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单词 practitioner
释义

practitionern.

Brit. /prakˈtɪʃn̩ə/, /prakˈtɪʃ(ə)nə/, U.S. /prækˈtɪʃ(ə)nər/
Forms: 1500s practicionar, 1500s practisioner, 1500s practitionere, 1500s practizioner, 1500s practycioner, 1500s–1600s practicioner, 1500s– practitioner.
Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by derivation. Or (ii) a borrowing from French, combined with an English element. Etymons: practician n.; French practicien , -er suffix1.
Etymology: < practician n. or its etymon Middle French practicien + -er suffix1. Compare logicianer n., musicianer n., physicianer n.
1.
a. A person engaged in the practice of medicine; a physician, surgeon, pharmacist, etc. Cf. practiser n. 1a.general practitioner: see general adj. family practitioner: see family n. and adj. Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > physician > [noun]
physician?c1225
leecherc1374
practiserc1387
doctora1400
flesh-leecha1400
leechman14..
mediciner?a1425
miria1425
M.D.1425
medicine?c1450
practitioner?1543
minister1559
doc1563
artist1565
medicus1570
medicianera1578
Aesculapius1586
Dra1593
pisspot1592
medician1597
physicianer1598
medicinary1599
pisspot1600
velvet-cap1602
healer1611
Galena1616
physiner1616
clyster1621
clyster-pipe1622
hakim1623
medic1625
practicant1630
medico1647
physicker1649
physicster1689
Aesculapian1694
nim-gimmer1699
pill-monger1706
medical man1784
meester1812
medical1823
pill-gilder1824
therapeutist1830
pill1835
pill roller1843
med1851
pill-peddler1855
therapeutic1858
squirt1859
medicine man1866
pill pusher1879
therapist1886
doser1888
internist1894
pill-shooter1911
whitecoat1911
quack1919
vet1925
?1543 T. Phaer tr. J. Goeurot Regiment of Lyfe ii. f. xviv An other singuler medicyne..a thing experte of all the good practicioners.
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. b iv b/2 M. Rabet, Chyrurgian at Paris,..the most experteste practitionere of his time.
1665 J. Tillison in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1827) 2nd Ser. IV. 36 As is acknowledged by our practitioners in physic.
1735 S.-Carolina Gaz. 1 Feb. 1/1 In Physick there are, and have been many happy and lucky Practicioners who knew not so much as the Christ-cross Row.
1791 Gentleman's Mag. Jan. 22/2 The use of the syringe is generally recommended by medical practitioners in deafnesses.
1795 N.-Y. Directory 16 Ben Ali, Ibraham A. practitioner of physic, 24 Broad street.
1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxxvii. 403 A newly painted tenement..which a red lamp, projecting over..the street-door, would have..announced as the residence of a medical practitioner, even if the word ‘Surgery’ had not been inscribed..above the window.
1898 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. V. 503 Younger practitioners who have been alarmed at what they regarded as a sign of aneurism.
1926 Amer. Mercury Mar. 266/1 Sometimes they come from practitioners of the new healing cults, osteopathy, chiropractic and Christian Science.
1954 H. W. Florey Lect. Gen. Pathol. xxxvi. 667 In these days of powerful therapeutic agents it is only too easy for the medical practitioner to adopt penny-in-the-slot rules for their administration.
1988 E. Young-Bruehl Anna Freud ii. 80 Freud had argued strongly for years that a personal analysis should be required of every psychoanalytic practitioner.
b. gen. A person engaged in the practice of a particular skill, art, or discipline; a person experienced at or trained in a skill or occupation.
ΘΚΠ
society > occupation and work > worker > [noun] > practician
practician1474
practitionera1555
practiser1586
a1555 H. Latimer 27 Serm. (1562) ii. f. 56v Consider how long he hathe bene a practicioner: you muste consider what Satan is, what experience he hath, so yt we are not able to match with him.
?a1560 L. Digges Geom. Pract.: Pantometria (1571) i. xvii. sig. E iv The ingenious Practisioner.
1597 T. Morley Plaine & Easie Introd. Musicke 147 The eight tunes... The tunes (which are also called modi musici) the practitioners do define, to be a rule whereby the melodie of euerie song is directed.
1607 W. Perkins Treat. Mans Imaginations 42 Because they are pratisioners of witchcraft.
1646 W. Eldred (title) The gunners glasse, wherein the diligent practicioner may see his defects, and may..reform and amend all errors that are commonly incident to unskilful gunners.
1704 (title) English dictionary..by Edward Cocker, the late famous practitioner in fair writing and arithmetic.
1798 W. Taylor in Monthly Rev. 25 568 In Cimabu, Florence boasts the first native practitioner.
1827 R. Southey in Q. Rev. 36 340 The most experienced practitioners in conscience were puzzled.
1860 R. W. Emerson Power in Conduct of Life (London ed.) 70 Hence..the worthlessness of amateurs to cope with practitioners.
1887 Dict. National Biogr. XI. 257/1 He..decided to have the work carried out under direct official supervision, instead of by contracts with civil practitioners, a practice then largely followed in the ordnance survey.
1920 T. S. Eliot Sacred Wood 96 Dryden..a poetic practitioner who learned from Jonson.
1955 Bull. Atomic Scientists Apr. 147/2 Very few people understand science and its practitioners.
1987 E. Feinstein Captive Lion iii. 58 He loved to be surrounded by lively and talented practitioners of all the arts.
c. A person engaged in the practice of law; a lawyer. Cf. practiser n. 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > law > legal profession > lawyer > [noun]
lawyer1377
man of lawc1405
practiserc1450
jurist1481
lawman1535
practitioner1576
man of the long coat1579
(a gentleman) toward the law1592
gownsman1627
law-driver1640
long-robe man1654
green bag1699
flycatcher1708
homme d'affaires1717
jet1728
law-solicitor1738
shark1806
blue bag1817
law-person1819
law-gentleman1837
maître1883
lip1929
1576 U. Fulwell Ars Adulandi f. 22v I shakt of my square cap and my tippet, and became a practicioner of the ciuill law, in the attire of a temporal man.
1598 R. Barckley Disc. Felicitie of Man v. 386 Sollicitors..the skumme gatherers of sutes,..with all that rabblement of practitioners, who deuour the substance of poore men.
1631 P. Heylyn Hist. St. George 80 A practitioner in the Parliamentarie Court in that City.
1725 London Gaz. No. 6384/8 John Saunders,..Practitioner of the Law.
1776 A. Smith Inq. Wealth of Nations I. i. x. 165 The time and study..knowledge and application..are at least equal to what is necessary for the greatest practitioners in law and physick. View more context for this quotation
1837 C. Dickens Pickwick Papers xxx. 316 The public offices of the legal profession, where writs are issued..and numerous other ingenious little machines put in motion, for..the comfort and emolument of the practitioners of the law.
1850 H. Melville White-jacket lxxxvi. 399 The Purser..had been a notary, or surrogate, or some sort of cosy chamber practitioner in his time.
1874 J. L. Motley Life John of Barneveld I. x. 379 A regular practitioner at the Supreme Court of the Hague.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 204/1 Till the year 1859 the practitioners in the High Court of Admiralty were the same as those in the ecclesiastical courts.
1959 Dict. National Biogr. 1941–50 933/2 His avowed aim..was to create a mutual understanding between the students and practitioners of the civil law and the common law.
2004 U.S. News & World Rep. 12 July 36/3 Everyone from solo practitioners to white-shoe law firms is offering help.
d. Christian Science. An accredited professional healer.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > healer > alternative practitioner > [noun] > faith healer > Christian Scientist
scientist1875
Christian Scientist1878
metaphysician1881
practitioner1883
1883 M. B. Eddy in Christian Sci. Jrnl. 1 3 The most of our practitioners have plenty to do and many more are needed.
1911 Maclean's Dec. 211/2 Mr. Quimby was a magnetic practitioner.
1958 Lima (Ohio) News 28 Dec. b1/3 After Mr. Fritz's recovery his wife, Sarah, became a practitioner and devoted her future years to the faithful practice of Christian Science.
1999 B. DeGeneres Love, Ellen i. 37 We would call a practitioner for help, but we still used medicine and took vitamins—something devout, dedicated Christian Scientists don't do.
2. A person who habitually or customarily engages in a particular activity or type of behaviour, esp. the rituals and practices of a particular religion.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > doing > practice, exercise, or doing > [noun] > one who
practiser1541
practitioner1548
exerciser1552
practicant1952
1548 E. Gest Treat. againste Masse sig. Iiv Ye private masse supper is..blasphemouse to God and annoyous to the practycioners therof.
1589 Nashe in Greene Menaph. (Arb.) Ded. 12 Such bungling practitioners in principles.
1617 J. Moore Mappe Mans Mortal. iii. viii. 240 Christians must be daily practicioners of Faith and Repentance.
1779 T. Forrest Voy. New Guinea 176 A self evident virtue, of which the practitioners only know the luxury.
1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 10 Nov. 4/2 The most conspicuous professor, or at any rate the most conspicuous practitioner, of the doctrine that statesmanship is superior to the trammels of moral obligation.
a1894 R. L. Stevenson In South Seas (1896) i. xiii. 126 For me, as the practitioner of some kindred mystery to his own, he manifested..a measure of respect.
1956 Publ. Amer. Dial. Soc. xxvi. 34 In Cuba the practitioners of a religion known as Santeria use a variety of African language called Lucumí in their religious services.
1979 H. Kissinger White House Years xxiv. 1087 The Chinese leaders were the most unsentimental practitioners of balance-of-power politics I have encountered.
2005 Chicago Tribune (Midwest ed.) 16 Jan. xiii.6/6 The Buddhist practitioners in the experiment had undergone training in the Tibetan Nyingmapa and Kagyupa traditions of meditation.
3. A person who acts on behalf of another; an agent. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > delegated authority > one having delegated or derived authority > [noun] > one who acts for another
procuratorc1300
proctor1301
attorney1347
provisora1393
assignee1419
procuracya1425
solicitorc1425
factor1445
soliciter1464
doer1465
umbothman1482
agent1523
assign1526
procurera1533
practitioner1560
proxy1585
pragmatic1593
procureur1604
pragmatitioner1607
foreign agent1646
institor1657
agent general1659
proxy-man1696
interestera1701
maat1824
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. ccxxvijv Naming also certen practicioners & messagers, by whose meanes chiefly the thing was wrought.
1561 in J. Strype Ann. Reformation (1709) I. xxiv. 243 Swadell, late Dr. Boner's servant: and yet thought to be a practitioner for him.
4. A plotter, a conspirator; a person involved in or given to treachery or deceit. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > will > intention > planning > plotting > [noun] > plotter
compassera1513
engineer?a1513
hafter1519
contrivera1522
deviser1523
intrycarc1540
practiser1545
practisant1550
practitioner1560
brewer1563
platformer1572
hatcher1578
politician1586
plotter1594
tamperer1599
plotcaster1602
machinator1611
plot-maker1641
trinketer1651
intriguer1667
plot-monger1683
schemist1724
under-plotter1728
intriguant1781
policizer1809
intriguist1830
schemer1846
planster1945
wheeler-dealer1960
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > trickery, playing jokes > [noun] > practitioner
japer1362
practiser1545
practitioner1560
amuser1583
fopper1659
hummer1763
prankster1811
hoaxer1814
puck1823
practical joker1830
pranking1852
card1853
leg-puller1887
kidder1888
pranker1890
codologist1897
spoofer1914
wind-up artist1984
1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. xliiij He [sc. Luther] is wel knowen to be such a practisioner, that there is no doubt, but suche thinges as are well written he..wil corrupt and depraue.
1601 W. Watson Important Considerations (1675) 77 Parsons and Heywood are found to be Practitioners.
1793 A. L. Barbauld Sins of Govt. 22 They will soon be detected by practitioners as cunning and dextrous as ourselves.
1872 Earl Granville Let. in Fitzmaurice Life (1908) II. 410 Dealing with such practitioners as our friend in St Petersburg, I can conceive the Russians pining for Constantinople.
5. A person engaged in practising a particular occupation for the sake of acquiring or retaining skill in it; a novice, a beginner; a trainee, a junior; (British Army) (more fully practitioner engineer) a trainee engineer. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
society > education > learning > learner > [noun]
learnerc900
lore-childa1300
prenticea1400
practitioner1577
catechumen1717
1577 M. Hanmer tr. Socrates Scholasticus i. v, in Aunc. Eccl. Hist. 223 Certaine others were late practitioners and nouices in the ministerie.
a1627 J. Fletcher & T. Middleton Nice Valour iv. i, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Xxx/2 Ile fit you with my Schollers, new practitioners.
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. i. ii. 6 The Practitioner in Navigation, is next to learn to know..the certain time of the Flowing and Ebbing of the Sea.
1766 J. Entick Surv. London in New Hist. London IV. 341 11 sub-engineers, and 16 practitioners.
1776 Court & City Reg. 166/1 Practitioner Engineers and Ensigns at 3s. 8d. a day.
1789 Trifler No. 33. 420 The discordant sounds of uninstructed practitioners on the harpsichord.
1801 J. Strutt Glig-gamena Angel-ðeod iii. i. 105 The practitioner was then to assail the pel, armed with sword and shield..as he would an adversary.
1857 M. S. Cummins Mabel Vaughan xi. 130 It is astonishing how quickly those little practitioners become adepts in their art.
1900 Dict. National Biogr. LXII. 1/1 He..entered the Royal Military Academy..and was appointed practitioner-engineer on 1 Jan. 1753.
1980 Imago Mundi 32 22 This is the case for James Wybault, warranted a practitioner engineer in 1722.

Derivatives

practitionery n. Obsolete rare ignorant, incompetent, or fraudulent practice.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > knowledge > conformity with what is known, truth > deceit, deception, trickery > cheating, fraud > [noun]
falsec1000
fraudc1330
barrat1340
faitery1377
defraudc1450
trumpery1481
covin1487
defraudationc1503
knavery1528
conveyance1531
imposture1537
defrauding1548
cozenage1583
impostry1585
catch-dolt1592
gullery1598
coggery1602
gullage1607
charlatism1611
impostury1615
quacksalvery1617
mountebankery1618
imposition1632
imposturisma1634
blaflum1637
charlatanry1638
defraudment1645
mountebankism1649
impostorya1652
impostorism1652
imposturage1654
impostery1656
mountebank1657
imposing1659
quackery1675
quackism1722
empiricism1774
cross1802
charlatanism1804
practitionery1818
cozenry1829
humbuggery1831
trick1833
thimble-shift1834
thimble-shifting1834
thimbleriggery1841
humbuggism1842
quackhood1843
quacksalverism1864
razzle-dazzle1928
spivery1948
shuck1958
shucking and jiving1969
1818 Edinb. Rev. 29 267 A character compounded of confident pretence on the one hand, and the merest practitionery on the other.
1842 F. Black Princ. & Pract. Homœopathy i. 5 For such practitionery we know no better advice than that of the judicious Huxham..to peruse the Sixth Commandment.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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