portendv.¹

Brit.

/pɔːˈtɛnd/, U.S.

/pɔrˈtɛnd/

Forms: late Middle English portende, 1500s pourtende, 1500s– portend.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin portendere.

Etymology: < classical Latin portendere to foretell, presage, in post-classical Latin also to symbolize (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian) < por- forward ( < an ablaut variant of the Indo-European base of pro- pro- prefix¹) + tendere tend v.² Compare protend v., portent n.

a. transitive. To presage as an omen; to foretell by supernatural means. Also intransitive.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [verb (transitive)] > prefigure or foreshadow

portendc1429

foreshadow1577

threatena1616

overbrood1818

c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 64 The eght chapitle tellis how Jhesu Cryst was borne, And how þa thre figures portended it lange toforne.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 33 (MED) A blasynge sterre..is wonte to portende [L. portendere] other a pestilence of provinces other the chaungenge of a realme.

1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cclxxxv [They] iudged that it did pourtende & signifie some great trouble.

1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. B^v That Comets did portend at the first blaze.

1595 W. Covell Polimanteia sig. H2 ^v Certaine it is, that Comets and extraordinarie signes of heauen doe daylie portend some noueltie, good or euill for some.

1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. vi. 146 Like as that single Meteor Castor appearing without Pollux portends an unfortunate voyage.

1677 T. D'Urfey Madam Fickle iv. 48 'Tis above the common rate of wonders, and doubtless portends some visible Calamity that threatens the Nation.

1728 T. Sheridan tr. Persius Satyrs v. 83 The Dangers portended you from a bursted Egg.

1785 W. Cowper Task v. 626 A presage ominous, portending still Its own dishonour by a worse relapse.

1829 W. Irving Chron. Conq. Granada II. xxxvii. 200 It is now evident that the stars portended not a temporary and passing reverse of the kingdom, but a final overthrow.

1868 F. W. Farrar Seekers after God ii. iv. 225 The croak of the raven can portend no harm to such a man.

1901 R. Kipling Kim v. 118 Had it not been proven at Umballa that his sign in the high heavens portended war and armed men?

1989 J. Barnes Hist. World in 10½ Chapters vi. 144 The beetle was a harbinger. Everyone knew that its sound portended the death of someone in the house within the year.

b. transitive. In weakened sense: to indicate beforehand; to give warning of.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [verb (transitive)] > prefigure or foreshadow > give warning of

portend1585

1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection i. 112 Who..wil not lament..these things, as portending and foreshewing the ruine of the Church?

1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. i. sig. A3 What portends thy cheerefull countenance?

1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §807 A Drie March, and a Drie May, portend a Wholesome Summer, if there be a Showring Aprill betweene.

1685 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 487 The first Gunpouder conspiracy Anniversary, that had ben kept..under a Prince of the Roman Religion: Bonfires forbidden &c: What dos this portend?

1766 B. Franklin in Philos. Trans. 1765 (Royal Soc.) 55 188 Small black clouds thus appearing in a clear sky..portend storms, and warn seamen to hand their sails.

1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 528 He pinches from the second stalk A pimple, that portends a future sprout.

1819 Caledonian Mercury 30 Dec. (Jam.) We had a pretty copious fall of snow. At one time everything seemed to portend what is called a feeding-storm.

1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 160 Everything portended an early renewal of the conflict.

1955 Times 10 May 18/4 Whether this portends stability in the immediate future, it is impossible to say.

1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 19 Apr. 3/2 The missteps in the handling of the president's economic stimulus plan and what they portend for other elements on his legislative agenda.

c. transitive. To forecast by, or as by, interpreting an omen; to predict, foresee.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > augury, divination from omens > augur, divine from omens [verb (transitive)]

conjecturec1384

conject1496

augurate1571

augur1593

augurize1596

ominate1599

portend1605

ariolate1652

tell1891

1605 W. Camden Remaines 230 One very skilfull in Astrologie tolde him..that great matters were portended of him.

1611 T. Heywood Golden Age iii. sig. G What portend you in these hostile sounds Of clamorous warre?

1739 J. Swift Verses on Death Dr. Swift: Nov. 1731 6 Some great Misfortune to portend, No Enemy can match a Friend.

1785 Daily Universal Reg. 17 Feb. 1/3 This is not the season to portend a principle so injurious to the character and good sense of this country.

1821 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Writings (1984) 58 He signed it [sc. a stipulation in a treaty] however, & it's fate was what he had candidly portended.

1852 W. E. Gladstone Functions of Laymen in Church 6 A fact plain enough to those..who, in the moral hemisphere, can portend foul weather when ‘the sky is red and lowering’.

1891 J. F. Herbin Canada, & Other Poems 4 Dare I portend for my land, with this volume open before me, Honor and wealth for a crown, and growth of her dearest ambition?

1927 S. E. Morison Oxf. Hist. U.S. xxv. 330 Alone of contemporaries he [sc. John Quincy Adams] portended America's future place in the world.

1998 A. Gell Art & Agency ix. 238 Tomorrow I have a doctor's appointment. I portend this event, today, as a future event which will (probably) transpire.

2005 Contra Costa (Calif.) Times (Nexis) 9 Mar. f4 I wish I could portend the future, then I'd know what to do.

d. intransitive. poetic. To utter or give portents; to have significance.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > an omen, sign, portent > portend, betoken [verb (intransitive)]

ossc1400

sign1601

abode1659

ominate1667

prognosticate1851

portend1887

1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Eclogues i, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 4 Oft from the holm-oak's hole on the left did a raven portend.

a1949 L. Simpson Coll. Poems (1988) 35 The hour is advanced: I fear, my friend, That supernatural prodigies portend!

1996 R. Becker All-American Girl 24 Let's walk around the pond, take a few months or weeks to study each other and see what portends or not.

2. transitive. To signify, symbolize; to mean.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > indication > [verb (transitive)]

tokenc888

sayOE

tellc1175

note?c1225

signifyc1275

notifyc1390

signc1390

ossc1400

testify1445

point1477

betoken1486

indike?1541

demonstrate1558

to give show of1567

argue1585

portend1590

speak1594

denotate1597

denote1597

evidence1610

instance1616

bespeak1629

resent1638

indict1653

notificate1653

indicate1706

exhibit1799

to body forth1821

signalize1825

to speak for ——1832

index1862

signal1866

1590 E. Daunce Briefe Disc. Spanish State 41 Their penons, banners, stremers and enseignes hauing sundry figures portending a doubtfull euent.

1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. N4^v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Antanaclasis, when we produce a word in a contrary signification to that it commonly portendeth.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. v. 117 What should that Alphabeticall position portend..? Softly, M.O.A.I.

1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xix. 645 The geese (a glutton race.) by thee deplor'd, Portend the Suitors fated to my sword.

1782 H. More Belshazzar ii. 76 What do the mystic characters portend?

1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel I. vii. 108 Sir Austin's brows were portending an arch, but Adrian suggested that he wanted possibly to drink his birthday, and Claret was conceded.

1914 E. L. Fox tr. A. K. Graves Secrets of German War Office 131 He paused impressively, and I found my mind in a whirl. What his words portended I could guess.

2000 E. Oberheim & D. Sirtes tr. P. Hoyningen-Huene in J. Preston et al. Worst Enemy of Sci.? i. 3 His [sc. Feyerabend's] point..is to criticize certain theories (namely those portending universality) of reason..and to abandon them.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

† portendv.²

Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymon: French portendre.

Etymology: Apparently < Middle French portendre to hang with, to cover, to serve, offer, give (12th cent. in Old French) < classical Latin protendere protend v., although the semantic correspondence with the Middle French word is not exact, and sense 2b also presents chronological problems (being first attested later than the end of the Middle French period). It is possible that the English word in either or both senses may instead show a variant of protend v. or its etymon classical Latin protendere , perhaps by association with portend v.¹ Alternatively, sense 1 may simply show a transmission error for pretend v.

Obsolete.

1. transitive. To put forward as authority or excuse; to assume or claim falsely. rare.

ΚΠ

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 93 (MED) William, bischop of Hely..oppressede moche the clergy, portendynge the power of the kynge [L. regis prætendens potestatem].

a. transitive. To extend in time, protract.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > serve as a motive for > use as a pretext for > use as a pretext

pretendc1485

portenda1500

pretex1545

pretext1749

a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 49 (MED) And for alle the world is lappyd and changid in vii dayes, therfore is by the Septuagesime alle the chaungeyngis of the tyme of the world congrulye betokyned, and the tyme of the Septuagesime is portendide and lasteþ.

b. transitive. To stretch forth, extend; to hold out.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > project from (something) [verb (transitive)] > cause to project or stretch forth

straightc1400

protend?a1475

shoot1533

raise1568

to set out1573

project1624

protrude1638

to start out1653

penthouse1655

portend1657

to throw out1689

obtend1697

to lay out1748

bumfle1832

out-thrust1855

rank1867

1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Pharmaceut. Shop ii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Pppp3^v The Alembick sometimes..portends [L. promit] out of its head a certain Pipe.

1782 W. J. Mickle Prophecy Queen Emma iii. 298 Spear to spear was now portended, And the yew-bows half were drawn.

1803 Edwin I. xii. 192 The fury that marked my brow as I portended my sword over the senseless bodies of my wife and child.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2020).

单词	portend
释义	portendv.¹ Brit. /pɔːˈtɛnd/, U.S. /pɔrˈtɛnd/ Forms: late Middle English portende, 1500s pourtende, 1500s– portend. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin portendere. Etymology: < classical Latin portendere to foretell, presage, in post-classical Latin also to symbolize (early 3rd cent. in Tertullian) < por- forward ( < an ablaut variant of the Indo-European base of pro- pro- prefix¹) + tendere tend v.² Compare protend v., portent n. 1. a. transitive. To presage as an omen; to foretell by supernatural means. Also intransitive. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [verb (transitive)] > prefigure or foreshadow portendc1429 foreshadow1577 threatena1616 overbrood1818 c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 64 The eght chapitle tellis how Jhesu Cryst was borne, And how þa thre figures portended it lange toforne. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 33 (MED) A blasynge sterre..is wonte to portende [L. portendere] other a pestilence of provinces other the chaungenge of a realme. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cclxxxv [They] iudged that it did pourtende & signifie some great trouble. 1589 R. Greene Menaphon sig. B^v That Comets did portend at the first blaze. 1595 W. Covell Polimanteia sig. H2 ^v Certaine it is, that Comets and extraordinarie signes of heauen doe daylie portend some noueltie, good or euill for some. 1654 J. Bramhall Just Vindic. Church of Eng. vi. 146 Like as that single Meteor Castor appearing without Pollux portends an unfortunate voyage. 1677 T. D'Urfey Madam Fickle iv. 48 'Tis above the common rate of wonders, and doubtless portends some visible Calamity that threatens the Nation. 1728 T. Sheridan tr. Persius Satyrs v. 83 The Dangers portended you from a bursted Egg. 1785 W. Cowper Task v. 626 A presage ominous, portending still Its own dishonour by a worse relapse. 1829 W. Irving Chron. Conq. Granada II. xxxvii. 200 It is now evident that the stars portended not a temporary and passing reverse of the kingdom, but a final overthrow. 1868 F. W. Farrar Seekers after God ii. iv. 225 The croak of the raven can portend no harm to such a man. 1901 R. Kipling Kim v. 118 Had it not been proven at Umballa that his sign in the high heavens portended war and armed men? 1989 J. Barnes Hist. World in 10½ Chapters vi. 144 The beetle was a harbinger. Everyone knew that its sound portended the death of someone in the house within the year. b. transitive. In weakened sense: to indicate beforehand; to give warning of. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > occurrence > future events > [verb (transitive)] > prefigure or foreshadow > give warning of portend1585 1585 T. Bilson True Difference Christian Subiection i. 112 Who..wil not lament..these things, as portending and foreshewing the ruine of the Church? 1592 T. Kyd Spanish Trag. i. sig. A3 What portends thy cheerefull countenance? 1626 F. Bacon Sylua Syluarum §807 A Drie March, and a Drie May, portend a Wholesome Summer, if there be a Showring Aprill betweene. 1685 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 487 The first Gunpouder conspiracy Anniversary, that had ben kept..under a Prince of the Roman Religion: Bonfires forbidden &c: What dos this portend? 1766 B. Franklin in Philos. Trans. 1765 (Royal Soc.) 55 188 Small black clouds thus appearing in a clear sky..portend storms, and warn seamen to hand their sails. 1785 W. Cowper Task iii. 528 He pinches from the second stalk A pimple, that portends a future sprout. 1819 Caledonian Mercury 30 Dec. (Jam.) We had a pretty copious fall of snow. At one time everything seemed to portend what is called a feeding-storm. 1878 R. B. Smith Carthage 160 Everything portended an early renewal of the conflict. 1955 Times 10 May 18/4 Whether this portends stability in the immediate future, it is impossible to say. 1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 19 Apr. 3/2 The missteps in the handling of the president's economic stimulus plan and what they portend for other elements on his legislative agenda. c. transitive. To forecast by, or as by, interpreting an omen; to predict, foresee. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > augury, divination from omens > augur, divine from omens [verb (transitive)] conjecturec1384 conject1496 augurate1571 augur1593 augurize1596 ominate1599 portend1605 ariolate1652 tell1891 1605 W. Camden Remaines 230 One very skilfull in Astrologie tolde him..that great matters were portended of him. 1611 T. Heywood Golden Age iii. sig. G What portend you in these hostile sounds Of clamorous warre? 1739 J. Swift Verses on Death Dr. Swift: Nov. 1731 6 Some great Misfortune to portend, No Enemy can match a Friend. 1785 Daily Universal Reg. 17 Feb. 1/3 This is not the season to portend a principle so injurious to the character and good sense of this country. 1821 T. Jefferson Autobiogr. in Writings (1984) 58 He signed it [sc. a stipulation in a treaty] however, & it's fate was what he had candidly portended. 1852 W. E. Gladstone Functions of Laymen in Church 6 A fact plain enough to those..who, in the moral hemisphere, can portend foul weather when ‘the sky is red and lowering’. 1891 J. F. Herbin Canada, & Other Poems 4 Dare I portend for my land, with this volume open before me, Honor and wealth for a crown, and growth of her dearest ambition? 1927 S. E. Morison Oxf. Hist. U.S. xxv. 330 Alone of contemporaries he [sc. John Quincy Adams] portended America's future place in the world. 1998 A. Gell Art & Agency ix. 238 Tomorrow I have a doctor's appointment. I portend this event, today, as a future event which will (probably) transpire. 2005 Contra Costa (Calif.) Times (Nexis) 9 Mar. f4 I wish I could portend the future, then I'd know what to do. d. intransitive. poetic. To utter or give portents; to have significance. ΘΚΠ the mind > mental capacity > expectation > foresight, foreknowledge > prediction, foretelling > an omen, sign, portent > portend, betoken [verb (intransitive)] ossc1400 sign1601 abode1659 ominate1667 prognosticate1851 portend1887 1887 C. Bowen tr. Virgil Eclogues i, in tr. Virgil in Eng. Verse 4 Oft from the holm-oak's hole on the left did a raven portend. a1949 L. Simpson Coll. Poems (1988) 35 The hour is advanced: I fear, my friend, That supernatural prodigies portend! 1996 R. Becker All-American Girl 24 Let's walk around the pond, take a few months or weeks to study each other and see what portends or not. 2. transitive. To signify, symbolize; to mean. ΘΚΠ society > communication > indication > [verb (transitive)] tokenc888 sayOE tellc1175 note?c1225 signifyc1275 notifyc1390 signc1390 ossc1400 testify1445 point1477 betoken1486 indike?1541 demonstrate1558 to give show of1567 argue1585 portend1590 speak1594 denotate1597 denote1597 evidence1610 instance1616 bespeak1629 resent1638 indict1653 notificate1653 indicate1706 exhibit1799 to body forth1821 signalize1825 to speak for ——1832 index1862 signal1866 1590 E. Daunce Briefe Disc. Spanish State 41 Their penons, banners, stremers and enseignes hauing sundry figures portending a doubtfull euent. 1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. N4^v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Antanaclasis, when we produce a word in a contrary signification to that it commonly portendeth. a1616 W. Shakespeare Twelfth Night (1623) ii. v. 117 What should that Alphabeticall position portend..? Softly, M.O.A.I. View more context for this quotation 1726 E. Fenton in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey IV. xix. 645 The geese (a glutton race.) by thee deplor'd, Portend the Suitors fated to my sword. 1782 H. More Belshazzar ii. 76 What do the mystic characters portend? 1859 G. Meredith Ordeal Richard Feverel I. vii. 108 Sir Austin's brows were portending an arch, but Adrian suggested that he wanted possibly to drink his birthday, and Claret was conceded. 1914 E. L. Fox tr. A. K. Graves Secrets of German War Office 131 He paused impressively, and I found my mind in a whirl. What his words portended I could guess. 2000 E. Oberheim & D. Sirtes tr. P. Hoyningen-Huene in J. Preston et al. Worst Enemy of Sci.? i. 3 His [sc. Feyerabend's] point..is to criticize certain theories (namely those portending universality) of reason..and to abandon them. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † portendv.² Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymon: French portendre. Etymology: Apparently < Middle French portendre to hang with, to cover, to serve, offer, give (12th cent. in Old French) < classical Latin protendere protend v., although the semantic correspondence with the Middle French word is not exact, and sense 2b also presents chronological problems (being first attested later than the end of the Middle French period). It is possible that the English word in either or both senses may instead show a variant of protend v. or its etymon classical Latin protendere , perhaps by association with portend v.¹ Alternatively, sense 1 may simply show a transmission error for pretend v. Obsolete. 1. transitive. To put forward as authority or excuse; to assume or claim falsely. rare. ΚΠ ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 93 (MED) William, bischop of Hely..oppressede moche the clergy, portendynge the power of the kynge [L. regis prætendens potestatem]. 2. a. transitive. To extend in time, protract. ΘΚΠ the mind > will > motivation > motivate [verb (transitive)] > serve as a motive for > use as a pretext for > use as a pretext pretendc1485 portenda1500 pretex1545 pretext1749 a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 49 (MED) And for alle the world is lappyd and changid in vii dayes, therfore is by the Septuagesime alle the chaungeyngis of the tyme of the world congrulye betokyned, and the tyme of the Septuagesime is portendide and lasteþ. b. transitive. To stretch forth, extend; to hold out. ΘΚΠ the world > space > shape > unevenness > projection or prominence > project from (something) [verb (transitive)] > cause to project or stretch forth straightc1400 protend?a1475 shoot1533 raise1568 to set out1573 project1624 protrude1638 to start out1653 penthouse1655 portend1657 to throw out1689 obtend1697 to lay out1748 bumfle1832 out-thrust1855 rank1867 1657 R. Tomlinson tr. J. de Renou Pharmaceut. Shop ii, in Medicinal Dispensatory sig. Pppp3^v The Alembick sometimes..portends [L. promit] out of its head a certain Pipe. 1782 W. J. Mickle Prophecy Queen Emma iii. 298 Spear to spear was now portended, And the yew-bows half were drawn. 1803 Edwin I. xii. 192 The fury that marked my brow as I portended my sword over the senseless bodies of my wife and child. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2020). < v.¹c1429v.²?a1475
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portendv.1

† portendv.2

portendv.¹

† portendv.²