| 释义 |
beliefn. Origin: Probably a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: yleve n. Etymology: Probably an alteration (with prefix substitution: see be- prefix and compare slightly earlier believe v.) of yleve n. (compare earlier (aphetic) leve n.); yleve n. is in turn cognate with or formed similarly to Old Frisian (rare) gelōve (the usual Old Frisian noun is the unprefixed lāwa leve n.), Old Dutch gilōvo (Middle Dutch gelōve , Dutch geloof ), Old Saxon gilōbo (Middle Low German gelōve , glōve ), Old High German giloubo (Middle High German geloube , gloube , German Glaube ), also (with different suffix and gender) Gothic galaubeins (feminine), all showing a similar range of senses (in sense ‘creed’ now obsolete or regional in the cognate Germanic languages) < the respective prefixed Germanic verbs (showing the various cognates of y- prefix) cited at believe v. The specific Christian senses of these prefixed Germanic nouns are after the corresponding post-classical Latin senses of classical Latin fidēs, which are in turn after ancient Greek πίστις (for both, see faith n.). The Scandinavian languages lack a cognate noun, using instead the respective cognates of trow n.1The expected stem vowel in Middle English is long open ē ( < Old English ēa in gelēafa yleve n.). However, occasionally Middle English rhymes suggest long close ē , and it is likely that already in Middle English the pronunciation as well as the spelling of the vowel (with ie ) was influenced by the cognate verb believe v. (which regularly shows long close ē < Old English ē by (non-West Saxon) i-mutation of ēa caused by the verb-forming suffix); compare E. J. Dobson Eng. Pronunc. 1500–1700 (ed. 2, 1968) II. §120. The stem vowels of the verb and the noun would have merged in pronunciation in any case in standard modern English. With the modern distinction between the noun with unvoiced final consonant and the verb with voiced final consonant, compare e.g. behoof n. and behove v., grief n. and grieve v., proof n. and prove v., relief n.2 and relieve v., etc. yleve n. is already attested in Old English in several senses corresponding to senses of belief n. (including senses 1a, 2, 3, 4a). The word shows considerable semantic overlap with the later French loan faith n. Especially in theological use, a distinction is frequently made between the two words, belief referring either to the intellectual assent to certain propositions or dogmas, or to the acceptance of the existence of God or another god, faith involving personal trust and commitment. This lexical distinction is absent from the cognate Germanic languages; in German, for example, Glaube covers the senses of both belief and faith. I. Mental conviction. 1. Theology. society > faith > aspects of faith > [noun] c1175 ( Ælfric's Homily on Nativity of Christ (Bodl. 343) in A. O. Belfour (1909) 84 Ðesne laf we æteð þonne we mid bileafan gað to halige husle ure hælendes lichame. c1200 Serm. in (1961) 7 65 Þester vas þis vorld and emti of bileaue. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1934) 24 (MED) Iesu..Þu haldest & heuest up treowe bileaue. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden (St. John's Cambr.) (1865) I. 33 (MED) Þe fourþe lyuynge of Cristen men bygan vnder Crist, whan byleue and grace of sacramente halwed hir lyf. ?a1425 in A. Hudson (1990) I. 254 Neyþur wiþ fygus of byleue, ne wiþ grapus of deuocion. c1475 (?c1400) (1842) Introd. 6 It is sooth that bileue is grounde of alle vertues. c1540 (?a1400) (2002) f. 67 Ffor lacke of beleue þai light into errour And fellon vnto fals goddes. 1578 Queen Elizabeth I in E. Farr (1845) I. 1 Who shall therefor from Syon geue That helthe whych hangeth on our b'leue? 1593 R. Hooker iii. i. 127 The Church..hath from the apostles..receiued beleefe. 1651 T. Hobbes iii. xxxvii. 235 The end of Miracles, was to beget beleef, not universally in all men, elect, and reprobate; but in the elect only. 1676 A. Marvell sig. F4v No man ought to cheat another though to the true beliefe. 1714 A. W. Boehm 13 He hung betwixt the Law of Life and the Law of Death; betwixt Belief and Unbelief. 1791 S. Newton xxiv. 82 The Sinner is brought into a justified State by Belief. 1841 T. Carlyle vi. 330 That war of the Puritans..the war of Belief against Unbelief! 1896 2 103 Not only does unbelief become the capital sin and belief the capital virtue, but even thumbscrew and stake, ban and outlawry will be used to crush out heresy. 1955 26 Dec. 104 Luther's doctrine of justification by faith (salvation by belief alone without trust in good works as such) has caused Lutherans to stress theology more than many groups. 2009 J. M. Nelson iii. ix. 284 Vergote..sees the essential issue in the decision about belief or unbelief to be conflict between autonomy and dependence. society > faith > aspects of faith > theism > atheism > [adjective] a1425 J. Wyclif (1871) II. 334 (MED) Wantonesse in siche wille, þat is misturned fro Goddis wille, bringiþ in oþir synnes and makiþ man out of bileve. c1453 (c1437) (Harl. 53) 568 (MED) Whiche cuntre was out of beleue of Christen faith. 1508 (de Worde) f. lx The Iewe yt was out of beleue. 1570 J. Foxe (rev. ed.) I. 637/2 Thou art out of beliefe, If in this matter and other, thou beleuest not as the holy church beleueth. the mind > mental capacity > belief > belief, trust, confidence > [noun] a1225 ( Ælfric's Homily In Die Sancto Pentecosten (Lamb. 487) in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 101 Cristene men ne sculen heore bileafe [OE Royal heora hiht] bisettan on þere weor[l]dliche eahte. c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) l. 161 (MED) Ne mahe ȝe nowðer mi luue ne mi bileaue lutlin towart te liuiende godd. c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham (1902) 16 (MED) Þi bileaue of ihesu crist His nou al weuerinde. c1405 (c1380) G. Chaucer (Hengwrt) (2003) l. 63 And thogh that I, vnworthy sone of Eue Be synful, yet accepte my bileue. ?a1425 in A. Hudson (1990) I. 317 Affye þe doȝter, þi byleue haþ mad þe saf. c1450 (?a1400) (1880) l. 438 (MED) What myghte es in a rotyn tree Þat ȝoure byleue es In? a1500 (?c1450) iii. 50 It is grete merveile that ye haue so grete bileve to this man. 1508 Bp. J. Fisher 271 A stedfast byleue of God. 1535 Tobit ii We..loke for the life, which God shal geue vnto them, that neuer turne their beleue from him. 1626 F. Bacon §327 We knew a Dutch-man, that had wrought himself into the beleif of a great Person by undertaking that he could make Gold. 1662 W. Smith 19 There must be first a perswasion wrought in the Conscience, and a belief in the Truth and Lawfulness of what is to be observed. 1737 S. Bourn 10 May a lively Belief of thy Goodness and Care bear us Company thro' the Day. 1763 11 Their Faith and firm Belief In Second Sight, and Mother Shipton. 1837 T. Carlyle I. iv. iv. 209 Belief in high-plumed hats of a feudal cut; in heraldic scutcheons; in the divine right of Kings. 1858 Jan. 207/1 Though she appears to have had little belief in God, she had great faith in the Devil. 1891 T. Hardy I. xi. 134 Will you, I ask once more, show your belief in me by letting me encircle you with my arm? 1902 Sept. 81/1 No amount of gossip would ever shake her belief in him. 1906 A. S. Crapsey in E. M. Shepard 129 My belief in Jesus..is a living faith in Him as my guide in life, as the master of my spiritual thought, as my elder brother. 1953 M. Irwin xvii. 184 Philip's belief in astrology and sooth-saying was stronger than her own. 2007 11 Oct. 659 This belief in himself rested on a realistic assessment of his own strengths and limitations. society > faith > aspects of faith > creed > kinds of creed > [noun] > Apostles' creed a1225 MS Lamb. in R. Morris (1868) 1st Ser. 73 Buten heo cunnen heore bileue, þet is pater noster and credo. 1340 (1866) 11 (MED) Þe tuelf articles of þe cristene byleue. c1400 (c1378) W. Langland (Laud 581) (1869) B. v. l. 7 I..sat softly adown and seide my bileue. c1550 How Plowman lerned Pater Noster 54 in W. C. Hazlitt (1864) I. 211 I mervayll ryght gretly, That thy byleve was never taught the. 1575 in D. H. Fleming (1889) I. 408 The Lordis prayer, the beleve, and the commandementis. 1637 T. Heywood i. 101 Some sung, and some did say Haile Virgin: others, their Beleefe. 1677 J. Armstrong 79 They that are baptized ought to learn the Belief, and on the first day of the Week to say it over to the Bishop or Presbyter. 1712 H. Prideaux (ed. 4) 11 Kneeling at the Prayers, Standing at the Belief. 1795 W. Armstrong ii. 20 A short summary called the Creed or Belief. 1817 W. Pitt i. 342 The upper part of the partition is neatly ornamented on the side facing the nave, with three painted tables of the Lord's Prayer and the Belief. 1840 F. Marryat III. 324 I said..the Belief. 1874 T. Hardy viii. 68 I kneeled down and said the Lord's Prayer, and then the Belief right through. 1907 J. Watson iii. 93 Dean Whitingham..was godfather to one of Knox's sons, and Bishop Coverdale to the other. It was the custom of the sponsors to say the Belief. 2008 J. I. Packer Pref. 11 Creed means ‘belief’; many Christians of former days used to call this Creed ‘the Belief’. 4. the mind > mental capacity > belief > [noun] > system of belief, creed the mind > mental capacity > belief > [noun] > a belief, dogma, tenet society > faith > aspects of faith > doctrine > [noun] c1225 (?c1200) (Bodl.) (1934) 10 (MED) He..hehede hise heþene godes..& lei to his luðere bileue. c1380 (1879) l. 829 (MED) Til he wer cristned..& y-broȝt to þe riȝt beleue. a1393 J. Gower (Fairf.) v. l. 748 The believes that tho were. a1425 (a1400) (Galba & Harl.) (1863) l. 4335 And turne þam til a fals belyefe. ?a1425 (c1400) (Titus C.xvi) (1919) 80 Þei [sc. Syrians] holden the beleeve amonges vs. 1535 Esther viii. D Many of the people in the londe became of the Iewes beleue. 1611 J. Florio Recredenza, a belief changed from that it was, recreantnesse. 1646 Sir T. Browne i. vii. 25 Our advanced beliefs are not to be built upon dictates, but..[we] are to erect upon the surer base of reason. View more context for this quotation 1661 J. Glanvill ix. 46 For a man to go about to counter-argue this common belief. 1763 vi. 151 What rule shall we have to determine our beliefs, whether to authority, or reason, the reason and the authority both of them not being the highest in their kind, both of them being repudiable, and at most but probable? 1836 H. Smith I. 75 Throughout the world belief depends chiefly upon localities, and the accidents of birth. 1917 21 352 Shall the beliefs of the Chinese Christians be prescribed autocratically by Western ecclesiastical bodies? 1978 M. E. Spiro p. xv Their behaviour is determined by the beliefs of their culture. 2009 U. McGovern & P. Jenner 116 Such beliefs were formalized into the spiritualist movement after the Fox sisters in America claimed to be able to converse with the dead through ‘spirit-rapping’. the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > epistemology > [noun] > cognition > immediate cognition 1831 Oct. 200 To argue from common sense is nothing more than to render available the presumption in favour of the original facts of consciousness... The argument..therefore postulates, that our original beliefs be not proved self-contradictory. 1838 Sir W. Hamilton in 743/1 (note) The primary truths of fact, and the primary truths of intelligence (the contingent and necessary truths of Reid) form two very distinct classes of the original beliefs or intuitions of consciousness. 1877 E. R. Conder iv. 157 Primary judgments (as that every change must have a cause) are often called beliefs, though ‘intuitions’ would be a better term. 1915 A. J. Balfour i. i. 29 We hear of innate beliefs, a priori judgments, axioms, laws of thought, truths of reason, truths the opposite of which is ‘inconceivable’—and so forth. 2009 M. J. Murray in W. L. Craig & C. Meister ii. vi. 94 From birth, infants possess an amazing array of both ideas and dispositions to form ideas that far outstrip the evidence available to them. These innate beliefs and dispositions form what psychologists now call ‘folk beliefs’,..that one and one equals exactly two, for example..that objects move continuously through space [etc.]. 5. With preposition. the mind > mental capacity > belief > [noun] c1425 J. Lydgate (Augustus A.iv) v. l. 1294 (MED) He putte hir fully in byleve Of al þe tresoun. 1555 R. Eden tr. Peter Martyr of Angleria iii. vii. 125 The Ilande of Hispaniola was fyrste named by the fyrste inhabitours, Quizqueia, and then Haiti. And this not by chaunce, or at the pleasure of suche as diuised these names, but of credulitie and belefe of summe great effecte. a1586 Sir P. Sidney (1593) iii. sig. Ii5 My only defence shalbe beleefe of nothing. 1663 W. Charleton 28 Having thus, thread after thread, unravell'd Mr Jones his long Web of Reasons, which he thought so closely and artificially woven, as to be strong enough to bind his Readers to a belief of his Opinion, that Stone-heng was a Roman Structure. 1680 R. Morden (1685) 254 There is no belief of men that were always accounted Lyers. 1701 in (1881) II. 378 The long Experience..had of the Justice and Veracity of Coll. Hamilton, ought to have influenced a Beliefe of what he related to Us. 1727 J. Asgill 27 His disciples were not so clear in their belief of him. 1763 R. Burn II. 285 By his own oath affirming his innocency, and the oaths of twelve compurgators as to their belief of it. 1796 Bp. R. Watson 279 The belief of that miracle did not generate conviction that Jesus was the Christ. 1821 S. T. Coleridge in 10 243 I..know of no reason, why to these toxications, (especially when taken through the skin, and to the cataleptic state produced by them,) we should not attribute the poor wretches' own belief of their guilt. 1999 28 May 61/2 It has been..the Germans strutting around with the silverware, the English and so many other nations lying with sore heads and scant belief of what had happened to them. 1548 N. Bodrugan sig. c.vi What nede I speake of these defences when the same Boecius scantly trusteth his awne belife in this tale. 1599 tr. sig. D3 These for the most part were Italians, neighbours to the great Pope, and therefore more worthy of our beleefe in this, for that they might sooner and easier get notice of these matters. a1640 P. Massinger Guardian iii. vi. 240 in (1655) And I have eyes too... If I have no belief in their assurance, I must turn sceptick. 1685 N. Tate iii. iv. 39 Master Touchstone has always had great belief in Witchcraft, and is so terrified about it, that he dares never be in the dark. 1740 Lady M. W. Montagu 29 June (1966) II. 198 A belief in all the miracles in the Legend. 1791 J. Boswell anno 1754 I. 219 We talked of belief in ghosts. 1812 R. Southey II. ccxxxiv. 250 The old belief in familiars. 1852 E. B. Browning Let. 13–14 May in (1958) 181 Lady Elgin is a great spiritualist with a leaning to Irvingism & a belief in every sort of incredible thing. 1876 J. B. Mozley iv. 95 They had no genuine belief in any world which was different from theirs. 1926 A. R. Radcliffe-Brown in 56 19 There is found in widely separated parts of Australia a belief in a huge serpent which lives in certain pools or water-holes. 1975 P. Kronhausen & E. Kronhausen v. 51 There [sc. in ancient Hinduism] the belief in the transmigration of souls from animals to humans and vice versa was coupled with a totally accepting attitude toward sexuality. 2002 2 Dec. 10/4 I am delivering happiness to children in all parts of the world including Australia (except for 50 other centres who see fit to rob the children of their belief in Santa). the mind > mental capacity > belief > expressed belief, opinion > [noun] > a view, notion, opinion > on a particular point 1528 W. Tyndale f. xxxvi Yf I be brought in belefe that my most enimie is my frende, Then love I my most enimie. 1530 J. Rastell ii. iv. sig. c2 Of this beleue that the soule of man shall neuer dye. a1533 J. Frith (?1535–6) sig. Cvv That I would bring the people in belefe that repentance of a man helpeth not for the remission of his synne. 1554 E. Bonner sig. D.v Item whether there be any, that hath maynteyned and holden the opinion or beliefe, that a man hath no free wyll, and that all thynges do come and chaunce by a precyse and absolute necessitie. 1649 No. 3. 20 A belief that the Parliaments forces did burn down and destroy many Cities, Townes, and Houses. 1659 W. Montagu iv. 85 I must not give my thoughts the liberty to play with Love, as 'tis an infant; in beliefe that they can rule it. 1665 R. Boyle vi. i. sig. Mm6v A belief that the toothsome, would make the nutritive part go smoothly down. 1714 Lady M. W. Montagu 9 Oct. (1965) I. 229 Tis my beleife you will not be at all the richer. 1760 J. Wesley 18 Mar. (1931) IV. 88 It is well if they left you so much as an assent to the Bible or a belief that Christ is God over all! 1791 J. O'Keeffe iv. i. 52 Now for a spanking lie, to continue her in the belief that Jack is the man she thinks him. 1811 3rd Hexade 2 388 He is firmly of the belief that this odorous drug is the fecal matter of this species of whale, when in a state of constipation. 1841 T. Carlyle i. 7 Belief that there is a Greatest Man; that he is discoverable..the ‘discoverability’ is the only error here. 1877 E. R. Conder i. 8 The belief that there is no God is as definite a creed as the belief in one God or in many gods. 1880 L. Wallace iv. xv. 268 In full belief that the evils which afflicted it were political, and to be cured only by the sword, he was going forth to fit himself for a part in the day of resort to the heroic remedy. 1927 14 Feb. 5/1 There was a sensation of confidence and belief that, at any rate, no mere rabbitry would bring about disaster. 1945 P. White 2 May (1994) iii. 61 It is my belief that Merino sheep might be bred profitably in Greece. 1973 24 Dec. 8/1 The public in the States is being..misled into purchasing the Purity brand of Stilton cheese in mistaken belief that it is the genuine product produced in England. 2014 J. C. Waugh i. 4 ‘Grant,’ he penned in his diary, ‘is strongly of the belief that the rebel army is making its last grand rally.’ the mind > language > statement > assent > [noun] 1543 f. xxxviiiv Oure well proued euel willers to growe in too too greate authorytee wt the king in youth, namely whiche is light of belefe and soone perswaded.] 1566 J. Rastell ii. iii. sig. Qv Yf thou haue Chrysostome peruse this place, and weigh wel his wordes: If thow haue hym not, yet be not ouerhastie of beleife. 1613 T. Jackson ii. xxx. §19 (margin) In matters of knowledge or belief, reason and cause are synonymall. 1659 F. Osborne f. 67 That this is not obtruded upon Belief under a single Testimony, it may be found the Opinion of the French Nation, where they have not a more Apposite expression for a Fool, then, that, His Head is ill made. 1703 L. Smith (ed. 2) 14 These guilty Fears and Accusations of a bad Conscience, or comfortable Excusings and Acquitments of a good one,..owe their rise to custom of Belief. 1764 T. Reid ii. §7 I beg leave to make use of the word suggestion, because I know not one more proper, to express a power of the mind..to which we owe many of our simple notions which are neither impressions nor ideas, as well as many original principles of belief. 1798 tr. I. Kant I. 389 It is reason merely, not a pretended secret sense of truth, no transcendant intuition under the name of belief, upon which tradition or revelation may, without the consent of reason, be grafted. 1814 W. Wordsworth iv. 198 One in whom persuasion and belief Had ripened into faith. View more context for this quotation 1843 J. S. Mill I. i. i. §2 The simplest act of belief supposes, and has something to do with, two objects. 1872 H. Calderwood 248 Belief is the assent of the mind to a truth, while the reality so acknowledged is not matter of observation. 1921 W. Lay iii. viii. 284 (heading) Belief is not knowledge. 1976 E. Maclaren vii. 73 No amount of impeccable orthodoxy is belief. Belief is orthopraxis, commitment to certain action. 2002 J. Hardwig in K. B. Wray iii. vii. 410 The whole point of appealing to the testimony of others is that they know things we do not. If this were not the case, basing belief on testimony would be..nonrational or irrational. †II. Expectation. the mind > mental capacity > expectation > [noun] a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil (1959) x. ix. 44 That gud beleif quhilk thou hass eik Of Ascanyvs vprysyng to estait. 1535 W. Stewart tr. H. Boethius (1858) II. 235 In the feild sa mony als war slane, Without beleif to gif battell agane. 1576 A. Fleming tr. Solon in 194 I am in beliefe..that you will doe nothing vnto me. 1594 (a1555) D. Lindsay Hist. Squyer Meldrum l. 1220 in (1931) I. 178 This Squyeris confusioun..traistit no man suld him greiue, Nor of tressoun had no beleiue. 1614 T. Jackson 177 Take heede of dispensing with the word of the Lord once made known vnto themselues, vpon beliefe of more manifest reuelations or instructions. Compounds the mind > mental capacity > belief > [noun] > system of belief, creed 1870 H. P. Malet iii. 37 Under the general geological belief system, there is no reason why a volcano once begun should ever cease. 1910 W. L. Sullivan ii. i. 196 A body of doctrine, which, just as the Lord delivered it, and the apostles preached it, exists today in the belief-system of Roman Catholicism. 1957 J. Huxley iii. 63 Some non-theistic belief-systems have tended to dominate large sections of humanity. The two most obvious are Nazism in Germany and Marxist Communism in Russia. 1981 O. Westin (title) On political socialization and education: investigations into an argumentation for a good political belief system. 2005 G. Blunt xxiv. 151 Palo Mayombe..is an African belief system whose gods wear the guise of Christian saints. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2011; most recently modified version published online June 2022). <  n.c1175 |
