| 释义 |
† belivev.1Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with Old Frisian bilīva , blīva (West Frisian bliuwe ), Old Dutch bilīvan (Middle Dutch blīven , Dutch blijven ), Old Saxon bilīban (Middle Low German belīven , blīven ( > Old Icelandic blífa (Icelandic bliva ), Old Swedish bliva (Swedish bliva , †blifva , (now usually shortened) bli ), Old Danish bliffue (Danish blive ))), Old High German bilīban (Middle High German belīben , blīben , German bleiben ), Gothic *bileiban (inferred from apparent 3rd singular past tense form bilaif in Gothic Calendar 1:7, which could however alternatively be interpreted as showing a noun), all in sense ‘to remain’ < the Germanic base of be- prefix + the Germanic base of an unattested simplex verb meaning ‘to remain, be left’ < an ablaut variant (e -grade) of the Germanic base of leave v.1 and live v.1 Sense 2 arose by confusion with beleave v. (see further discussion below).In all recorded Germanic languages the original simplex verb had been superseded by the prefixed verb from earliest times. In most of them the unstressed vowel of the prefix was also gradually elided. While German bleiben and Dutch blijven belong to the core vocabulary of their respective languages and are common words, the English prefixed verb was at an early period confused with, and by the end of the early Middle English period superseded by, its originally transitive derivative beleave v., which eventually also became obsolete, so that the only English verb of the family now in use is leave v.1 Old English belīfan is a strong verb of Class I (its derivative belǣfan beleave v. is a weak Class I verb). From late Old English onwards, strong past tense 3rd singular forms such as belæf , beleaf (see Forms 2γ) are attested beside the expected strong past tense 1st and 3rd singular belāf , early Middle English bilof (see Forms 2α). Early Middle English examples of these irregular strong past tense forms bilæf , bileaf (compare quots. c1175, a1325 at sense 1) apparently show a long stem vowel and are perhaps after forms of beleave v. (in fact, the textual co-occurrence of such past tense forms with present tense forms of beleave v. may suggest the development of a merged (suppletive) paradigm); it is unclear whether the same is true of the late Old English examples (compare quot. lOE at sense 1), which may alternatively show a short stem vowel, perhaps reflecting assimilation with the vocalism (short æ) of the past tense 1st and 3rd singular of strong Class V verbs (with the form beleaf showing an inverted spelling of ea for æ). In late Middle English strong past tense forms and past participle forms occur only in Caxton and show elision of the unstressed vowel of the prefix, probably after Middle Dutch or Middle Low German forms. Caxton's present tense form bleue, however, probably shows the influence of Middle English bleve, variant of beleave v. (see discussion at that entry). Obsolete. the world > movement > absence of movement > [verb (intransitive)] > remain as opposed to go OE (Claud.) xxiii. 18 Ne rysle ne belifð oð merigen [L. nec remanebit adeps sollemnitatis meae usque mane]. OE (Tiber. B.iv) anno 1076 Rawulf..wæs fægen þæt he to scypum ætfleah, & his wif belaf æfter in þam castele. lOE (Laud) (Peterborough contin.) anno 1131 On þa tun þa wæs tenn ploges oðer twelfe gangende, ne belæf þær noht an, & se man þa heafde twa hundred oðþe ðre hundred swin, ne beleaf him noht an. c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 2391 Ȝho bilæf wiþþ hire frend. ?c1250 in C. Brown (1932) 12 (MED) Ne hope non to his liue, her ne mai he biliue. c1300 in C. Brown (1932) 84 Al so þe [read he] was of þe boren,..hol bilof þi maidenhod. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 2776 Ðe grene leaf..ðog grene and hol bi-leaf. 1477 W. Caxton tr. R. Le Fèvre (1913) 23 Ther bleef no moo but tweyn. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 67/2 Ther shold not haue blyuen unto nabal..one pyssyng ayenst a walle. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 383/2 There bleueth no more but I. a1325 (c1250) (1968) l. 3066 And ðat ail ða bileaf sal al ben numen. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2020). † belivev.2Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: be- prefix, live v.1 Etymology: < be- prefix + live v.1In Old English originally a weak verb of Class III (belibban ); in late West Saxon forms assimilated to weak Class II are attested (belifian ); compare discussion at live v.1 Obsolete. the world > life > death > killing > kill [verb (transitive)] OE 1308 Ða wæs Guðlaces gæst gelæded eadig on upweg. Englas feredun to þam longan gefean, lic colode, belifd under lyfte. OE Ælfric (Cambr. Gg.3.28) xviii. 176 He wæs welhreaw cwellere cristenra manna and fela belifode, gelyfedra manna. a1275 Body & Soul (Trin. Cambr. B.14.39) l. 20 in A. S. M. Clark (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Michigan) (1972) 117 Nu is þe time icomen me to; mi det is me bitid... Jc wende ever to libben, ac nu ic am bilipt. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online December 2019). beliveadv.adj. Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: by prep., life n., blithe adj. Etymology: < by prep. + life n.; hence lit. ‘with life, with liveliness’. The formation is not paralleled in other Germanic languages. With the semantic motivation compare earlier alive adj., later quick adv., and also Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French, French vivement (see lively adv.). In use as adjective perhaps by confusion with blithe adj.The β. forms show syncope of the first syllable; metrical evidence suggests that in Middle English syncopated forms are predominantly southern in distribution (see further M. Stokes in Jrnl. Eng. & Germanic Philol. (2009) 108 190–221). Now Scottish and English regional. A. adv. I. With full semantic content. the world > action or operation > manner of action > rapidity or speed of action or operation > [adverb] > quickly or promptly the world > movement > rate of motion > swiftness > swift movement in specific manner > [adverb] > swiftly and urgently c1175 (Burchfield transcript) l. 17943 He fullhtneþþ nu bilife. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon (Calig.) (1963) l. 2268 Brennes flæh bliue. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) l. 1147 (MED) Þe romeins flowe bliue. a1425 (?a1300) (Linc. Inn) (1952) l. 1484 He..wendiþ out of londe bliue. a1450 (Faust.) (1883) l. 2506 Also blyue as he myȝt..go. 1487 (a1380) J. Barbour (St. John's Cambr.) x. 238 Thai that war within the wayn Lap out belif [1489 Adv. belyff]. a1500 (?c1400) (1880) l. 52 (MED) When he had said, they herd hym blif. c1530 420 Though thow seest a faut right at thyne y, Excuse it blyve, and glose it pretily. ?1577 F. T. sig. Fiv They al tooke hold belyue. 1614 W. Browne i. sig. B8 This noice he heard, and bliue he to her ran. 1633 J. Fisher iii. ix. sig. Gi Bee bonny, buxome, iolly. Trip haydegues beliue, And gif night gars the welkin merk Tom piper doe you blive. 1634 W. Lathum (front matter) Sees belive a thriftlesse husbandman Passe by the aged croppe. 1669 57 A fair fire was burning bright, And then belyve they set up light. 1777 (rev. ed.) v. 33 He'll hird the kye belyve to me an' he had huggers on him. 1808 J. Mayne (new ed.) iv. 82 His father gart them flee for fear, And skulk belyve. 1871 R. Allan 123 I crackit like a gun, and tuik my sneish, Until, belyve, I didna mind a croon. 1928 J. Wilson 52 Belyve the rain will downward pour The lift will tak a reg'lar scour. 2. the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adverb] c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1934) 8 Olibrius..het biliue bringin hire beforen him [c1225 Royal bed bringen hire biuoren him bliue]. a1400 (a1325) (Vesp.) l. 5021 Fottes me ruben biliue. c1400 (?c1380) l. 625 As sone as þay arn borne, bylyue In þe water of baptem þay dyssente. a1500 (?c1400) (1880) l. 167 It is best I busk me blif. a1547 Earl of Surrey tr. Virgil (1557) ii. sig. Biv To bring the horse to Pallas temple bliue. 1563 T. Sackville in W. Baldwin et al. (new ed.) Buckingham ii Mark well my fall, which I shall show belive. 1572 (a1500) (1882) 94 Vndo the dure beliue! Dame, art thow in? 1690 Horrible & Woful Destr. Jerusalem in 1/5 Then Titus gave his sentence blive, Which Romans liked well. the world > relative properties > order > order, sequence, or succession > preceding or following in order > [adverb] > immediately a1375 (c1350) (1867) l. 1843 Wiȝtli he hem folwes, Ful bliue hem bi-hinde. tr. Palladius (Duke Humfrey) (1896) i. l. 250 Lond..acclyued blyue [c1450 Bodl. acclyned blyue] Vpon the sunne. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 36v I am Eldist and heire aftur hym belyue. 1900 15 May 2 Twa afore ane, three afore five First twa an' than twa, an four come balive. 1616 J. Bullokar Belive, by and by, anon. a1637 B. Jonson Sad Shepherd ii. ii. 19 in (1640) III Twentie swarme of Bees, Whilke (all the Summer) hum about the hive, And bring mee Waxe, and Honey in by live . View more context for this quotation 1677 E. Coles (new ed.) Belive, qu. by the Eve, anon. 1683 G. Meriton 39 It is varra Snithe, And Ise flaid, Wife, it will be Frost Belive. 1786 R. Burns (1968) I. 146 Belyve, the elder bairns come drapping in. 1816 W. Scott Old Mortality xiv, in 1st Ser. IV. 291 ‘Nearly a mile off.’.. ‘We'll be there belive.’ 1868 J. Hamilton 85 Toddlin' wee things cam' belyve To see their lochside grannie. 1932 M. Major in J. F. Dobie 168 A gold watch was gotten belyve, And Mae..consented To be ane o' a pairty o' five To gang to the manse and present it. †II. With little semantic content. 1525 W. Smith sig. b.vv The Erle was contentyd hyt shuld be so And bad hys seruaunts for to go That is to say to the nomber of fyue And redy make them belyue. 1722 W. Hamilton xii. i. 309 Or else of them there had been News belyve, Such as perhaps, befell the other Five. 1768 A. Ross i. 35 Well aunt ye please me now, well mat ye thrive, Gin ye can fix her, I'll be right belyve. †B. adj.the mind > will > wish or inclination > willingness > [adjective] > eager a1450 (Pierpont Morgan) (1865) l. 3106 (MED) Oon told hir he was yet on liue, And she was therof ful bliue. ?a1475 (1922) 12 Sche sendyth to pylat a-non ful ryff And prayth þat cryst he xuld not qwelle Þan pylat is besy and ryth blyff Cryst for to savyn he ȝevyth councelle. a1577 T. Smith (1963) 21 Helped me from great distres, and mad me glad and blive. 1600 R. Kittowe sig. G2v Be bliue and wanton (Girle) for seuen yeares longer liues a merrie minde, than a heauie heart. a1643 W. Cartwright (1651) v. iv. 84 This Buss is a blive guerdon. Phrases†the world > time > relative time > immediacy > [adverb] c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) l. 3240 (MED) Þai..went oȝain als biliif. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich lvi. l. 332 On hym scholde I ben venged as blyve. 1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville (Caxton) iv. xx. f. lxvj Slee me here as blyue. a1500 (?a1400) (Trin. Dublin) l. 710 (MED) Alexander als belyfe [c1450 Ashm. as sone] was at hym. 1614 W. Browne i. sig. B4 It is eke of such vertue and such kind, That thinke vpon what thing him liketh best, And he as bliue shall it haue and finde. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < |
