass from the state of an interstellar cloud to the initial main-sequence state. 1964 Science 20 Nov. 1032/2 E. Schatzman discusses the pre-main sequence stages in great theoretical detail. 1979 C. Payne-Gaposchkin Stars & Clusters iii. 44 Pre-main-sequence stars are gravitationally fed; main-sequence stars are devouring hydrogen. 2003 Economist (Nexis) 22 Nov. An astronomer, presumably with a sense of humour, named this type of object a PMS (pre-main sequence) star. HD 100546 has not yet started ‘burning’ hydrogen. pre-mutiny adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmjuːtᵻni/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmjutn̩i/ existing or occurring before the period of the Indian Mutiny of 1857–8. ΚΠ 1875 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. Dec. 636/1 Half a score of scarlet-clad messengers lounged about the portico, just as in the old pre-Mutiny days. 1902 Daily Chron. 1 Sept. 3/4 The attitude taken up by pre-Mutiny officers towards their troops. 1995 Geogr. Rev. 85 253 Narayani Gupta provides a detailed description of the premutiny landscapes in Shahjahanabad. pre-need adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈniːd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈnid/ originally and chiefly U.S. (euphemistic) of or relating to provision for a person's own funeral, esp. designating a funeral plan, etc., bought prior to death; (more generally) of or relating to payment for a service or facility before it is needed. ΚΠ 1945 Waterloo (Iowa) Daily Courier 5 Mar. 3/6 (advt.) Who will pay the Funeral Bill?..Ask us today for details of our pre-need plan. No obligation. 1994 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 27 Jan. 2 The Get Out of Jail Free law.., enabling California to sell ‘pre-need’ immunity from prosecution to the state's wealthy. 1998 C. Mims When we Die (1999) vi. 163 Very successful campaigns of selling cemetery places to people before death (‘pre-need’ sales) took place in California in the 1960s. pre-Oedipus adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈiːdᵻpəs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɛdəpəs/ , /ˌpriˈidəpəs/ = pre-Oedipal adj. at sense 2a(a)(vi). ΚΠ 1926 O. Rank in Psychoanalytic Rev. 13 130 In my book, The Trauma of Birth, I have tried to conceive this problem [sc. that of the origin of the Oedipus complex] in its deepest psycho-biologic level. Now I want to consider it from other levels also related to the pre-Oedipus situation. 1961 J. Strachey et al. tr. S. Freud Compl. Wks. XXI. 230 The phase of exclusive attachment to the mother, which may be called the pre-Oedipus phase, possesses a far greater importance in women than it can have in men. 2000 Lit. & Psychol. (Nexis) 22 Mar. 3 There is a difference between the two phases which are catalogued in doctrine as the pre-Oedipus in the girl's life and the properly feminine Oedipus. pre-open adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈəʊp(ə)n/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈoʊpən/ (also with capital initial(s)) Tennis designating the period before April 1968, during which only amateur players were permitted to compete in the four Grand Slam championships and many other prestigious tournaments; of or relating to this period; chiefly in pre-open era. ΚΠ 1970 Observer 7 June 23 This year's French meeting was virtually a return to pre-Open tennis. 1989 Times of India 26 July 16/5 In the pre-Open era, Indian tennis was propped up by regular visits to this country by Australian and East European players. 2013 R. Laver Autobiogr. (2016) xiv. 278 I'd played under the VASSS system before in the pre-open era. pre-ovulation adj. and adv. Brit. /ˌpriːɒvjᵿˈleɪʃn/ , /ˌpriːəʊvjᵿˈleɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌoʊvjəˈleɪʃən/ , /ˌpriˌɑvjəˈleɪʃən/ Medicine (a) adj. occurring or existing before ovulation; (b) adv. before ovulation. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > procreation or reproduction > reproductive cycle > [adjective] > ovulation post-ovulatory1922 pre-ovulation1922 post-ovulation1923 ovulating1926 ovulatory1928 post-ovulative1929 preovulatory1932 ovulated1938 superovulated1939 1922 Proc. Soc. Exper. Biol. & Med. 1921–2 19 380 Coincident with ovulation in the pigeon there occurs an increase of the blood sugar to 25 per cent. or more above the pre-ovulation value. 1976 Fertil. Steril. 27 167 Plasma estradiol and estrone were elevated, but not to levels observed preovulation. 1993 Amer. Jrnl. Reprod. Immunol. 29 171 Preovulation thymosin alpha 1 levels also tended to be lower in pregnancies that subsequently aborted. pre-phylloxera adj. Brit. /ˌpriːfᵻˈlɒks(ə)rə/ , /ˌpriːfɪlɒkˈsɪərə/ , U.S. /ˌprifəˈlɑksərə/ , /ˌpriˌfɪləkˈsɪrə/ produced or existing prior to the epidemic of phylloxera in Europe in the late 19th cent. ΚΠ 1920 G. Saintsbury Notes on Cellar-bk. i. 7 This was pre-oïdium and pre-phylloxera wine. 1957 R. Campbell Portugal 53 We may never hope to taste again the crowning glories of the best pre-phylloxera vintages. 1984 Listener 7 June 15/2 It still owns an acre of pre-phylloxera vines—the only ones in Champagne to survive the aphid which devastated European vineyards in the 19th century. prepoll adj. Brit. /ˈpriːpəʊl/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌpoʊl/ relating or belonging to a time before an election or vote. ΚΠ 1925 Syracuse (N.Y.) Herald 19 Feb. 1/1 (headline) Bills ask pre-poll expense publicity. 1964 Times 14 May 14/5 He..described the announcement as a pre-poll bribe. 2004 Australian (Nexis) 18 Oct. 5 Staff will turn their attention today to about 1000 postal and prepoll votes still to be counted. pre-sales adj. Brit. /ˈpriːseɪlz/ , U.S. /ˈpriˌseɪlz/ = pre-sale adj. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > selling > [adjective] > before selling premarket1923 pre-sale1937 pre-sales1957 1957 in L. Engel Planning & Producing Musical Show 159 (title) Pre-sales plan for selling blocks of theatre tickets. 1993 Which? Jan. 27/4 Mower was £116—bargained down to £84, to include extended warranty, pre-sales check and plug. 2005 Daily Mail 22 June 43 This needs to be made very clear in the presales literature, as does the company's policy in respect of the application of MVRs. prestimulus adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈstɪmjᵿləs/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈstɪmjələs/ Biology of, relating to, or designating the period before the application of a stimulus. ΚΠ 1921 Jrnl. Exper. Psychol. 4 391 The control of an interval elapsing between a warning signal and the stimulus for reaction; here termed the prestimulus interval. 1941 Child Devel. 12 14 The experimental group showed..a slower return to the prestimulus level of physiological activity. 1962 E. Duffy Activation & Behaviour xii. 322 It seems apparent that activation (its degree, its fluctuations, and its speed of return to a prestimulus level) is associated with important differences in behavior. 1999 Science 30 Apr. 769/1 If the cell was exposed to a uniform increase in chemoattractant, the binding sites would rapidly increase and then gradually decrease to the prestimulus value. pre-subject adj. Brit. /ˌpriːˈsʌbdʒᵻkt/ , /ˌpriːˈsʌbdʒɛkt/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsəbdʒək(t)/ Linguistics occurring before a grammatical subject. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > syntax or word order > syntactic unit or constituent > [adjective] > constituting the subject > before a subject pre-subject1924 1924 H. E. Palmer Gram. Spoken Eng. ii. 182 Adverbs in the pre-subject position. 1961 R. B. Long Sentence & its Parts xx. 471 No comma is used after pre-subject adjunct clauses functioning as clause markers in assertives. 1993 Language 69 94 Stylistic Fronting thus consists of the movement of some word other than the Verb to the pre-subject X position. b. Denoting position, in sense ‘before, in front of, anterior to’. Chiefly Anatomy, Zoology, etc. Prefixed to adjectives (rarely nouns) with the sense ‘situated, produced, or occurring in front of (anterior or superior to) (the thing denoted by the second element)’, or (occasionally) ‘in the anterior part of (the thing so denoted)’. In relation to vessels, nerves, etc., also occasionally with the sense ‘proximal to (the thing denoted by the second element)’ (i.e. preceding it in respect of some direction of motion, and hence implying an element of sense 2a). pre-acetabular adj. Brit. /ˌpriːasᵻˈtabjᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌæsəˈtæbjələr/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or anterior to an acetabulum, originally esp. that of the hip, later also the sucker by which a trematode attaches itself to its host. ΚΠ 1866 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. II. 34 [The ilium in birds] differs in the proportions of the pre-acetabular and post-acetabular extensions, and in the degree of divergence of the latter from the sacrum. 1932 Q. Rev. Biol. 7 465/2 Genital pore of maritae preacetabular, without specialized sucker. 1968 C. W. Schwabe & A. Kilejian in M. Florkin & B. T. Scheer Chem. Zool. II. iii. vi. 502 On the basis of the fact that extracts of schistosomules did not have a similar activity, they postulated that it was an invasive enzyme from the preacetabular glands. 1996 Palaeontology 39 763 A strong preacetabular crest on the ilium. pre-anal adj. and n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈeɪnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈeɪn(ə)l/ Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of the anus; (b) n. (in reptiles) a scale situated in front of the anus. ΚΠ 1843 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 133 279 In Scolopendra alternans, Leach, and S. Hardwickei, Nob., there are two short and small chambers of the heart in the last dorsal, or preanal segment of the body. 1864 A. C. L. G. Günther Reptiles Brit. India 15 Præanals about as long as abdominals. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 1034 The four pairs of pre-anal and three pairs of post-anal papillæ on the tail of the male. 1924 J. Kiær Downtonian Fauna of Norway 69 The anal opening must have been situated in this space. The spine can therefore be called the preanal spine. 1949 Amer. Midland Naturalist 41 582 Transverse ventral rows are counted along the mid-ventral line from the first chin shields to the preanals, exclusive. 1995 E. W. Knight-Jones et al. in P. J. Hayward & J. S. Ryland Handbk. Marine Fauna N.W. Europe vi. 203/1 Bristle worms... Parapods of five pre-anal segments lack chaetae. pre-aortic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːeɪˈɔːtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌeɪˈɔrdɪk/ Anatomy situated in front of the aorta. ΚΠ 1882 Lancet 12 Aug. 211 [The] sensibility of the prae-cordial and prae-aortic regions. 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Preaortic plexus, aortic plexus. 1984 J. Joseph Aids to Anat. (ed. 13) v. 208 Lymphatic drainage of alimentary tract including liver, spleen, pancreas to pre-aortic nodes. 1991 Jrnl. Thoracic & Cardiovascular Surg. 101 1099 The distribution of thymic tissue in the anterior mediastinal, retrocarinal, and preaortic fat was examined histologically. † pre-apicial adj. Conchology Obsolete rare designating the hinge of a bivalve shell when situated just in front of the umbones.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præapicialis,..applied to the hinge of a bivalve shell, when, being on the back of the valve, it is before the summit: preapicial. pre-auditory adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɔːdᵻt(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɔdəˌtɔri/ , /ˌpriˈɑdəˌtɔri/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the auditory apparatus or the vestibulocochlear (auditory) nerve. ΚΠ 1875 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Royal Soc. 23 129 The nerve h should answer to the last of the præauditory cranial nerves, which is the portio dura. 2003 R. G. Northcutt in H. I. Browman & A. B. Skiftesvik Big Fish Bang 148 The preauditory placode is an ectodermal thickening extending rostrally from the otic vesicle. prebasal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbeɪsl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbeɪz(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˈbeɪs(ə)l/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a base or basal part. ΚΠ 1871 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 161 225 A low obtuse ridge..divided by a depression or channel from the anterior ridge or border of the crown, which represents the prebasal ridge in the carnassial of the Hyæna. 1932 J. S. Huxley Probl. Relative Growth vii. 209 A toothless gap on the mandible, separating ‘prebasal’ and ‘sub-apical’ teeth. 2002 Jrnl. Parasitol. 88 141 The group of largest hooks are found in the apical part of the proboscis, and there are 10 diagonal rows of small hooks from the prebasal to basal proboscis. prebasilar adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbazᵻlə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈbazl̩ə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈbasᵻlə/ , /(ˌ)priːˈbasl̩ə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbeɪsələr/ , /ˌpriˈbæzələr/ Anatomy and Zoology rare situated in front of a basilar part. ΚΠ 1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præbasilaris,..prebasilar. 1865 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 13 142 Near its anterior border there is often found a deep crescentic groove; the portion separated by this from the main body, is called the prebasilar fold or segment. 2002 Minimally Invasive Neurosurg. 45 37/1 This final endoscopic survey revealed no residual tumor on the brainstem, in the supraclival area, or in the prebasilar space. prebrachial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbreɪkɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbreɪkiəl/ anterior to, or forming the anterior part of, an arm or brachial part; spec. (a) Entomology designating a vein or area of the wing of some insects; (b) Zoology designating a lobe or ganglion of the brain of a cephalopod situated in front of that which supplies nerves to the tentacles. ΚΠ 1851 F. Walker Insecta Britannica: Diptera I. 135 Præbrachial areolet. 1890 Cent. Dict. Prebrachial,..specifically noting a group of muscles composed of the biceps, coracobrachialis, and anticobrachialis. 1893 E. A. Butler Our Househ. Insects 179 The chief difference is in the præbrachial nervure (the third on the disc of the wing towards the tip). 1964 J. Z. Young Model of Brain xv. 257 The anterior suboesophageal mass forms an unknown feature of the whole system. There are many small cells here, especially in the front part (‘prebrachial lobe’). 1985 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 310 109 After filling of a brachial nerve many somata and afferent fibres were filled in the prebrachial and brachial lobes and in the anterior pedal lobe. prebranchial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbraŋkɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbræŋkiəl/ , /ˌpriˈbrɑŋkiəl/ Zoology situated in front of the gills or a gill. ΚΠ 1887 Trans. Royal Soc. Edinb. 108 The aperture in the prebranchial zone is small. 1888 Encycl. Brit. XXIII. 611/2 The prebranchial zone, which separates the branchial sac behind from the branchial siphon in front. 1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xii. 283 The anterior or pre-branchial branch is the smaller of the two, and runs down the posterior border of the hyoid arch. 1996 Polar Biol. 16 79 These differed considerably from other notaspidean species, mainly by the presence of three gills and a prebranchial sac with large external expansions. prebronchial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbrɒŋkɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbrɑŋkiəl/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or anterior to a bronchus or the bronchi. ΚΠ 1882 T. H. Huxley in Proc. Zool. Soc. 562 The most anterior [air-sac] is that just mentioned, which may be called præbronchial.., as the bronchus lies between it and the next, or subbronchial. 1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) xvi. 438 The air-sacs are nine in number; a median interclavicular, a pair of cervical or pre-bronchial, two pairs of thoracic or intermediate, and a pair of abdominal or posterior. 1998 European Jrnl. Radiol. 27 25 The right pulmonary artery remains prebronchial and its upper lobe branch enters the mediastinum. prebuccal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈbʌkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈbək(ə)l/ Zoology rare situated in front of the mouth; preoral. ΚΠ 1858 R. G. Mayne Expos. Lexicon Med. Sci. (1860) 1012/1 Præbuccalis, applied to a kind of funnel which precedes the mouth..in the Holothuriæ, termed the prebuccal cavity. 1904 Amer. Naturalist 38 798 Viallanes..states that the head of an insect presents three prebuccal segments. 2002 Korean Jrnl. Biol. Sci. 6 207 Pseudostomella longifurca is characterized by..five dorsal papillae on the prebuccal apparatus. precapillary adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpriːkəˈpɪl(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkæpəˌlɛri/ (a) adj. designating or relating to a blood vessel immediately proximal to a capillary (with respect to the direction of circulation); (b) n. a blood vessel located immediately proximal to a capillary. ΚΠ 1871 Jrnl. Anthropol. 1 254 The precapillary vessels of the brain. 1940 Science 6 Sept. 224/1 The perivascular nerve plexus was rich on the arterioles and precapillaries but sparse on the capillaries. 1990 Brain 113 1453 From the smaller arterioles and venules which run from these vessels arise the precapillaries which supply the superficial capillary net. 2005 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 190 305 Decompensated hemorrhagic shock..is associated with loss of vascular tone in skeletal muscle precapillary arterioles. precaudal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɔːdl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɔd(ə)l/ , /ˌpriˈkɑd(ə)l/ Zoology situated in front of or on the anterior part of the tail; anterior to the caudal vertebrae. ΚΠ 1867 R. I. Murchison Siluria (new ed.) x. 238 A wide expanded precaudal joint. 1931 Sci. Monthly Nov. 392/1 In an adult Philippine macaque the tail amounts to 135 per cent. of the length of the precaudal spine. 1993 Dog World Oct. 44/3 There will be a precaudal gland, marked by a black spot of fur, on the top of the tail, several inches from the body, but this is also present in dogs. precentral adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɛntr(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɛntrəl/ Anatomy of, relating to, or designating the convolution of the frontal lobe of the brain immediately in front of the central sulcus (including the primary motor area); (also) designating the sulcus which forms its anterior boundary. ΚΠ 1880 Science 31 Dec. 326/2 The pre-central fissure..is as long as the fissure of Rolando, extending farther upward [in the orang-utan] than in man. 1906 Amer. Jrnl. Psychol. 17 602 The ‘intermediate pre-central’ field is in front of the pre-central area proper and extends downwards to the orbital surface of the hemisphere. 1942 W. J. S. Krieg Functional Neuroanat. xiii. 235 When the anterior lip of the precentral sulcus is stimulated at a point with minimal current the muscular response is likely to be quite restricted. 1992 Sci. Amer. Sept. 57/1 Georgopoulos..has found command neurons of a kind in the monkey's motor cortex (precentral gyrus) that encode the direction of forelimb movement. † precerebroid adj. Zoology Obsolete rare situated anterior to an organ resembling a brain. ΚΠ 1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 107 Which has not any separate prae-cerebroid ganglion frontale developed upon it as in insects. precloacal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkləʊˈeɪkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌkloʊˈeɪk(ə)l/ Zoology of, relating to, or situated in front of or in the anterior part of the cloaca. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Precloacal, of or pertaining to the front of the cloaca; situated in the fore part of the cloaca.—Precloacal cartilage. 1921 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 210 361 It is small, as the vertebræ of the basking shark go, for those of the precloacal region measure some 150 mm. across horizontally. 2003 Phyllomedusa 2 21 The new species is a small amphisbaenian with four precloacal pores. precoccygeal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒkˈsɪdʒɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌprikɑkˈsɪdʒiəl/ Anatomy and Zoology situated above or anterior to the coccyx. ΚΠ 1893 Athenæum 25 Mar. 382/2 The parts of the urostyle and precoccygeal vertebræ. 1977 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 47 409 The numbers of precoccygeal vertebrae..are compared in Southern African Negroes, Bushman (San) and American Negroes. 1986 Dis. Colon & Rectum 29 755 A barium enema showed a bilobed precoccygeal mass of moderate size involving the posterior aspect of the distal rectum. precommissural adj. Brit. /ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈsjʊərəl/ , /ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈsjɔːrəl/ , /ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈʃʊərəl/ , /ˌpriːkɒmᵻˈʃɔːrəl/ , U.S. /ˌprikəˈmɪʃʊrəl/ , /ˌpriˌkɑməˈʃʊrəl/ Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to a commissure of the brain, esp. to the anterior commissure. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > commissure commissural1815 callosal1852 callosomarginal1861 precommissural1864 supra-optic1900 chiasmatic1912 suprachiasmatic1938 1864 T. H. Huxley in Med. Times & Gaz. 5 Mar. 256/2 There are numerous longitudinal fibers passing forwards from the fornix in the septal area, above and in front of the anterior commissure; these may be called the ‘pre-commissural’ fibers. 1971 J. Z. Young Anat. Nerv. Syst. Octopus Vulgaris iv. 69 There is a direct connection between the rather enigmatic precommissural region and the anterior pedal lobe. 1995 Brain Res. 683 1 The midbrain contained relatively few infected cells, but some were present in the Edinger-Westphal and precommissural nuclei. precondylar adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒndᵻlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑndələr/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a condyle. ΚΠ 1866 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. II. 78 The position..of the precondylar groove..helps in the determination of the bird-affinities. 1996 Jrnl. Anat. 188 207 The basiocciput of 265 Indian adult human skulls was examined for precondylar tubercles, which are single or paired osseous formations anterior to the occipital condyles and foramen magnum. precondyloid adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒndᵻlɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑndəˌlɔɪd/ Anatomy and Zoology (now rare) designating the anterior condyloid foramen (the hypoglossal canal). ΚΠ 1850 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 140 522 One on each side of the base of the condyle..is the ‘precondyloid foramen’, which gives exit to the hypoglossal nerve. precorneal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɔːnɪəl/ , /ˌpriːkɔːˈniːəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɔrniəl/ Physiology and Medicine situated on or relating to the anterior surface of the cornea. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Precorneal, situated on the front of the cornea of the eye. 1897 W. F. Norris & C. A. Oliver Syst. Dis. Eye I. 233 During fœtal life the peripheral parts of the cornea are invaded by the precorneal vascular network. 1994 Jrnl. Amer. Optometric Assoc. 65 792 The condition of the precorneal tear film is a major determinant in the success of contact lens wear. precostal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkɒstl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkɑst(ə)l/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of a rib or the ribs. ΚΠ 1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 197 For the insertion of the precostal ligament. 1982 Jrnl. Anat. 135 753 The precostal anastomosis is an important collateral supply in some older subjects with arterial disease. precrucial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈkruːʃl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈkruʃəl/ Zoology (now rare) (in carnivores and certain other mammals) situated in front of the cruciate sulcus of the cerebrum. ΚΠ 1885 Athenæum 3 Jan. 20/3 A distinct and conspicuous lozenge-shaped patch of brain substance defined by the crucial and precrucial sulci. 1974 Brain Res. 73 229 A discrete phonatory area in the isthmus of the prefrontal (precrucial) gyrus. predentary adj. and n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɛntəri/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɛn(t)əri/ Zoology (a) adj. designating a bone situated in front of the dentary bone in some non-mammalian vertebrates (esp. ornithischian dinosaurs); (b) n. a predentary bone. ΚΠ 1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 1155 The mandible [in the Iguanodontidæ], again, presents the peculiar feature of having a horse-shoe-like predentary bone at the extremity of the symphysis. 1915 Canada Dept. Mines Museum Bull. Geol. ser. 24 12 12 The nasal horn cores may be considered as..similar to the epijugals, epoccipitals, the rostral, and the predentary. 1985 D. Norman Illustr. Encycl. Dinosaurs 102/2 At the front of the jaw there is a familiar horn-covered predentary. 2001 Evolution 55 1432/2 Examples include..the predentary bone of ornithischian and rostral bone of ceratopsian dinosaurs. predorsal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈdɔːsl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈdɔrs(ə)l/ chiefly Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the dorsal region, esp. of the vertebral column; (in fishes) situated anterior to the dorsal fin. ΚΠ 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 765 They..anastomose with those of the heart and lungs, and enter the predorsal ganglia [Fr. les ganglions prédorsaux]. 1876 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1874–5 14 14 New types of living fish..characterized by a great development of the predorsal fin spine, a double spine, not co-ossified. 1938 E. F. Haden Physiol. French Consonant Changes in Language 14 15 The tongue's surface is divided into: apical region (apex, tip); predorsal, middorsal, postdorsal regions. 1975 Jrnl. Compar. Neurol. 163 397 A small lesion involving the deep periventricular layers as well as the superficial layers produced degeneration in the predorsal bundle. 1993 Bull. Marine Sci. 52 669 Three predorsal bones precede the dorsal pterygiophores. preglenoid adj. and n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈɡliːnɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈɡlɛˌnɔɪd/ , /ˌpriˈɡliˌnɔɪd/ Anatomy and Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of the glenoid cavity (mandibular fossa) of the temporal bone; spec. relating to or designating a process of the temporal bone; (b) n. the preglenoid process of the temporal bone (rare). ΚΠ 1883 Proc. Amer. Philos. Soc. 1882–3 20 193 The fragments of the supposed second individual include two large glenoid cavities with strong preglenoid crests. 1890 Cent. Dict. Preglenoid,... A preglenoid formation. In some animals, as badgers, both pre- and postglenoid processes of the temporal bone are so highly developed that the lower jaw is locked in its socket. 1994 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 344 162 Moderately well developed preglenoid process for the attachment of the adductores mandibulae. 2004 W. H. Kimbel et al. Skull of Australopithecus Afarensis v. 148 The line denoting the anterior attachment of the articular synovial capsule is clear and does not extend onto the preglenoid plane. † preglenoidal adj. Anatomy and Zoology Obsolete rare = preglenoid adj. and n. (a).Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Preglenoidal, same as preglenoid. prehyoid adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈhʌɪɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈhaɪˌɔɪd/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the hyoid bone. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > skull > parts of skull > [adjective] > bones of mouth palatomaxillary1782 hyoidean1835 mylohyoidean1838 mylohyoid1839 hyoid1842 hyo-epiglottic1847 hyoidal1852 palatopterygoid1854 palatoquadrate1859 mento-hyoidean1867 hyosternal1870 mentomeckelian1871 hyomandibular1875 hyo-epiglottidean1881 hyoglossal1886 hyoglossian1886 hyoidan1888 prehyoid1949 splanchnocranial1974 1949 I. F. Henderson & W. D. Henderson Dict. Sci. Terms (ed. 4) 351/1 Prehyoid, mandibulo-hyoid; appl[ied to] cleft between mandible and ventral parts of hyoid arch. 1974 D. Webster & M. Webster Compar. Vertebr. Morphol. vii. 129 In living amphibians the hypobranchial muscles can be divided into a prehyoid and a posthyoid group. 1991 Jrnl. Morphol. 210 55 The coracomandibularis..is homologous to prehyoid muscles of salamanders. prelabial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈleɪbɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈleɪbiəl/ Zoology situated in front of the labium (e.g. of an insect or crustacean); relating to the anterior part of the labium. ΚΠ 1852 J. D. Dana U.S. Exploring Exped.: Crustacea Pt. I 24 The anterior portion of the prælabial plate pertains to the same segment as the second antennæ. 1965 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 249 117 There is no sign in Squaloraja of the prelabial cartilage which in living chimaeroids lies alongside the proximal part of the lateral rostral cartilage. 1997 Systematic Biol. 46 65/1 This refers to a secondary, dorsal flexor of the paraglossae, probably derived from one of the extrinsic prelabial muscles. prelumbar adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈlʌmbə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈləmˌbɑr/ , /ˌpriˈləmbər/ Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the lumbar region, esp. of the spine. ΚΠ 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) (at cited word) The prelumbar surface of the spinal column is the anterior surface of the lumbar portion. 1996 Amer. Jrnl. Gastroenterol. 91 759 The presence of aortic calcification was determined by performing anteroposterior and lateral radiograms of the prelumbar region. premandibular adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpriːmanˈdɪbjᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌmænˈdɪbjələr/ Zoology (a) adj. situated in front of or anterior to the mandible; †(b) n. a premandibular bone occurring in the lower jaw of some fishes, reptiles, etc. (obsolete). ΚΠ 1845 R. Owen Odontography I. 96 The premandibular pieces of the lower jaw are similarly paved with two rows of hemispherical molars. 1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 273 The exposed portions of the premaxillaries and premandibulars are incased by a complicated dental covering. 1900 L. C. Miall & A. R. Hammond Struct. & Life Hist. Harlequin Fly vi. 169 The third is the premandibular segment. 1986 A. S. Romer & T. S. Parsons Vertebr. Body (ed. 6) xvi. 563 Anteriorly, we may assume..only a single premandibular visceral arch and consider the terminalis as the nerve of the region anterior to the gills. prementum n. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈmɛntəm/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmɛn(t)əm/ Entomology the distal region of an insect's labium, typically (in the adult) bearing the labial palps and ligula. ΚΠ 1925 A. D. Imms Gen. Textbk. Entomol. i. 19 Arising from the distal margin of the prementum are two pairs of lobes which collectively form the ligula. 1960 D. C. Braungart & R. Buddeke Introd. Animal Biol. (ed. 5) xii. 181 Each of these [sc. labial palps] is composed of four segments and is joined to the prementum by the flexible, membranous palpifer. 2000 Zool. Jrnl. Linn. Soc. 130 478 The prementum of the labium of Stylogymnusa lacks the pair of distal setae that characterize most other aleocharines. premotor adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈməʊtə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈmoʊdər/ Anatomy designating the area of the cerebral cortex anterior to the motor area, which is concerned with the coordination of movement. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > seats of specific faculties sensorial power1794 reticular formation1847 premotor1923 limbic1952 mesolimbic1971 the world > life > the body > nervous system > cerebrospinal axis > brain > parts of brain > [adjective] > lobe rhinencephalic1846 postnasal1859 parietal1861 prefrontal1878 postrhinal1880 postfrontal1883 suboccipital1885 insular1886 transfrontal1889 preoptic1890 premotor1923 1923 Science 13 Apr. 449/2 It was then possible to identify this structural character in cells known to be more remotely related to the musculature than are the peripheral efferent cells or those pre-motor cells closely related to them. 1993 New Scientist 7 Aug. 38/1 In the monkey, the planning phase—when the brain calculates the direction the arm must move to reach the banana—seems to take place in parts of the cortex known as the supplementary motor area and the premotor cortex. preoccipital adj. Brit. /ˌpriːɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/ , U.S. /ˌpriɑkˈsɪpᵻdl/ Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the occipital lobe of the brain. ΚΠ 1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 475 (caption) Præoccipital fissure (fus gyrus fusiformis). 1951 D. Wayne Current Trends Psychol. Theory 61 The neurological data on the recovery of vision following trauma of the occipital and preoccipital areas. 1989 C. R. Legg Issues in Psychobiol. (BNC) 40 In the rhesus monkey, the primary visual cortex..always lies just behind the lunate and preoccipital sulci. preoesophageal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːᵻsɒfəˈdʒiːəl/ , /ˌpriːiːsɒfəˈdʒiːəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriəˌsɑfəˈdʒiəl/ (also pre-esophageal) Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the oesophagus; spec. (in many invertebrates) relating to or designating a ganglion or other part of the nervous system anterior to the oesophagus (cf. supra-oesophageal adj. at supra- prefix 1a(b)). ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Preësophageal, situated in front of the gullet. 1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) ix. 165 The pre-œsophageal ganglionic mass, or ‘brain’, is a white mass of considerable size, situated just behind and slightly above the bases of the antennules. 1998 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 95 3031/1 (caption) The postcerebral, preesophageal connective tissue. prepalatine adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpalətʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpæləˌtaɪn/ Anatomy situated in front of the palate. ΚΠ 1857 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 147 105 The maxillary extends 4½ inches in advance of the first alveolus.., slightly diverging from its fellow to form the hinder two-thirds of an unusually long prepalatine or incisive fissure. 1905 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 23 He concludes that the prepalatine centers are the homologues of the vomers of the amphibians. 1989 Anat. & Embryol. 179 285 HCC [= hyaline-cell cartilage] occurs [in the heads of teleosts] in lips and rostral folds, in pre-palatine and submaxillary menisci, [etc.]. preparoccipital adj. Brit. /ˌpriːparɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpɛrɑkˈsɪpᵻdl/ Anatomy rare designating a fissure situated anterior to the side of the occipital lobe of the brain. ΚΠ 1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 902 Lastly the thirteen intragyral, inconstant fissures: Adoccipital, inflected, fronto-marginal, postcalcarine, sub-occipital, preparoccipital, postparoccipital, intraparacentral, medi-frontal, intermedia, subsylvian, episylvian and hyposylvian. 1907 Trans. Amer. Philos. Soc. 21 240 Fissures of the parietal and occipital lobes:..Preparoccipital. preperitoneal adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpɛrᵻtəˈniːəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpɛrətnˈiəl/ Anatomy and Medicine situated or occurring in front of the peritoneum. ΚΠ 1904 Brit. Med. Jrnl. 3 Dec. 83 Preperitoneal Fatty Tumours. 1961 Jrnl. Internat. College Surgeons 36 732 (title) Midline preperitoneal approach to undescended testes and inguinal hernia repair. 1993 Amer. Jrnl. Med. 95 309 The thicknesses of the preperitoneal fat layer (P) and subcutaneous fat layer (S) in the abdomen were measured by ultrasonography and the P/S ratio was calculated. † prepigmental adj. Zoology Obsolete rare situated in front of the pigment layer of the eye (in a cephalopod). ΚΠ 1836 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. I. 553/1 We..regard [this layer]..as constituting a true prae-pigmental retina. prepituitary adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpriːpᵻˈtjuːᵻt(ə)ri/ , /ˌpriːpᵻˈtʃuːᵻt(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌpripəˈt(j)uəˌtɛri/ Anatomy (now rare) (a) adj. situated in front of the pituitary gland or the pituitary fossa; (b) n. the anterior lobe of the pituitary gland. ΚΠ 1866 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 156 129 There is a large compressed prepituitary portion already developed to the basisphenoid. 1926 J. S. Huxley Ess. Pop. Sci. 291 The pre-pituitary is thus related to skeletal development. 1947 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 135 106 Reconstruction (x 50 linear) of prepituitary region of the brain. 1968 Animal Behaviour 11 419 Prolactin is the (or a) prepituitary hormone. prepontile adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpɒntʌɪl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɑnˌtaɪl/ Anatomy rare = prepontine adj. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Prepontile, situated in front of the pons Varolii:..opposed to postpontile. 1975 Ann. Otolaryngol. 92 573 When there is pain..which fails to respond to opiates, partial microcoagulation of the pre-pontile root of the trigeminal nerve is an excellent solution. prepontine adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈpɒntʌɪn/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈpɑnˌtaɪn/ Anatomy situated in front of the pons of the brain. ΚΠ 1898 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 190 128 In some experiments, as a control upon the spinal, transection was made at prepontine levels. 1962 Science 8 June 874/2 Amphetamine alerting is lost when the transection is cephalad to the anterior border of the pons (prepontine). 2002 Pediatric Neurosurgery 37 152/1 The consequences of injury to surrounding structures with prepontine cysts often lowers the threshold for intervention. preprostatic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːprɒˈstatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌprɑˈstædɪk/ Anatomy and Medicine situated in front of the prostate gland; proximal to the prostate gland. ΚΠ 1841 R. Owen in Todd's Cycl. Anat. & Physiol. III. 235/2 Certain accessory glands..called..preprostatic. 1984 Anat. Clin. 6 69 Detachment of the suspensory ligament and roots of the penis allows exposure of the preprostatic venous plexus. 1999 Jrnl. Urol. 161 654 The preprostatic urethra was composed of three layers of smooth muscle, while distal to the prostate striated muscle became predominant. prepyloric adj. Brit. /ˌpriːpʌɪˈlɒrɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌpaɪˈlɔrɪk/ Anatomy, Medicine, and Zoology situated or occurring in front of or in the anterior part of the pylorus; proximal to the pylorus. ΚΠ 1877 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Instr. Pract. Biol. (ed. 4) xii. 132 A short ‘pre-pyloric’ ossicle which ascends obliquely forwards and is articulated with the anterior edge of the pyloric piece. 1930 H. G. Newth Marshall & Hurst's Junior Course Pract. Zool. (ed. 11) ix. 163 The prepyloric ossicle lies in the anterior wall of the pyloric chamber [of the crayfish], and is hinged above to the anterior border of the pyloric ossicle. 1993 Brit. Jrnl. Surg. 80 52/1 One had prepyloric and pyloric inflammation. prerectal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈrɛktl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈrɛkt(ə)l/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of or proximal to the rectum. ΚΠ 1890 J. S. Billings National Med. Dict. II Prerectal. 1918 Trans. Amer. Entomol. Soc. 44 402 The Small Intestine..expands dorsally to form the Pre-rectal Ampulla. 1996 Jrnl. Urol. 156 1659 Lidocaine was injected into the prerectal space. prerolandic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːrəʊˈlandɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌroʊˈlændɪk/ Anatomy and Medicine situated anterior to the fissure of Rolando in the brain. ΚΠ 1888 Lancet 3 Mar. 408/2 The pre-Rolandic and post-Rolandic regions of the brain have a uniform proportion to one another. 1949 H. Bailey Demonstr. Physical Signs Clin. Surg. (ed. 11) ix. 93 Try to find out where the fit began. In conjunction with this, it is useful to recall the localization of the various centres in the pre-Rolandic area. 1989 Brain 112 961 Twelve cases..had fluent aphasia (acutely or within a short interval after onset) despite large suprasylvian and prerolandic or perirolandic lesions. presacral adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈseɪkr(ə)l/ , /(ˌ)priːˈsakr(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈseɪkrəl/ Anatomy situated or occurring anterior to or in front of the sacrum; esp. designating vertebrae anterior or superior to the sacrum. ΚΠ 1876 O. C. Marsh in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 111 165 In D[inoceras] mirabile the entire brain was actually so diminutive that it could apparently have been drawn through the neural canal of all the presacral vertebræ, certainly through the cervicals and lumbars. 1889 H. A. Nicholson & R. Lydekker Man. Palæontol. (ed. 3) II. 1056 There are 29 vertebræ, of which 18 are presacral. 1964 L. C. Martin Clin. Endocrinol. (ed. 4) i. 37 The search for an adrenal tumour may require straight films of the adrenal areas, intravenous pyelography, and films taken after presacral insufflation of air. 1993 Nature 7 Jan. 65/1 There are no pneumatic cavities in the presacral vertebrae, as often occurs among saurischians. presemilunar adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɛmɪˈluːnə/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɛˌmaɪˈlunər/ , /ˌpriˌsɛmiˈlunər/ Anatomy rare designating the part of the cerebellum anterior to the semilunar lobules.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Presemilunar, anterior to the semilunar lobe of the cerebellum. prespinal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈspʌɪnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈspaɪn(ə)l/ Anatomy situated anterior to the spinal column; situated anterior or proximal to the spinal cord. ΚΠ 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Prespinal, that which is situate before the spine. The prespinal surface of the vertebral column is the anterior surface. 1918 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 4 242 The myodomic cavity [in the Holostei and Crossopterygii] is..in part subspinal and in part prespinal and subpituitary in position. 1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xx. 605/2 The brainstem is a prespinal integrating center of great complexity. 1998 Pediatric Radiol. 28 527 The DA [= descending aorta] was prespinal in 10%, with a trend toward a more paraspinal location. prespiracular adj. Brit. /ˌpriːspʌɪˈrakjᵿlə/ , U.S. /ˌprispəˈrækjələr/ , /ˌpriˌspaɪˈrækjələr/ Zoology situated in front of a spiracle. ΚΠ 1879 Philos. Trans. 1878 (Royal Soc.) 169 699 In these Elasmobranchs the posterior [opening]..transmits the common stem of the pre-spiracular and post-spiracular branches of the Facial nerve. 1910 Ann. Entomol. Soc. Amer. 3 99 The prothorax has its arrangement modified by the persistence of three sclerites, the cervical shield.., the prespiracular wart, with two or three setæ..and the subventral wart. 1988 Amer. Jrnl. Anat. 182 169 The chorda tympani becomes a prespiracular nerve for the most part in the chick by the reduction of the postspiracular component of the spiracular loop. presubterminal n. Brit. /ˌpriːsʌbˈtəːmᵻnl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsəbˈtərmən(ə)l/ Entomology rare (in the markings of a moth's wing) a transverse line immediately in front of the subterminal line (which is the hindmost of the principal transverse lines). ΚΠ 1895 E. Meyrick Handbk. Brit. Lepidoptera 239 Discal dot beyond median, praesubterminal not black-marked. presylvian adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈsɪlvɪən/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈsɪlviən/ Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the Sylvian fissure of the brain. ΚΠ 1868 R. Owen On Anat. Vertebr. III. 137 Cerebral Folds: Sylvian..Presylvian..Postsylvian. 1990 Brain Res. 508 273 Contralateral efferent zones were found within both the rostral part of the coronal gyrus and the lateral bank of the presylvian sulcus. presymphysial adj. Brit. /ˌpriːsɪmˈfɪzɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˌsɪmˈfɪziəl/ (also presymphyseal) Anatomy and Zoology situated or occurring in front of a symphysis, esp. that of the lower jaw or the pubis.In quot. 1883: = predentary adj. and n. (a). ΚΠ 1883 Amer. Naturalist 17 1274 The anterior angle of the presymphysial bone bears some crests or denticles of bone. 2005 Internat. Jrnl. Radiation Oncol., Biol. & Physics 61 270 (caption) Three-dimensional phantom with measure tracks. (A) 1: in front of the symphysis (presymphyseal). prethoracic adj. Brit. /ˌpriːθɔːˈrasɪk/ , /ˌpriːθɒˈrasɪk/ , /ˌpriːθəˈrasɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpriθəˈræsɪk/ , /ˌpriˌθɔˈræsɪk/ Anatomy and Zoology situated anterior to the thorax. ΚΠ 1870 G. Rolleston Forms Animal Life 108 The number..is never made up of the same pre-thoracic, thoracic, abdominal, and post-abdominal factors. 1982 Plastic & Reconstructive Surg. 70 153 A lower thoracic advancement flap for use in postmastectomy breast reconstruction is described that allows modest supplementation of prethoracic skin coverage and creation of a stable, well-defined inframammary fold. pretibial adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtɪbɪəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtɪbiəl/ Anatomy, Medicine, and Zoology situated or occurring in front of or on the anterior part of the tibia. ΚΠ 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Pretibial,..situate before the tibia; as the ilio-pretibial and ischio-pretibial muscles. 1872 E. S. Morse in Ann. Lyceum Nat. Hist. 10 151 To show still more plainly the reasons for believing that the pretibial bone of Wyman represents the intermedium, the following diagrams are presented. 1984 J. R. Tighe & D. R. Davies Pathol. (ed. 4) xxii. 206 Pretibial myxoedema may develop. 1990 M. J. Benton Vertebr. Palaeontol. viii. 220 This process in ratites..has been interpreted as a new element called the pretibial bone. pretracheal adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈtreɪkɪəl/ , /ˌpriːtrəˈkiːəl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈtreɪkiəl/ Anatomy and Zoology situated in front of the trachea. ΚΠ 1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 211 The glands most affected are the anterior or pretracheal. 1984 J. Joseph Aids to Anat. (ed. 13) ii. 57 The pretracheal fascia is attached to the thyroid and cricoid cartilages. prevertebral adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈvəːtᵻbr(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈvərdəbrəl/ , /ˌprivərˈtibrəl/ Anatomy situated in front of the spinal column. ΚΠ 1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstr. Anat. 570 A gangliated portion situated by the side of the vertebral column, and of prevertebral plexuses. 1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. iv. 105/2 One well marked layer [of the cervical fascia], the prevertebral layer, covers the prevertebral muscles on the bodies of the vertebrae, behind the pharynx. 1987 M. J. Neal Med. Pharmacol. at Glance vii. 20/2 The sympathetic nerves..leave the thoracolumbar region of the spinal cord..and synapse either in the paravertebral ganglia..or in the prevertebral ganglia..and plexuses in the abdominal cavity. prevesical adj. Brit. /(ˌ)priːˈvɛsᵻkl/ , /(ˌ)priːˈviːsᵻkl/ , /ˌpriːvᵻˈsʌɪkl/ , U.S. /ˌpriˈvɛsək(ə)l/ Anatomy situated in front of the bladder. ΚΠ 1876 A. C. Cowperthwaite Insanity in its Medico-legal Relations 125 Some operators prefer to dispense with the rectal bag, placing the patient in Trendelenberg's position, when the bladder by its own weight separates the pre-vesical fold from the pubes. 1992 Pediatric Radiol. 22 200 Three patients..showed the extension of the tumor superiorly and anterior to the bladder in the prevesical space of Retzius. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2007; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < prefix1559
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