† potestaten.

Forms: Middle English–1600s 1800s potestate, Middle English–1700s potestat, late Middle English potestantes (plural, in a late copy, transmission error), 1600s protestat (transmission error).

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French potestat; Latin potestāt-, potestās.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman potestat magistrate (with reference to Rome) (c1240), governor (13th cent.), member of the sixth order of angels (14th cent.) and Middle French potestat officer of public justice (late 14th cent.), governor (of a city) (mid 15th cent.), Middle French, French †potestat podestà (1457, after Italian; 1351 as potestas ) and its etymon classical Latin potestāt-, potestās potestas n. Compare Italian podestà podestà n., potestà (14th cent. in plural denoting the members of one of the orders of angels), and also Middle French potestez (plural) angels of the sixth order (c1390), Middle French, French podestat podestà (1542).The plural potestates is identical to the plural of potestas , and sometimes indistinguishable from it. In sense 2a after Latin potestas in the Vulgate (Ephesians 6:12, 1 Peter 3:22).

Obsolete.

1. A person who has power over others; a superior, a potentate.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > power > [noun] > powerful person or body > powerful person

mightfula1325

mightya1382

potestatec1384

mightanda1400

potentatec1475

potent1568

leviathan1606

grandeur1632

strongman1764

huzoor1776

hegemon1829

prince1841

boyar1846

power-holder1854

baron1876

overlord1908

ayatollah1979

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Luke xii. 11 Whanne thei schulen leede ȝou in to synagogis and to magestatis and to potestatis [v.r. potestatis or powers; L. potestates], nyle ȝe be bisy how ether what ȝe schulen answere.

c1395 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 2017 Whilom ther was an irous potestat.

?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 229 (MED) Eche man owiþ to be suget to heiȝere potestatis, þat is, to men of heiȝe power.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 189 (MED) The peple scholde haue certeyne maistres ouer theyme, callede Tribuni, whiche scholde defende theyme ageyne the insolence of potestates.

a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Lion & Mouse l. 1575 in Poems (1981) 62 Ane prince or empriour, Ane potestate, or ȝit ane king with croun.

1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Cii Lawfull for the potestates, the nobilitie, the gentrie [etc.].

1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 120 Some Potestats are queint men.

a1678 A. Woodhead Motives Holy Living (1688) 29 They always giving a relation, or account..to their superior potestates, or to God.

a. A spiritual power; an angel; a demon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > [noun] > good or evil

evil angel, spiritc950

wightc950

potestatec1384

principality1561

the world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > [noun] > collectively

gramec1175

potestatec1384

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Ephes. vi. 12 Aȝens the princes and potestatis, aȝens gouernours of the world of thes derknessis.

c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. 1 Pet. iii. 22 Angels, potestatis, and virtues, ar made subiectis to him.

1542 T. Becon Newe Pathway vnto Praier xxv. sig. L.ij^v It is no man nor Aungel, but God..whome the angelike potestates do reuerently feare.

1582 Bible (Rheims) Eph. i. 21 Aboue al Principalitie and Potestate and Power, and Dominion.

c1610–15 tr. St. Gregory of Nyssa Life St. Macrina in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 195 They lyuing with flesh, like vnto the Potestates who want bodies, are not oppressed with the burden of their bodie.

b. spec. = power n.¹ 9b.

ΚΠ

c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. i. 16 In hym alle thingis ben maad, in heuenes and in erthe, visyble and invisyble, ether trones, ether domynaciouns, ethir principatis, ether potestates.]

c1390 (a1325) Ipotis (Vernon) 96 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 342 Þe furste ordre is Cherubin..þe sixte is Potestates [v.r. potestatus].

a1450 (?c1343) R. Rolle Ego Dormio (Cambr.) in Eng. Writings (1931) 61 (MED) Þe mydel ierarchi contenes principates, potestates, & dominacions.

1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 255 b/2 The pryncypates armonysed, The potestates harped, Cherubyn and Seraphyn songen louynges and preysynges.

a1500 Craft of Dying (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 420 (MED) Holy angels, archangels, trones & dominaciones, princehodes, potestates & vertuis, cherubyn & seraphin met with þe.

1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xv. viii. 404 Thrones, dominions, principats, potestats, virtutes, cherubim and seraphim.

1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells 114 And first of the Super-Coelestiall, these, Th' Angels, Arch-Angels, and the Principates, Thrones, Dominations, Vertues, Potestates, The Cherubims and Seraphims [etc.]

3. In medieval Italy: the chief magistrate of a city or republic; = podestà n. (a). Also: the chief magistrate of certain Turkish towns under the Ottoman Empire.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in medieval Italian republics

potestate1485

podestà?1553

society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > chief magistrate or mayor > in Turkey

potestate1585

mukhtar1786

1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. viii sig. i.vi^v Whan ye shal come to Rome to the potestate and all the counceylle and Senate.

c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 195 A noble marchand of paris suld pas before thair potestate of fflorence.

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxvii Then folowed the potestates & gouernors of the citie [sc. Bologna] all in Crimosyn veluet, & within a myle of the citie there met hym [sc. Charles V] foure and twentie Cardinalles.

1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. viii. 41 One of the saide Mahomies is elected and created potestate, and chiefe iustice both ciuil and criminal [of Chios].

1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 157 The potestate of Pera came by sea also with eight gallies moe.

1620 tr. G. Boccaccio Decameron II. x. iv. f. 149 Hee went (as hopelesse of any successe) to be Potestate of Modena, whereto he was called by place and order.

1821 J. H. Reynolds Garden of Florence & Other Poems 19 She entereth patiently the palace gate, And stands all tears before the Potestate.

4. The governing body of a university. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > governing body

potestate1530

Regent House1573

seniority1687

caput1716

senate1736

senatus1835

1530 Let. fr. Venice 1 July (Vitell. B.xiii) 92 They [sc. all the doctors] causyd the Chaunceler of the potestate [of the University of Padua] to set his hande and seale for the approbation of the authorytye off the notarye.

5. Power, authority. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > power > [noun]

i-waldeOE

armOE

craftOE

mightOE

poustiea1275

mound?a1300

powerc1300

force1303

mighta1325

wielda1325

mightiheada1382

mightinessc1390

mightheada1400

mightinga1400

puissance1420

mightfulnessa1425

vallente1475

potence1483

state1488

potencya1500

potestation?c1500

potent1512

puissantness1552

sinew1560

puissancy1562

potentness1581

powerableness1591

powerfulnessc1595

potestatea1600

pollency1623

potentiality1627

potentialness1668

poust1827

mana1843

magnum force1977

a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 110 Trowand thairof that no man dar speik ill, Becaus he is ane prince of potestate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

单词	potestate
释义	† potestaten. Forms: Middle English–1600s 1800s potestate, Middle English–1700s potestat, late Middle English potestantes (plural, in a late copy, transmission error), 1600s protestat (transmission error). Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French potestat; Latin potestāt-, potestās. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman potestat magistrate (with reference to Rome) (c1240), governor (13th cent.), member of the sixth order of angels (14th cent.) and Middle French potestat officer of public justice (late 14th cent.), governor (of a city) (mid 15th cent.), Middle French, French †potestat podestà (1457, after Italian; 1351 as potestas ) and its etymon classical Latin potestāt-, potestās potestas n. Compare Italian podestà podestà n., potestà (14th cent. in plural denoting the members of one of the orders of angels), and also Middle French potestez (plural) angels of the sixth order (c1390), Middle French, French podestat podestà (1542).The plural potestates is identical to the plural of potestas , and sometimes indistinguishable from it. In sense 2a after Latin potestas in the Vulgate (Ephesians 6:12, 1 Peter 3:22). Obsolete. 1. A person who has power over others; a superior, a potentate. ΘΚΠ society > authority > power > [noun] > powerful person or body > powerful person mightfula1325 mightya1382 potestatec1384 mightanda1400 potentatec1475 potent1568 leviathan1606 grandeur1632 strongman1764 huzoor1776 hegemon1829 prince1841 boyar1846 power-holder1854 baron1876 overlord1908 ayatollah1979 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Luke xii. 11 Whanne thei schulen leede ȝou in to synagogis and to magestatis and to potestatis [v.r. potestatis or powers; L. potestates], nyle ȝe be bisy how ether what ȝe schulen answere. c1395 G. Chaucer Summoner's Tale 2017 Whilom ther was an irous potestat. ?c1430 (c1400) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 229 (MED) Eche man owiþ to be suget to heiȝere potestatis, þat is, to men of heiȝe power. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1871) III. 189 (MED) The peple scholde haue certeyne maistres ouer theyme, callede Tribuni, whiche scholde defende theyme ageyne the insolence of potestates. a1500 R. Henryson tr. Æsop Fables: Lion & Mouse l. 1575 in Poems (1981) 62 Ane prince or empriour, Ane potestate, or ȝit ane king with croun. 1583 P. Stubbes Anat. Abuses sig. Cii Lawfull for the potestates, the nobilitie, the gentrie [etc.]. 1593 G. Harvey Pierces Supererogation 120 Some Potestats are queint men. a1678 A. Woodhead Motives Holy Living (1688) 29 They always giving a relation, or account..to their superior potestates, or to God. 2. a. A spiritual power; an angel; a demon. ΘΚΠ the world > the supernatural > supernatural being > [noun] > good or evil evil angel, spiritc950 wightc950 potestatec1384 principality1561 the world > the supernatural > deity > a devil > [noun] > collectively gramec1175 potestatec1384 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) Ephes. vi. 12 Aȝens the princes and potestatis, aȝens gouernours of the world of thes derknessis. c1520 M. Nisbet New Test. in Scots (1905) III. 1 Pet. iii. 22 Angels, potestatis, and virtues, ar made subiectis to him. 1542 T. Becon Newe Pathway vnto Praier xxv. sig. L.ij^v It is no man nor Aungel, but God..whome the angelike potestates do reuerently feare. 1582 Bible (Rheims) Eph. i. 21 Aboue al Principalitie and Potestate and Power, and Dominion. c1610–15 tr. St. Gregory of Nyssa Life St. Macrina in C. Horstmann Lives Women Saints (1886) 195 They lyuing with flesh, like vnto the Potestates who want bodies, are not oppressed with the burden of their bodie. b. spec. = power n.¹ 9b. ΚΠ c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Coloss. i. 16 In hym alle thingis ben maad, in heuenes and in erthe, visyble and invisyble, ether trones, ether domynaciouns, ethir principatis, ether potestates.] c1390 (a1325) Ipotis (Vernon) 96 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 342 Þe furste ordre is Cherubin..þe sixte is Potestates [v.r. potestatus]. a1450 (?c1343) R. Rolle Ego Dormio (Cambr.) in Eng. Writings (1931) 61 (MED) Þe mydel ierarchi contenes principates, potestates, & dominacions. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine Golden Legende 255 b/2 The pryncypates armonysed, The potestates harped, Cherubyn and Seraphyn songen louynges and preysynges. a1500 Craft of Dying (Rawl.) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1896) II. 420 (MED) Holy angels, archangels, trones & dominaciones, princehodes, potestates & vertuis, cherubyn & seraphin met with þe. 1584 R. Scot Discouerie Witchcraft xv. viii. 404 Thrones, dominions, principats, potestats, virtutes, cherubim and seraphim. 1635 T. Heywood Hierarchie Blessed Angells 114 And first of the Super-Coelestiall, these, Th' Angels, Arch-Angels, and the Principates, Thrones, Dominations, Vertues, Potestates, The Cherubims and Seraphims [etc.] 3. In medieval Italy: the chief magistrate of a city or republic; = podestà n. (a). Also: the chief magistrate of certain Turkish towns under the Ottoman Empire. ΘΚΠ society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > head of government > [noun] > in a republic > in medieval Italian republics potestate1485 podestà?1553 society > authority > office > holder of office > magistrate > municipal magistrate > [noun] > chief magistrate or mayor > in Turkey potestate1585 mukhtar1786 1485 Malory's Morte Darthur (Caxton) v. viii sig. i.vi^v Whan ye shal come to Rome to the potestate and all the counceylle and Senate. c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 195 A noble marchand of paris suld pas before thair potestate of fflorence. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VIII f. clxxxvii Then folowed the potestates & gouernors of the citie [sc. Bologna] all in Crimosyn veluet, & within a myle of the citie there met hym [sc. Charles V] foure and twentie Cardinalles. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. viii. 41 One of the saide Mahomies is elected and created potestate, and chiefe iustice both ciuil and criminal [of Chios]. 1603 R. Knolles Gen. Hist. Turkes 157 The potestate of Pera came by sea also with eight gallies moe. 1620 tr. G. Boccaccio Decameron II. x. iv. f. 149 Hee went (as hopelesse of any successe) to be Potestate of Modena, whereto he was called by place and order. 1821 J. H. Reynolds Garden of Florence & Other Poems 19 She entereth patiently the palace gate, And stands all tears before the Potestate. 4. The governing body of a university. rare. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > university administration > [noun] > governing body potestate1530 Regent House1573 seniority1687 caput1716 senate1736 senatus1835 1530 Let. fr. Venice 1 July (Vitell. B.xiii) 92 They [sc. all the doctors] causyd the Chaunceler of the potestate [of the University of Padua] to set his hande and seale for the approbation of the authorytye off the notarye. 5. Power, authority. rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > power > [noun] i-waldeOE armOE craftOE mightOE poustiea1275 mound?a1300 powerc1300 force1303 mighta1325 wielda1325 mightiheada1382 mightinessc1390 mightheada1400 mightinga1400 puissance1420 mightfulnessa1425 vallente1475 potence1483 state1488 potencya1500 potestation?c1500 potent1512 puissantness1552 sinew1560 puissancy1562 potentness1581 powerableness1591 powerfulnessc1595 potestatea1600 pollency1623 potentiality1627 potentialness1668 poust1827 mana1843 magnum force1977 a1600 ( W. Stewart tr. H. Boece Bk. Cron. Scotl. (1858) I. 110 Trowand thairof that no man dar speik ill, Becaus he is ane prince of potestate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online December 2021). < n.c1384
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