pluperfectadj.n.

Brit.

/pluːˈpəːfᵻkt/, U.S.

/ˌpluˈpərfək(t)/

Forms: late Middle English pluperfyth, 1500s pluperfit, 1500s pluperfite, 1500s plusperfit, 1500s– pluperfect.

Origin: Apparently formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: French plus-que-parfait.

Etymology: Apparently short for Middle French plus-que-parfait pluperfect (although this is first attested slightly later: see plusquamperfect adj. and n.).

A. adj.

1. Grammar. Designating or relating to a verbal tense which denotes an action completed prior to some past point of time, specified or implied; past perfect. Of a verb: in such a tense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > tense > [adjective] > past > with specific aspect

pluperfectc1450

preterite imperfectc1450

preterite perfect1522

preterimperfectc1525

preterperfectc1525

preterpluperfectc1525

plusquamperfect1644

pluterperfect1656

past perfect1868

c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 26 Qwerby knowyst þe pretyrtens pluperfyth? For it spekyth of tyme more þan perfythly passyd, and hath þis Englysch wurd ‘hadde’, as amaueram: ‘I had louyd’.

1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 113 Verbes actives circumlocute theyr preterperfit and plus perfit tenses throughe all theyr modes,..with the tenses of je ay and the participle preterit.

1623 J. Minsheu Spanish Gram. 22 in Dict. Spanish & Eng. Indicatiue moode. Pres. Imperfect. First preterperfect. Second perfect. Pluperfect tense.

1662 J. Howells New Eng. Gram. 126 (heading) Pluperfect tense.

1798 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 4) ii. vi. 60 The Pluperfect [1795: Preterpluperfect] Tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence: as, ‘I had finished my letter before he arrived.’

1858 National Era 16 Dec. 199 The President is made to speak in the pluperfect tense, instead of the first future.

1876 T. L. Papillon Man. Compar. Philol. (1877) 162 Language seems originally to have employed..the augment—in Sanskrit a, in Greek ε..prefixed to aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect tenses in both these languages.

1913 P. Giles in J. E. Sandys Compan. Lat. Stud. x. 823 From the nature of the documents, pluperfect subjunctives are not found.

1995 Church Times 17 Nov. 17/3 They each gave us a few paragraphs of Mills & Boon prose which were rather hard going, being over-full of pluperfect verbs.

†a. Having or being more than what is needed; superfluous. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [adjective] > excessive or superfluous

superfluent?1440

superfluous?a1450

superstitiousc1450

superfluec1475

redundant?1577

pleonastical1653

exuberant1667

pleonasmical1693

enormous1704

pluperfect1802

pleonastic1835

society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > [adjective] > having extra sheet

pluperfect1856

1802 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. 13 12 Junius had a dislike to the letter k..: it would have been more rational to indulge an antipathy against c, which is a very pluperfect letter, and represents sometimes k, sometimes s, and sometimes ts.

1856 Leisure Hour 31 Jan. 74 It will happen in all binderies..that on examination certain volumes are found imperfect or pluperfect, either wanting a sheet, or having a sheet too much.

b. hyperbolically. Utterly perfect; ideal, faultless.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [adjective] > ideal

ideal1609

dreamlike1615

abstract1625

preterpluperfect1652

idealized1810

goldena1817

pluperfect1831

dream1884

fairy-tale-ish1884

dreamy1892

fairy tale1904

pluterperfect1908

fairy story1913

1831 [implied in: Biblical Repertory & Theol. Rev. Oct. 496 We are perfectly, and rather pluperfectly, passive. (at pluperfectly adv.)].

1864 C. B. Fisk Let. 25 June in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1891) 1st Ser. XXXIV. iv. 552 The loyal element of my district has been heretofore unhappily divided into as many factions as there are tenses in the grammar. We have present, past, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect loyalty.

1928 A. Philips Boy at Bank i. v. 49 Mrs. Fravalton, one of those mothers who believe their children pluperfect.

1965 N. Coward Diary 11 Apr. (2000) 597 It was a perfect, pluperfect, evening; absolutely clear and not a breath of wind.

1992 Newsweek 25 May 97/2 While Johnny [Carson] may have been his own best guest, he was also the pluperfect guest.

†c. Music. Designating an augmented (as distinguished from a perfect) fourth or fifth. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [adjective] > imperfect

false1597

imperfect1609

semi-perfect1623

superfluous1664

diminished1728

augmented1821

pluperfect1876

1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 242/2 Intervals greater than major or normal have been termed (besides augmented) extreme, sharp, superfluous, pluperfect, &c.

1876 J. Hullah in J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 306/1 Imperfect as applied to the exceptional fifth. As an antonym to this I have long used the epithet pluperfect, which has been very largely adopted.

3. colloquial. As a general intensifier.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > very great or extreme

strangec1380

overpassinga1382

passinga1387

most?c1430

extremec1460

horriblea1464

violenta1500

mainc1540

immortal?c1550

exquisite1552

sore1555

three-piled1598

thundering1618

devilish1639

shrewda1643

deadly1660

woundy1681

vast1696

monstrous1711

mortal1716

terrific1743

hell-fired1754

hellish1764

colossal1794

severe1805

awful1818

all-fired1829

terrible1829

quare and1847

ferocious1877

pluperfect1889

raging1889

giddy1896

utter1898

stiff1905

1889 Virginia Univ. Mag. Dec. 186 So take a drink, oh, Phæon, dear, we'll raise pluperfect Cain.

1918 Mansfield (Ohio) News 11 Jan. 8/1 The big inspector is coming around today and if this place isn't clean I will catch pluperfect hell!

1977 Newsweek (Nexis) 30 May 79 How could these kids, while making such a pluperfect mess of their lives, insist that they alone could, indeed must, reform the world?

2000 J. E. Combs Play World ii. 61 The pleasure of living fully, including the alternative to unbutton and raise pluperfect hell.

B. n.

Grammar. The pluperfect tense (see sense A. 1); the form which a verb takes when in the pluperfect tense.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > tense > [noun] > past > with specific aspect

pluperfectc1525

preterimperfectc1525

preterperfectc1525

preterpluperfectc1525

plusquamperfect1810

plusperfect1837

c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. b4^v The present and impf. docere, the preterperf. and pluperfect, docuisse, the futur docturum esse.

1694 A. Boyer Compl. French-master iii. 32 The Imperfect in English answers to the Imperfect and Preter Definite in French, and the Pluperfect to both Pluperfects.

1754 T. Ruddiman Anticrisis viii. 183 There will be a change..the Imperfect for the Pluperfect, and the Subjunctive for the Indicative.

1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. iv. xvii. §1487 The Pluperfect denotes an action in past time, done before another past action.

1953 G. Willans Down with Skool! i. 20 We are all ignorant cheers cheers cheers and do not kno the pluperfect of moneo i am glad to sa.

1989 Righting Words 3 15/1 Sometimes..the sentence is modified in such a way as to make the pluperfect inappropriate.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pluperfect
释义	pluperfectadj.n. Brit. /pluːˈpəːfᵻkt/, U.S. /ˌpluˈpərfək(t)/ Forms: late Middle English pluperfyth, 1500s pluperfit, 1500s pluperfite, 1500s plusperfit, 1500s– pluperfect. Origin: Apparently formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: French plus-que-parfait. Etymology: Apparently short for Middle French plus-que-parfait pluperfect (although this is first attested slightly later: see plusquamperfect adj. and n.). A. adj. 1. Grammar. Designating or relating to a verbal tense which denotes an action completed prior to some past point of time, specified or implied; past perfect. Of a verb: in such a tense. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > tense > [adjective] > past > with specific aspect pluperfectc1450 preterite imperfectc1450 preterite perfect1522 preterimperfectc1525 preterperfectc1525 preterpluperfectc1525 plusquamperfect1644 pluterperfect1656 past perfect1868 c1450 in D. Thomson Middle Eng. Grammatical Texts (1984) 26 Qwerby knowyst þe pretyrtens pluperfyth? For it spekyth of tyme more þan perfythly passyd, and hath þis Englysch wurd ‘hadde’, as amaueram: ‘I had louyd’. 1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 113 Verbes actives circumlocute theyr preterperfit and plus perfit tenses throughe all theyr modes,..with the tenses of je ay and the participle preterit. 1623 J. Minsheu Spanish Gram. 22 in Dict. Spanish & Eng. Indicatiue moode. Pres. Imperfect. First preterperfect. Second perfect. Pluperfect tense. 1662 J. Howells New Eng. Gram. 126 (heading) Pluperfect tense. 1798 L. Murray Eng. Gram. (ed. 4) ii. vi. 60 The Pluperfect [1795: Preterpluperfect] Tense represents a thing, not only as past, but also as prior to some other point of time specified in the sentence: as, ‘I had finished my letter before he arrived.’ 1858 National Era 16 Dec. 199 The President is made to speak in the pluperfect tense, instead of the first future. 1876 T. L. Papillon Man. Compar. Philol. (1877) 162 Language seems originally to have employed..the augment—in Sanskrit a, in Greek ε..prefixed to aorist, imperfect, and pluperfect tenses in both these languages. 1913 P. Giles in J. E. Sandys Compan. Lat. Stud. x. 823 From the nature of the documents, pluperfect subjunctives are not found. 1995 Church Times 17 Nov. 17/3 They each gave us a few paragraphs of Mills & Boon prose which were rather hard going, being over-full of pluperfect verbs. 2. †a. Having or being more than what is needed; superfluous. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [adjective] > excessive or superfluous superfluent?1440 superfluous?a1450 superstitiousc1450 superfluec1475 redundant?1577 pleonastical1653 exuberant1667 pleonasmical1693 enormous1704 pluperfect1802 pleonastic1835 society > communication > book > manufacture or production of books > book-binding > [adjective] > having extra sheet pluperfect1856 1802 W. Taylor in Monthly Mag. 13 12 Junius had a dislike to the letter k..: it would have been more rational to indulge an antipathy against c, which is a very pluperfect letter, and represents sometimes k, sometimes s, and sometimes ts. 1856 Leisure Hour 31 Jan. 74 It will happen in all binderies..that on examination certain volumes are found imperfect or pluperfect, either wanting a sheet, or having a sheet too much. b. hyperbolically. Utterly perfect; ideal, faultless. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > perfection > [adjective] > ideal ideal1609 dreamlike1615 abstract1625 preterpluperfect1652 idealized1810 goldena1817 pluperfect1831 dream1884 fairy-tale-ish1884 dreamy1892 fairy tale1904 pluterperfect1908 fairy story1913 1831 [implied in: Biblical Repertory & Theol. Rev. Oct. 496 We are perfectly, and rather pluperfectly, passive. (at pluperfectly adv.)]. 1864 C. B. Fisk Let. 25 June in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1891) 1st Ser. XXXIV. iv. 552 The loyal element of my district has been heretofore unhappily divided into as many factions as there are tenses in the grammar. We have present, past, imperfect, perfect, and pluperfect loyalty. 1928 A. Philips Boy at Bank i. v. 49 Mrs. Fravalton, one of those mothers who believe their children pluperfect. 1965 N. Coward Diary 11 Apr. (2000) 597 It was a perfect, pluperfect, evening; absolutely clear and not a breath of wind. 1992 Newsweek 25 May 97/2 While Johnny [Carson] may have been his own best guest, he was also the pluperfect guest. †c. Music. Designating an augmented (as distinguished from a perfect) fourth or fifth. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > musical sound > pitch > interval > [adjective] > imperfect false1597 imperfect1609 semi-perfect1623 superfluous1664 diminished1728 augmented1821 pluperfect1876 1876 J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 242/2 Intervals greater than major or normal have been termed (besides augmented) extreme, sharp, superfluous, pluperfect, &c. 1876 J. Hullah in J. Stainer & W. A. Barrett Dict. Musical Terms 306/1 Imperfect as applied to the exceptional fifth. As an antonym to this I have long used the epithet pluperfect, which has been very largely adopted. 3. colloquial. As a general intensifier. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > greatness of quantity, amount, or degree > high or intense degree > [adjective] > very great or extreme strangec1380 overpassinga1382 passinga1387 most?c1430 extremec1460 horriblea1464 violenta1500 mainc1540 immortal?c1550 exquisite1552 sore1555 three-piled1598 thundering1618 devilish1639 shrewda1643 deadly1660 woundy1681 vast1696 monstrous1711 mortal1716 terrific1743 hell-fired1754 hellish1764 colossal1794 severe1805 awful1818 all-fired1829 terrible1829 quare and1847 ferocious1877 pluperfect1889 raging1889 giddy1896 utter1898 stiff1905 1889 Virginia Univ. Mag. Dec. 186 So take a drink, oh, Phæon, dear, we'll raise pluperfect Cain. 1918 Mansfield (Ohio) News 11 Jan. 8/1 The big inspector is coming around today and if this place isn't clean I will catch pluperfect hell! 1977 Newsweek (Nexis) 30 May 79 How could these kids, while making such a pluperfect mess of their lives, insist that they alone could, indeed must, reform the world? 2000 J. E. Combs Play World ii. 61 The pleasure of living fully, including the alternative to unbutton and raise pluperfect hell. B. n. Grammar. The pluperfect tense (see sense A. 1); the form which a verb takes when in the pluperfect tense. ΘΚΠ the mind > language > linguistics > study of grammar > tense > [noun] > past > with specific aspect pluperfectc1525 preterimperfectc1525 preterperfectc1525 preterpluperfectc1525 plusquamperfect1810 plusperfect1837 c1525 T. Linacre Rudimenta Grammatices sig. b4^v The present and impf. docere, the preterperf. and pluperfect, docuisse, the futur docturum esse. 1694 A. Boyer Compl. French-master iii. 32 The Imperfect in English answers to the Imperfect and Preter Definite in French, and the Pluperfect to both Pluperfects. 1754 T. Ruddiman Anticrisis viii. 183 There will be a change..the Imperfect for the Pluperfect, and the Subjunctive for the Indicative. 1879 H. J. Roby Gram. Lat. Lang. iv. xvii. §1487 The Pluperfect denotes an action in past time, done before another past action. 1953 G. Willans Down with Skool! i. 20 We are all ignorant cheers cheers cheers and do not kno the pluperfect of moneo i am glad to sa. 1989 Righting Words 3 15/1 Sometimes..the sentence is modified in such a way as to make the pluperfect inappropriate. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.c1450
随便看	barrel shop barrel stave barrel winding barrel-amalgamation barrel-barricade barrel-bellied barrel-belly barrel-bird barrel-board barrel-bodied barrel-bulk barrel-butter barrel-campaign barrel-chair barrel-chest barrel-chested barrel-churn barrel-drain barrel-ferrar barrel-ferrer barrel-ferror barrel-fever barrel-figs barrel-fish barrel-forger