pinealadj.n.

Brit.

/ˈpɪnɪəl/,

/pʌɪˈniːəl/, U.S.

/ˈpaɪniəl/,

/paɪˈniəl/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pinéal.

Etymology: < French pinéal pine-cone shaped (1534 in Middle French; 1684 or earlier in glande pinéale ) < classical Latin pīnea pine cone (see pine n.²) + French -al -al suffix¹, so called with reference to the shape of the organ in humans. Compare post-classical Latin pinealis of a pine-tree, shaped like a pine-cone, conical (13th cent. in British sources: see also note below), glandula pinealis (1666 or earlier). Compare conarium n.Compare earlier use of post-classical Latin conarium pineale in an English context:1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Ti^v The first [sc. Glandule] in the Scull..is called Conarion Pineale.

Anatomy and Zoology.

A. adj.

1. Designating a small outgrowth of the brain in vertebrates, lying behind and above the third ventricle in humans and on the dorsal surface of the brain in lower vertebrates, which has an endocrine function, secretes melatonin in many vertebrates, and is typically involved in regulating sexual development, metabolism, and circadian rhythms. Chiefly in pineal body, pineal gland, †pineal kernel, pineal organ.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > pineal gland

pine kernel1598

pine-glandule1615

conarium1656

pineal gland1681

epiphysis1882

pineal1911

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [adjective] > pineal gland

pineal1681

1681 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Anat. Brain in Five Treat. xiv. 106 Pineal Glandula or Kernel in form of a Pine-apple, called also conarium [L. glandula pinealis].

1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 275. ¶4 The Pineal Gland, which many of our Modern Philosophers suppose to be the Seat of the Soul.

1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. iv. 99 Des Cartes, observing that the pineal gland is the only part of the brain that is single, was determined by this to make that gland the soul's habitation.

1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstr. Anat. 44 The upper part of each lateral boundary is the optic thalamus, with the peduncles of the pineal body extending along it.

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 343 The pineal gland..has been supposed to represent either the region of closure of the neural folds, or else, an unpaired eye.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. i. 181 The pineal body, a dark rounded body, lies in front of the optic lobes.

1958 A. B. Lerner et al. in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80 2587/1 We wish to report isolation from beef pineal glands of the active factor that can lighten skin color and inhibit MSH. It is suggested that this substance be called melatonin.

1971 J. A. Kappers in G. E. W. Wolstenholme & J. Knight Pineal Gland 22 The mammalian pineal gland is an end organ of the peripheral sympathetic system.

2002 N. Drury Dict. Esoteric 273/1 Sahasrara, in yoga, the supreme chakra or psychic centre, often identified with the pineal gland.

2. Relating to, connected with, or forming part of the pineal gland.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [adjective] > pineal gland > connected with

pineal1857

1857 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) 718/1 Pineal Gland... It almost always contains sabulous particles, Sabulum conarii, Brain Sand, Pineal Sand.

1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Pineal peduncles, the peduncles of the Pineal gland... P. ventricle, a hollow in the pineal gland, a fœtal survival.

1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) ii. 8 In many of the amphibians and reptiles there is also a single opening behind the orbits known as the pineal foramen.

1979 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 288/2 A pineal role in the photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters has been established.

1990 Sci. Amer. Apr. 119/2 The usually elevated nocturnal levels of pineal melatonin..are depressed.

B. n.

The pineal gland.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > pineal gland

pine kernel1598

pine-glandule1615

conarium1656

pineal gland1681

epiphysis1882

pineal1911

1911 Arch. Internal Med. 8 854 In enlargements of the pineal, circulatory disturbances will develop first.

1966 G. P. Wright & W. S. Symmers Systemic Pathol. II. xxxiii. 1134/1 The pineal has another endocrine role, that of secreting the melanophore-contracting hormone, melatonin.

2003 Bioelectromagnetics 24 118 Melatonin release from isolated pineals was comparable to that observed in previous studies.

Compounds

pineal eye n. Zoology a single median light-sensitive organ occurring in many reptiles, amphibians, and cyclostomes on the skull above the eyes, connected to or forming part of the pineal gland, and involved in regulating circadian rhythms; also called parietal eye.

ΚΠ

1886 Proc. Royal Soc. 40 562 Leydig's ‘frontal organ’ exists as a structure comparable to an invertebrate eye... It may, in reference to its position and structure, be perhaps best called the pineal eye.

1911 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 201 264 The pineal or parietal eye in Sphenodon is..the left-hand member of the original pair of pineal outgrowths.

2000 Jrnl. Exper. Biol. 203 1857 When the light is dimmed, the pineal eye of hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles excites the central pattern generator for swimming.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pineal
释义	pinealadj.n. Brit. /ˈpɪnɪəl/, /pʌɪˈniːəl/, U.S. /ˈpaɪniəl/, /paɪˈniəl/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French pinéal. Etymology: < French pinéal pine-cone shaped (1534 in Middle French; 1684 or earlier in glande pinéale ) < classical Latin pīnea pine cone (see pine n.²) + French -al -al suffix¹, so called with reference to the shape of the organ in humans. Compare post-classical Latin pinealis of a pine-tree, shaped like a pine-cone, conical (13th cent. in British sources: see also note below), glandula pinealis (1666 or earlier). Compare conarium n.Compare earlier use of post-classical Latin conarium pineale in an English context:1578 J. Banister Hist. Man sig. Ti^v The first [sc. Glandule] in the Scull..is called Conarion Pineale. Anatomy and Zoology. A. adj. 1. Designating a small outgrowth of the brain in vertebrates, lying behind and above the third ventricle in humans and on the dorsal surface of the brain in lower vertebrates, which has an endocrine function, secretes melatonin in many vertebrates, and is typically involved in regulating sexual development, metabolism, and circadian rhythms. Chiefly in pineal body, pineal gland, †pineal kernel, pineal organ. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > pineal gland pine kernel1598 pine-glandule1615 conarium1656 pineal gland1681 epiphysis1882 pineal1911 the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [adjective] > pineal gland pineal1681 1681 S. Pordage tr. T. Willis Anat. Brain in Five Treat. xiv. 106 Pineal Glandula or Kernel in form of a Pine-apple, called also conarium [L. glandula pinealis]. 1712 J. Addison Spectator No. 275. ¶4 The Pineal Gland, which many of our Modern Philosophers suppose to be the Seat of the Soul. 1785 T. Reid Ess. Intellect. Powers ii. iv. 99 Des Cartes, observing that the pineal gland is the only part of the brain that is single, was determined by this to make that gland the soul's habitation. 1840 G. V. Ellis Demonstr. Anat. 44 The upper part of each lateral boundary is the optic thalamus, with the peduncles of the pineal body extending along it. 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 343 The pineal gland..has been supposed to represent either the region of closure of the neural folds, or else, an unpaired eye. 1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. i. 181 The pineal body, a dark rounded body, lies in front of the optic lobes. 1958 A. B. Lerner et al. in Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 80 2587/1 We wish to report isolation from beef pineal glands of the active factor that can lighten skin color and inhibit MSH. It is suggested that this substance be called melatonin. 1971 J. A. Kappers in G. E. W. Wolstenholme & J. Knight Pineal Gland 22 The mammalian pineal gland is an end organ of the peripheral sympathetic system. 2002 N. Drury Dict. Esoteric 273/1 Sahasrara, in yoga, the supreme chakra or psychic centre, often identified with the pineal gland. 2. Relating to, connected with, or forming part of the pineal gland. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [adjective] > pineal gland > connected with pineal1857 1857 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (rev. ed.) 718/1 Pineal Gland... It almost always contains sabulous particles, Sabulum conarii, Brain Sand, Pineal Sand. 1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Pineal peduncles, the peduncles of the Pineal gland... P. ventricle, a hollow in the pineal gland, a fœtal survival. 1958 W. E. Swinton Fossil Amphibians & Reptiles (ed. 2) ii. 8 In many of the amphibians and reptiles there is also a single opening behind the orbits known as the pineal foramen. 1979 McGraw-Hill Yearbk. Sci. & Technol. 288/2 A pineal role in the photoperiodic control of reproduction in hamsters has been established. 1990 Sci. Amer. Apr. 119/2 The usually elevated nocturnal levels of pineal melatonin..are depressed. B. n. The pineal gland. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > gland > specific glands > [noun] > pineal gland pine kernel1598 pine-glandule1615 conarium1656 pineal gland1681 epiphysis1882 pineal1911 1911 Arch. Internal Med. 8 854 In enlargements of the pineal, circulatory disturbances will develop first. 1966 G. P. Wright & W. S. Symmers Systemic Pathol. II. xxxiii. 1134/1 The pineal has another endocrine role, that of secreting the melanophore-contracting hormone, melatonin. 2003 Bioelectromagnetics 24 118 Melatonin release from isolated pineals was comparable to that observed in previous studies. Compounds pineal eye n. Zoology a single median light-sensitive organ occurring in many reptiles, amphibians, and cyclostomes on the skull above the eyes, connected to or forming part of the pineal gland, and involved in regulating circadian rhythms; also called parietal eye. ΚΠ 1886 Proc. Royal Soc. 40 562 Leydig's ‘frontal organ’ exists as a structure comparable to an invertebrate eye... It may, in reference to its position and structure, be perhaps best called the pineal eye. 1911 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 201 264 The pineal or parietal eye in Sphenodon is..the left-hand member of the original pair of pineal outgrowths. 2000 Jrnl. Exper. Biol. 203 1857 When the light is dimmed, the pineal eye of hatchling Xenopus laevis tadpoles excites the central pattern generator for swimming. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1681
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