plantationn.
/plɑːnˈteɪʃn/, /planˈteɪʃn/, U.S. /plænˈteɪʃ(ə)n/ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [noun] > institution or founding > that which has been founded or settled
plantationc1425
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 34 The tyme of a ȝere turnyed abowte, succedid in-to the prepositure and the dignyte of the priore of this new plantacioun.
1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) II. 1053/1 I take it [sc. auricular confession] for a plantation not planted by God in his worde.
1653 E. Chisenhale Catholike Hist. 83 The Apostles amongst themselves were equall, and their severall plantations coordinate and equal.
1704 R. Nelson Compan. Festivals & Fasts i. xxix. 313 Both [were] sent down by the Apostles to Samaria to settle the Plantations Philip had made.
2.
a. The action of planting seeds or plants in the ground.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > planting > [noun]
plantingOE
plantationc1429
implanting1597
implantationa1600
plantage1632
c1429 Mirour Mans Saluacioune (1986) l. 1075 Aarons ȝerde fructified without plantacioune [L. plantatione].
1457 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 51/1 Anent plantacione of woddis and heggis and sawing of brovme.
a1500 (a1450) tr. Secreta Secret. (Ashm. 396) (1977) 67 (MED) Some vegetables ben by bowes, some by seedes, and some ben with-out seedes or plantacion [a1500 Lamb. plantyng; L. plantatione].
1550 in W. B. Cook Stirling Antiquary (1904) III. 247 To set thornis with vthir necessar plantatioun for the weschers and drying of the clathis.
1612 J. Smith Map of Virginia 16 In Aprill they begin to plant, but their chiefe plantation is in May.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ix. 419 In Bowre and Field he sought, where any tuft Of Grove or Garden-Plot more pleasant lay, Thir tendance or Plantation for delight. View more context for this quotation
1735 J. Swift Humble Addr. to Parl. in Wks. IV. 211 The manifest Defects in the Acts concerning Plantation of Trees.
1800 J. Austen Let. 20 Nov. (1969) 93 A new plan has been suggested concerning the plantation of the new inclosure on the right hand side of the Elm Walk.
1816 T. Taylor in Pamphleteer 8 469 She instructed the Eleusinians in the plantation of corn.
1991 South Aug. 39 In the 1974 famine in Bangladesh..it was the rural poor who suffered most as floods affected the plantation of rice—a labour intensive activity.
2004 Statesman (India) (Nexis) 6 July Mr Routray had drawn up plans for plantation of trees and creation of water bodies.
b. The settling of people, usually in a conquered or dominated country; esp. the planting or establishing of a colony; colonization. Now historical.See note at sense 4a.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > furnishing with inhabitants > colonizing > [noun]
planting1584
plantation1587
settling1609
colonizinga1626
situationa1657
seating1700
colonization1747
settlement1827
pioneering1851
1587 J. Hooker in tr. Giraldus Cambrensis Vaticinall Hist. Conquest Ireland Ep. Ded. sig. Aiiiv, in Holinshed's Chron. (new ed.) II Not for anie religion or plantation of a commonwelth.
1610 T. Blenerhasset (title) A direction for the plantation in Ulster.
1625 N. Carpenter Geogr. Delineated ii. xiii. 213 The first plantation of Inhabitants immediately after the Deluge.
a1647 T. Habington Surv. Worcs. (Worcs. Hist. Soc.) (1895) I. ii. 317 Before theyre plantation in Worcestershyre they weare of Rageley.
a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 43 The Old Protestants of Queen Elizabeth and King James's Plantation..did not much love the New English; who came over since 1641.
1788 J. Priestley Lect. Hist. iii. xvi. 143 Before the discovery of America and the plantation of our colonies, the interest of money was generally twelve per cent. all over Europe.
1870 Athenæum 23 July 110/2 Plantation meant the establishment of Englishmen as landowners in Ireland, the extermination of native proprietors, and the reduction of the inhabitants at large to slavery.
1965 Ulster Dial. Arch. Bull. Oct. 5 Ideally the starting point historically should be the Plantation and Settlement of Ulster, or, in round figures, about 1600.
1994 Church Times 2 Dec. 12/1 The time that James I began the plantation of English and Scottish landowners on expropriated Irish Catholic land.
c. The action of establishing or founding something, such as a religion or an institution; the implanting or instilling of a quality.
ΘΚΠ
the world > existence and causation > causation > initiating or causing to begin > [noun] > institution or founding
fasteningeOE
stablishinga1300
groundingc1380
stablingc1380
ordinancec1384
establishingc1400
foundationc1400
fundament1440
stablishment1444
institutionc1460
upsetting1470
erection1508
instituting1534
foundingc1540
erecting1553
constitution1582
establishment1596
plantation1605
instauration1614
institute1641
bottoming1642
ordaining1643
settlement1646
planting1702
incardination1897
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning i. sig. H3v Those instruments, which it pleased God to vse for the plantation of the faith. View more context for this quotation
1620 Horæ Subseciuæ 327 The place where holinesse, and religion, aymed to haue their principall plantation.
1654 E. Wolley tr. ‘G. de Scudéry’ Curia Politiæ 183 Heaven and Nature concur in the plantation of that quality [fortitude] in the hearts of men.
1715 J. Bingham Origines Ecclesiasticæ IV. xii. 402 For now the Holy Spirit..does not appear with sensible and temporal Miracles to attest it, as it was heretofore given to recommend the first Plantation of Faith, and to dilate the Church in its Infancy.
1795 S. Horsley Serm. (1811) 247 The plantation of churches and the propagation of the gospel.
1988 Church Times 3 June 7/2 Horningsham, Wiltshire (1566), seems to be the oldest chapel of all, with its thatched roof charmingly situated in the slope of a hill. It is still in use today—unlike, alas, so many tabernacles of nineteenth-century plantation.
3.
a. A cultivated bed or cluster of growing plants of any kind.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > wild and cultivated plants > [noun] > cultivated or planted > group of cultivated plants
plantation1569
1569 in J. H. Burton Reg. Privy Council Scotl. (1878) 1st Ser. II. 32 Destroy and put away..all biggingis, munitionis, plantationis and commoditeis within and about the same.
1649 W. Blith Eng. Improver xxi. 128 So thou must goe on throughout thy whole Plantation.
1658 Sir T. Browne Garden of Cyrus i, in Hydriotaphia: Urne-buriall 102 Which was no ordinary plantation, if..it contained all kindes of Plants.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Georgics ii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 82 In close Plantations . View more context for this quotation
1736 Compl. Family-piece ii. iii. 332 Make Plantations of the Suckers or Cuttings of Goosberries, Currants, and Rasberries.
1766 Compl. Farmer at Onion About October all their leaves die away, which has occasioned some to think all the plantation [i.e. onion-bed] lost.
1807 T. Martyn Miller's Gardener's & Botanist's Dict. (rev. ed.) I. i. at Ailanthus The Ailanthus grows very fast in our climate, and..is proper for ornamental plantations.
1846 in J. Baxter Libr. Pract. Agric. (ed. 4) I. 71 Culture, &c. of the Common Artichoke... I also prefer one single row to a regular plantation or bed, on account of the better admission of light and air.
1866 Rural Amer. (Utica, N.Y.) 15 Mar. 87/3 The soil I prefer, is a clay on limestone subsoil... In its preparation I change according to the variety I plant, and the time I expect the plantation to last.
1952 Cape Times 15 Nov. 4/4 Now their weight, appetite and curiosity makes them [sc. pigs] a destructive force among vines and vegetable plantations, so they are confined in a pen.
b. spec. An area planted with trees, esp. for commercial purposes.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > wood or assemblage of trees or shrubs > [noun] > planted, cultivated, or valued
high forest1477
planting1535
plantation1669
woodwork1712
wooding1788
1669 S. Sturmy Mariners Mag. v. iv. 15 You will have the true Plott of your Ground, or Park, or Wood-land, or Plantation.
1739 T. Gray Let. 9 Dec. in Corr. (1971) I. 133 On either hand vast plantations of trees, chiefly mulberries and olives.
1778 A. Wight Present State Husbandry in Scotl. II. 387 I shall take leave of this spot..after giving the history of a plantation of young oaks.
1803 Gazetteer Scotl. at Lhanbryd A plain..covered with corn, grass, or plantations.
1837 J. R. McCulloch Statist. Acct. Brit. Empire I. iii. i. 526 During the last half century, many very large additions have been made to the plantations of Scotland. The..total woodland cannot, at this moment, be less than..1,000,000 acres.
1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. iv. 50 Oak sighed a deep honest sigh—none the less so in that, being like the sigh of a pine plantation, it was rather noticeable as a disturbance of the atmosphere.
1915 J. Buchan Thirty-nine Steps vi. 133 I..had come to the edge of a plantation of wind-blown firs.
1963 McKinnon Forest Activities 2 13 A ten-year-old plantation of Douglas fir.
1992 National Trust Mag. Spring 43/2 Hardwoods are really my line, good old English trees. That's what I'm really going to miss, looking after my plantations.
c. North American. An oyster bed cultivated for farming. Cf. plant v. 1b, plant n.1 7. Now rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > fish-keeping, farming, or breeding > [noun] > breeding oysters > oyster-bed
oyster-leyne1581
oyster bed1591
stew1610
greening-pit1667
layer1735
laying1837
park1867
plantation1881
hive1882
claire1901
1881 E. Ingersoll Oyster-industry (10th Census U.S.: Bureau of Fisheries) 246 Plantation, cultivated areas of oyster-bottom. A common and legal term in the state of Delaware.
1891 W. K. Brooks Amer. Oyster 127 Before the bottom was laid out in private plantations, there were very few persons living there.
2000 Sunday Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) (Nexis) 7 May c4 Lilli Clausen dealt with the paperwork and contracts, negotiating new leases for oyster beds. Lilli returned from one bidding session with leases to another 500 acres of mud flats in the bay, expanding their plantation to about 700 acres total.
4. † b. A company of settlers or colonists. Obsolete.
a. A settlement in a conquered or dominated country; a colony. Also in extended use. Now historical.Chiefly with reference to the colonies founded in North America and on the forfeited lands in Ireland in the 16th-17th centuries; also with reference to the ancient colonies of Greece, etc.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > district in relation to human occupation > a land or country > [noun] > colony
colonyc1550
habitation1555
plantation1609
settlement1697
1609 Instruccions in S. M. Kingsbury Rec. Virginia Company (1933) III. 15 You shall, for the choice of plantacions obserue two generall rulles..that such places wch you resolue to build and inhabite vppon, haue at the leaste one good outlett into the Sea.
1614 J. Sylvester Bethulia's Rescue i. 385 [Bees] Else-where to plant their goodly Colonies; Which keep, still constant, in their new Plantation.
1622 J. Smith (title) New Englands trials... With the present estate of that happie plantation, begun by but 60 weake men in the yeare 1620.
a1656 J. Ussher Ann. World (1658) vi. 169 Heraclea, a plantation of the city of Megara.
1705 in Early Rec. Town of Providence (Rhode Island) (1903) XVII. 201 The which tree..is a bound Marke betweene the sd. two Plantations of sd. Providence & Warwick.
1769 ‘Junius’ Stat Nominis Umbra (1772) I. i. 9 A new office is established for the business of the plantations.
1800 P. Colquhoun Treat. Commerce & Police R. Thames xi. 328 All goods of the produce of Ireland, and the British Plantations.
1865 C. Merivale Hist. Romans under Empire (new ed.) VIII. lxiii. 42 Roman plantations, and possibly military stations also reached even to the Dniester.
1910 P. W. Joyce Eng. as we speak it in Ireland xiii. 302 Plantation, a colony from England or Scotland settled down or planted in former times in a district in Ireland from which the rightful old Irish owners were expelled.
1988 Oxf. Illustr. Encycl. III. 179/2 Bitterness increased with the imposition of Protestantism by Henry VIII and the establishment of ‘plantations’ of English and Scottish settlers in Ulster under Elizabeth I.
ΘΚΠ
society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun] > collectively
colony1555
plantation1636
swarm1659
settlement1697
settlerdom1863
1636 in J. H. Trumbull Public Rec. Colony Connecticut (1850) I. 4 Every plantacion shall traine once in every moneth.
1647 R. Stapleton tr. Juvenal Sixteen Satyrs 231 Ascanius..carrying forth a plantation of men,..found a white sow with 30 pigges sucking her.
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan xxiv. 131 Those we call Plantations, or Colonies..are numbers of men sent out from the Common-wealth, under a Conductor, or Governour, to inhabit a Forraign Country, either formerly voyd of Inhabitants, or made voyd then, by warre.
a1715 Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. 526 This revived among them [sc. the gentry] a design..of carrying over a Plantation to Carolina.
c. to send (prisoners, etc.) to the plantations and variants: to send (prisoners, etc.) to penal service or indentured labour in the colonies. Usually in passive. Now historical.As the labour was chiefly on the plantations in sense 5, the phrase tended to be associated with that sense.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > imprison [verb (transitive)] > transport > to the colonies
barbados1655
to send (prisoners, etc.) to the plantations1655
1650 Acts Parl. Scotl. (Recd. ed.) VI. ii. 745 b To deliver unto Mr Samuel Clarke, to transport to Virginia, 900 prisoners of the Scots [taken at Dunbar]..according to such desires as shall bee made by anie who will carrie them to plantations not in enmity to this Commonwealth.]
1655 Mercurius Politicus No. 259. 5372 Divers persons..who were in the late Rebellious Insurrection, [were to] be sent away to the Foreign Plantations.
c1664 in Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Own Time (1724) I. ii. 209 If his Majesty had any such intention, he would rather choose to be sent to a plantation.
1722 D. Defoe Moll Flanders 319 He had a kind of Horror upon his Mind at his being sent to the Plantations as the Romans sent Slaves to Work in the Mines.
1765 E. Burke Let. in Corr. (1958) I. 197 Will the law suffer a felon sent to the Plantation to bind himself for his Life?
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. v. 660 Some of them had been hanged:..and the rest should be sent to the plantations.
1884 W. Besant Dorothy Forster III. xxvi. 30 We must needs be hanged, as will doubtless happen to most, or sent to the Plantations, or die of gaol-fever.
1961 R. Koebner Empire iii. 94 Such impressions [sc. of colonial morals] were, in fact, justified only in relation to certain groups of colonists—convicts who had been ‘sent to the plantations’, smugglers and pirates.
5.
a. An estate or large farm, esp. in a former British colony, on which crops such as cotton, sugar, and tobacco are grown (formerly with the aid of slave labour). Frequently with distinguishing word.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > farming > farm > [noun] > estate or plantation
plantation1626
penc1695
walk1697
woodwork1712
estate1772
grass pen1774
fazenda1825
1626 Minutes of Council & Gen. Court 4 Dec. in Virginia Mag. Hist. & Biogr. (1918) 26 354 Ye said Arbitrators shall view the works & houses w'ch have been built & done..uppon ye plantation of Martin Brandon.
1645 New Haven Colonial Rec. 200 Noe planter, inhabitant or sojourner within or belonging to this towne..[shall] purchase any plantation or land..of any Indian.
1719 D. Defoe Life Robinson Crusoe 179 I had..two Plantations in the Island.
1786 G. Washington Diaries III. 43 The field intended for experiment at this Plantation is divided into 3 parts, by bouting Rows running crossways.
1818 W. Cruise Digest Laws Eng. Real Prop. (ed. 2) VI. 85 A person..devised to trustees..a plantation in the island of Grenada, upon trust.
1837 H. Martineau Society in Amer. II. 143 They were seized upon by two slaves of the neighbouring plantation.
1899 W. Besant Orange Girl ii. xxv. 419 In Virginia every estate is a plantation..with its servants and slaves.
1944 Chicago Tribune 10 Dec. (Grafic Mag.) 3 Daisy Williams, the only daughter of the owners of Sweet Briar plantation.
1962 P. Mortimer Pumpkin Eater ix. 48 This hemp was grown on a plantation in India.
1992 Green Mag. Apr. 24/2 It was far cheaper to grow the products in plantations usually on rainforest land cleared for the purpose.
b. In extended use (chiefly in African-American usage): any institution regarded as exploitative or paternalistic, esp. in fostering an environment of inequality and servitude reminiscent of slavery.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > social relations > an association, society, or organization > types of association, society, or organization > [noun] > other types of association, society, or organization
invisible college1647
rota1660
working party1744
free association1761
working committee1821
Ethical Society1822
bar association1824
league1846
congress1870
tiger1874
cult1875
Daughters of the American Revolution1890
community group1892
housing association1898
working party1902
development agency1910
affinity group1915
propaganda machine1916
funding body1922
collective1925
Ku-Klux1930
network1946
NGO1946
production brigade1950
umbrella organization1950
plantation1956
think-tank1958
think group1961
team1990
1956 ‘B. Holiday’ & W. Dufty Lady sings Blues xi. 114 You can be up to your boobies in white satin, with gardenias in your hair and no sugar cane for miles, but you can still be working on a plantation.
1989 M. Davis Autobiogr. xvi. 431 All the record companies were interested in at the time was making a lot of money and keeping their so-called black stars on the music plantation so that their white stars could just rip us off.
1999 N.Y. Times 21 Oct. b15/2 Civil rights groups advocated a boycott of Twins games and the future Hall of Famer Rod Carew said he did not want to keep playing for Griffith's ‘plantation.’
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > low position > [noun] > condition of being placed under > that which lies under > base on which a thing rests
staddlea900
groundc950
base?c1335
standinga1382
foundation1398
basingc1400
bottom1440
subjecta1500
groundworka1557
basis?a1560
pedestal1563
understand1580
footwork1611
centrea1616
underwork1624
skaddle1635
substructure1641
foot piece1657
pediment1660
seat1661
sedes1662
under-warp1668
plantationa1680
terrace1735
substructure1789
footing1791
seating1805
a1680 S. Butler Genuine Remains (1759) I. 352 You had better undertake to find out a Plantation for Archimedes his Engines to move the Earth.
1688 J. S. Fortification 69 Platforms..are the Plantations where the Guns are laid.
Compounds
C1.
a. General attributive.
plantation hoe n.
ΚΠ
1732 S.-Carolina Gaz. 10 Feb. 3/2 Francis le Brasseur, has open'd a Store, where Mr. Rigg liv'd, in Elliot's Street, with a Sortment of choice Linnen..choice plantation Axes and Hoes, to be sold by Wholesale & Retale; great Regard will be for Ready Money.
1766 Compl. Farmer at Lucern Before that time the flat plantation-hoe may be used.
1883 Overland Monthly Nov. 472 The general appropriation, has distributed the past year 30 plows, 30 sets of plow-harness, 60 plantation hoes, and 5 farm-wagons to as many villages.
2001 Chicago Sun-Times (Nexis) 25 May 13 Items on display include slave shackles, a plantation hoe, John Brown's Bible..and the bed on which President Abraham Lincoln died.
plantation land n.
ΚΠ
1639 Irish Act 15 Chas. I sess. ii. c. 6 §2 Towns, villages, hamlets, lands,..usually called plantation lands, in or neere the territories of Cloncolman.
1780 J. Hely-Hutchinson Commerc. Restraints Ireland Considered 198 Their demands in 1642 were the restitution of all the plantation lands to the old inhabitants, [etc.].
1832 N. Amer. Rev. July 155 Each adult, on arrival [in Liberia], receives a building-lot in one of the settlements. If within three miles of a town, he is allowed five acres of plantation lands.
1908 Daily Chron. 26 Dec. 2/1 Mr. Spreckels..bought a large tract of plantation land on the Island of Main, and created there the largest plantation and sugar mill in the world.
1997 Bangkok Post 26 Feb. i. 4/2 Currently, 2,262 rai of plantation land belongs to the company while 1,309 rai is owned by villagers who participate in the eucalyptus growing scheme.
b. (In sense 4.)
(a) † plantation cause n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1766 Ld. Mansfield 3 Feb. in C. A. Goodrich Sel. Brit. Eloquence (1856) 151/2 I began life with them, and owe much to them, having been much concerned in the plantation causes before the privy council; and so I became a good deal acquainted with American affairs and people.
1874 Amer. Cycl. VI. 626/1 The judicial committee of the council is a court of appeal in cases of lunacy and idiocy, and in admiralty and plantation causes, in questions between colonies, and all kindred questions.
plantation clerk n.
ΚΠ
1682 E. Chamberlayne 2nd Pt. Present State Eng. (ed. 11) 238 Mr. Richard Savage, Plantation-Clerk.
1754 W. Weston Compl. Merchant's Clerk ii. 23 If either the Overseer or Plantation Clerk have an Inclination to become aquainted with the Method of Double-Entry, what I have before given will be sufficient to inform them.
1868 Charter & Ordinances City of Portland 142 If the selectmen of a town or assessors of a plantation wilfully neglect to deposit a list of the voters with the town or plantation clerk..they shall each forfeit not less than fifty, nor more than one hundred dollars.
1940 Amer. Hist. Rev. 45 781 Henry Hulton, the first commissioner, had served since 1763 in the London office in the capacity of plantation clerk.
plantation sugar n.
ΚΠ
1744 Considerations Against laying any New Duty upon Sugar 27 No new Duty hath been imposed upon their [sc. France's] Plantation Sugar ever since.
1847 Debow's Rev. Oct. 153 The Muscovado sugar is all such as contains any foreign matters, as silica, phosphate of lime, carbonate of lime, organic matter, potash; being the state of all colonial and plantation sugars.
2003 Financial Express (Nexis) 21 Dec. The government effort for subsiding inland transport and ocean freight out of the sugar development, which has helped the industry to export 1.5mt of white plantation sugar during the October-September 2002-03 sugar year.
(b)
plantation-built adj.
ΚΠ
1695–6 Statutes of Realm (1820) VII. 107 Any Fisher-Boates..or other Vessells (though English of Plantation Built) whose Navigation is confined to the Rivers or Coasts of the same Plantation or Place, [etc.].
c1744 in J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea (1753) II. xii. 67 Any British or plantation built ships.
1845 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 114 As by the rules ‘at Lloyd's,’ and elsewhere among underwriters in England, vessels ‘plantation-built’ are seldom rated as ‘A. 1’.
1989 New Eng. Q. 62 553 The Navigation Act required that any vessel trading in the British West Indies must be a British bottom, that is, a British-built vessel, a prize, or a plantation-built vessel.
c. (In sense 5.)
plantation coolie n. now historical
ΚΠ
1889 Harper's Mag. Nov. 845 (caption) Plantation coolie woman in Martinique costume.
1951 Population Stud. 5 117 The Chinese run the full economic status gamut, from rubber plantation coolie to merchant and banker.
1989 Ethnohistory 36 375 Abuse of the plantation ‘coolies’ in Fiji, especially sexual abuse of the women, played a decisive role in the abolition of the indenture system in the mid-1910s.
plantation dance n.
ΚΠ
1848 Theatrical Times 2 Sept. 387/2 As for his ‘Plantation Dance’ to use a Yankeeism, ‘it beats all creation.’
a1860 A. Smith London Med. Student (1861) 10 He was about to practise his plantation-dance up-stairs, and..the ceiling might come down.
1914 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 27 254 At this point, Maum Katie's memory failed, and she never came past this point in her version of these plantation dances.
1997 Afr. Amer. Rev. 31 170 He realizes a sense of personal and collective liberation through his dancing, at one point inciting a black uprising during a plantation dance contest.
plantation dog n.
ΚΠ
1712 J. Norris Profitable Advice for Rich & Poor 53 We esteem not Puddings good, in the Guts of Hogs, We with such Offal feed Plantation Dogs; And Pease, we know, are good to feed fat Swine; Strong Beer, and Toast, to make Men drunk betime.
1853 H. B. Stowe Key to Uncle Tom's Cabin 186/1 The leaders of the community..keep this blind, furious monster of the mob, very much as an overseer keeps plantation-dogs, as creatures to be set on to any man or thing whom they may choose to have put down.
1922 Jrnl. Negro Hist. 7 108 Not long after I left Ponce de Leon spring I heard the plantation dogs coming after me.
1972 Foxfire Bk. 252 Traditionally the mountain people kept several different kinds of dogs around their houses. Many had at least one ‘plantation dog’ whose whole job was to keep the hogs and cows out of the corn [maize].
plantation house n.
ΚΠ
1722 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack 335 I came to the Plantation House.
1831 J. M. Peck Guide for Emigrants ii. 55 All the plantation houses are surrounded with rich and beautiful groves.
2002 Wanderlust Feb. 22/3 The restored plantation houses that line the River Road are beautiful examples of colonial architecture, invariably set amid huge oaks draped with the fuzzy tinsel of Spanish moss.
plantation life n.
ΚΠ
1799 F.-A.-F. La Rochefoucauld-Liancourt Trav. through United States N. Amer. I. 599 Mrs Washington seems less pleased with a plantation-life than her husband, whom business frequently calls away.
1848 Southern Literary Messenger June 342/2 He never leaves the stately walks of public life, to conduct us to a seat by the fire-side, or to mingle in the pursuits and recreations of plantation life.
1987 Z. Masani Indian Tales of Raj 36 The oldest established section of British Indian business was the plantocracy which ran the tea, coffee and indigo industries. Plantation life..forced them into far closer contact with the real India.
plantation mansion n.
ΚΠ
1855 F. C. Adams Our World xxxvi. 416 Seated in the veranda of the plantation mansion, the two ladies near him are watching his rising emotions.
1882 Oshkosh (Wisconsin) Daily Northwestern 24 Nov. The house externally resembles a typical southern plantation mansion, being two stories high, with ample verandas, and with the chimneys built outside the wall.
2004 Independent on Sunday (Nexis) 1 Aug. 3 Located 75 miles north of Charleston on one of North America's most beautiful stretches of coastline, Litchfield is a plantation mansion built on a 1750s rice estate with a particularly impressive entrance.
plantation Negro n. also figurative
ΚΠ
1659 Public Intelligencer No. 192. 696 They have confessed that the Genny Plantation Negroes they endeavored to bring in also.
1712 Boston News-let. 14 Apr. 1/2 The old Plantation-Negroes thought it had been the French & fled to the Woods, except one man named Tom, who was resolved to see what became of his Mistress.
1818 J. Marsden Amusements of Mission 97 The following Hymns were written for the people of colour in the Somers Islands, who, being chiefly free, their minds are in general much better informed than mere plantation negroes.
1956 G. P. Kurath in A. Dundes Mother Wit (1973) 108/1 Recreational dances of plantation Negroes commenced with a prayer.
1995–6 Jrnl. Blacks in Higher Educ. No. 10. p. 137/1 During his speech, Muhammad accused Minter of being ‘a plantation Negro that the master had sent to the gate’.
plantation owner n.
ΚΠ
1860 N.Y. Times 8 Aug. 2/6 Army officers, plantation owners and overseers, plantation property and a goodly proportion of the white trash were heterogenously mingled.
1893 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 56 480 The agricultural South is worse off to-day than it was before the war. The plantation owners have lost much of the independence that they formerly enjoyed.
1987 Which? Dec. 560/3 Low prices have meant that plantation owners have gone out of business.
plantation slave n. now historical
ΚΠ
1732 S.-Carolina Gaz. 25 Nov. 4/1 To be Sold, for Credit upon good Security, a choice parcel of Plantation Slaves.
1840 U.S. Mag. & Democratic Rev. Aug. 118 The mass of the people were ‘villeins,’ enjoying no privileges but those possessed at this day by the serfs of Russia, or even the plantation slaves of the South.
1993 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 4 Nov. 6/3 A conspiracy by plantation slaves to organize a large-scale revolt in the Second Creek neighborhood of Adams County, Mississippi, at the beginning of the Civil War.
plantation style n.
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1856 F. L. Olmsted Journey Slave States 545 They were generally neatly dressed,..but in a distinctly plantation or slave style.
1900 New Eng. Mag. Mar. 54/2 It had been built in 1774, by one of the prosperous sea-captains of the port..—a stately mansion in the Virginia plantation style, with wharves, warehouses and docks on the Sheepscot shore.
2000 D. Adebayo My Once upon Time (2001) iii. 40 Dark, cheery waiters served drinks on trays to seated figures, perched on the verandah of a plantation-style Big House.
plantation work n.
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1702 C. Mather Magnalia Christi i. 24 Such was their Courage, that they Prosecuted their Plantation Work with speedy and blessed Successes.
1878 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 22 117 Large tracts of country in this part are suitable for plantation-work, and are also known to be rich in mineral wealth.
1991 Pacific Rev. 4 248 Because the Melanesian natives proved ill-suited for the rigorous plantation work, the British imported large numbers of indentured Indian labourers.
plantation worker n.
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1901 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 6 850 The Texas Farmer's Improvement Co...has for its special business the improvement of the negro plantation worker, and in eleven years has obtained control of 50,000 acres of land.
1957 P. Worsley Trumpet shall Sound viii. 148 Plantation-workers were convinced by Runovoro's ability to write meaningless works.
2000 A. Ghosh Glass Palace (2001) xlii. 498 The plantation workers' unions had grown into an extraordinary success story: there were health-care systems, pensions, educational programme, worker-retraining projects.
d. Objective.† plantation-making n. Obsolete
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1892 R. L. Stevenson Let. 31 Jan. in D. Ferguson & M. Waingrow RLS (1973) 294 This year of house-building and plantation-making was necessarily a dear one, and I reached for cash down where I could see it.
1897 M. Kingsley Trav. W. Afr. 642 He did his utmost to try and get the natives to embark on plantation-making, ably seconded by Mr. Billington, the botanist.
C2. † plantation aloe n. Obsolete the Barbados aloe, Aloe vera; a purgative drug made from the juice of this.
plantation acre n. now historical an acre in plantation measure; an Irish acre.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > an acre > specific
stang1326
acre by lug1602
lug-acre1635
Welsh acre1675
plantation acre1705
Cheshire acre1808
geld-acre1880
1705 L. Crommelin Ess. Improving Hempen & Flaxen Manuf. ii. 7 Each Plantation Acre of this Kingdom will take four Bushels of Flax Seed.
1771–2 Irish Act 11 & 12 Geo. III c. 21 §5 Any bog of less dimensions than ten plantation acres.
1854 Sci. Amer. 29 Apr. 258/1 The proportion of seed for sowing may be stated at three and a half imperial bushels to the Irish or plantation acre.
1999 Irish Times (Nexis) 9 Aug. 2 There was the statute acre, the ‘plantation’ acre, the English acre and the Cunningham acre. The prevalence of the English acre in east Co Cork and west Co Waterford evidently stemmed from the Munster plantation.
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a1750 W. Gibson New Treat. Dis. Horses (1751) ii. 124 If a Horse has been observed to feed but poorly for a considerable time, his purges should be mild, especially the first; it should not be made of the common plantation Aloes, but of the Succotrine, and mixed with diuretick ingredients.
1766 Compl. Farmer at Purging The Succotrine aloes should always be preferred to the Barbadoes, or plantation aloes.
1798 J. Lawrence Philos. & Pract. Treat. Horses II. vii. 279 Instances may be produced of horses, which had taken coarse plantation aloes, made up with a large quantity of common rosin, and I know not what cheap horse doctoring or sale articles, being killed outright by a plentiful drink of cold water.
plantation creole n. (J. Reinecke's name for) a creolized language arising amongst the transplanted and largely isolated black slave community on American plantations.
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the mind > language > a language > [noun] > creole or mixed language > particular mixed languages
lingua franca1666
Creole1726
plantation creole1934
1934 Amer. Speech 9 50 Since this type..of speech, which came into being because of the need of a lingua franca on the plantations, is called pidgin in Hawaii, we shall hereafter so refer to it... The proper term should be something like ‘the plantation Creole of Hawaii.’
1978 Verbatim Feb. 10/1 Both authors hold to..the Creolist theory, which traces the present-day Black English vernacular to a Plantation Creole, to a plantation-maritime pidgin, to an African origin.
1991 Lang. in Society 20 478 Holm also highlights Reinecke's pioneering of the classification ‘settler creole’ and ‘plantation creole’, which has figured significantly in recent work.
plantation crepe adj. U.S. designating a type of crêpe rubber used for soles in footwear.
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the world > textiles and clothing > clothing > types or styles of clothing > footwear > parts of footwear > [adjective]
run-over1876
plantation crepe1942
1908 Times 14 Feb. 4/4 India rubber at auction was lower, with exception of brown and dark plantation crepe, which sold well.]
1942 Times 20 Apr. 2/6 (advt.) Suede Sports Shoe with pure plantation crepe sole.
1969 E. Wilson Hist. Shoe Fashions xx. 258 A plantation crepe sole was one of the many soft soles which added to its comfort.
2001 Birmingham Post (Nexis) 7 Mar. 3 Kick back instead with these Clarks Originals Mozie clogs. Available in black, white, leather or tan Ostrich leather they come with a ridged seam and a plantation crepe sole.
plantation manners n. manners associated with life on a plantation; esp. rude or unsophisticated manners.
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1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 165 Some..had more wits than they knew what to do with; runaway slaves with plantation manners, who listened from time to time, like the fox in the fable, as if they heard the hounds a-baying on their track.
1884 Harper's Mag. Apr. 748/2 There was a good deal of what afterward came to be known as ‘plantation manners’.
1960 New Eng. Q. 33 84 A conservative who disliked the theater, a temperance supporter and a Whig with Free Soil sympathies, Charles could not be expected to be a sympathetic witness of plantation manners.
2000 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 16 Nov. 15/1 Daniel Patrick Moynihan seems a throwback to an earlier style of senator, to the flowing locks and florid style, the tailored ‘toga’, the poses of moral obstruction struck by all those ‘Bourbon’ Southerners who affected plantation manners.
plantation measure n. now historical a land-measure formerly used in the plantations of Ireland, in which an acre contained 7840 square yards (approx. 6550 square metres).
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the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement of area > [noun] > a system or process of measuring land > specific
markland1532
plantation measure1642
1642 Act 18 Chas. I (Ireland) c. 36 Plantation measure,..every Acre thereof shall consist of eightscore Pearches or Poles..of one and twenty foot.
1771–2 Irish Act 11 & 12 Geo. III c. 21 §2 No greater quantity of such bog shall be so set to any one person than fifty acres, plantation measure.
1816 W. S. Mason Parochial Surv. of Ireland II. 152 The Scotch is the only measure to which this report refers, as the plantation or Irish measure is almost unknown.
1932 Geogr. Jrnl. 79 418 The Irish acre, which was 65 per cent. larger than the English acre, was adopted for grants of land by both Strafford and Petty, and became known as ‘Irish plantation measure.’
plantation mentality n. derogatory (chiefly Caribbean and U.S.) an attitude likened to that which was prevalent on plantations operating with slave labour, esp. in accepting or condoning racial inequality or paternalism.
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1936 Jrnl. Royal Afr. Soc. 35 222 The plantation mentality still prevails and policy tends too strongly toward rehabilitation of the bankrupt planter.
1969 J. McEvoy & A. Miller Black Power & Student Rebellion i. 26 The continuation of the plantation mentality in both blacks and whites, the white student activists told us, has got to stop.
2000 National Catholic Reporter 2 June 4/4 Some white priests request to serve in the African-American community, but they can't come with a plantation mentality.
plantation mill n. a mill suitable for use on a plantation, for crushing oats, etc.
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1854 Sci. Amer. 15 July 345/4 The 20 inch is a superior farm and plantation mill, grinding corn and all kinds of grain in the best manner, by horse power and also by hand.
1868 Putnam's Mag. July 54/1 Our camp in the ravine near the new fort had meanwhile grown into quite a village, of which the manager's house, a plantation-mill to grind corn for the weekly rations, and an enormous stable, were the conspicuous buildings.
1994 W. K. Durrill War of Another Kind iii. 70 He immediately stopped the plantation mill at Bonarva from running. That prevented his slaves from grinding corn into meal.
Plantation Office n. now historical the Colonial Office.
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society > authority > rule or government > ruler or governor > a or the government > government department or agency > [noun] > with specific responsibility > English or British
admiralty1459
ordnance1485
Navy Office1660
navy board1681
patent office1696
excise-office1698
Treasury Office1706
Plantation Office1708
stamp office1710
War Office1721
India Office1787
home office1795
Woods, Forests, and Land Revenues1803
the Stamps1820
Welsh Office1852
W.O.1860
Local Government Board1871
pall-mall1880
Scottish Office1883
Ministry of Munitions1915
War House1925
Min of Ag1946
Mintech1967
DOE1972
Manpower Services Commission1973
1708 E. Hatton New View London II. iv. 625 Here are the Council and Treasury Chambers, Plantation Office, or that for the Commissioners of Trade.
1748 Defoe's Tour Great Brit. (ed. 4) II. 110 Where formerly was kept the Office of the Secretary of State for Scotland, now abolished, is the Plantation-Office.
1876 New Englander (New Haven, Connecticut) Jan. 9 The capitulation of Yorktown was to the English ministry a terrible blow. Thompson saw at a glance that a near consequence of this must be the resignation of his chief and his own withdrawal from the Plantation office.
1974 18th-cent. Stud. 7 444 Besides ‘The Plantation Office,’ which he gave as his address, other members are listed in 1764, for instance, as being at ‘The Treasury,’ ‘The Secretary of State's Office’ [etc.]
plantation song n. a song of the kind formerly sung by black slaves on American plantations.
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society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > types of song > [noun] > folk-song > black
Jim Crow1832
plantation song1844
jubilee1872
slave song1881
calypso1900
kaiso1912
leggo1940
road march1951
soca1977
1844 Times 16 Sept. 3/2 Mr. Henry Russell from America, will give his vocal entertainment to-morrow evening... He will sing ‘I Love the Free’,..‘The South Carolina Plantation song of the Negro’, &c.
1933 Fortune Aug. 48/1 So far as any one can tell, jazz began with Negroes in the Deep South circa 1910. It is not very profitable to examine sources—you may easily be carried back to African rites of spring or plantation songs.
2004 Amer. Rec. Guide (Nexis) 67 14 It was he [sc. Dvorak] more than his counterparts who was inspired by the spiritual fervor of plantation songs.
Derivatives
planˈtationer n. now historical a person settled or working in a plantation or colony, a colonist; (also) the owner of a plantation.
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun]
peopler1566
planter1587
plantator1632
colonist1658
populator1664
storer1690
settler1696
white settler1754
plantationite1756
colonizer1766
colonizationist1823
colon1860
homesteader1870
plantationer1888
1888 J. Harrison Scot in Ulster iv. 56 The ‘plantationers’ came accompanied by clergymen.
1890 N. Amer. Rev. Oct. 485 The conduct of the plantationer whose slave had been beaten by a man of the master's class.
1994 Washington Post (Nexis) 19 Feb. g7 Her black cousin Bommie, brutally raped by a white plantationer.
1998 Herald (Glasgow) (Nexis) 15 Apr. 17 Many years ago Scots, including some of my forebears, were sent to the north of Ireland as plantationers, to settle and secure that region.
planˈtationite n. now historical a colonist.
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society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabitant > colonist or settler > [noun]
peopler1566
planter1587
plantator1632
colonist1658
populator1664
storer1690
settler1696
white settler1754
plantationite1756
colonizer1766
colonizationist1823
colon1860
homesteader1870
plantationer1888
1756 Monitor No. 71 II. 184 Hear ye men of Britannia! give ear ye..Plantationites! and such as dwell on the continent of America.
1940 Social Forces 19 245/2 In the early days of American colonization, however, the term, along with ‘plantationer,’ ‘plantationite,’ and ‘plantator’, was more likely to designate one who was planted or settled.
planˈtation-like adj. (and adv.)
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1862 N.Y. Times 24 Nov. 2/3 The phrase ‘never-dead’ as the negro synonym for our ‘ever green’, is peculiarly plantation-like.
1881 Fortn. Rev. Dec. 695 All about, sometimes ranged in lines plantation-like, sometimes grouped in clusters, stand innumerable stone lamps, offerings of the devout.
1927 Jrnl. Ecol. 15 144 This plantation-like appearance is less marked in the case of Harlow and other oakwoods, for they are more open, and the birch is sub-dominant.
1992 Harper's Mag. Apr. 60/2 I saw stone trim with clerestory windows, the Gothic look or Colonial homes with shutters, plantation-like spreads with columns to either side of the front door.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
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