-headsuffix

Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element.

Forms: late Old English–1700s -hed, Middle English -ed, Middle English -ede, Middle English -eed, Middle English -hed, Middle English -hedd, Middle English -heede, Middle English -heid, Middle English -heuede, Middle English -hiede, Middle English -hyd, Middle English–1500s -hede, Middle English–1500s -heed, Middle English–1600s -heade, Middle English– -head, 1500s -headde, 1500s -hedde; Scottish pre-1700 -ed, pre-1700 -ede, pre-1700 -hed, pre-1700 -hedd, pre-1700 -hede, pre-1700 -heide, pre-1700 -heild, pre-1700 -hied, pre-1700 -hiede, pre-1700 1700s– -head, pre-1700 1700s– -heed, pre-1700 1700s– -heid.

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: had n., -hood suffix.

Etymology: Ultimately < the same Germanic base as had n. and -hood suffix, although the details are uncertain and disputed. Perhaps the reflex of an earlier Old English by-form of had n. showing i-mutation of ā to ǣ (see hede n., and, for a possible Germanic parallel, compare cognate Old High German heit, which inflects according to the paradigm of the i-stems and also functions as a suffix). For an alternative explanation of the suffix as an alteration of -hood suffix, perhaps after a continental West Germanic form, see discussion below.Etymology and early history. The expected stem form of a by-form of Old English hād had n. showing i-mutation would be *hǣd- . This is not clearly attested in Old English (the apparently isolated spelling hæd in the Tanner manuscript of the translation of Bede's Eccl. Hist. may be a transmission error). Middle English evidence for hede n. is later than -head suffix and less well attested, suggesting that hede n. may not represent a direct reflex of presumed Old English *hǣd- , but rather a secondary development from the suffix. It is therefore possible that the antecedent of -head suffix functioned only as a suffix (or second element in compounds) in Old English. The suffix is apparently first attested in late Old English in the form -hed in druncenhed drunkenhead n., in the Peterborough Chron. (a source which also contains early Middle English wreccehed wretchhead n.). Late Old English -hæd in the Salisbury Psalter gloss is ambiguous, as it represents a possible scribal spelling of -hood suffix (whereas the graph e for long ā is rare in the spelling of the Peterborough scribe, although e as a spelling for an unstressed vowel cannot be ruled out entirely even here). Reconstruction of Old English ǣ is perhaps supported by the early Middle English spellings -head , (inflected) -heade in manuscripts of the Ancrene Riwle, unless these represent shortened forms of -hood suffix (i.e. short ă ) due to low stress. (It is perhaps possible that all of the Middle English forms could alternatively be explained as showing restressed forms of an unstressed variant of -hood suffix with e .) There is some uncertainty with regard to the original gender of nouns formed with the suffix. Old English hād had n. is a strong masculine, and -hood suffix originally formed strong masculine nouns. Late Old English druncenhed appears to be an endingless accusative singular, which could support the assumption of masculine gender, but there is limited early Middle English evidence that supports feminine gender for nouns showing -head suffix (compare quot. a1200¹ at wretchhead n.). Inflection as strong feminine could have arisen in Old English or even later by assimilation to the influential abstract noun derivatives in -th suffix¹, but could also be inherited. Compare Old High German heit , which is chiefly feminine (although sometimes masculine) and, as an abstract noun suffix, forms feminine nouns. The patterns of word-formation appear not to be entirely the same for -hood suffix and -head suffix in (late) Old English and early Middle English, despite their apparent close relationship. While -hood suffix originally chiefly formed nouns from other nouns, -head suffix is attested earliest as a suffix forming a noun from an adjective, and a number of nouns formed from adjectives are attested earlier with -head suffix than with -hood suffix, as boldhead n., drunkenhead n., fairhead n., goodhead n., onehead n. However, formations from nouns, such as godhead n., manhead n., also occur early on, and this apparent early distinction is not maintained later. The reason for such a distinction is in any case unclear; compare the cognate suffixes Old High German -heit , Old Saxon -hēd , which are used to form nouns from both nouns and adjectives. However, the English development of the suffix or suffixes is probably connected with the development of use of had n. Because of the scarcity and late date of Old English evidence for -head suffix and because the suffix seems to function as more than a mere variant of -hood suffix in early Middle English (and more like its Old High German and Old Saxon cognates), it has alternatively been suggested that -head suffix may perhaps reflect the influence of a continental West Germanic cognate of -hood suffix in form and use; compare Old Frisian -hēd , -heid , Middle Dutch -heit , -hēt , -heide , -hēde , Middle Low German -heit , -hēt . However, a plausible context for the borrowing of an abstract noun suffix from any of these languages into English at a sufficiently early date is difficult to reconstruct. For further discussion see K. Dietz ‘Denominale Abstraktbildungen des Altenglischen’ in H. Fix Beiträge zur Morphologie (2012) 134–7. Later history. New formations become very rare in standard southern English after the mid 17th cent., although the suffix may have remained productive later in other varieties (e.g. Scots). For an isolated very late example see herohead n. (after godhead n.).

Forming abstract nouns of condition or quality, as childhead n., godhead n., maidenhead n.¹, etc.; (also occasionally) forming nouns denoting a collection or group of people, as sisterhead n.; = -hood suffix.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2020).

单词	-head
释义	-headsuffix Primary stress is retained by the usual stressed syllable of the preceding element. Forms: late Old English–1700s -hed, Middle English -ed, Middle English -ede, Middle English -eed, Middle English -hed, Middle English -hedd, Middle English -heede, Middle English -heid, Middle English -heuede, Middle English -hiede, Middle English -hyd, Middle English–1500s -hede, Middle English–1500s -heed, Middle English–1600s -heade, Middle English– -head, 1500s -headde, 1500s -hedde; Scottish pre-1700 -ed, pre-1700 -ede, pre-1700 -hed, pre-1700 -hedd, pre-1700 -hede, pre-1700 -heide, pre-1700 -heild, pre-1700 -hied, pre-1700 -hiede, pre-1700 1700s– -head, pre-1700 1700s– -heed, pre-1700 1700s– -heid. Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: had n., -hood suffix. Etymology: Ultimately < the same Germanic base as had n. and -hood suffix, although the details are uncertain and disputed. Perhaps the reflex of an earlier Old English by-form of had n. showing i-mutation of ā to ǣ (see hede n., and, for a possible Germanic parallel, compare cognate Old High German heit, which inflects according to the paradigm of the i-stems and also functions as a suffix). For an alternative explanation of the suffix as an alteration of -hood suffix, perhaps after a continental West Germanic form, see discussion below.Etymology and early history. The expected stem form of a by-form of Old English hād had n. showing i-mutation would be hǣd- . This is not clearly attested in Old English (the apparently isolated spelling hæd* in the Tanner manuscript of the translation of Bede's Eccl. Hist. may be a transmission error). Middle English evidence for hede n. is later than -head suffix and less well attested, suggesting that hede n. may not represent a direct reflex of presumed Old English hǣd- , but rather a secondary development from the suffix. It is therefore possible that the antecedent of -head suffix functioned only as a suffix (or second element in compounds) in Old English. The suffix is apparently first attested in late Old English in the form -hed* in druncenhed drunkenhead n., in the Peterborough Chron. (a source which also contains early Middle English wreccehed wretchhead n.). Late Old English -hæd in the Salisbury Psalter gloss is ambiguous, as it represents a possible scribal spelling of -hood suffix (whereas the graph e for long ā is rare in the spelling of the Peterborough scribe, although e as a spelling for an unstressed vowel cannot be ruled out entirely even here). Reconstruction of Old English ǣ is perhaps supported by the early Middle English spellings -head , (inflected) -heade in manuscripts of the Ancrene Riwle, unless these represent shortened forms of -hood suffix (i.e. short ă ) due to low stress. (It is perhaps possible that all of the Middle English forms could alternatively be explained as showing restressed forms of an unstressed variant of -hood suffix with e .) There is some uncertainty with regard to the original gender of nouns formed with the suffix. Old English hād had n. is a strong masculine, and -hood suffix originally formed strong masculine nouns. Late Old English druncenhed appears to be an endingless accusative singular, which could support the assumption of masculine gender, but there is limited early Middle English evidence that supports feminine gender for nouns showing -head suffix (compare quot. a1200¹ at wretchhead n.). Inflection as strong feminine could have arisen in Old English or even later by assimilation to the influential abstract noun derivatives in -th suffix¹, but could also be inherited. Compare Old High German heit , which is chiefly feminine (although sometimes masculine) and, as an abstract noun suffix, forms feminine nouns. The patterns of word-formation appear not to be entirely the same for -hood suffix and -head suffix in (late) Old English and early Middle English, despite their apparent close relationship. While -hood suffix originally chiefly formed nouns from other nouns, -head suffix is attested earliest as a suffix forming a noun from an adjective, and a number of nouns formed from adjectives are attested earlier with -head suffix than with -hood suffix, as boldhead n., drunkenhead n., fairhead n., goodhead n., onehead n. However, formations from nouns, such as godhead n., manhead n., also occur early on, and this apparent early distinction is not maintained later. The reason for such a distinction is in any case unclear; compare the cognate suffixes Old High German -heit , Old Saxon -hēd , which are used to form nouns from both nouns and adjectives. However, the English development of the suffix or suffixes is probably connected with the development of use of had n. Because of the scarcity and late date of Old English evidence for -head suffix and because the suffix seems to function as more than a mere variant of -hood suffix in early Middle English (and more like its Old High German and Old Saxon cognates), it has alternatively been suggested that -head suffix may perhaps reflect the influence of a continental West Germanic cognate of -hood suffix in form and use; compare Old Frisian -hēd , -heid , Middle Dutch -heit , -hēt , -heide , -hēde , Middle Low German -heit , -hēt . However, a plausible context for the borrowing of an abstract noun suffix from any of these languages into English at a sufficiently early date is difficult to reconstruct. For further discussion see K. Dietz ‘Denominale Abstraktbildungen des Altenglischen’ in H. Fix Beiträge zur Morphologie (2012) 134–7. Later history. New formations become very rare in standard southern English after the mid 17th cent., although the suffix may have remained productive later in other varieties (e.g. Scots). For an isolated very late example see herohead n. (after godhead n.). Forming abstract nouns of condition or quality, as childhead n., godhead n., maidenhead n.¹, etc.; (also occasionally) forming nouns denoting a collection or group of people, as sisterhead n.; = -hood suffix. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2013; most recently modified version published online December 2020). < suffix
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