positivismn.

Brit.

/ˈpɒzᵻtᵻvɪz(ə)m/, U.S.

/ˈpɑzədəˌvɪz(ə)m/

Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: positive adj., -ism suffix.

Etymology: < positive adj. + -ism suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier positiveness n. 1; in quot. 1854 at sense 1 after German Positivismus (1843 in the passage translated in quot. ; now obsolete in this sense). In sense 2 after French positivisme (1830); compare French la philosophie positive (see positive adj.), and also ( < French) German Positivismus , Spanish positivismo (both 1842 or earlier in this sense), Italian positivismo (a1852 in this sense). With sense 3 compare positive law n. at positive adj. 1, slightly earlier positivist adj. 2, and also German Positivismus (1934 or earlier in this sense), French positivisme (1952 or earlier in this sense).

1. = positiveness n. 1; certainty, assurance, definiteness; peremptoriness. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > [noun]

sickerlaika1225

sickerness?c1225

sickerheadc1250

boldness1330

certaintya1340

traistc1340

assurancec1374

certain138.

sureness1419

surancea1450

affiancec1460

certitude?a1475

resting?a1475

security1535

firmancec1540

confidence1555

assuredness1561

resolution1590

plerophory1598

reliance1606

undoubtfulness1619

positiveness1711

positivity1741

decidedness1800

positivism1842

undoubtingness1857

inexpugnability1864

the mind > language > statement > dogmatic assertion > [noun]

peremptoriness1592

positivenessa1649

ipse-dixitisma1832

positivism1894

plonking1950

1842 Amer. Biblical Repository July 154 Do you suppose that it can effect anything..among the people, where everything turns to a frightful positivism, to a disgusting utilitarianism.

1854 M. Evans tr. L. Feuerbach Essence Christianity i. 31 Israel is the most complete presentation of positivism [Ger. Positivismus] in religion.

1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1873) 1st Ser. 150 The metaphysicians can never rest till they have taken their watch to pieces and have arrived at a happy positivism as to its structure, though at the risk of bringing it to a no-go.

1874 C. P. Smyth Our Inherit. in Great Pyramid v. xxi. 415 The Doctor..adopts that with positivism.

1894 E. H. Barker Two Summers in Guyenne 404 The decision and positivism of the Roman character.

1992 R. Wright Stolen Continents (1993) xv. 328 During the high tide of American positivism—the age of tail-fins, crewcuts, McCarthy, and chrome.

2. Philosophy. Originally (now historical): a philosophical system elaborated from the 1830s by the French thinker Auguste Comte (1798–1857), recognizing only observable phenomena and empirically verifiable scientific facts and laws, and rejecting inquiry into ultimate causes or origins as belonging to outmoded metaphysical or theological stages of thought; a humanistic religion based on this system. In later use: any of various philosophical systems or views based on an empiricist understanding of science, particularly those associated with the belief that every cognitively meaningful proposition can be scientifically verified or falsified, and that the (chief) function of philosophy is the analysis of the language used to express such propositions. Also: = logical positivism n. at logical adj. Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > positivism

positivism1846

Comtism1872

the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > logical positivism

positivism1846

logical positivism1931

society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of humanity

anthropolatry1647

positivism1846

1846 G. H. Lewes Biogr. Hist. Philos. IV. 262 The course we should recommend the student to pursue is first to read M. Littré's pamphlet De la Philosophie Positive—a masterly exposition of the object and tendencies of positivism.

1854 G. Brimley Ess. (1858) xi. 330 We are obliged to conclude, then, that positivism in M. Comte's hands, while pretending to take upon itself the regulation of human conduct, fails to furnish a guiding principle for either individuals or societies.

a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) 2 A way of thinking about morals, which may be roughly called by the name Positivism; by which I mean the line of thought which endeavours to construct a system of morals..from observation and experience of fact alone.

1892 Monist 2 261 Positivism i.e. the representation of facts without any admixture of theory or mythology, is an ideal which in its purity perhaps will never be realised.

1934 W. M. Malisoff tr. R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. 1 16 In the following example we deal with the conflict of two theses..which correspond more or less to positivism and to realism.

1961 M. Čapek Philos. Impact Contemp. Physics xvi. 297 The positivism prevailing amongst contemporary physicists, who insist on a consistent elimination of all unobservable factors.

1974 H. Wang From Math. to Philos. p. ix The much publicized juxtaposition of logic with positivism (or empiricism or ‘analytic’ philosophy) has burdened logic with a guilt by association.

1986 T. Nagel View from Nowhere i. 11 A lot of philosophers are sick of the subject and glad to be rid of its problems... This makes them receptive..to deflationary metaphysical theories like positivism and pragmatism.

1991 N. Rush Mating ii. 88 Examples of good ideas coming into ludicrous incarnations, like Positivism turning into a spiritualist religion in Brazil.

2005 T. Burge Truth, Thought, Reason Introd. 3 The only meaning that might be of any cognitive value was, for them, scientific meaning. It is this ideology that led positivism to be aggressively deflationary about those aspects of philosophy and culture that it could not assimilate to a scientific paradigm.

3. Law. An empirical theory of law; spec. one treating law as a system of rules whose validity is based on their having been enacted by a sovereign or derived from an authoritative source, rather than from any considerations of morality, natural law, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > theories or doctrines of the law

rule of law?c1500

epiky1508

equity1528

renvoi1675

legal positivism1870

positivism1927

realism1930

legalitarianism1962

critical race theory1989

1927 M. R. Cohen in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Philos., 1926 469 (title) Positivism and the limits of idealism in the law.

1944 W. Friedmann Legal Theory xv. 135 Positivism in jurisprudence comprises legal movements, poles apart in every respect.

1965 Times 9 Mar. 10/5 A warning to young lawyers and students against falling into the acceptance of legal positivism was given by Professor Peters, Rector of Cologne University. Lecturing at the weekend, he said there was a higher justice, and this must prevail now in prosecuting Nazi war crimes.

1971 Mod. Law Rev. 34 vi. 632 Positivism regards law as a system of comprehensive and closely defined rules.

1988 Oxf. Jrnl. Legal Stud. 8 330 His intent here is to point up the practical meaning of the debate between positivism and natural law.

2002 Legal Week (Nexis) 7 Nov. This is a passion that could then be indulged at university as one wrestled with various notions of legal philosophy, such as the apparent dichotomy between legal positivism and natural law theory.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	positivism
释义	positivismn. Brit. /ˈpɒzᵻtᵻvɪz(ə)m/, U.S. /ˈpɑzədəˌvɪz(ə)m/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: positive adj., -ism suffix. Etymology: < positive adj. + -ism suffix. With sense 1 compare earlier positiveness n. 1; in quot. 1854 at sense 1 after German Positivismus (1843 in the passage translated in quot. ; now obsolete in this sense). In sense 2 after French positivisme (1830); compare French la philosophie positive (see positive adj.), and also ( < French) German Positivismus , Spanish positivismo (both 1842 or earlier in this sense), Italian positivismo (a1852 in this sense). With sense 3 compare positive law n. at positive adj. 1, slightly earlier positivist adj. 2, and also German Positivismus (1934 or earlier in this sense), French positivisme (1952 or earlier in this sense). 1. = positiveness n. 1; certainty, assurance, definiteness; peremptoriness. Now rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > belief > uncertainty, doubt, hesitation > absence of doubt, confidence > [noun] sickerlaika1225 sickerness?c1225 sickerheadc1250 boldness1330 certaintya1340 traistc1340 assurancec1374 certain138. sureness1419 surancea1450 affiancec1460 certitude?a1475 resting?a1475 security1535 firmancec1540 confidence1555 assuredness1561 resolution1590 plerophory1598 reliance1606 undoubtfulness1619 positiveness1711 positivity1741 decidedness1800 positivism1842 undoubtingness1857 inexpugnability1864 the mind > language > statement > dogmatic assertion > [noun] peremptoriness1592 positivenessa1649 ipse-dixitisma1832 positivism1894 plonking1950 1842 Amer. Biblical Repository July 154 Do you suppose that it can effect anything..among the people, where everything turns to a frightful positivism, to a disgusting utilitarianism. 1854 M. Evans tr. L. Feuerbach Essence Christianity i. 31 Israel is the most complete presentation of positivism [Ger. Positivismus] in religion. 1870 J. R. Lowell Among my Bks. (1873) 1st Ser. 150 The metaphysicians can never rest till they have taken their watch to pieces and have arrived at a happy positivism as to its structure, though at the risk of bringing it to a no-go. 1874 C. P. Smyth Our Inherit. in Great Pyramid v. xxi. 415 The Doctor..adopts that with positivism. 1894 E. H. Barker Two Summers in Guyenne 404 The decision and positivism of the Roman character. 1992 R. Wright Stolen Continents (1993) xv. 328 During the high tide of American positivism—the age of tail-fins, crewcuts, McCarthy, and chrome. 2. Philosophy. Originally (now historical): a philosophical system elaborated from the 1830s by the French thinker Auguste Comte (1798–1857), recognizing only observable phenomena and empirically verifiable scientific facts and laws, and rejecting inquiry into ultimate causes or origins as belonging to outmoded metaphysical or theological stages of thought; a humanistic religion based on this system. In later use: any of various philosophical systems or views based on an empiricist understanding of science, particularly those associated with the belief that every cognitively meaningful proposition can be scientifically verified or falsified, and that the (chief) function of philosophy is the analysis of the language used to express such propositions. Also: = logical positivism n. at logical adj. Compounds. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > positivism positivism1846 Comtism1872 the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > empiricism > [noun] > logical positivism positivism1846 logical positivism1931 society > faith > worship > kinds of worship > [noun] > of humanity anthropolatry1647 positivism1846 1846 G. H. Lewes Biogr. Hist. Philos. IV. 262 The course we should recommend the student to pursue is first to read M. Littré's pamphlet De la Philosophie Positive—a masterly exposition of the object and tendencies of positivism. 1854 G. Brimley Ess. (1858) xi. 330 We are obliged to conclude, then, that positivism in M. Comte's hands, while pretending to take upon itself the regulation of human conduct, fails to furnish a guiding principle for either individuals or societies. a1866 J. Grote Exam. Utilit. Philos. (1870) 2 A way of thinking about morals, which may be roughly called by the name Positivism; by which I mean the line of thought which endeavours to construct a system of morals..from observation and experience of fact alone. 1892 Monist 2 261 Positivism i.e. the representation of facts without any admixture of theory or mythology, is an ideal which in its purity perhaps will never be realised. 1934 W. M. Malisoff tr. R. Carnap in Philos. Sci. 1 16 In the following example we deal with the conflict of two theses..which correspond more or less to positivism and to realism. 1961 M. Čapek Philos. Impact Contemp. Physics xvi. 297 The positivism prevailing amongst contemporary physicists, who insist on a consistent elimination of all unobservable factors. 1974 H. Wang From Math. to Philos. p. ix The much publicized juxtaposition of logic with positivism (or empiricism or ‘analytic’ philosophy) has burdened logic with a guilt by association. 1986 T. Nagel View from Nowhere i. 11 A lot of philosophers are sick of the subject and glad to be rid of its problems... This makes them receptive..to deflationary metaphysical theories like positivism and pragmatism. 1991 N. Rush Mating ii. 88 Examples of good ideas coming into ludicrous incarnations, like Positivism turning into a spiritualist religion in Brazil. 2005 T. Burge Truth, Thought, Reason Introd. 3 The only meaning that might be of any cognitive value was, for them, scientific meaning. It is this ideology that led positivism to be aggressively deflationary about those aspects of philosophy and culture that it could not assimilate to a scientific paradigm. 3. Law. An empirical theory of law; spec. one treating law as a system of rules whose validity is based on their having been enacted by a sovereign or derived from an authoritative source, rather than from any considerations of morality, natural law, etc. ΘΚΠ society > law > jurisprudence > [noun] > theories or doctrines of the law rule of law?c1500 epiky1508 equity1528 renvoi1675 legal positivism1870 positivism1927 realism1930 legalitarianism1962 critical race theory1989 1927 M. R. Cohen in Proc. 6th Internat. Congr. Philos., 1926 469 (title) Positivism and the limits of idealism in the law. 1944 W. Friedmann Legal Theory xv. 135 Positivism in jurisprudence comprises legal movements, poles apart in every respect. 1965 Times 9 Mar. 10/5 A warning to young lawyers and students against falling into the acceptance of legal positivism was given by Professor Peters, Rector of Cologne University. Lecturing at the weekend, he said there was a higher justice, and this must prevail now in prosecuting Nazi war crimes. 1971 Mod. Law Rev. 34 vi. 632 Positivism regards law as a system of comprehensive and closely defined rules. 1988 Oxf. Jrnl. Legal Stud. 8 330 His intent here is to point up the practical meaning of the debate between positivism and natural law. 2002 Legal Week (Nexis) 7 Nov. This is a passion that could then be indulged at university as one wrestled with various notions of legal philosophy, such as the apparent dichotomy between legal positivism and natural law theory. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1842
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