plethoran.

Brit.

/ˈplɛθ(ə)rə/, U.S.

/ˈplɛθərə/

Forms: 1500s pletore, 1600s plethor, 1600s pletora, 1500s– plethora.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin plethora; Greek πληθώρα; French pléthore.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin plethora fullness of habit, plethora (4th cent.) and its etymon ancient Greek πληθώρα (Ionic πληθώρη ) fullness, satiety, in Hellenistic Greek also repletion of blood or humours, fullness of habit (Galen) < πλήθειν to be full < the base of πιμπλάναι to fill (see pleio- comb. form), originally via Middle French pléthore (1537 in sense 1; French pléthore ; the figurative use in sense 2 is not paralleled in French until considerably later (1791)). Compare Portuguese pletora (1601 as † plethora ), Italian pletora (1583), both earliest in medical use. Compare also earlier plethory n.For early uses of the Greek word in an English context (in quot. 1539 in a medical context, in quots. 1597, a1640 in figurative use) compare:1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) iii. i. f. 53^v Fyrste, where all the humours, beynge superfluousely increased, fylleth and extendeth the receptories of the body, as the stomake, the vaynes, and bowels, and is most properly callid fulnesse, in greke Plethora, in latine Plenitude.1597 J. Howson Serm. 24 Dec. 44 That πληθώρα, fulnes of blood in our Bishopricks.a1640 T. Jackson Μαραν Αθα (1657) 3643 We are all subject to that πληθώρα, whereof the Lord so often fore-warned Israel. In forms in -t- perhaps by association with classical Latin plētūs filled, post-classical Latin pletura repletion, plethora (4th cent.). In 18th-cent. dictionaries the word is occasionally recorded with stress on the second syllable (Bailey (1731, 1735)), apparently following the ancient Greek stress.

1. Medicine. Originally: overabundance of one or more humours, esp. blood; an instance of this. In later use: excessive volume of blood (hypervolaemia or, now rarely, polycythaemia) or excessive fullness of blood vessels (now esp. as seen on X-rays); an instance of this.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of blood > [noun] > excess of blood

plethory?a1425

plenitude1533

plethora?1541

plethorinessc1700

plerosis1811

polyaemia1846

pantoplethora1857

polyhaemia1876

?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. Giv Of cacomye y^t is coniunct w^t the vlcere, or of Pletore, or of phlegmon.

1575 J. Banister Needefull Treat. Chyrurg. f. 25 In curing these kyndes of Ulcers, the causes must first be diligently searched, to witte whether it be Plethora, Cacochymia, or Cachexia.

1659 W. Chamberlayne Pharonnida i. i. 15 Flowd to a dangerous Plethora, or where Some Cause occult the Humours did prepare For that malignant Ill.

1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ i. xliv. 99 The Antecedent Cause of Diseases is twofold, the one is called a Plethor or Plenitude.

1678 J. Shirley Short Compend. Chirurgery i. 41 The repletion of a single humour is called Cacochimy; that of more Pletora.

1714 Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) 28 273 He..dy'd in his 99th or 100th year, of a plethora, as I guess, for want of bleeding.

1797 J. Black Let. 11 Nov. in E. Robinson & D. McKie Partners in Sci. (1970) 283 I find Scotch broth when well made an excellent nourishment, especially for..those inclined to plethora or inflammatory affections.

a1816 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal (rev. ed.) iv. iii, in Wks. (1821) II. 104 Your character at present is like a person in a plethora, absolutely dying from too much health.

1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 317 When they [sc. red corpuscles] are present in an amount much above the average, they seem concerned in producing the condition termed Plethora..which borders upon various diseases.

1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 17 The redness and turgidity of plethora.

1907 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 79 267 The capillary pressure in the limbs as well as in the trunk is raised above normal by the hydræmic plethora so produced.

1931 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 12 175 Unduly large quantities of water, however, are incapable of complete absorption, and may lead..rarely even to hydremic plethora.

1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 7 Oct. 906/2 The dilation of the arch of the azygos vein (this oval-shaped opacity being visible in the right tracheobronchial angle signifying a peripheral plethora) was fairly constantly demonstrated, regressing gradually with treatment.

1978 Heart & Lung 7 810 Unilateral plethora of the upper lobe vessels in significant basal bronchiectasis of the same lung constitutes an important additional sign in the recognition of bronchiectasis on the plain chest radiograph.

1988 Sci. Amer. Aug. 91/3 Their forms are diagnostic for a variety of disorders, anemias and plethoras too.

2000 Clin. Cardiol. 23 149 Attenuation of CS [= coronary sinus] narrowing occurs in patients with congestive heart failure and inferior vena cava plethora.

†2. figurative. An unhealthy or damaging plenitude or excess of something; a state of surfeit or glut. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > superabundance

flood1340

overabundancea1382

abundancec1384

excessa1387

superfluitya1387

surcarka1400

superabundance?a1475

superfluencea1477

abundancy?1526

superfluousnessa1540

pleurisya1550

inundation1589

exsuperance1603

plethory1606

overplus1609

exuberancy1611

redoundancy1623

superabundancy1628

exsuperancy1638

exuberance1638

floodings1674

plethora1700

embarrassment1815

profligacy1834

overfullness1884

1648 J. Beaumont Psyche vii. xxvi. 97 Whose never-failing Virtue did displace Griefs vast Plethora which had her opprest.

1673 N. Grew Idea Phytol. Hist. iii. 107 Lest the Bark being spongy, should suck it up too fast, and so the Root be as it were surcharged by a Plethora.

1700 S. Patrick Comm. Deut. xxxii. 15 This was the lamentable effect of their plethora or fullness.

1809 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) III. 215 It may die of a plethora of the richest qualities of combined poetic and philosophic Genius.

1822 T. Mitchell tr. Dicast turned Gentleman in tr. Aristophanes Comedies II. 286 Great scholars, Deep-read—full to a plethora with knowledge.

1838 Times 28 Aug. 5/5 The ruthless edicts of a narrow-minded, cunning, and cowardly upstart, reeling drunk with servile adulation, swollen to plethora with plebian pride.

3. Usually with of. Originally in pejorative sense: an excessive supply, an overabundance; an undesirably large quantity. Subsequently, and more usually, in neutral or favourable sense: a very large amount, quantity, or variety.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > abundance > [noun] > an abundance

plentya1250

foison13..

abundance1340

copyc1375

fultha1400

plentya1425

murth?a1450

store1471

sonsea1500

banquet?1507

fouth1535

choice1584

horn of plenty (also abundancec1595

wealth1596

cornucopia1611

rifea1614

copia1713

bumper1759

beaucoup1760

lashings1829

plethora1835

any amount (of)1848

in galore1848

opulence1878

binder1881

lushing1890

1835 F. Marryat Olla Podrida xvii, in Metrop. Mag. We are..suffering under a plethora of capital.

1868 F. W. Farrar Seekers after God i. ii. 27 A plethora of words.

1882 Ballou's Monthly Mag. Aug. 177/1 There is a perfect plethora of white and twine-colored thick muslin, covered with this guipure.

1907 Daily Chron. 12 Oct. 9/4 As an outcome of the plethora of cheap tyres attention has been re-directed towards puncture-preventing devices.

1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 891/2 The decade between 1870 and 1880 may be termed the first Golden Age of yachting... Of races there was a plethora; indeed no fewer than 400 matches took place in 1876.

1920 K. Hara Introd. Hist. Japan p. xi Professional historians..who are already perplexedly encumbered with, and engrossed by, a superfluity of overdetailed materials and a plethora of contradictory conjectures.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 835 Such animals as the elusive jerboas and gerbils, the swift antelopes and camels, and a plethora of lizards and insects.

1956 E. J. Howard Long View iii. v. 123 An attractive woman will automatically collect a plethora of men.

1969 A. MacLean Puppet on Chain ii. 26 From this sophisticated plethora extracted a humble but essential screwdriver.

1985 M. W. Bonanno Dwellers in Crucible xv. 296 She was a flower among flowers, a unique and exotic bloom in the midst of this plethora of blossoms.

2003 KoreAm May 55/1 A flavorful medley of vegetables, the heart of this meal is the plethora of tender, savory beef.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	plethora
释义	plethoran. Brit. /ˈplɛθ(ə)rə/, U.S. /ˈplɛθərə/ Forms: 1500s pletore, 1600s plethor, 1600s pletora, 1500s– plethora. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Partly a borrowing from Greek. Partly a borrowing from French. Etymons: Latin plethora; Greek πληθώρα; French pléthore. Etymology: < post-classical Latin plethora fullness of habit, plethora (4th cent.) and its etymon ancient Greek πληθώρα (Ionic πληθώρη ) fullness, satiety, in Hellenistic Greek also repletion of blood or humours, fullness of habit (Galen) < πλήθειν to be full < the base of πιμπλάναι to fill (see pleio- comb. form), originally via Middle French pléthore (1537 in sense 1; French pléthore ; the figurative use in sense 2 is not paralleled in French until considerably later (1791)). Compare Portuguese pletora (1601 as † plethora ), Italian pletora (1583), both earliest in medical use. Compare also earlier plethory n.For early uses of the Greek word in an English context (in quot. 1539 in a medical context, in quots. 1597, a1640 in figurative use) compare:1539 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) iii. i. f. 53^v Fyrste, where all the humours, beynge superfluousely increased, fylleth and extendeth the receptories of the body, as the stomake, the vaynes, and bowels, and is most properly callid fulnesse, in greke Plethora, in latine Plenitude.1597 J. Howson Serm. 24 Dec. 44 That πληθώρα, fulnes of blood in our Bishopricks.a1640 T. Jackson Μαραν Αθα (1657) 3643 We are all subject to that πληθώρα, whereof the Lord so often fore-warned Israel. In forms in -t- perhaps by association with classical Latin plētūs filled, post-classical Latin pletura repletion, plethora (4th cent.). In 18th-cent. dictionaries the word is occasionally recorded with stress on the second syllable (Bailey (1731, 1735)), apparently following the ancient Greek stress. 1. Medicine. Originally: overabundance of one or more humours, esp. blood; an instance of this. In later use: excessive volume of blood (hypervolaemia or, now rarely, polycythaemia) or excessive fullness of blood vessels (now esp. as seen on X-rays); an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > disorders of blood > [noun] > excess of blood plethory?a1425 plenitude1533 plethora?1541 plethorinessc1700 plerosis1811 polyaemia1846 pantoplethora1857 polyhaemia1876 ?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. Giv Of cacomye y^t is coniunct w^t the vlcere, or of Pletore, or of phlegmon. 1575 J. Banister Needefull Treat. Chyrurg. f. 25 In curing these kyndes of Ulcers, the causes must first be diligently searched, to witte whether it be Plethora, Cacochymia, or Cachexia. 1659 W. Chamberlayne Pharonnida i. i. 15 Flowd to a dangerous Plethora, or where Some Cause occult the Humours did prepare For that malignant Ill. 1671 W. Salmon Synopsis Medicinæ i. xliv. 99 The Antecedent Cause of Diseases is twofold, the one is called a Plethor or Plenitude. 1678 J. Shirley Short Compend. Chirurgery i. 41 The repletion of a single humour is called Cacochimy; that of more Pletora. 1714 Philos. Trans. 1713 (Royal Soc.) 28 273 He..dy'd in his 99th or 100th year, of a plethora, as I guess, for want of bleeding. 1797 J. Black Let. 11 Nov. in E. Robinson & D. McKie Partners in Sci. (1970) 283 I find Scotch broth when well made an excellent nourishment, especially for..those inclined to plethora or inflammatory affections. a1816 R. B. Sheridan School for Scandal (rev. ed.) iv. iii, in Wks. (1821) II. 104 Your character at present is like a person in a plethora, absolutely dying from too much health. 1851 W. B. Carpenter Man. Physiol. (ed. 2) 317 When they [sc. red corpuscles] are present in an amount much above the average, they seem concerned in producing the condition termed Plethora..which borders upon various diseases. 1877 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 3) I. 17 The redness and turgidity of plethora. 1907 Proc. Royal Soc. B. 79 267 The capillary pressure in the limbs as well as in the trunk is raised above normal by the hydræmic plethora so produced. 1931 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 12 175 Unduly large quantities of water, however, are incapable of complete absorption, and may lead..rarely even to hydremic plethora. 1967 Canad. Med. Assoc. Jrnl. 7 Oct. 906/2 The dilation of the arch of the azygos vein (this oval-shaped opacity being visible in the right tracheobronchial angle signifying a peripheral plethora) was fairly constantly demonstrated, regressing gradually with treatment. 1978 Heart & Lung 7 810 Unilateral plethora of the upper lobe vessels in significant basal bronchiectasis of the same lung constitutes an important additional sign in the recognition of bronchiectasis on the plain chest radiograph. 1988 Sci. Amer. Aug. 91/3 Their forms are diagnostic for a variety of disorders, anemias and plethoras too. 2000 Clin. Cardiol. 23 149 Attenuation of CS [= coronary sinus] narrowing occurs in patients with congestive heart failure and inferior vena cava plethora. †2. figurative. An unhealthy or damaging plenitude or excess of something; a state of surfeit or glut. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > excessive amount or degree > [noun] > superabundance flood1340 overabundancea1382 abundancec1384 excessa1387 superfluitya1387 surcarka1400 superabundance?a1475 superfluencea1477 abundancy?1526 superfluousnessa1540 pleurisya1550 inundation1589 exsuperance1603 plethory1606 overplus1609 exuberancy1611 redoundancy1623 superabundancy1628 exsuperancy1638 exuberance1638 floodings1674 plethora1700 embarrassment1815 profligacy1834 overfullness1884 1648 J. Beaumont Psyche vii. xxvi. 97 Whose never-failing Virtue did displace Griefs vast Plethora which had her opprest. 1673 N. Grew Idea Phytol. Hist. iii. 107 Lest the Bark being spongy, should suck it up too fast, and so the Root be as it were surcharged by a Plethora. 1700 S. Patrick Comm. Deut. xxxii. 15 This was the lamentable effect of their plethora or fullness. 1809 S. T. Coleridge Coll. Lett. (1959) III. 215 It may die of a plethora of the richest qualities of combined poetic and philosophic Genius. 1822 T. Mitchell tr. Dicast turned Gentleman in tr. Aristophanes Comedies II. 286 Great scholars, Deep-read—full to a plethora with knowledge. 1838 Times 28 Aug. 5/5 The ruthless edicts of a narrow-minded, cunning, and cowardly upstart, reeling drunk with servile adulation, swollen to plethora with plebian pride. 3. Usually with of. Originally in pejorative sense: an excessive supply, an overabundance; an undesirably large quantity. Subsequently, and more usually, in neutral or favourable sense: a very large amount, quantity, or variety. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > quantity > sufficient quantity, amount, or degree > abundance > [noun] > an abundance plentya1250 foison13.. abundance1340 copyc1375 fultha1400 plentya1425 murth?a1450 store1471 sonsea1500 banquet?1507 fouth1535 choice1584 horn of plenty (also abundancec1595 wealth1596 cornucopia1611 rifea1614 copia1713 bumper1759 beaucoup1760 lashings1829 plethora1835 any amount (of)1848 in galore1848 opulence1878 binder1881 lushing1890 1835 F. Marryat Olla Podrida xvii, in Metrop. Mag. We are..suffering under a plethora of capital. 1868 F. W. Farrar Seekers after God i. ii. 27 A plethora of words. 1882 Ballou's Monthly Mag. Aug. 177/1 There is a perfect plethora of white and twine-colored thick muslin, covered with this guipure. 1907 Daily Chron. 12 Oct. 9/4 As an outcome of the plethora of cheap tyres attention has been re-directed towards puncture-preventing devices. 1911 Encycl. Brit. XXVIII. 891/2 The decade between 1870 and 1880 may be termed the first Golden Age of yachting... Of races there was a plethora; indeed no fewer than 400 matches took place in 1876. 1920 K. Hara Introd. Hist. Japan p. xi Professional historians..who are already perplexedly encumbered with, and engrossed by, a superfluity of overdetailed materials and a plethora of contradictory conjectures. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) II. 835 Such animals as the elusive jerboas and gerbils, the swift antelopes and camels, and a plethora of lizards and insects. 1956 E. J. Howard Long View iii. v. 123 An attractive woman will automatically collect a plethora of men. 1969 A. MacLean Puppet on Chain ii. 26 From this sophisticated plethora extracted a humble but essential screwdriver. 1985 M. W. Bonanno Dwellers in Crucible xv. 296 She was a flower among flowers, a unique and exotic bloom in the midst of this plethora of blossoms. 2003 KoreAm May 55/1 A flavorful medley of vegetables, the heart of this meal is the plethora of tender, savory beef. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.?1541
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