photo-comb. form

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: Before a vowel also phot-

Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ϕωτο-.

Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek ϕωτο-, combining form (in e.g. ϕωτολαμπής blazing with light) of ancient Greek ϕωτ-, ϕῶς light, of uncertain origin. Compare scientific Latin photo- (formations in which are found from at least the second half of the 18th cent.), French photo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 19th cent.), German photo- (formations in which are found from at least the late 19th cent.).Formations in English are found sporadically from the second half of the 17th cent., apparently earliest in photosphere n., and more frequently from the 19th cent. onwards. With sense 2 it is not always possible to tell whether a particular formation is a use of the combining form, or of photo n. The following may illustrate productivity of the form in Greek or Latin:1779 Encycl. Brit. IV. 2450/2 The Greeks and Latins called this art [sc. the art of drawing dials] gnomonica and sciatherica, by reason it distinguishes the hours by the shadow of a gnomon. Some call it photo-sciatherica, by reason the hours are sometimes shewn by the light of the sun.

1. Of or relating to light.

photoact n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtəʊakt/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌækt/

Biochemistry = photoaction n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes

photoassimilation1922

photoinactivation1938

photoact1940

photoreactivation1949

photoaction1951

photoreversal1951

photoreactivability1952

photoreversibility1954

photoprotection1958

photorepair1967

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoaction

photoact1940

photoaction1951

1940 New Phytologist 39 35 For one photo-act there is available a quantum energy.

1989 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 323 370 After a successful photoact light reactions were closed for a certain ‘dead’ time.

photoaction n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊˈakʃn/

/ˈfəʊtəʊˌakʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈækʃ(ə)n/

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌækʃ(ə)n/

Biochemistry a molecular reaction caused by light; = photoact n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes

photoassimilation1922

photoinactivation1938

photoact1940

photoreactivation1949

photoaction1951

photoreversal1951

photoreactivability1952

photoreversibility1954

photoprotection1958

photorepair1967

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoaction

photoact1940

photoaction1951

1951 Science 16 Nov. 527/1 The photo-action of p-benzoquinone..and oxygen..on 1:2-benzoxanthen.

1995 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 270 27939/1 Both hemes A and O represented functional cytochromes..as can be seen from..photoaction spectra of CO-inhibited O₂ uptake.

† photo-aesthetic adj. Biology Obsolete rare relating to the perception of light; photoreceptive.

ΚΠ

1880 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 15 137 Ascribing to the marginal bodies of the Hydroid Medusae a photo-aesthetic function.

photobacterium n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bakˈtɪərɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊbækˈtɪriəm/

Biology a bioluminescent bacterium.

ΚΠ

1895 Sandusky (Ohio) Reg. 12 Mar. 6/5 There are entire species of marine and terrestrial bacteria that are luminous. The photobacteria are found on the surfaces of fish and crustaceans.

1997 New Scientist 19 July 20/1 Like all photobacteria, R. sphaeroides has two sources of energy, and can switch between photosynthesis using carbon dioxide and oxygen respiration.

photobiotic adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊbaɪˈɑdɪk/

Botany (of a plant) living in the light; utilizing light as a source of energy, phototrophic.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Photobiotic, living habitually in the light; said of a class of plant-cells.

1967 Science 8 Sept. 1191/2 Light-starved photobiotic euglenas show chloroplast shrinkage.

1995 Systematic Bot. 20 225/1 The importance of the photobiotic difference as a diagnostic character between Ionaspis and Hymenelia.

photocrosslinking n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)krɒsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌkrɔsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌkrɑsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/

Chemistry cross-linking of polymer chains under the influence of light.

ΚΠ

1959 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 81 5543/1 Examples of such phenomena are demonstrated in the present paper by photocrosslinking and photodegradation of certain high polymers where the macromolecules are connected by metal ions.

2001 Polymer Engin. & Sci. (Nexis) 41 1220 These two new photoinitiators are promising for industrial applications of the photocrosslinking of polyolefins.

photodecompose v.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)diːkəmˈpəʊz/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌdikəmˈpoʊz/

Chemistry (a) transitive, to cause to decompose by the action of light; = photolyse v. 1; (b) intransitive, to undergo photodecomposition; = photolyse v. 2.

ΚΠ

1940 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 175 207 It is shown by utilizing the para-hydrogen conversion that photodecomposing ammonia has no effect on the stationary hydrogen atom concentration of the conversion.

1981 Jrnl. Agric. & Food Chem. 29 125 This acid photodecomposed more slowly to carbon dioxide, chloride, and unidentified organic fragments.

1996 FEBS Lett. 396 243 Under irradiation at 312 nm, the molecule is photodecomposed.

2001 Chem. Engin. (Nexis) 1 May 59 When linked up with the metal and exposed to ultraviolet light, the pollutants photodecompose 35, 120 and 164 times faster, respectively.

photodecomposition n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)diːkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌdiˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/

decomposition caused by the action of light.

ΚΠ

1889 R. Meldola Chem. Photogr. ii. 52 It is known that moisture accelerates the photo-decomposition.

1927 Science 14 Oct. 360/2 Other photochemical reactions such as the photo-decomposition of hydrogen peroxide.

1993 R. L. Zimdahl Fund. Weed Sci. xiv. 305 It is well established that many herbicides..and nitrogen-containing compounds undergo photodecomposition.

photodermatic adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dəˈmatɪk/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊdərˈmædɪk/

now rare relating to or involving skin that is sensitive to light.

ΚΠ

1887 Amer. Naturalist 21 383 He..admits that ‘photodermatic’ perception may accompany the optic sense.

1889 Nature 15 Aug. 384/2 Although these mollusks possess no eyes, they display extreme sensibility to light... It also appears that the photodermatic (receptive) function is stimulated by luminous vibrations from without.

1908 M. Yearsley tr. A. H. Forel Senses of Insects iv. 43 The sensations or perceptions called dermatopic, or, better, photodermatic, studied by means of the so-called photokinetic reaction of animals.

photodestruction n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dᵻˈstrʌkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊdəˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/

/ˌfoʊdoʊdiˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/

Biology destruction of an enzyme or other molecule by the action of light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > damage caused by

photodestruction1935

photodamage1960

1935 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 22 826 Three classes of enzymes depending on the part that oxygen plays in their photodestruction.

1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere ix. 371 The minimum in the altitude concentration profile of nitric oxide with altitude near to 70 km is evidently a reflection more of the variation of production rate with altitude than of the variation of the photodestruction rate.

1999 Science (Nexis) 12 Mar. 1676 Photodestruction of fluorophores is one of the most important yet least understood processes that affect the application of fluorescence in biology.

photodisintegration n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dɪsɪntᵻˈɡreɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊdɪsˌɪn(t)əˈɡreɪʃ(ə)n/

Nuclear Physics and Astronomy the breaking up of an atomic nucleus by the action of a gamma ray photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > gamma radiation > [noun] > ray of > involved in breaking up nucleus

photodisintegration1935

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 481 The next point of interest is the probability of the ‘photo’-disintegration.

1968 D. D. Clayton Princ. Stellar Evol. & Nucleosynthesis vii. 519 What happens then, as the temperature rises, may be described as a redistribution of loosely bound nucleons into more tightly bound states. We choose to call this process..photodisintegration rearrangement.

1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 149/2 Nuclear reactions would first become possible as a result of the capture of neutrons by protons to make deuterium nuclei; these would have been destroyed at higher temperatures by photodisintegration.

photodrome n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)drəʊm/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌdroʊm/

rare (now historical) an instrument for producing the appearance of a moving image by means of a flashing light projected on to a number of rapidly revolving discs bearing painted figures (cf. phenakistoscope n., zoetrope n.).

ΚΠ

1872–5 Cassell's Pop. Educator (rev. ed.) VI. 233/1 It..will not only show the pretty effects of Mr. Rose's kalotrope, but also those of his more elaborate contrivance, called the photodrome, or light-runner.

2000 S. Herbert Hist. Pre-cinema I. p. xxiv A collection of pieces..describing such optical wonders as the Kalotrope, Astrometroscope, and Photodrome.

photoeffect n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtəʊᵻfɛkt/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊəˌfɛk(t)/

/ˈfoʊdoʊiˌfɛk(t)/

Physics a photoelectric effect, esp. the emission of an electron from an atom, or a nucleon from a nucleus, by the action of a photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > ionization produced by electromagnetic radiation > process or condition

photoelectric effect1892

photoeffect1903

internal conversion1905

photoelectric absorption1921

photo-detachment1943

photoejection1964

1903 Encycl. Brit. XXXV. Index 729/4 Photo-effect.

1913 H. S. Allen Photo-electricity i. 8 For substances which show only a ‘normal’ photo-effect the specific photo-electric activity increases continuously as the wave-length diminishes.

1960 R. H. Bube Photoconductivity of Solids i. 2 Two new photoeffects were discovered in the early 1930s. In 1931, Dember..reported that a potential difference was developed in cuprous oxide in the direction of the light.

1996 Physical Rev. B. 54 7662/2 A single transverse mode (TEM₀₀) CO₂ laser was used to excite the photoeffect in the junction... A Si photodiode..was used to induce the negative photoeffect.

photoejection n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊᵻˈdʒɛkʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊəˈdʒɛkʃ(ə)n/

/ˌfoʊdoʊiˈdʒɛkʃ(ə)n/

ejection of a subatomic particle as a result of the absorption of a photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > ionization produced by electromagnetic radiation > process or condition

photoelectric effect1892

photoeffect1903

internal conversion1905

photoelectric absorption1921

photo-detachment1943

photoejection1964

1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 542 Photoejection of the weakly bound neutrons by the ambient gamma-ray flux.

1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere i. 2 The photoejection of electrons from a metal surface irradiated with monochromatic..light.

1996 Bioelectrochem. & Bioenergetics 39 263 The photoejection of an electron occurs due to stepwise two-photon absorption by the dihydropyridine via its fluorescent state.

photoelectromagnetic adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊᵻlɛktrə(ʊ)maɡˈnɛtɪk/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊəˌlɛktroʊmæɡˈnɛdɪk/

/ˌfoʊdoʊiˌlɛktroʊmæɡˈnɛdɪk/

Physics = photomagnetoelectric adj.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > [adjective] > specific effect in some solids

photomagnetoelectric1934

photoelectromagnetic1953

photomagnetic1959

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > photovoltaics > [adjective] > affected by magnetic field

photomagnetoelectric1934

photoelectromagnetic1953

photomagnetic1959

1953 Proc. Physical Soc. B. 66 743 If the slab [of germanium] is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of illumination, a voltage is produced at right angles to both field and illumination (photoelectromagnetic effect).

1992 Microelectronics Jrnl. 23 305/2 This is due to..the ability to use the material for any type of photodetector-photoconductor, photodiode, Dember and photoelectromagnetic detector.

photoenvironment n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊᵻnˈvʌɪrə(n)m(ə)nt/

/ˌfəʊtəʊᵻnˈvʌɪrn̩m(ə)nt/

/ˌfəʊtəʊɛnˈvʌɪrə(n)m(ə)nt/

/ˌfəʊtəʊɛnˈvʌɪrn̩m(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊənˈvaɪrə(n)mənt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊənˈvaɪ(ə)rnmənt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊɛnˈvaɪrə(n)mənt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊɛnˈvaɪ(ə)rnmənt/

the environment in respect of light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > environment formed by

photoenvironment1965

the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [noun] > types of > by means of light > environment formed by light

photoenvironment1965

1965 M. Evenari in E. J. Bowen Recent Progress in Photobiol. v. 161 The ocean of light which constitutes the photoenvironment.

1973 Nature 6 July 37/1 The adrenal cortex, thyroid and pineal of birds are affected by the photoenvironment.

2003 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 24 May 12 Special swing doors, painted in pastel colours, have been constructed to usher you in and out of different photoenvironments.

photoequilibrium n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊiːkwᵻˈlɪbrɪəm/

/ˌfəʊtəʊɛkwᵻˈlɪbrɪəm/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌɛkwəˈlɪbriəm/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌikwəˈlɪbriəm/

a state of equilibrium in regard to the effect of incident light, e.g. in a photochemical reaction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [noun] > state of equilibrium

photoequilibrium1906

flicker fusion1936

flicker-fusion frequency1944

1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-equilibrium.

1924 H. S. Taylor Treat. Physical Chem. II. xviii. 1239 With constant illumination, between reaction temperatures of 50 and 800° C., the photo-equilibrium is the same, regardless of the gas temperature.

1962 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 66 2472/2 In reversible photoisomerizations photoequilibrium is established when the rates of the two opposing photoreactions A ⇌ B under the action of the particular photoactive light used, are equal.

2000 Crop Sci. (Nexis) 1 Nov. 1673 The relative amounts of far-red (FR) and red light (R) received by the phytochrome system in growing plants affects the photoequilibrium between the R-absorbing form..and the FR-absorbing form.

photofabrication n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fabrᵻˈkeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌfæbrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/

manufacture involving the action of light on a material; spec. the manufacture of integrated circuits by photolithography.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > hologram > production or use of

holography1964

photofabrication1967

1967 Sci. Amer. Apr. 47 Photofabrication starts with drawings and by chemistry and optics transforms them into the objects, usually with a linear reduction in scale.

1980 Chem. in Brit. 16 470/3 Photocrosslinkable or dimerisable polymers are used mainly in the preparation of printed and integrated circuits (photo-resists) and in photofabrication.

2004 Jrnl. Materials Processing Technol. 149 460 Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as photoetching, photofabrication or photochemical milling, is a non-traditional manufacturing method based on the combination of photoresist imaging and chemical etching.

photofission n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈfɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪʃ(ə)n/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪʒ(ə)n/

Nuclear Physics fission of a nucleus caused by a gamma-ray photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > by gamma-ray photon

photofission1939

1939 Physical Rev. 56 449/2 We can form an estimate of the cross section for photo-fission by comparison with the yields of photoneutrons.

2000 Nature 16 Mar. 239/2 Photofission has been studied with radio-frequency accelerators since they were invented decades ago.

photoformer n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)fɔːmə/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌfɔrmər/

Electronics an apparatus for generating a voltage corresponding to a given curve, incorporating a cathode ray tube, a photoelectric cell, and an intervening opaque mask with an edge cut to the shape of the curve.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > electronic instruments > [noun] > device generating specific wave-shapes

photoformer1949

1949 Electronics Feb. 100/1 The Photoformer, as it is called since it generates waveshapes through the use of a cathode-ray tube and phototube, is fed with a sawtooth voltage of the desired frequency.

1965 Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) i. 38 Figure 3 shows how an analogue computer is used to resolve such a curve into its components... A voltage generated from the curve by a photoformer is compared with the sum of exponentials generated in the computer.

photo-generated adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnəreɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛnəˌreɪdəd/

generated by the action of light, esp. in a photochemical reaction.

ΚΠ

1942 Jrnl. Org. Chem. 7 474 Both [reactions] would also lead to the chain begun by the photo-generated HS radical.

1976 Science 26 Aug. 853/3 A major factor limiting solar cell efficiency is the tendency of the photogenerated holes to become trapped in the silicon before reaching the Schottky junction.

1993 European Jrnl. Phycol. 28 51/1 The most obvious source is photo-generated reductant which is most likely to be involved in the process of nitrite reduction.

photoinactivation n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnaktᵻˈveɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˌæktəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/

Biochemistry destruction of the biological activity of an enzyme, virus, etc., by light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes

photoassimilation1922

photoinactivation1938

photoact1940

photoreactivation1949

photoaction1951

photoreversal1951

photoreactivability1952

photoreversibility1954

photoprotection1958

photorepair1967

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoinactivation

photoinactivation1938

1938 Recueil des Travaux Bot. Néerlandais 35 12 The decrease of the curvature with auxin-a by light must be ascribed to the photo-inactivation of the auxin-a-lactone.

1973 Biochemistry 12 2540/2 Studies..on the photoinactivation of a purified bovine kidney mutarotase were undertaken.

2000 AIDS Weekly (Nexis) 13 Nov. 25 Both cell-free and cell-associated HIV can be eliminated in plasma by a filtration/methylene blue photoinactivation system.

photoinitiated adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻˈnɪʃiˌeɪdᵻd/

Chemistry (of a chemical reaction) initiated by light.

ΚΠ

1951 Jrnl. Polymer Sci. 7 243 (title) Photoinitiated free radical polymerization of vinyl compounds in aqueous solution.

2003 Biomacromolecules 4 1327 We investigated the mechanism involved in the photoinitiated cross-linking of the polyester.

photoinitiator n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻˈnɪʃiˌeɪdər/

Chemistry a substance which, under the influence of light, acts as the initiator of a chemical reaction by passing on the energy it absorbs to one of the reactants.

ΚΠ

1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 1063/2 Di-t-butyl peroxide proved to be an excellent photoinitiator in these experiments.

2002 Nature 2 May 28/3 The process begins with a mixture of liquid crystal, a polymer-forming monomer, an ultraviolet-absorbing dye and a photo-initiator.

photokeratitis n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kɛrəˈtʌɪtᵻs/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌkɛrəˈtaɪdᵻs/

Medicine inflammation of the cornea, or damage to the corneal epithelium, caused by overexposure to light, esp. in the ultraviolet range.

ΚΠ

1969 Amer. Jrnl. Optometry & Arch. Amer. Acad. Optometry 46 569 Subliminal exposures repeated at intervals of a few minutes to an hour or more within a 24-hour period are simply additive in producing photokeratitis.

1991 Lancet 25 May 1284/2 Solar UV radiation may cause acute photokeratitis (snowblindness).

2002 Observer 18 Aug. (Mag.) 61/4 You have eye sunburn—aka photokeratitis.

photoneutral adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈnjuːtr(ə)l/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈn(j)utrəl/

unaffected in some respect by light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [adjective] > unaffected by

insensitive1871

photoneutral1950

1950 O. F. Curtis & D. G. Clark Introd. Plant Physiol. xx. 630 Some plants are evidently highly indifferent to the photoperiod with respect to their flowering behavior and will flower over almost any photoperiod ranging from a 5-hr daily exposure to a 24-hr, or continuous, exposure. Some of the plants that fall into this indeterminate, or photoneutral, group are buckwheat, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and dandelion.

1995 Jrnl. Neurogenetics 10 119 The transition from negative phototaxis toward photoneutral behavior characteristic of the wandering third instar larva.

photoneutron n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈnjuːtrɒn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈn(j)uˌtrɑn/

Nuclear Physics a neutron released from a nucleus by the action of a gamma-ray photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > neutron > released by photon

photoneutron1935

1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 488 The angular distribution of the photo-neutrons from beryllium was investigated.

1992 Health Physics 62 359/1 This neutron field is produced by photoneutrons generated in the metal portion of the shield when the primary X-ray beam is aimed at the barrier.

photopeak n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)piːk/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpik/

Nuclear Physics a peak in a curve representing the energy distribution of photons scattered or emitted by a substance.

ΚΠ

1945 S. Benzer Photoelectr. Effects in Germanium (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Publication Board PB 28644) 3 In exploring germanium samples for their rectification at different points, uncommon current-voltage characteristics are sometimes observed. There are two types which are of particular interest because of their sensitivity to light... K. Lark-Horovitz has given the descriptive names ‘photodiode’ and ‘photopeak’ to these characteristics.

1961 G. R. Choppin Exper. Nucl. Chem. vii. 101 The increase in crystal dimensions results in an increase of the photopeak intensity at the expense of the Compton distribution.

2000 Limnol. & Oceanogr. 45 712/2 Uranium-238 activity in sediments was estimated by the 63.3 keV photopeak.

photoperimeter n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)pəˈrɪmᵻtə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊpəˈrɪmədər/

Ophthalmology rare = perimeter n. 2.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photoperimeter.

photophosphorescent adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fɒsfəˈrɛsnt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌfɑsfəˈrɛs(ə)nt/

becoming luminescent on exposure to light.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Photophosphorescent, exhibiting phosphorescence under the action of light.

1989 Material Handling Engin. (Nexis) Sept. 73 Some photophosphorescent inks, visible under black or ultraviolet light, are used for blind coding product.

2000 Wausau (Wisconsin) Daily Herald (Nexis) 19 Mar. 1 d The patron has time to pose against a photo-phosphorescent wall before a burst of light sets aglow everything that's not in the shadow area.

photophosphorylation n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fɒsfɒrᵻˈleɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊfɑsˌfɔrəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/

Biochemistry the process by which plants and certain microoganisms use light energy to produce ATP from ADP, without the need for oxidative reactions.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photophosphorylation

photophosphorylation1956

1954 D. I. Arnon et al. in Nature 28 Aug. 394/1 Evidence has now been obtained that whole chloroplasts..have the ability to carry out..photosynthetic phosphorylation, a term which we use for the conversion of light energy into the high-energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without the participation of respiration.]

1956 Plant Physiol. 31 p. xxx/2 (heading) The mechanism of cell-free, bacterial photophosphorylation.

1971 M. F. Mallette et al. Introd. Biochem. xviii. 646 Photosystem 1, the longer wave length photosystem, has been associated with the reduction of NADP⁺ and with photophosphorylation. Photosystem 2 is related to dissociation of water and the evolution of oxygen.

1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) vii. 377 (heading) In plants and cyanobacteria, noncyclic photophosphorylation produces both NADPH and ATP.

2000 Science (Nexis) 21 Jan. 435 The aqueous lumen (where protons for photophosphorylation accumulate).

photopigment n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈpɪɡm(ə)nt/

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌpɪɡm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈpɪɡmənt/

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpɪɡmənt/

Biology a pigment (e.g. in the eye) which is chemically responsive to light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > pigment > [noun] > human or animal pigments > others

urohaematin1863

respiratory pigment1877

stercobilin1880

oxyluciferin1919

wear-and tear-pigment1928

photopigment1937

porphyropsin1937

erythrolabe1958

cryptochrome1978

1937 Nature 25 Sept. 545/2 The familiar Purkinje effect, for which clearly the extracted photo-pigments form an adequate chemical basis.

1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxiv. 364 It [sc. colour blindness] is an inherited condition,..and is probably due to the absence of one of the two photopigments normally found in the foveal cones.

2000 Red Herring Dec. 352/2 Most people are trichromats, with retinas having three kinds of color sensors, called cone photopigments—those for red, green, and blue.

photopile n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pʌɪl/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpaɪl/

Physics a device that produces a voltage in response to incident light.

ΚΠ

a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 675/1 (caption) Bell's photopile of receiver.

1908 J. Erskine-Murray tr. E. Ruhmer Wireless Teleph. i. iii. 20 A telephone, in circuit with a photopile..would reproduce the sound by which the light was in the first instance thrown into vibration.

1983 Internat. Jrnl. Energy Res. 7 137 The energy balance for the hydrogen production using the mentioned cycles is compared with a direct electrolytic water-splitting process working with thermopiles or photopiles solar plants as electricity source.

photopotential n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)pəˈtɛnʃl/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊpəˈtɛn(t)ʃ(ə)l/

an electric potential generated by light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > electrical potential > [noun] > generated by light

photopotential1913

1913 Science 26 Dec. 936/1 The relation between photo-potentials and frequency.

1924 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 28 333 If the silver iodide coating was not too thick on the electrode he found that the photo-potential was always positive.

2001 Laser Focus World (Nexis) 1 July 155 It produces a photopotential along the length and across the width of the junction.

photoprotein n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈprəʊtiːn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈproʊˌtin/

Biology any of various proteins which emit light.

ΚΠ

1966 Shimomura & Johnson in F. H. Johnson & Y. Haneda Bioluminescence in Progress 495 Solutions of the protein, for which the general term ‘photoprotein’ is suggested, show a fluorescence maximum at 458 mμ when excited at 350 mμ.

1975 Nature 17 July 236/2 The photoprotein aequorin (molecular weight about 30,000) isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea aequorea emits blue light.

2000 Nature 18 May 291/3 Several other members of the coelenterate group of marine invertebrates have Ca²⁺-activated photoproteins.

photoproton n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈprəʊtɒn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈproʊˌtɑn/

Nuclear Physics a proton released from a nucleus by the action of a gamma-ray photon.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > released by photon

photoproton1935

1935 J. Chadwick & M. Goldhaber in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 480 The experimental arrangement for the detection of the protons released from deuterium, which we may for convenience call ‘photo’-protons, was as follows.

1975 K. G. McNeill et al. in H. Jochim & B. Ziegler Interaction Stud. in Nuclei 451 Predictions have been made of the angular distributions of the photoprotons emitted from ⁴⁰Ca and going to the ground state of ³⁹K.

1994 Physical Rev. C. 49 991 The presence of photoprotons obscures the identification of ternary protons while ⁶He particles were observed clearly.

photoreaction n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rɪˈakʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈækʃ(ə)n/

a reaction or response produced by light; spec. a photochemical reaction.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > study of chemical action of light > photochemical reaction

photoreaction1909

1909 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 95 442 That most remarkable photo-reaction which Marckwald..has named phototropy.

1948 H. A. Borthwick et al. in A. E. Murneek & R. O. Whyte Vernalization & Photoperiodism 71 Knowledge has been obtained by physical methods about photoreactions that regulate the concentrations of compounds in photoperiodically sensitive plants of both the long-day and short-day types.

1991 A. Milne Fate of Dinosaurs (BNC) 35 Chlorophyll depends naturally on light, CO₂, humidity and warmth, although primary photoreaction proceeds at the same rate regardless of temperature.

photoreactive adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rɪˈaktɪv/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈæktɪv/

exhibiting or characterized by a photoreaction.

ΚΠ

1926 Science 10 Sept. 260/1 Photo-responsive movements are due to a photo-reactive substance.

1986 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 261 9094/2 We demonstrate the use of a new iodinatable, cleavable, photoreactive cross-linking agent.

2003 Ecologist May 38/1 In Japan photo-reactive nanocrystals are being developed for more efficient solar cell production.

photoshock n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ʃɒk/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌʃɑk/

[in sense (a) after French photo-choc (P. Cossa & H. Gastaut 1949, in Ann. médico-psychol. 107 187)] (a) a flash or series of flashes of light used as part of shock therapy (now rare); (b) Zoology a negative response to light on the part of a phototactic organism.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [noun] > shock treatments

shock therapy1917

insulin treatment1938

photoshock1953

1953 Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 109 744/1 Although the method for producing convulsions (photoshock) presented here may be considered similar to that of Metrazol shock, it is our impression that this modified procedure has several possible advantages.

1955 Sci. News Let. 21 May 325/1 Instead of electric current, a flashing light is used for ‘photo-shock’ treatment.

1993 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 120 733 A new mutant strain of Chlamydomonas..has been identified which is defective in phototaxis. This strain swims with a rate and straightness of path comparable with that of wild-type cells, and retains the photoshock response.

2001 D. Bray Cell Movements (ed. 2) iii. 38 The photoshock response is produced by a stronger stimulus than that sufficient to elicit phototaxis.

photostationary adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃn̩(ə)ri/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃən(ə)ri/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈsteɪʃəˌnɛri/

Chemistry designating or characterized by a state of equilibrium in a photochemical reaction in which the rate of dissociation of the reactants equals their rate of recombination.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [adjective] > of chemical action of light > of) accelerated (reaction) > in a state of equilibrium

photostationary1924

1924 Trans. Faraday Soc. 20 112 The decomposition of sulphur dioxide gas under the action of light radiated from a uviol mercury lamp has been investigated, and the resulting photostationary state, characteristic of a given set of conditions, determined.

1956 Science 4 May 795/1 These molecules are coresponsible for changes in the absorption spectrum of illuminated chlorophyll solutions in the photostationary state.

1987 A. Nickon & E. F. Silversmith Org. Chem.: Name Game iii. 43 This irradiation produced a Z-rich photostationary mixture that transported ions..from water to organic media.

photosurface n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsəːfᵻs/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈsərfəs/

†(a) a surface that emits light, a luminous surface (obsolete rare); (b) a surface that emits electrons when illuminated.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle avoiding strong interaction > electron > [noun] > emission by action of incident light > surface affected by

photosurface1864

1864 Proc. Royal Soc. 1863–4 13 493 These nebulæ, or at least their photosurfaces, must be regarded as enormous masses of luminous gas or vapour.

1939 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 85 472/2 The optical picture to be transmitted is focused on a continuous transparent photo-surface.

1970 Proc. IEEE 58 1794/1 The AgOCs photocathode, the only photosurface to give appreciable response beyond 1 micron until recently.

1987 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 38 1112 The photo-surface in xerography is an electrostatically-charged plate.

† phototelephone n. Obsolete rare = photophone n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries.

ΚΠ

1890 Cent. Dict. Phototelephone, same as photophone.

phototelephony n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tᵻˈlɛfəni/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tᵻˈlɛfn̩i/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊtəˈlɛfəni/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtɛləˌfoʊni/

rare telephony in which the signal is transmitted by modulating light waves.

ΚΠ

1921 ‘C. Blayre’ Purple Sapphire 58 It is well known that he was engaged in researches upon the development of photo-telephony, and his Observatory was fitted with an arc-light apparatus of exceptionally high voltage.

1921 Nature 27 Oct. 276/1 In phototelephony there are imposed upon a projected beam of light fluctuations of intensity which correspond to the sound-vibrations associated with speech.

1971 Soviet Jrnl. Optical Technol. 38 17 It [sc. a prism] is usually used to reflect a beam back on itself, primarily in phototelephony.

photothermic adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈθəːmɪk/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈθərmɪk/

/ˌfoʊdəˈθərmɪk/

Science relating to both light and heat; relating to the production of heat by or with light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [adjective] > in relation to other fields

magneto-optical1848

electro-optical1850

magneto-optic1850

electro-optic1878

photodynamic1882

photophysical1889

photothermic1891

photodynamical1938

optoelectronic1955

photoacoustic1970

optoacoustic1971

the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [adjective] > radiant > of light-rays

photothermic1891

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > transmission of heat > [adjective] > relating to heat and light

photothermic1891

1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 359 The photothermic energy in the luminous spectrum.

1942 Ecol. Monogr. 12 358/1 Photo-thermic reaction. Tendency for reaction to light may be reversed or eradicated by temperatures above or below certain limits.

1976 Chem. Week (Nexis) 21 July 34 In the high-growth technologies are four of major chemical interest: photothermic compositions, plant growth retarders, catalytic mufflers, and tissue culturing.

1992 Biol. Structures & Morphogenesis 4 30/1 Influence of long and short photothermic stimulations on gonadotropic activity seems to be mediated via [the] hypothalamic-pituitary system.

phototransformation n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)transfəˈmeɪʃn/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)trɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃn/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tranzfəˈmeɪʃn/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)trɑːnzfəˈmeɪʃn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌtræn(t)sfərˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/

transformation of a chemical compound effected by light.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > study of chemical action of light > transformation by action of light

phototransformation1962

1962 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 66 2470 The results indicate the occurrence of consecutive and concurrent phototransformations and thermal interconversions between stereoisomers of the colored modification.

1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants vi. 215 The phototransformation of phytochrome may very rapidly lead to an alteration of membrane properties.

2003 Environmental Sci. & Technol. 37 1061 Phototransformation was identified as the main elimination process of diclofenac in the lake water.

phototransient n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtranzɪənt/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnzɪənt/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtransɪənt/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnsɪənt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtræn(t)ʃ(ə)nt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtrænʒ(ə)nt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtrænziənt/

Chemistry a short-lived molecular species produced by irradiation.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > production by > product of > transient

phototransient1973

1973 Physics Bull. July 431/1 It is obvious that for light induced species with large lifetimes, a simple dc method would suffice to measure their absorption. However, with the short lifetimes associated with excited states, the changes occurring in dc current by the absorption of the phototransient will be much smaller than the noise.

1975 Nature 25 Dec. 767/2 Evidence was obtained that this phenomenon is a consequence of an overlap from a shorter lived phototransient (maximum about 530 nm) which is the precursor of the 410-nm species.

2000 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 122 389/1 On pyrolysis of the model compound, pyrenebutanoic acid.., phototransients assigned to the viologen radical ion..and the pyrene radical cation..were observed.

2. Of or relating to photography; involving or using photography or processes used in photography.In the early 20th cent. sometimes used in relation to motion pictures.

photochart n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)tʃɑːt/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrt/

ΚΠ

1894 Athenæum 4 Aug. 165/3 Comparing the present photo-charts [of stars] with others obtained by the same processes after the lapse of several years.

1977 Time 9 May 21/2 A costly piece of equipment..continues to receive signals from a U.S. satellite, and dutifully churns out a daily photochart of the weather pattern for all of Southeast Asia.

1995 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 9 May 12 Shoreline's photocharts show coastal anomalies as they really are.

photo-cyclist n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsʌɪklɪst/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈsaɪkləst/

ΚΠ

1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-chart, -cyclist.

photo-equipment n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊᵻˈkwɪpm(ə)nt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊəˈkwɪpmənt/

/ˌfoʊdoʊiˈkwɪpmənt/

ΚΠ

1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 427 A dozen African explorers could be fitted out with the now indispensable photo-equipment.

1957 Industr. & Labor Relations Rev. 10 494/1 Tests were developed for three ground crew specialties: photo-equipment repairman, autopilot specialist, and weapons mechanic.

1996 Newsweek 12 Feb. 46/1 Kodak and four other major photo-equipment makers—Nikon, Minolta, Fuji and Canon—have a lot riding on the answer.

photo-facsimile n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fakˈsɪmᵻli/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fakˈsɪml̩i/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌfækˈsɪməli/

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photographic facsimile

photo-facsimile1896

1896 Periodical No. 1. 4 The unique MS...has been reproduced..in photo-facsimile and type-transliteration.

1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxiii. 1 Photofacsimile systems reproduce the subject copy on photographic papers or films.

1973 Nature 16 Feb. 434/2 His youthful German collaborator made a fair copy of Copernicus's precious autograph (now splendidly reproduced in photofacsimile).

1995 M. Monmonier Drawing Line Introd. 3 Where helpful and practicable, I include photofacsimiles that let the maps speak for themselves.

photo-miniature n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmɪnᵻtʃə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɪn(i)əˌtʃʊ(ə)r/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɪn(i)ətʃər/

ΚΠ

1866 Sci. Amer. 17 Feb. 119/1 The photo-miniature—Beecher's formula.

1918 Times 27 Nov. 7/1 A complete copy of the Koran, produced in photo-miniature by a Scotch firm.

1999 Charlotte Observer (North Carolina) (Nexis) 14 Feb. 1 c This photo miniature now can appear at a moment's notice whenever a teen-age discount-store clerk beckons it.

photo-tracing n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtreɪsɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtreɪsɪŋ/

ΚΠ

1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-chart,..-tracing.

1942 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 29 92 The map..was drawn from the photo tracings on a base taken from the county highway maps.

photo-transfer n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnsfəː/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtransfəː/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtræn(t)sfər/

ΚΠ

1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 531 A little photo-transfer ink is mixed with turpentine.

1959 Economist 21 Mar. 1088/1 Of the small desk-top machines, those employing the photo-transfer process are the most widely used... The photographic image is transferred from the negative to the positive without exposure, when the two are [etc.].

1997 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Sept. 324/3 These photo-transfers enable Rauschenberg to re-create an image with far more freedom and control than his unwieldy silkscreens did.

photo-decorated adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdɛkəreɪtᵻd/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈdɛkəˌreɪdᵻd/

ΚΠ

1896 Pottery Gaz. Oct. Mr. G. H. Grundy..has a decided novelty (which he is now producing under provisional protection) in the shape of Photo-decorated Tiles.

1900 Times 16 July 5/1 Expenditure or depreciation upon various undertakings of the company entered into in previous years, more particularly the Chinese Corporation (Limited)..and Photo-Decorated Tile Company (Limited).

1988 Glazed Expressions (Tiles & Archit. Ceramics Soc.) Autumn 3/1 Following the success of the Photo-Decorated Tiles Grundy sold his patent to a small glass works.

photo-aquatint n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊˈakwətɪnt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈækwəˌtɪnt/

†(a) a process for printing photographs from aquatinted copper plates (obsolete); (b) the gum-bichromate process.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes

photopapyrography1862

photoengraving1864

photo-electrotype1865

photo-electrotyping1865

autotype1868

Albertype1869

linography1888

photo-aquatint1891

neograph1892

photo-chromotypy1894

dyeline1951

letterset1962

giclée1995

1891 Manufacturer & Builder Feb. 39/2 Processes in which the picture is printed from an intaglio copper plate... Photo-aquatint.

1897 Daily News 4 Oct. 6/4 The bichromate process, to which has been given the name ‘Photo-Aquatint’ because there is practically nothing used but pure water-colour fixed by the effect of light acting through a negative.

1919 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. Almanac 252 In the gum-bichromate process, also termed aquatint or photo-aquatint.

2001 Canberra Times (Nexis) 21 Nov. 20 She says her collection of thousands of negatives has now been augmented by digital images. She now uses photo-aquatint in her work.

photo-bibliography n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bɪblɪˈɒɡrəfi/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌbɪbliˈɑɡrəfi/

description of books by the aid of photography; a bibliography illustrated with photographs, or of works containing photographs.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > bibliography > [noun] > type of

photo-bibliography1872

bio-bibliography1892

1872 H. Stevens (title) Bibliotheca geographica et historica,..together with an essay upon the Stevens system of photobibliography.

1878 H. Stevens (title) Photo-Bibliography, or a Word on Printed Card Catalogues of Old, Rare, Beautiful and Costly Books, etc., with reduced facsimiles of some famous Works issued during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries.

1891 Athenæum 10 Jan. 53/2 The subject of photo-bibliography was one of his [sc. H. Stevens's] pet hobbies.

1986 T. H. Ohlgren Insular & Anglo-Saxon Illuminated MSS Introd. p. xii Full bibliographic references can be found in the Photo-Bibliography.

photoceramic n. and adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)sᵻˈramɪk/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊsəˈræmɪk/

(a) n. a piece of ceramic work decorated by photographic processes; (b) adj. relating to, designating, or composed of such material.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > decoration of china > [noun] > other types of decoration

smudging1846

rice grain1876

photoceramic1892

pastillage1901

fingertipping1935

trailing1940

lithophane1947

society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [noun] > pottery ornamented in specific way

lustre ware1825

celadon1850

willow-ware1851

spatterware1856

sgraffiato1862

barbotine1865

sgraffito1878

slipware1883

photoceramic1892

sponged ware1957

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > prints

photopapyrograph1862

photo-relief1866

autotype1868

Albertype1869

photochromotype1877

auto1882

photoceramic1892

linograph1970

giclée1995

1892 Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate 25 Jan. Photo-ceramics have lately come to the front, and with pigments photo-ceramics in colors of marvelous beauty have been produced.

1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-ceramist, an artist in photo-ceramic work.

1989 Progressive Archit. (Nexis) July 84 Knapp went to Japan to supervise production of three photoceramic murals at the Otsuka Ohmi Ceramic Company.

2002 Evening Times (Glasgow) (Nexis) 26 Feb. 39 We can even order in photoceramics which allows you to put a picture of your choice on the stone.

photo-ceramist n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)sᵻˈramɪst/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsɛrəmɪst/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊsəˈræməst/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈsɛrəməst/

now rare an artist who produces photoceramics.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > print-makers

photo-ceramist1894

chemigrapher1897

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > decoration of china > [noun] > other types of decoration > artist or decorator

blueprinter1825

sponger?1881

photo-ceramist1894

1894 Amer. Ann. Photogr. 143 A photo-ceramist of no ordinary merit.

2000 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 10 Oct. 15 Marton company Promarc International, in partnership with Christchurch photo-ceramist Bill Wallace, have created Permanite, a material similar to that used for power insulators.

photocharger n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʃɑːdʒə/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrdʒər/

Library Science a device for photographically recording details of books, etc., loaned from a library.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > library or collection of books > library, place, or institution > [noun] > photographically recording library book details

photocharger1954

photocharging1955

1954 M. F. Tauber et al. Technical Services Libr. xix. 367 Photographic charging machines generally in use are the Recordak Book Charging System and the Remington Rand Photocharger.

1956 Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil 1 Jan. 6 b Probably the largest single accomplishment during 1955 was installation of two new photo-chargers for the circulation desk.

1967 L. V. Paulin in W. L. Saunders Librarianship in Brit. Today i. 4 The introduction of more photochargers.

photocharging n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʃɑːdʒɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrdʒɪŋ/

Library Science the use of a photocharger for recording details of books, etc., loaned from a library.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > book > library or collection of books > library, place, or institution > [noun] > photographically recording library book details

photocharger1954

photocharging1955

1955 W. Ashworth Handbk. Special Librarianship xii. 319 Such devices as audio-charging..and photo-charging..have been used in America in public libraries.

1967 C. R. Eastwood Mobile Libraries ix. 94 Photocharging is widely used on American mobile libraries but not in Britain.

2001 Libr. Managem. (Nexis) 22 246 The long queues which had formed at counters on Saturday mornings when the Browne issue was used vanished as photocharging and then computers were introduced.

photocollage n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈkɒlɑːʒ/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kɒˈlɑːʒ/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kəˈlɑːʒ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊkəˈlɑʒ/

/ˈfoʊdoʊkəˌlɑʒ/

a technique of collage using (parts of) photographs or photographic negatives; (also) a work of art made in this way (cf. photomontage n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > other visual arts > [noun] > collage

collage1919

papier collé1935

paste-up1944

papier déchiré1959

photocollage1961

1961 W. S. Burroughs Let. 14 June (2012) 82 I have given myself a brief rest from writing. Will now apply what I have learned from the photo collages back in writing.

1967 H. Stevens Design in Photo-Collage 7/1 The ability to turn the unbelievable into the believable makes photo-collage a thoroughly enjoyable technique.

1975 New Yorker 14 Apr. 74/3 A similar objectification of the Freudian dream work is achieved by Ernst in his photocollage, paint-scraping, and dripped-paint compositions.

1988 Creative Rev. Jan. 3/3 David Hockney broke the rules of photography and art with his photo-collages.

photo-collotype n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈkɒlətʌɪp/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈkɑləˌtaɪp/

now rare = collotype n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes

heliotype1870

Woodbury1872

papyrotype1874

photogelatin1875

papyrograph1878

photo-collotype1878

Woodburytype1878

artotype1879

collotype1883

stannotype1883

papyrography1888

photomezzotype1888

photophane1888

chromocollotype1891

collography1891

photo-mezzo1896

1878 W. de W. Abney Treat. Photogr. xxviii. 186 By a photo-collotype process is meant a ‘surface printing’ process, by which prints are obtained from the surface of a film of gelatine, or other kindred substance.

1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset i. 11 1865 Tessié du Motay... Photo-collotype. Exposed-gelatin film damped and inked. With C. R. Maréchal early collotype on copper base.

photo crayon adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) ˈkreɪɒn/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) ˈkreɪən/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊ ˈkreɪˌɑn/

/ˌfoʊdoʊ ˈkreɪən/

now rare designating or produced by a process in which a photograph is produced on glass and backed with a white sheet which has been marked so as to give the effect that the picture has been drawn in crayon, or in which a photographic groundwork is covered in crayon to give the same effect.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [adjective] > colouring of photographs

photo crayon1865

1865 Times 2 May 16/6 (advt.) L. Caldesi and Co. respectfully invite the nobility and gentry to view their new photo-crayon portraits.

1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 503 Photo Crayon Process, a photographic transparency on glass..[was] afterwards backed up with white paper, on which a number of lines, hatchings, or stippling were lithographed, giving the portrait the appearance of a crayon work.

1915 Staffordshire Sentinel 29 Jan. 1/2 (advt.) If you have only a very inferior portrait a Splendid Likeness can be obtained in the New Photo Crayon Process.

photo-filigrane n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈfɪlᵻɡreɪn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪləˌɡreɪn/

now historical a photographic process for producing a watermark in paper.

ΚΠ

1883 Athenæum 27 Jan. 124/2 A new process..named ‘photo-filigrane’, for producing the water-mark in paper by a photographic process.

1994 M. Pritchard Directory London Photographers (rev. ed.) 41/2 The reason for this was to raise capital to develop the photo-filigrane process and the manufacture of phototype blocks.

† photogastroscope n. Obsolete rare a gastroscope with a camera attachment, used to photograph the inside of the stomach.

ΚΠ

1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. Photogastroscope, an arrangement for photographing the inside of the stomach.

photogelatin n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətɪn/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛlətn/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛlədən/

= collotype n.; (also) gelatin of a type suitable for use in collotype printing.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes

heliotype1870

Woodbury1872

papyrotype1874

photogelatin1875

papyrograph1878

photo-collotype1878

Woodburytype1878

artotype1879

collotype1883

stannotype1883

papyrography1888

photomezzotype1888

photophane1888

chromocollotype1891

collography1891

photo-mezzo1896

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1680/1 Photo-gelatine Process, one in which gelatine, prepared chemically, usually by the bichromate of potash, is made to receive a photographic image.

1927 Amer. Hist. Rev. 32 657 The print of 1563 in a photogelatine facsimile.

1982 J. Mackay Guinness Bk. Stamps 191 Collotype..known in America as photogelatin, has only been used in the production of one stamp.

2002 Daily News (New Plymouth, N.Z.) (Nexis) 16 Nov. 6 The products include photogelatin for photographs, X-rays and pharmagelatin capsules.

† photo-graphotype n. Obsolete rare a photographic electrotype process for producing blocks for letterpress printing.

ΚΠ

1874 (title) Specimens of photo-graphotype engraving.

† photo-hyalotype n. Obsolete rare = hyalotype n. at hyalo- comb. form .

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1686/2 Photo-hyalotype.

† photo-ink adj. Obsolete rare designating a photographic process in which the resulting picture is printed in ink.

ΚΠ

1888 Athenæum 14 July 69 Reproduced, with no remarkable success, by the photo-ink process.

photo-intaglio n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtalɪəʊ/

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtaljəʊ/

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtɑːlɪəʊ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtæljoʊ/

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtɑljoʊ/

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtæɡlioʊ/

an intaglio design which has been produced by a photographic process, as photo-etching; intaglio printing using such a process; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > photogravure or phototypography > a print

heliograph1853

phototype1854

photo-etching1872

photo-intaglio1875

autogravure1885

duotone1907

duotype1913

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1686/2 Photo-intaglio Engraving, a process in which, by photographic means, lines are etched in a plate to be subsequently filled with ink and printed by the copperplate printing-press.

1882 Cent. Mag. Mar. 788/2 The old photo-lithographic reproductions of the ‘Book of Job’..have given place to a better series in the new photo-intaglio process.

1918 Amer. Hist. Rev. 23 656 Illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents.

2003 Irish News (Nexis) 3 May 36 As well as lithograph the printing methods used include screenprint, carborundum print, mezzotint, relief print and photo-intaglio.

photointerpretative adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtətɪv/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprəˌteɪdɪv/

= photo-interpretive adj.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [adjective] > interpretation of aerial photographs

photointerpretative1959

photo-interpretive1962

1959 Proc. Geologists' Assoc. 70 144 The best practice is a judicious combination of photo-interpretative methods and geological field mapping.

2000 J. Franklin et al. in J. P. Wilson & J. C. Gallant Terrain Anal. xiv. 353 Achieving higher accuracy for large-area, fine-scale, categorically detailed vegetation maps requires some degree of photointerpretative..editing of the map labels generated by classification or modeling techniques.

photointerpreter n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprədər/

a person who specializes in interpreting aerial photographs (cf. photointerpretation n.).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [noun] > interpretation of aerial photographs > one who

photointerpreter1942

interpreter1950

1942 Photogrammetric Engin. 8 26 While the aerial camera sees all, it is the photo interpreter who must know all and tell all.

1977 Sci. Amer. Sept. 57/1 Only the wide curve it must make on slopes betrays it to the photointerpreter.

1996 R. Hilsman Cuban Missile Crisis ii. 44 The photointerpreters began going over the pictures, frame by frame.

photo-interpretive adj.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtɪv/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprədɪv/

of or relating to photointerpretation.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [adjective] > interpretation of aerial photographs

photointerpretative1959

photo-interpretive1962

1962 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post Crescent 11 Nov. It was alert photo interpretive work, presumably combined with other intelligence, that led to the discovery of [etc.].

1968 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 58 650/2 From photointerpretive evidence it now appears that peaks are numerous in a zone 450 to 750 meters above timberline.

1996 PR Newswire (Nexis) 25 Sept. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Signal Corps where he was assigned to run a photo-interpretive training school.

† photo-lithotype n. Obsolete a picture produced by photolithography.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > photolithography > a print

photolithograph1855

photo-lithotype1859

photo-chromolithograph1870

chromophotolithograph1882

photolitho1960

1859 Sat. Rev. 26 Feb. 243/1 A process well worth attention..its result may be called a Photo-litho-type.

1860 Sci. Amer. 28 Jan. 70/3 Whenever extreme minuteness of detail was required in permanent tints, preference should be given to the photo-lithotype.

photomap n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)map/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌmæp/

a map derived from a photograph or photomosaic of the area concerned, esp. by superimposing additional information on to the photographic image.

ΚΠ

1888 Morning Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 10 Aug. 4/4 (advt.) Those wishing to purchase Lots in this tract..should take the earliest opportunity of looking over this property... Photo maps and all information on application to [etc.].

1939 B. B. Talley Engin. Applic. Aerial & Terrestr. Photogrammetry xix. 521 When this becomes economically feasible encouragement should be given to the development of ‘photo-maps’ to which may be added contours.

1969 Nature 16 Aug. 668/1 (caption) Satellite photomap of the Tucson, Arizona, area with transport network superimposed. The map is based on a photograph taken..from Gemini V.

1992 S. S. Hall Mapping Next Millennium (1993) i. 49 These photographs, like the ones from Jupiter and Saturn and Uranus, were photomaps in and of themselves, the first cartographic sketches of previously unseen worlds.

photo-mapper n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmapə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmæpər/

an instrument for making photomaps.

ΚΠ

1870 H. M. Parkhurst in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 49 38 The motion of the diaphragm may be produced..by the star-key of my star-mapper; and this constitutes the Photo-mapper.

1977 Trans. Inst. Brit. Geographers 2 59 Hobrough using the Gestalt Photo Mapper lists the following largest possible scales assuming 15-m terrain discontinuities.

1991 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 8 Feb. The versatile plane has been used as a cargo-troop carrier, flying hospital,..aerial gunship, aerial photo-mapper.

photo-mapping n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmapɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmæpɪŋ/

mapping carried out with the aid of photography; the creation of photomaps.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical

astrophotography1857

photoheliography1865

electrophotography1869

photo-mapping1870

photogrammetry1875

phototopography1893

spectrography1900

stereophotogrammetry1913

photoreconnaissance1920

photo-recce1946

electronography1955

1870 H. M. Parkhurst in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 49 39 In photo-mapping I place the prism always in the meridian.

1899 Daily News 6 June 8/4 The photo~mapping of the heavens by the Astrographic Equatorial.

1949 Science 24 June 642/1 Palomar's 48-inch Schmidt telescope, which will be used for the photomapping, has already been in operation for two or three years.

1990 Jrnl. Petrol. 31 1225 Field and air photo mapping have defined active faults along the Colima and Tepic–Zacoalco rifts in southwestern Mexico.

photo-matrix n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmeɪtrɪks/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmeɪtrɪks/

Typography (any of) a set of photographic images of characters used in electronic typesetting.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > printing > type founding > type-founding equipment > [noun] > matrix > set of photographic images of characters

photo-matrix1958

1958 Bookseller 22 Feb. 948/1 Penguins make history in March by publishing the first book produced in England entirely without the use of metal type... In this new method of composition ‘photo-matrices’ are assembled into lines on a normal keyboard.

1987 Chicago Tribune 18 Dec. vii. 130/5 My original photo matrices serve as the warp on which I weave my complex images.

2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. iv. 85/1 This established the practicality of imaging characters stroboscopically from a continuously-spinning photo-matrix disc.

† photo-mezzo n. Obsolete rare = photomezzotype n.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes

heliotype1870

Woodbury1872

papyrotype1874

photogelatin1875

papyrograph1878

photo-collotype1878

Woodburytype1878

artotype1879

collotype1883

stannotype1883

papyrography1888

photomezzotype1888

photophane1888

chromocollotype1891

collography1891

photo-mezzo1896

1896 Daily News 3 Oct. 6/6 The Madonna and Child. Being six photo-mezzo engravings of pictures belonging to the Italian School in the National Gallery.

photomezzotype n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmɛzə(ʊ)tʌɪp/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɛzəˌtaɪp/

now rare a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype; a picture reproduced by this process.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes

heliotype1870

Woodbury1872

papyrotype1874

photogelatin1875

papyrograph1878

photo-collotype1878

Woodburytype1878

artotype1879

collotype1883

stannotype1883

papyrography1888

photomezzotype1888

photophane1888

chromocollotype1891

collography1891

photo-mezzo1896

1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Mar. 3/2 The photo-mezzotype illustrations are useful.

1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Aug. 6/2 A photomezzotype of Mrs. General Booth.

1923 Biometrika 15 75 ‘Photomezzotype’ reproduction of original engraving by White.

photomural n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjʊərəl/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjʊərl̩/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjɔːrəl/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjɔːrl̩/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈmjʊrəl/

a mural consisting of a photograph or photographs.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photograph by style or subject

high key1849

carte1861

carte-de-visite1861

wedding group1861

vignette1862

studio portrait1869

press photograph1873

cameo-type1874

war picture1883

mug1887

panel1888

snapshot1890

fuzz-type1893

stickyback1903

action photograph1904

action picture1904

scenic1913

still1916

passport photo1919

mosaic1920

press photo1923

oblique1925

action shot1927

passport photograph1927

profile shot1928

smudgea1931

glossy1931

photomontage1931

photomural1931

head shot1936

pin-up1943

mug shot1950

wedding photograph1956

wedding photo1966

full-frontal1970

photofit1970

split beaver1972

upskirt1994

selfie2002

1931 Decatur (Illinois) Herald 18 Mar. 6/5 The lacquer dims the colors somewhat, but adds to the life of the photo-murals.

1960 House & Garden Oct. 65/1 For ease of hanging, these photomurals are printed on lightweight white base paper.

2001 Third Text Spring 58 Harris's life-size photomural..is a good example of the self-portrait exploited as a form of redemptive narcissism.

† photo-nephograph n. [ < photo- comb. form + ancient Greek νέϕος cloud (see nephology n.) + -graph comb. form] Obsolete an apparatus for taking a succession of simultaneous photographs of a cloud from two points at some distance apart, in order to ascertain its height and movement.

ΚΠ

1883–4 Proc. Royal Soc. 36 92 A series of experiments have been commenced with Captain Abney's photo-nephograph.

1890 Athenæum 29 Mar. 408/2 Reference was..made to Mr. J. B. Jordan's form of sunshine recorder, and to Capt. Abney's photo-nephograph.

† photo-nephoscope n. [ < photo- comb. form + ancient Greek νέϕος cloud (see nephology n.) + -scope comb. form] Obsolete rare = photo-nephograph n.

ΚΠ

1878 Proc. Royal Soc. 28 83 Photo-nephoscope.—This instrument, designed by Professor Stokes and Mr. F. Galton for the purpose of photographing clouds at the time of their passage across the zenith, has been the subject of experiment for some time.

photo-novelette n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)nɒvəˈlɛt/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)nɒvlˈɛt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˌnɑvəˈlɛt/

now rare a novelette told in photographic form (cf. photonovel n. 2).

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pictorial

pictorial1844

picture paper1853

illustrated1879

picture magazine1895

photo magazine1903

rotogravure1914

roto1920

photo-novelette1963

society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > types of narrative or story generally > [noun] > story with photographs

photo-story1913

photo-novelette1963

1963 Economist 30 Nov. 918/2 Illustrated weeklies, photo-novelettes, comics and women's magazines.

1974 Afr. Stud. Rev. 17 335 This is a ‘photo-novelette’—a story told through photographs with ‘balloons’ of dialogue, accompanied by a running text.

photo-pass n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pɑːs/

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pas/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpæs/

(a) an identification card incorporating a photograph of the holder, allowing access to restricted areas, etc.; (b) an official document, usually in the form of a laminated plastic card, authorizing the holder to take photographs of a celebrity, event, etc.

ΚΠ

1957 Tri City Herald (Washington) 15 Aug. 1/8 General Electric employes may make applications to the master list by contacting the housing office and identifying themselves with their photo passes.

1974 Times 18 June 1/5 He was shocked to find many MPs had not yet obtained ‘photo-passes’ to the House which were carried by all members of staff.

1987 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 1 Feb. Maintaining a good, amicable working relationship with rock promoters is essential to ensure help in arranging interviews with performers, backstage passes, photo passes and the like.

1996 Daily Tel. 1 Oct. 5/3 In one incident, a delegate was refused entry because her three-week-old baby did not have a photo-pass.

† photophane n. Obsolete rare a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes

heliotype1870

Woodbury1872

papyrotype1874

photogelatin1875

papyrograph1878

photo-collotype1878

Woodburytype1878

artotype1879

collotype1883

stannotype1883

papyrography1888

photomezzotype1888

photophane1888

chromocollotype1891

collography1891

photo-mezzo1896

1888 Times 17 Aug. 11/5 In the Matter of The Companies Acts, 1862 and 1867, and In the Matter of The Photophane Company Limited Notice is Hereby Given, that a Petition for the Winding-up of the above-named Company [etc.].

1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 427 Photophane is a photo-mechanical process allied (but superior) to collotype.

photo-piece n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)piːs/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpis/

a work of art composed of photographic material.

ΚΠ

1977 N.Y. Times 18 Feb. 72/5 Stephen Willats in his annotated photo-pieces traces the behavior patterns of a generation that grew up in England.

1980 Art Monthly Nov. 37/1 Anthony d'Offay... Gilbert & George, new photo-pieces, Nov. 26–Dec. 23.

1990 Independent 28 May 3/1 Prices at Sonnabend range from $80,000 (£47,000) to $115,000 for big new photo-pieces.

2003 Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Telegram (Nexis) 10 Jan. 34 For the National Cowgirl Museum show, Wade has culled his personal archive to assemble 25 memorable cowgirl photo pieces.

photoplate n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pleɪt/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌpleɪt/

a photographic plate; = plate n. 21; (also) an illustrative plate in a book, etc., featuring a photograph or photographs (cf. plate n. 17b).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > plates and films > [noun] > plate

plate1840

photoplate1871

1871 Scribner's Monthly Aug. 443/1 The photo-printing process..now practiced in this city..at the rooms of the Photo-Plate Printing Co.

1883 Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Jrnl. 13 Jan. (advt.) 144 illustrations, 6 photo plates and 4 oil pictures.

1918 Physical Rev. 11 137 (heading) Images on silvered photo-plate.

1974 Nature 20 Dec. 698/2 Organochlorine compounds may be identified at low concentrations..by a high resolution mass spectrometric method involving photoplate detection.

1996 Appl. Optics 35 273 A distortion-compensating hologram for each pixel of an image to be transmitted is superposed on a photoplate.

photo-radiogram n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)ɡram/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈreɪdiəˌɡræm/

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈreɪdioʊˌɡræm/

now historical an image transmitted by radio.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > telecommunication > communication of visual images > [noun] > image or copy obtained by

phototelegram1871

telephotograph1880

telephotogram1900

radiophotograph1922

wirephoto1923

photo-radiogram1924

wire photograph1925

radiophoto1926

photogram1928

fax1980

fax-back1988

1924 Chillicothe (Missouri) Constit. 1 Dec. 3/1 The photo-radiogram is entirely an American development, having been worked out by R. H. Ranger..in the laboratories of the Radio Corporation.

1924 Glasgow Herald 13 Dec. 9 The signature was that of Sir Robert Kindersley, whose photo-radiogram read—‘My warmest greetings.—R. M. Kindersley.’ The message and signature accompanied a radio photo of Sir Robert.

1927 Daily Express 16 Dec. 1 December 21 is the latest date for handing in Christmas photo-radiograms at Marconi offices.

1995 Guardian (Nexis) 27 Apr. 6 ‘Photo radiograms’—Marconi's transatlantic fax service—started in 1926.

photo-recce n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈrɛki/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈrɛki/

colloquial = photoreconnaissance n.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > reconnaissance

scouringc1471

scry1523

discovery?1574

reconnaissance1779

reconnoitre1781

reconnoissance1802

outwatch1852

exploitation1871

recco1917

recon1918

photoreconnaissance1920

recce1941

photo-recce1946

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical

astrophotography1857

photoheliography1865

electrophotography1869

photo-mapping1870

photogrammetry1875

phototopography1893

spectrography1900

stereophotogrammetry1913

photoreconnaissance1920

photo-recce1946

electronography1955

1946 War Rep. (B.B.C.) vi. 149 Then on Sunday evening one of our photo-recce Spitfires was shot down in German territory.

1971 N.Y. Times 13 June iv. 37 We have a high priority requirement for night photorecce of key motorable routes in Laos.

1999 Airforces Monthly Oct. 23/2 (advt.) Author Peter Mersky chronicles the combat history of the photo-recce F-8 Crusader variant.

photoreconnaissance n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈkɒnᵻs(ə)ns/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈkɑnəs(ə)ns/

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈkɑnəs(ə)ns/

/ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈkɑnəz(ə)ns/

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈkɑnəz(ə)ns/

reconnaissance by means of aerial photography; a flight made in order to conduct such reconnaissance.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > reconnaissance

scouringc1471

scry1523

discovery?1574

reconnaissance1779

reconnoitre1781

reconnoissance1802

outwatch1852

exploitation1871

recco1917

recon1918

photoreconnaissance1920

recce1941

photo-recce1946

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical

astrophotography1857

photoheliography1865

electrophotography1869

photo-mapping1870

photogrammetry1875

phototopography1893

spectrography1900

stereophotogrammetry1913

photoreconnaissance1920

photo-recce1946

electronography1955

1920 Geogr. Jrnl. 55 368 The immense value of the utilization of stereoscopy in aerial photo-reconnaissance.

1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars xvi. 209 I'm going to suggest a photo~reconnaissance of all the..forests.

1991 Sci. Amer. Jan. 38/2 The Department of Defense has already spent an estimated $100 billion since 1960, when the U.S. began launching its photoreconnaissance satellites.

photo-relief n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈliːf/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈlif/

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈlif/

an image in relief produced by a photographic process; frequently attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > prints

photopapyrograph1862

photo-relief1866

autotype1868

Albertype1869

photochromotype1877

auto1882

photoceramic1892

linograph1970

giclée1995

1866 Sci. Amer. 24 Feb. 127/2 In Mr. Woodbury's photo-relief printing, the end is secured without any such translation.

1875 tr. H. W. Vogel Chem. Light & Photogr. xv. 230 The Production of Photo-Reliefs.

1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 538 The Woodbury process is often termed a photo-relief one.

1915 Geogr. Jrnl. 45 453 Although much smaller in scale, this is a great improvement as regards colouring on the Photo-Relief Model War Map previously published.

1995 Techn. Physics Lett. 21 1026/2 Modulation of the illumination during exposure, generating photodimers, results in the formation of a surface photorelief.

photo reporting n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) rᵻˈpɔːtɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊ rəˈpɔrdɪŋ/

/ˌfoʊdoʊ riˈpɔrdɪŋ/

= photo-reportage n.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > journalism > [noun] > photo-journalism

photo reporting1935

photojournalism1938

photo-reportage1939

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > types or methods generally

microphotography1857

pistolgraphy1860

portrait photography1864

pistolography1866

photochronography1887

snap-work1889

gallery-practice1891

photoreproduction1892

telephotography1892

Kodakry1893

fuzzyism1894

mugging1899

action photography1905

press photography1910

trick photography1913

Kodachrome1915

panchromatism1919

photo reporting1935

photojournalism1938

photo-reportage1939

strobe1949

streak photography1950

satellite photography1954

digital photography1972

time-lapse1975

1935 Monthly Abstr. Bull. Kodak Res. Labs. 21 403 The process photographer as a recorder of pictorial events... For process men who may wish to do some photo-reporting, suitable cameras are discussed.

1998 M. E. Zuckerman Hist. Pop. Women's Magazines U.S. xii. 207 The Journal began including more photo reporting stories, such as a series called ‘People are People’, which showed families living around the world.

photo-revolver n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈvɒlvə/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈvɔlvər/

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈvɔlvər/

/ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈvɑlvər/

/ˌfoʊdoʊriˈvɑlvər/

now historical a camera made in the shape of a revolver; = revolver camera n. at revolver n. Compounds 2.

ΚΠ

1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Oct. 10/1 Instantaneous photographs of Russian life, taken by the photo-revolver invented by K. Brandil, photographer to the Warsaw Imperial University.

1995 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 8 Aug. a5 The camera, in the shape of a revolver, is activated by pulling the trigger. The Photo-Revolver is estimated to be worth up to $56,000.

† photo-rocket n. Obsolete a rocket, equipped with a camera, which is fired into the air and then descends by means of a parachute, enabling the camera to take photographs from an altitude.

ΚΠ

1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Jan. 6/2 A curious photographic apparatus, in which a camera is raised by a rocket and lowered by a parachute... For securing bird's-eye views the photo-rocket offers several important advantages over balloon photography.

photo-survey n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtəʊˈsəːveɪ/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)səˈveɪ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈsərˌveɪ/

Surveying a survey using photography to record data; the practice of making such surveys (= photo-surveying n.).

ΚΠ

1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 236 Join a society which has undertaken the ‘photo-survey’ of its district, and do your part.

1922 Geogr. Jrnl. 59 82 An expert in the Canadian system of photo-survey, a method especially useful in difficult and mountainous country.

1966 P. O'Donnell Sabre-tooth ii. 25 [He] had spent the last three months flying photosurveys for a wild-cat mineral prospecting firm in Canada.

1994 S. Matheson Flying Frontiers i. 2 Pilot Bobby D'Easum from Vancouver..was doing photo surveys at 22,000 feet with a Beaver for the BC government's topographic surveys department.

photo-surveying n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)səˈveɪɪŋ/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊsərˈveɪɪŋ/

Surveying photogrammetric surveying.

ΚΠ

1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 95/2 Considerable outlay is saved in photo-surveying by draughting the map in office.

1977 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Petals of Blood iii.x. 258 The plane was on a photo-surveying mission because of the new Trans-Africa Road project which is scheduled to soon pass through the area.

2002 GPS World (Nexis) Apr. 51 POS AV provides data for geometric correction and geocoding of airborne sensors for photo surveying and mapping.

photo-telescope n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtɛlᵻskəʊp/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊˈtɛləˌskoʊp/

now rare a telescope incorporating a camera.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > observational instruments > [noun] > telescope

sector1711

astronomical telescope1723

sweeper1786

comet seeker1819

photo-telescope1893

Schmidt–Cassegrain1943

space telescope1953

photopolarimeter1971

1893 Chautauquan 13 318 The photo-connecting lens of 33 inch diameter being placed over the 36 inch telescope, thus turning it into a phototelescope.

1910 Times 27 Jan. 10/4 Two photographs of the new comet taken with the 24in. photo-telescope show the details of the head and a large extent of the tail.

1999 Independent (Nexis) 22 June 17 The mad scientist opened the dome to the starry sky and aimed his galactic machine. It was Dr Nail Bakhitgarayev, focusing his photo-telescope.

phototheodolite n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)θɪˈɒdəlʌɪt/

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)θɪˈɒdl̩ʌɪt/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊθiˈɑdəˌlaɪt/

a theodolite incorporating a camera.

ΚΠ

1889 Science 6 Dec. 386/1 The light will affect photographically a so-called ‘phototheodolite’, while the height then attained will be indicated in a mechanical way.

1920 H. Threlfall Text-bk. Surveying & Levelling xii. 371 The photo-theodolite, invented by Mr. J. Bridges Lee,..is constructed so that the magnetic bearing of the principal vertical plane is automatically photographed on each picture obtained with the instrument.

2002 Cartogr. & Geogr. Info. Sci. (Nexis) 1 July 155 The company produced its first phototheodolite in 1922 and its first photogrammetric plotter, the A1 stereo-autograph, in 1923.

phototimer n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʌɪmə/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌtaɪmər/

(a) a photoelectric timer for regulating exposure time in radiography; (b) a timer for races incorporating a camera which photographs the finish.

ΘΚΠ

the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [noun] > timer or chronograph

stop-watch1740

time marker1835

time recorder1836

hourglass1852

time clock1857

time lock1858

egg-glass1867

chronograph1868

egg-timer1869

timer1869

gunner's pendulum1876

time switch1884

chess-clock1905

phototimer1942

pinger1950

shot clock1967

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > radiography or radiology > [noun] > equipment used in

fluoroscope1893

photofluoroscope1896

skiascope1896

fluorimeter1898

stethendoscope1899

roentgenoscope1905

penetrometer1907

penetrameter1912

roentgenkymograph1914

stereofluoroscope1932

tomograph1935

kymograph1936

phototimer1942

photoscope1944

pantomograph1954

orthopantomograph1959

panograph1961

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > [noun] > timer

phototimer1942

the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical appliances or devices > [noun] > timer

dinger1914

phototimer1942

pinger1950

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [noun] > scientific and technical

heliograph1848

revolver1876

spectrograph1884

photochronograph1891

photogrammeter1891

process camera1895

gun-camera1921

microcamera1928

phototimer1942

ballistic camera1945

monorail camera1958

1942 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 68 220/1 A new instrument, a photoelectric timing mechanism, capable of regulating automatically the length of roentgenographic exposure time has been developed... The photoelectric timing mechanism, or phototimer, is a modification of the roentgenographic exposure meter.

1948 Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bull. 27 Feb. 8/2 A combination photo-timer will be used at the finish line in the IC4A indoor track and field championships.

1958 Times 22 Aug. 4/1 The race..should be started farther back from the bend, in spite of the cost of moving the electrical photo-timer.

2003 Adv. Imaging (Nexis) 1 May 50 Routine testing of phototimer performance in all chest imaging systems.

phototint n.

Brit.

/ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)tɪnt/

U.S.

/ˈfoʊdoʊˌtɪnt/

a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype; a picture reproduced by this process.

ΚΠ

1864 Times 26 Nov. 5/3 (advt.) Special attention of the nobility and public is called to his new photo tints, 18 subjects, just published.

1880 Times 9 Dec. 12/1 (advt.) ) Illustrated by 18 full-page plates of large game, &c., taken on the spot by the Author, and reproduced in Permanent Photo Tint.

1897 Times 26 Feb. 2/5 (advt.) Peterborough Cathedral, west front. For Phototint of exact condition see this week's Building News.

1911 B. E. Jones Cassell's Cycl. Photogr. 410/2 Cocking's process of phototint consisted in printing from two negatives, one being an ordinary photographic negative and the other prepared by hand.

† photo-vitrotype n. Obsolete rare a photograph printed on glass.

ΚΠ

1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1690/1 Photo-vitrotype.

photoxylography n.

Brit.

/ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)zʌɪˈlɒɡrəfi/

U.S.

/ˌfoʊdoʊzaɪˈlɑɡrəfi/

a printing process in which an image is made on a wooden printing block by photographic means.

ΚΠ

1862 G. Lumley Let. to W. H. F. Talbot 10 Jan. in www.foxtalbot.arts.gla.ac.uk I propose that my title shall be illustrated with specimens of photoglyphy, photozincography & photoxylography.

1982 Print-making Techniques i. 39 When..photoxylography was introduced..the design was transferred onto the plate photomechanically and engraved with parallel line gravers and interrupted line engraving machines.

3. Prefixed to the names of salts to form the names of compounds formed from them by the action of light, as in photography, as photo-bromide, photo-chloride, photo-iodide, photo-sulphate; similarly photo-salt. Now rare.

ΚΠ

1855 Medical Times 24 Mar. 289/1 (heading) Formulæ for photosulphate of iron in erysipelas.

1887 Carey Lea in Amer. Jrnl. Sc. 352 As these substances have been hitherto seen only in the impure form in which they are produced by the continued action of light on the normal salts, it might be convenient to call them photosalts, photochloride, photobromide, and photoiodide, instead of red or coloured chloride, etc.

1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 395 Photo~sulphate of iron solution was for a long time the only developer used.

1905 Science 13 Jan. 55/2 The change of color of the silver photochlorides is in accordance with the theorem.

1913 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 17 116 The interesting characteristic of the synthetically prepared silver bromide, of giving reversed pictures on development after an exposure, is apparently not in harmony with the reactions of the photochlorides or with behavior of the photobromides when obtained by exposure to light.

1942 Chem. Rev. 31 197 Sichling..studied the illumination of electrodes made by absorbing photochlorides (silver chloride and amorphous silver) in gelatin.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	photo-
释义	photo-comb. form Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: Before a vowel also phot- Origin: A borrowing from Greek. Etymon: Greek ϕωτο-. Etymology: < Hellenistic Greek ϕωτο-, combining form (in e.g. ϕωτολαμπής blazing with light) of ancient Greek ϕωτ-, ϕῶς light, of uncertain origin. Compare scientific Latin photo- (formations in which are found from at least the second half of the 18th cent.), French photo- (formations in which are found from at least the first half of the 19th cent.), German photo- (formations in which are found from at least the late 19th cent.).Formations in English are found sporadically from the second half of the 17th cent., apparently earliest in photosphere n., and more frequently from the 19th cent. onwards. With sense 2 it is not always possible to tell whether a particular formation is a use of the combining form, or of photo n. The following may illustrate productivity of the form in Greek or Latin:1779 Encycl. Brit. IV. 2450/2 The Greeks and Latins called this art [sc. the art of drawing dials] gnomonica and sciatherica, by reason it distinguishes the hours by the shadow of a gnomon. Some call it photo-sciatherica, by reason the hours are sometimes shewn by the light of the sun. 1. Of or relating to light. photoact n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtəʊakt/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌækt/ Biochemistry = photoaction n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes photoassimilation1922 photoinactivation1938 photoact1940 photoreactivation1949 photoaction1951 photoreversal1951 photoreactivability1952 photoreversibility1954 photoprotection1958 photorepair1967 the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoaction photoact1940 photoaction1951 1940 New Phytologist 39 35 For one photo-act there is available a quantum energy. 1989 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 323 370 After a successful photoact light reactions were closed for a certain ‘dead’ time. photoaction n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊˈakʃn/ , /ˈfəʊtəʊˌakʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈækʃ(ə)n/ , /ˈfoʊdoʊˌækʃ(ə)n/ Biochemistry a molecular reaction caused by light; = photoact n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes photoassimilation1922 photoinactivation1938 photoact1940 photoreactivation1949 photoaction1951 photoreversal1951 photoreactivability1952 photoreversibility1954 photoprotection1958 photorepair1967 the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoaction photoact1940 photoaction1951 1951 Science 16 Nov. 527/1 The photo-action of p-benzoquinone..and oxygen..on 1:2-benzoxanthen. 1995 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 270 27939/1 Both hemes A and O represented functional cytochromes..as can be seen from..photoaction spectra of CO-inhibited O₂ uptake. † photo-aesthetic adj. Biology Obsolete rare relating to the perception of light; photoreceptive. ΚΠ 1880 Jrnl. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 15 137 Ascribing to the marginal bodies of the Hydroid Medusae a photo-aesthetic function. photobacterium n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bakˈtɪərɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊbækˈtɪriəm/ Biology a bioluminescent bacterium. ΚΠ 1895 Sandusky (Ohio) Reg. 12 Mar. 6/5 There are entire species of marine and terrestrial bacteria that are luminous. The photobacteria are found on the surfaces of fish and crustaceans. 1997 New Scientist 19 July 20/1 Like all photobacteria, R. sphaeroides has two sources of energy, and can switch between photosynthesis using carbon dioxide and oxygen respiration. photobiotic adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bʌɪˈɒtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊbaɪˈɑdɪk/ Botany (of a plant) living in the light; utilizing light as a source of energy, phototrophic. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Photobiotic, living habitually in the light; said of a class of plant-cells. 1967 Science 8 Sept. 1191/2 Light-starved photobiotic euglenas show chloroplast shrinkage. 1995 Systematic Bot. 20 225/1 The importance of the photobiotic difference as a diagnostic character between Ionaspis and Hymenelia. photocrosslinking n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)krɒsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌkrɔsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˌkrɑsˈlɪŋkɪŋ/ Chemistry cross-linking of polymer chains under the influence of light. ΚΠ 1959 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 81 5543/1 Examples of such phenomena are demonstrated in the present paper by photocrosslinking and photodegradation of certain high polymers where the macromolecules are connected by metal ions. 2001 Polymer Engin. & Sci. (Nexis) 41 1220 These two new photoinitiators are promising for industrial applications of the photocrosslinking of polyolefins. photodecompose v. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)diːkəmˈpəʊz/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌdikəmˈpoʊz/ Chemistry (a) transitive, to cause to decompose by the action of light; = photolyse v. 1; (b) intransitive, to undergo photodecomposition; = photolyse v. 2. ΚΠ 1940 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 175 207 It is shown by utilizing the para-hydrogen conversion that photodecomposing ammonia has no effect on the stationary hydrogen atom concentration of the conversion. 1981 Jrnl. Agric. & Food Chem. 29 125 This acid photodecomposed more slowly to carbon dioxide, chloride, and unidentified organic fragments. 1996 FEBS Lett. 396 243 Under irradiation at 312 nm, the molecule is photodecomposed. 2001 Chem. Engin. (Nexis) 1 May 59 When linked up with the metal and exposed to ultraviolet light, the pollutants photodecompose 35, 120 and 164 times faster, respectively. photodecomposition n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)diːkɒmpəˈzɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌdiˌkɑmpəˈzɪʃ(ə)n/ decomposition caused by the action of light. ΚΠ 1889 R. Meldola Chem. Photogr. ii. 52 It is known that moisture accelerates the photo-decomposition. 1927 Science 14 Oct. 360/2 Other photochemical reactions such as the photo-decomposition of hydrogen peroxide. 1993 R. L. Zimdahl Fund. Weed Sci. xiv. 305 It is well established that many herbicides..and nitrogen-containing compounds undergo photodecomposition. photodermatic adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dəˈmatɪk/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊdərˈmædɪk/ now rare relating to or involving skin that is sensitive to light. ΚΠ 1887 Amer. Naturalist 21 383 He..admits that ‘photodermatic’ perception may accompany the optic sense. 1889 Nature 15 Aug. 384/2 Although these mollusks possess no eyes, they display extreme sensibility to light... It also appears that the photodermatic (receptive) function is stimulated by luminous vibrations from without. 1908 M. Yearsley tr. A. H. Forel Senses of Insects iv. 43 The sensations or perceptions called dermatopic, or, better, photodermatic, studied by means of the so-called photokinetic reaction of animals. photodestruction n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dᵻˈstrʌkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊdəˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊdiˈstrəkʃ(ə)n/ Biology destruction of an enzyme or other molecule by the action of light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > damage caused by photodestruction1935 photodamage1960 1935 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 22 826 Three classes of enzymes depending on the part that oxygen plays in their photodestruction. 1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere ix. 371 The minimum in the altitude concentration profile of nitric oxide with altitude near to 70 km is evidently a reflection more of the variation of production rate with altitude than of the variation of the photodestruction rate. 1999 Science (Nexis) 12 Mar. 1676 Photodestruction of fluorophores is one of the most important yet least understood processes that affect the application of fluorescence in biology. photodisintegration n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)dɪsɪntᵻˈɡreɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊdɪsˌɪn(t)əˈɡreɪʃ(ə)n/ Nuclear Physics and Astronomy the breaking up of an atomic nucleus by the action of a gamma ray photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > radioactivity > gamma radiation > [noun] > ray of > involved in breaking up nucleus photodisintegration1935 1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 481 The next point of interest is the probability of the ‘photo’-disintegration. 1968 D. D. Clayton Princ. Stellar Evol. & Nucleosynthesis vii. 519 What happens then, as the temperature rises, may be described as a redistribution of loosely bound nucleons into more tightly bound states. We choose to call this process..photodisintegration rearrangement. 1992 S. P. Maran Astron. & Astrophysics Encycl. 149/2 Nuclear reactions would first become possible as a result of the capture of neutrons by protons to make deuterium nuclei; these would have been destroyed at higher temperatures by photodisintegration. photodrome n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)drəʊm/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌdroʊm/ rare (now historical) an instrument for producing the appearance of a moving image by means of a flashing light projected on to a number of rapidly revolving discs bearing painted figures (cf. phenakistoscope n., zoetrope n.). ΚΠ 1872–5 Cassell's Pop. Educator (rev. ed.) VI. 233/1 It..will not only show the pretty effects of Mr. Rose's kalotrope, but also those of his more elaborate contrivance, called the photodrome, or light-runner. 2000 S. Herbert Hist. Pre-cinema I. p. xxiv A collection of pieces..describing such optical wonders as the Kalotrope, Astrometroscope, and Photodrome. photoeffect n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtəʊᵻfɛkt/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊəˌfɛk(t)/ , /ˈfoʊdoʊiˌfɛk(t)/ Physics a photoelectric effect, esp. the emission of an electron from an atom, or a nucleon from a nucleus, by the action of a photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > ionization produced by electromagnetic radiation > process or condition photoelectric effect1892 photoeffect1903 internal conversion1905 photoelectric absorption1921 photo-detachment1943 photoejection1964 1903 Encycl. Brit. XXXV. Index 729/4 Photo-effect. 1913 H. S. Allen Photo-electricity i. 8 For substances which show only a ‘normal’ photo-effect the specific photo-electric activity increases continuously as the wave-length diminishes. 1960 R. H. Bube Photoconductivity of Solids i. 2 Two new photoeffects were discovered in the early 1930s. In 1931, Dember..reported that a potential difference was developed in cuprous oxide in the direction of the light. 1996 Physical Rev. B. 54 7662/2 A single transverse mode (TEM₀₀) CO₂ laser was used to excite the photoeffect in the junction... A Si photodiode..was used to induce the negative photoeffect. photoejection n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊᵻˈdʒɛkʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊəˈdʒɛkʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊiˈdʒɛkʃ(ə)n/ ejection of a subatomic particle as a result of the absorption of a photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > ion > ionization > [noun] > ionization produced by electromagnetic radiation > process or condition photoelectric effect1892 photoeffect1903 internal conversion1905 photoelectric absorption1921 photo-detachment1943 photoejection1964 1964 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 52 542 Photoejection of the weakly bound neutrons by the ambient gamma-ray flux. 1977 I. M. Campbell Energy & Atmosphere i. 2 The photoejection of electrons from a metal surface irradiated with monochromatic..light. 1996 Bioelectrochem. & Bioenergetics 39 263 The photoejection of an electron occurs due to stepwise two-photon absorption by the dihydropyridine via its fluorescent state. photoelectromagnetic adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊᵻlɛktrə(ʊ)maɡˈnɛtɪk/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊəˌlɛktroʊmæɡˈnɛdɪk/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊiˌlɛktroʊmæɡˈnɛdɪk/ Physics = photomagnetoelectric adj. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > solid state physics > semiconductivity > [adjective] > specific effect in some solids photomagnetoelectric1934 photoelectromagnetic1953 photomagnetic1959 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > photovoltaics > [adjective] > affected by magnetic field photomagnetoelectric1934 photoelectromagnetic1953 photomagnetic1959 1953 Proc. Physical Soc. B. 66 743 If the slab [of germanium] is placed in a magnetic field perpendicular to the direction of illumination, a voltage is produced at right angles to both field and illumination (photoelectromagnetic effect). 1992 Microelectronics Jrnl. 23 305/2 This is due to..the ability to use the material for any type of photodetector-photoconductor, photodiode, Dember and photoelectromagnetic detector. photoenvironment n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊᵻnˈvʌɪrə(n)m(ə)nt/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊᵻnˈvʌɪrn̩m(ə)nt/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊɛnˈvʌɪrə(n)m(ə)nt/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊɛnˈvʌɪrn̩m(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊənˈvaɪrə(n)mənt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊənˈvaɪ(ə)rnmənt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊɛnˈvaɪrə(n)mənt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊɛnˈvaɪ(ə)rnmənt/ the environment in respect of light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > environment formed by photoenvironment1965 the world > life > biology > biological processes > stimulation > [noun] > types of > by means of light > environment formed by light photoenvironment1965 1965 M. Evenari in E. J. Bowen Recent Progress in Photobiol. v. 161 The ocean of light which constitutes the photoenvironment. 1973 Nature 6 July 37/1 The adrenal cortex, thyroid and pineal of birds are affected by the photoenvironment. 2003 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 24 May 12 Special swing doors, painted in pastel colours, have been constructed to usher you in and out of different photoenvironments. photoequilibrium n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊiːkwᵻˈlɪbrɪəm/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊɛkwᵻˈlɪbrɪəm/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌɛkwəˈlɪbriəm/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˌikwəˈlɪbriəm/ a state of equilibrium in regard to the effect of incident light, e.g. in a photochemical reaction. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [noun] > state of equilibrium photoequilibrium1906 flicker fusion1936 flicker-fusion frequency1944 1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-equilibrium. 1924 H. S. Taylor Treat. Physical Chem. II. xviii. 1239 With constant illumination, between reaction temperatures of 50 and 800° C., the photo-equilibrium is the same, regardless of the gas temperature. 1962 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 66 2472/2 In reversible photoisomerizations photoequilibrium is established when the rates of the two opposing photoreactions A ⇌ B under the action of the particular photoactive light used, are equal. 2000 Crop Sci. (Nexis) 1 Nov. 1673 The relative amounts of far-red (FR) and red light (R) received by the phytochrome system in growing plants affects the photoequilibrium between the R-absorbing form..and the FR-absorbing form. photofabrication n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fabrᵻˈkeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌfæbrəˈkeɪʃ(ə)n/ manufacture involving the action of light on a material; spec. the manufacture of integrated circuits by photolithography. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > diffraction > [noun] > hologram > production or use of holography1964 photofabrication1967 1967 Sci. Amer. Apr. 47 Photofabrication starts with drawings and by chemistry and optics transforms them into the objects, usually with a linear reduction in scale. 1980 Chem. in Brit. 16 470/3 Photocrosslinkable or dimerisable polymers are used mainly in the preparation of printed and integrated circuits (photo-resists) and in photofabrication. 2004 Jrnl. Materials Processing Technol. 149 460 Photochemical machining (PCM), also known as photoetching, photofabrication or photochemical milling, is a non-traditional manufacturing method based on the combination of photoresist imaging and chemical etching. photofission n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈfɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪʃ(ə)n/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪʒ(ə)n/ Nuclear Physics fission of a nucleus caused by a gamma-ray photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic nucleus > nuclear fission > [noun] > by gamma-ray photon photofission1939 1939 Physical Rev. 56 449/2 We can form an estimate of the cross section for photo-fission by comparison with the yields of photoneutrons. 2000 Nature 16 Mar. 239/2 Photofission has been studied with radio-frequency accelerators since they were invented decades ago. photoformer n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)fɔːmə/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌfɔrmər/ Electronics an apparatus for generating a voltage corresponding to a given curve, incorporating a cathode ray tube, a photoelectric cell, and an intervening opaque mask with an edge cut to the shape of the curve. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electronics > electronic devices or components > electronic instruments > [noun] > device generating specific wave-shapes photoformer1949 1949 Electronics Feb. 100/1 The Photoformer, as it is called since it generates waveshapes through the use of a cathode-ray tube and phototube, is fed with a sawtooth voltage of the desired frequency. 1965 Math. in Biol. & Med. (Med. Res. Council) i. 38 Figure 3 shows how an analogue computer is used to resolve such a curve into its components... A voltage generated from the curve by a photoformer is compared with the sum of exponentials generated in the computer. photo-generated adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛnəreɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛnəˌreɪdəd/ generated by the action of light, esp. in a photochemical reaction. ΚΠ 1942 Jrnl. Org. Chem. 7 474 Both [reactions] would also lead to the chain begun by the photo-generated HS radical. 1976 Science 26 Aug. 853/3 A major factor limiting solar cell efficiency is the tendency of the photogenerated holes to become trapped in the silicon before reaching the Schottky junction. 1993 European Jrnl. Phycol. 28 51/1 The most obvious source is photo-generated reductant which is most likely to be involved in the process of nitrite reduction. photoinactivation n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnaktᵻˈveɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˌæktəˈveɪʃ(ə)n/ Biochemistry destruction of the biological activity of an enzyme, virus, etc., by light. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > biological processes > light-related processes > [noun] > other processes photoassimilation1922 photoinactivation1938 photoact1940 photoreactivation1949 photoaction1951 photoreversal1951 photoreactivability1952 photoreversibility1954 photoprotection1958 photorepair1967 the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photoinactivation photoinactivation1938 1938 Recueil des Travaux Bot. Néerlandais 35 12 The decrease of the curvature with auxin-a by light must be ascribed to the photo-inactivation of the auxin-a-lactone. 1973 Biochemistry 12 2540/2 Studies..on the photoinactivation of a purified bovine kidney mutarotase were undertaken. 2000 AIDS Weekly (Nexis) 13 Nov. 25 Both cell-free and cell-associated HIV can be eliminated in plasma by a filtration/methylene blue photoinactivation system. photoinitiated adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻˈnɪʃiˌeɪdᵻd/ Chemistry (of a chemical reaction) initiated by light. ΚΠ 1951 Jrnl. Polymer Sci. 7 243 (title) Photoinitiated free radical polymerization of vinyl compounds in aqueous solution. 2003 Biomacromolecules 4 1327 We investigated the mechanism involved in the photoinitiated cross-linking of the polyester. photoinitiator n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪˈnɪʃɪeɪtə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻˈnɪʃiˌeɪdər/ Chemistry a substance which, under the influence of light, acts as the initiator of a chemical reaction by passing on the energy it absorbs to one of the reactants. ΚΠ 1950 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 72 1063/2 Di-t-butyl peroxide proved to be an excellent photoinitiator in these experiments. 2002 Nature 2 May 28/3 The process begins with a mixture of liquid crystal, a polymer-forming monomer, an ultraviolet-absorbing dye and a photo-initiator. photokeratitis n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kɛrəˈtʌɪtᵻs/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌkɛrəˈtaɪdᵻs/ Medicine inflammation of the cornea, or damage to the corneal epithelium, caused by overexposure to light, esp. in the ultraviolet range. ΚΠ 1969 Amer. Jrnl. Optometry & Arch. Amer. Acad. Optometry 46 569 Subliminal exposures repeated at intervals of a few minutes to an hour or more within a 24-hour period are simply additive in producing photokeratitis. 1991 Lancet 25 May 1284/2 Solar UV radiation may cause acute photokeratitis (snowblindness). 2002 Observer 18 Aug. (Mag.) 61/4 You have eye sunburn—aka photokeratitis. photoneutral adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈnjuːtr(ə)l/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈn(j)utrəl/ unaffected in some respect by light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [adjective] > unaffected by insensitive1871 photoneutral1950 1950 O. F. Curtis & D. G. Clark Introd. Plant Physiol. xx. 630 Some plants are evidently highly indifferent to the photoperiod with respect to their flowering behavior and will flower over almost any photoperiod ranging from a 5-hr daily exposure to a 24-hr, or continuous, exposure. Some of the plants that fall into this indeterminate, or photoneutral, group are buckwheat, sunflower, tomato, cotton, and dandelion. 1995 Jrnl. Neurogenetics 10 119 The transition from negative phototaxis toward photoneutral behavior characteristic of the wandering third instar larva. photoneutron n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈnjuːtrɒn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈn(j)uˌtrɑn/ Nuclear Physics a neutron released from a nucleus by the action of a gamma-ray photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > neutron > released by photon photoneutron1935 1935 Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 488 The angular distribution of the photo-neutrons from beryllium was investigated. 1992 Health Physics 62 359/1 This neutron field is produced by photoneutrons generated in the metal portion of the shield when the primary X-ray beam is aimed at the barrier. photopeak n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)piːk/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpik/ Nuclear Physics a peak in a curve representing the energy distribution of photons scattered or emitted by a substance. ΚΠ 1945 S. Benzer Photoelectr. Effects in Germanium (U.S. Dept. of Commerce, Office of Publication Board PB 28644) 3 In exploring germanium samples for their rectification at different points, uncommon current-voltage characteristics are sometimes observed. There are two types which are of particular interest because of their sensitivity to light... K. Lark-Horovitz has given the descriptive names ‘photodiode’ and ‘photopeak’ to these characteristics. 1961 G. R. Choppin Exper. Nucl. Chem. vii. 101 The increase in crystal dimensions results in an increase of the photopeak intensity at the expense of the Compton distribution. 2000 Limnol. & Oceanogr. 45 712/2 Uranium-238 activity in sediments was estimated by the 63.3 keV photopeak. photoperimeter n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)pəˈrɪmᵻtə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊpəˈrɪmədər/ Ophthalmology rare = perimeter n. 2.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photoperimeter. photophosphorescent adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fɒsfəˈrɛsnt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌfɑsfəˈrɛs(ə)nt/ becoming luminescent on exposure to light. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Photophosphorescent, exhibiting phosphorescence under the action of light. 1989 Material Handling Engin. (Nexis) Sept. 73 Some photophosphorescent inks, visible under black or ultraviolet light, are used for blind coding product. 2000 Wausau (Wisconsin) Daily Herald (Nexis) 19 Mar. 1 d The patron has time to pose against a photo-phosphorescent wall before a burst of light sets aglow everything that's not in the shadow area. photophosphorylation n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fɒsfɒrᵻˈleɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊfɑsˌfɔrəˈleɪʃ(ə)n/ Biochemistry the process by which plants and certain microoganisms use light energy to produce ATP from ADP, without the need for oxidative reactions. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > chemistry > organic chemistry > chemical processes or reactions > biochemical reactions and processes > [noun] > photo processes > photophosphorylation photophosphorylation1956 1954 D. I. Arnon et al. in Nature 28 Aug. 394/1 Evidence has now been obtained that whole chloroplasts..have the ability to carry out..photosynthetic phosphorylation, a term which we use for the conversion of light energy into the high-energy phosphate bonds of adenosine triphosphate (ATP), without the participation of respiration.] 1956 Plant Physiol. 31 p. xxx/2 (heading) The mechanism of cell-free, bacterial photophosphorylation. 1971 M. F. Mallette et al. Introd. Biochem. xviii. 646 Photosystem 1, the longer wave length photosystem, has been associated with the reduction of NADP⁺ and with photophosphorylation. Photosystem 2 is related to dissociation of water and the evolution of oxygen. 1989 B. Alberts et al. Molecular Biol. Cell (ed. 2) vii. 377 (heading) In plants and cyanobacteria, noncyclic photophosphorylation produces both NADPH and ATP. 2000 Science (Nexis) 21 Jan. 435 The aqueous lumen (where protons for photophosphorylation accumulate). photopigment n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈpɪɡm(ə)nt/ , /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌpɪɡm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈpɪɡmənt/ , /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpɪɡmənt/ Biology a pigment (e.g. in the eye) which is chemically responsive to light. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > pigment > [noun] > human or animal pigments > others urohaematin1863 respiratory pigment1877 stercobilin1880 oxyluciferin1919 wear-and tear-pigment1928 photopigment1937 porphyropsin1937 erythrolabe1958 cryptochrome1978 1937 Nature 25 Sept. 545/2 The familiar Purkinje effect, for which clearly the extracted photo-pigments form an adequate chemical basis. 1964 S. Duke-Elder Parsons' Dis. Eye (ed. 14) xxiv. 364 It [sc. colour blindness] is an inherited condition,..and is probably due to the absence of one of the two photopigments normally found in the foveal cones. 2000 Red Herring Dec. 352/2 Most people are trichromats, with retinas having three kinds of color sensors, called cone photopigments—those for red, green, and blue. photopile n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pʌɪl/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpaɪl/ Physics a device that produces a voltage in response to incident light. ΚΠ a1884 E. H. Knight Pract. Dict. Mech. Suppl. 675/1 (caption) Bell's photopile of receiver. 1908 J. Erskine-Murray tr. E. Ruhmer Wireless Teleph. i. iii. 20 A telephone, in circuit with a photopile..would reproduce the sound by which the light was in the first instance thrown into vibration. 1983 Internat. Jrnl. Energy Res. 7 137 The energy balance for the hydrogen production using the mentioned cycles is compared with a direct electrolytic water-splitting process working with thermopiles or photopiles solar plants as electricity source. photopotential n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)pəˈtɛnʃl/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊpəˈtɛn(t)ʃ(ə)l/ an electric potential generated by light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > voltage > electrical potential > [noun] > generated by light photopotential1913 1913 Science 26 Dec. 936/1 The relation between photo-potentials and frequency. 1924 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 28 333 If the silver iodide coating was not too thick on the electrode he found that the photo-potential was always positive. 2001 Laser Focus World (Nexis) 1 July 155 It produces a photopotential along the length and across the width of the junction. photoprotein n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈprəʊtiːn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈproʊˌtin/ Biology any of various proteins which emit light. ΚΠ 1966 Shimomura & Johnson in F. H. Johnson & Y. Haneda Bioluminescence in Progress 495 Solutions of the protein, for which the general term ‘photoprotein’ is suggested, show a fluorescence maximum at 458 mμ when excited at 350 mμ. 1975 Nature 17 July 236/2 The photoprotein aequorin (molecular weight about 30,000) isolated from the bioluminescent jellyfish Aequorea aequorea emits blue light. 2000 Nature 18 May 291/3 Several other members of the coelenterate group of marine invertebrates have Ca²⁺-activated photoproteins. photoproton n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈprəʊtɒn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈproʊˌtɑn/ Nuclear Physics a proton released from a nucleus by the action of a gamma-ray photon. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle participating in strong interaction > baryon > [noun] > proton > released by photon photoproton1935 1935 J. Chadwick & M. Goldhaber in Proc. Royal Soc. A. 151 480 The experimental arrangement for the detection of the protons released from deuterium, which we may for convenience call ‘photo’-protons, was as follows. 1975 K. G. McNeill et al. in H. Jochim & B. Ziegler Interaction Stud. in Nuclei 451 Predictions have been made of the angular distributions of the photoprotons emitted from ⁴⁰Ca and going to the ground state of ³⁹K. 1994 Physical Rev. C. 49 991 The presence of photoprotons obscures the identification of ternary protons while ⁶He particles were observed clearly. photoreaction n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rɪˈakʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈækʃ(ə)n/ a reaction or response produced by light; spec. a photochemical reaction. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > study of chemical action of light > photochemical reaction photoreaction1909 1909 Jrnl. Chem. Soc. 95 442 That most remarkable photo-reaction which Marckwald..has named phototropy. 1948 H. A. Borthwick et al. in A. E. Murneek & R. O. Whyte Vernalization & Photoperiodism 71 Knowledge has been obtained by physical methods about photoreactions that regulate the concentrations of compounds in photoperiodically sensitive plants of both the long-day and short-day types. 1991 A. Milne Fate of Dinosaurs (BNC) 35 Chlorophyll depends naturally on light, CO₂, humidity and warmth, although primary photoreaction proceeds at the same rate regardless of temperature. photoreactive adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rɪˈaktɪv/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈæktɪv/ exhibiting or characterized by a photoreaction. ΚΠ 1926 Science 10 Sept. 260/1 Photo-responsive movements are due to a photo-reactive substance. 1986 Jrnl. Biol. Chem. 261 9094/2 We demonstrate the use of a new iodinatable, cleavable, photoreactive cross-linking agent. 2003 Ecologist May 38/1 In Japan photo-reactive nanocrystals are being developed for more efficient solar cell production. photoshock n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ʃɒk/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌʃɑk/ [in sense (a) after French photo-choc (P. Cossa & H. Gastaut 1949, in Ann. médico-psychol. 107 187)] (a) a flash or series of flashes of light used as part of shock therapy (now rare); (b) Zoology a negative response to light on the part of a phototactic organism. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > psychiatry > [noun] > shock treatments shock therapy1917 insulin treatment1938 photoshock1953 1953 Amer. Jrnl. Psychiatry 109 744/1 Although the method for producing convulsions (photoshock) presented here may be considered similar to that of Metrazol shock, it is our impression that this modified procedure has several possible advantages. 1955 Sci. News Let. 21 May 325/1 Instead of electric current, a flashing light is used for ‘photo-shock’ treatment. 1993 Jrnl. Cell Biol. 120 733 A new mutant strain of Chlamydomonas..has been identified which is defective in phototaxis. This strain swims with a rate and straightness of path comparable with that of wild-type cells, and retains the photoshock response. 2001 D. Bray Cell Movements (ed. 2) iii. 38 The photoshock response is produced by a stronger stimulus than that sufficient to elicit phototaxis. photostationary adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃn̩(ə)ri/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsteɪʃən(ə)ri/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈsteɪʃəˌnɛri/ Chemistry designating or characterized by a state of equilibrium in a photochemical reaction in which the rate of dissociation of the reactants equals their rate of recombination. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [adjective] > of chemical action of light > of) accelerated (reaction) > in a state of equilibrium photostationary1924 1924 Trans. Faraday Soc. 20 112 The decomposition of sulphur dioxide gas under the action of light radiated from a uviol mercury lamp has been investigated, and the resulting photostationary state, characteristic of a given set of conditions, determined. 1956 Science 4 May 795/1 These molecules are coresponsible for changes in the absorption spectrum of illuminated chlorophyll solutions in the photostationary state. 1987 A. Nickon & E. F. Silversmith Org. Chem.: Name Game iii. 43 This irradiation produced a Z-rich photostationary mixture that transported ions..from water to organic media. photosurface n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsəːfᵻs/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈsərfəs/ †(a) a surface that emits light, a luminous surface (obsolete rare); (b) a surface that emits electrons when illuminated. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > atomic physics > particle physics > particle avoiding strong interaction > electron > [noun] > emission by action of incident light > surface affected by photosurface1864 1864 Proc. Royal Soc. 1863–4 13 493 These nebulæ, or at least their photosurfaces, must be regarded as enormous masses of luminous gas or vapour. 1939 Jrnl. Inst. Electr. Engineers 85 472/2 The optical picture to be transmitted is focused on a continuous transparent photo-surface. 1970 Proc. IEEE 58 1794/1 The AgOCs photocathode, the only photosurface to give appreciable response beyond 1 micron until recently. 1987 Jrnl. Operational Res. Soc. 38 1112 The photo-surface in xerography is an electrostatically-charged plate. † phototelephone n. Obsolete rare = photophone n.Apparently only attested in dictionaries or glossaries. ΚΠ 1890 Cent. Dict. Phototelephone, same as photophone. phototelephony n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tᵻˈlɛfəni/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tᵻˈlɛfn̩i/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊtəˈlɛfəni/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtɛləˌfoʊni/ rare telephony in which the signal is transmitted by modulating light waves. ΚΠ 1921 ‘C. Blayre’ Purple Sapphire 58 It is well known that he was engaged in researches upon the development of photo-telephony, and his Observatory was fitted with an arc-light apparatus of exceptionally high voltage. 1921 Nature 27 Oct. 276/1 In phototelephony there are imposed upon a projected beam of light fluctuations of intensity which correspond to the sound-vibrations associated with speech. 1971 Soviet Jrnl. Optical Technol. 38 17 It [sc. a prism] is usually used to reflect a beam back on itself, primarily in phototelephony. photothermic adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈθəːmɪk/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈθərmɪk/ , /ˌfoʊdəˈθərmɪk/ Science relating to both light and heat; relating to the production of heat by or with light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > [adjective] > in relation to other fields magneto-optical1848 electro-optical1850 magneto-optic1850 electro-optic1878 photodynamic1882 photophysical1889 photothermic1891 photodynamical1938 optoelectronic1955 photoacoustic1970 optoacoustic1971 the world > matter > properties of materials > temperature > heat > [adjective] > radiant > of light-rays photothermic1891 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > heat > transmission of heat > [adjective] > relating to heat and light photothermic1891 1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 359 The photothermic energy in the luminous spectrum. 1942 Ecol. Monogr. 12 358/1 Photo-thermic reaction. Tendency for reaction to light may be reversed or eradicated by temperatures above or below certain limits. 1976 Chem. Week (Nexis) 21 July 34 In the high-growth technologies are four of major chemical interest: photothermic compositions, plant growth retarders, catalytic mufflers, and tissue culturing. 1992 Biol. Structures & Morphogenesis 4 30/1 Influence of long and short photothermic stimulations on gonadotropic activity seems to be mediated via [the] hypothalamic-pituitary system. phototransformation n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)transfəˈmeɪʃn/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)trɑːnsfəˈmeɪʃn/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)tranzfəˈmeɪʃn/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)trɑːnzfəˈmeɪʃn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌtræn(t)sfərˈmeɪʃ(ə)n/ transformation of a chemical compound effected by light. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > study of chemical action of light > transformation by action of light phototransformation1962 1962 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 66 2470 The results indicate the occurrence of consecutive and concurrent phototransformations and thermal interconversions between stereoisomers of the colored modification. 1975 D. Vince-Prue Photoperiodism in Plants vi. 215 The phototransformation of phytochrome may very rapidly lead to an alteration of membrane properties. 2003 Environmental Sci. & Technol. 37 1061 Phototransformation was identified as the main elimination process of diclofenac in the lake water. phototransient n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtranzɪənt/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnzɪənt/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtransɪənt/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnsɪənt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtræn(t)ʃ(ə)nt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtrænʒ(ə)nt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtrænziənt/ Chemistry a short-lived molecular species produced by irradiation. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > light > scientific effects of light > [noun] > production by > product of > transient phototransient1973 1973 Physics Bull. July 431/1 It is obvious that for light induced species with large lifetimes, a simple dc method would suffice to measure their absorption. However, with the short lifetimes associated with excited states, the changes occurring in dc current by the absorption of the phototransient will be much smaller than the noise. 1975 Nature 25 Dec. 767/2 Evidence was obtained that this phenomenon is a consequence of an overlap from a shorter lived phototransient (maximum about 530 nm) which is the precursor of the 410-nm species. 2000 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 122 389/1 On pyrolysis of the model compound, pyrenebutanoic acid.., phototransients assigned to the viologen radical ion..and the pyrene radical cation..were observed. 2. Of or relating to photography; involving or using photography or processes used in photography.In the early 20th cent. sometimes used in relation to motion pictures. a. photochart n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)tʃɑːt/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrt/ ΚΠ 1894 Athenæum 4 Aug. 165/3 Comparing the present photo-charts [of stars] with others obtained by the same processes after the lapse of several years. 1977 Time 9 May 21/2 A costly piece of equipment..continues to receive signals from a U.S. satellite, and dutifully churns out a daily photochart of the weather pattern for all of Southeast Asia. 1995 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 9 May 12 Shoreline's photocharts show coastal anomalies as they really are. photo-cyclist n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsʌɪklɪst/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈsaɪkləst/ ΚΠ 1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-chart, -cyclist. photo-equipment n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊᵻˈkwɪpm(ə)nt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊəˈkwɪpmənt/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊiˈkwɪpmənt/ ΚΠ 1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 427 A dozen African explorers could be fitted out with the now indispensable photo-equipment. 1957 Industr. & Labor Relations Rev. 10 494/1 Tests were developed for three ground crew specialties: photo-equipment repairman, autopilot specialist, and weapons mechanic. 1996 Newsweek 12 Feb. 46/1 Kodak and four other major photo-equipment makers—Nikon, Minolta, Fuji and Canon—have a lot riding on the answer. photo-facsimile n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fakˈsɪmᵻli/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)fakˈsɪml̩i/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌfækˈsɪməli/ ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photographic facsimile photo-facsimile1896 1896 Periodical No. 1. 4 The unique MS...has been reproduced..in photo-facsimile and type-transliteration. 1959 K. Henney Radio Engin. Handbk. (ed. 5) xxiii. 1 Photofacsimile systems reproduce the subject copy on photographic papers or films. 1973 Nature 16 Feb. 434/2 His youthful German collaborator made a fair copy of Copernicus's precious autograph (now splendidly reproduced in photofacsimile). 1995 M. Monmonier Drawing Line Introd. 3 Where helpful and practicable, I include photofacsimiles that let the maps speak for themselves. photo-miniature n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmɪnᵻtʃə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɪn(i)əˌtʃʊ(ə)r/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɪn(i)ətʃər/ ΚΠ 1866 Sci. Amer. 17 Feb. 119/1 The photo-miniature—Beecher's formula. 1918 Times 27 Nov. 7/1 A complete copy of the Koran, produced in photo-miniature by a Scotch firm. 1999 Charlotte Observer (North Carolina) (Nexis) 14 Feb. 1 c This photo miniature now can appear at a moment's notice whenever a teen-age discount-store clerk beckons it. photo-tracing n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtreɪsɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtreɪsɪŋ/ ΚΠ 1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-chart,..-tracing. 1942 Ann. Missouri Bot. Garden 29 92 The map..was drawn from the photo tracings on a base taken from the county highway maps. photo-transfer n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtrɑːnsfəː/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtransfəː/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtræn(t)sfər/ ΚΠ 1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 531 A little photo-transfer ink is mixed with turpentine. 1959 Economist 21 Mar. 1088/1 Of the small desk-top machines, those employing the photo-transfer process are the most widely used... The photographic image is transferred from the negative to the positive without exposure, when the two are [etc.]. 1997 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Sept. 324/3 These photo-transfers enable Rauschenberg to re-create an image with far more freedom and control than his unwieldy silkscreens did. photo-decorated adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdɛkəreɪtᵻd/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈdɛkəˌreɪdᵻd/ ΚΠ 1896 Pottery Gaz. Oct. Mr. G. H. Grundy..has a decided novelty (which he is now producing under provisional protection) in the shape of Photo-decorated Tiles. 1900 Times 16 July 5/1 Expenditure or depreciation upon various undertakings of the company entered into in previous years, more particularly the Chinese Corporation (Limited)..and Photo-Decorated Tile Company (Limited). 1988 Glazed Expressions (Tiles & Archit. Ceramics Soc.) Autumn 3/1 Following the success of the Photo-Decorated Tiles Grundy sold his patent to a small glass works. b. photo-aquatint n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊˈakwətɪnt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈækwəˌtɪnt/ †(a) a process for printing photographs from aquatinted copper plates (obsolete); (b) the gum-bichromate process. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes photopapyrography1862 photoengraving1864 photo-electrotype1865 photo-electrotyping1865 autotype1868 Albertype1869 linography1888 photo-aquatint1891 neograph1892 photo-chromotypy1894 dyeline1951 letterset1962 giclée1995 1891 Manufacturer & Builder Feb. 39/2 Processes in which the picture is printed from an intaglio copper plate... Photo-aquatint. 1897 Daily News 4 Oct. 6/4 The bichromate process, to which has been given the name ‘Photo-Aquatint’ because there is practically nothing used but pure water-colour fixed by the effect of light acting through a negative. 1919 Brit. Jrnl. Photogr. Almanac 252 In the gum-bichromate process, also termed aquatint or photo-aquatint. 2001 Canberra Times (Nexis) 21 Nov. 20 She says her collection of thousands of negatives has now been augmented by digital images. She now uses photo-aquatint in her work. photo-bibliography n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)bɪblɪˈɒɡrəfi/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌbɪbliˈɑɡrəfi/ description of books by the aid of photography; a bibliography illustrated with photographs, or of works containing photographs. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > bibliography > [noun] > type of photo-bibliography1872 bio-bibliography1892 1872 H. Stevens (title) Bibliotheca geographica et historica,..together with an essay upon the Stevens system of photobibliography. 1878 H. Stevens (title) Photo-Bibliography, or a Word on Printed Card Catalogues of Old, Rare, Beautiful and Costly Books, etc., with reduced facsimiles of some famous Works issued during the Sixteenth and Seventeenth Centuries. 1891 Athenæum 10 Jan. 53/2 The subject of photo-bibliography was one of his [sc. H. Stevens's] pet hobbies. 1986 T. H. Ohlgren Insular & Anglo-Saxon Illuminated MSS Introd. p. xii Full bibliographic references can be found in the Photo-Bibliography. photoceramic n. and adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)sᵻˈramɪk/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊsəˈræmɪk/ (a) n. a piece of ceramic work decorated by photographic processes; (b) adj. relating to, designating, or composed of such material. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > decoration of china > [noun] > other types of decoration smudging1846 rice grain1876 photoceramic1892 pastillage1901 fingertipping1935 trailing1940 lithophane1947 society > occupation and work > materials > derived or manufactured material > clay compositions > baked clay > pottery or ceramics > [noun] > pottery ornamented in specific way lustre ware1825 celadon1850 willow-ware1851 spatterware1856 sgraffiato1862 barbotine1865 sgraffito1878 slipware1883 photoceramic1892 sponged ware1957 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > prints photopapyrograph1862 photo-relief1866 autotype1868 Albertype1869 photochromotype1877 auto1882 photoceramic1892 linograph1970 giclée1995 1892 Newark (Ohio) Daily Advocate 25 Jan. Photo-ceramics have lately come to the front, and with pigments photo-ceramics in colors of marvelous beauty have been produced. 1906 N.E.D. at Photo- Photo-ceramist, an artist in photo-ceramic work. 1989 Progressive Archit. (Nexis) July 84 Knapp went to Japan to supervise production of three photoceramic murals at the Otsuka Ohmi Ceramic Company. 2002 Evening Times (Glasgow) (Nexis) 26 Feb. 39 We can even order in photoceramics which allows you to put a picture of your choice on the stone. photo-ceramist n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)sᵻˈramɪst/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈsɛrəmɪst/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊsəˈræməst/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈsɛrəməst/ now rare an artist who produces photoceramics. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > print-makers photo-ceramist1894 chemigrapher1897 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > ornamental art and craft > decoration of china > [noun] > other types of decoration > artist or decorator blueprinter1825 sponger?1881 photo-ceramist1894 1894 Amer. Ann. Photogr. 143 A photo-ceramist of no ordinary merit. 2000 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 10 Oct. 15 Marton company Promarc International, in partnership with Christchurch photo-ceramist Bill Wallace, have created Permanite, a material similar to that used for power insulators. photocharger n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʃɑːdʒə/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrdʒər/ Library Science a device for photographically recording details of books, etc., loaned from a library. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > library or collection of books > library, place, or institution > [noun] > photographically recording library book details photocharger1954 photocharging1955 1954 M. F. Tauber et al. Technical Services Libr. xix. 367 Photographic charging machines generally in use are the Recordak Book Charging System and the Remington Rand Photocharger. 1956 Council Bluffs (Iowa) Nonpareil 1 Jan. 6 b Probably the largest single accomplishment during 1955 was installation of two new photo-chargers for the circulation desk. 1967 L. V. Paulin in W. L. Saunders Librarianship in Brit. Today i. 4 The introduction of more photochargers. photocharging n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʃɑːdʒɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌtʃɑrdʒɪŋ/ Library Science the use of a photocharger for recording details of books, etc., loaned from a library. ΘΚΠ society > communication > book > library or collection of books > library, place, or institution > [noun] > photographically recording library book details photocharger1954 photocharging1955 1955 W. Ashworth Handbk. Special Librarianship xii. 319 Such devices as audio-charging..and photo-charging..have been used in America in public libraries. 1967 C. R. Eastwood Mobile Libraries ix. 94 Photocharging is widely used on American mobile libraries but not in Britain. 2001 Libr. Managem. (Nexis) 22 246 The long queues which had formed at counters on Saturday mornings when the Browne issue was used vanished as photocharging and then computers were introduced. photocollage n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈkɒlɑːʒ/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kɒˈlɑːʒ/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)kəˈlɑːʒ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊkəˈlɑʒ/ , /ˈfoʊdoʊkəˌlɑʒ/ a technique of collage using (parts of) photographs or photographic negatives; (also) a work of art made in this way (cf. photomontage n.). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > other visual arts > [noun] > collage collage1919 papier collé1935 paste-up1944 papier déchiré1959 photocollage1961 1961 W. S. Burroughs Let. 14 June (2012) 82 I have given myself a brief rest from writing. Will now apply what I have learned from the photo collages back in writing. 1967 H. Stevens Design in Photo-Collage 7/1 The ability to turn the unbelievable into the believable makes photo-collage a thoroughly enjoyable technique. 1975 New Yorker 14 Apr. 74/3 A similar objectification of the Freudian dream work is achieved by Ernst in his photocollage, paint-scraping, and dripped-paint compositions. 1988 Creative Rev. Jan. 3/3 David Hockney broke the rules of photography and art with his photo-collages. photo-collotype n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈkɒlətʌɪp/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈkɑləˌtaɪp/ now rare = collotype n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes heliotype1870 Woodbury1872 papyrotype1874 photogelatin1875 papyrograph1878 photo-collotype1878 Woodburytype1878 artotype1879 collotype1883 stannotype1883 papyrography1888 photomezzotype1888 photophane1888 chromocollotype1891 collography1891 photo-mezzo1896 1878 W. de W. Abney Treat. Photogr. xxviii. 186 By a photo-collotype process is meant a ‘surface printing’ process, by which prints are obtained from the surface of a film of gelatine, or other kindred substance. 1967 E. Chambers Photolitho-offset i. 11 1865 Tessié du Motay... Photo-collotype. Exposed-gelatin film damped and inked. With C. R. Maréchal early collotype on copper base. photo crayon adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) ˈkreɪɒn/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) ˈkreɪən/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊ ˈkreɪˌɑn/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊ ˈkreɪən/ now rare designating or produced by a process in which a photograph is produced on glass and backed with a white sheet which has been marked so as to give the effect that the picture has been drawn in crayon, or in which a photographic groundwork is covered in crayon to give the same effect. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographic processes > [adjective] > colouring of photographs photo crayon1865 1865 Times 2 May 16/6 (advt.) L. Caldesi and Co. respectfully invite the nobility and gentry to view their new photo-crayon portraits. 1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 503 Photo Crayon Process, a photographic transparency on glass..[was] afterwards backed up with white paper, on which a number of lines, hatchings, or stippling were lithographed, giving the portrait the appearance of a crayon work. 1915 Staffordshire Sentinel 29 Jan. 1/2 (advt.) If you have only a very inferior portrait a Splendid Likeness can be obtained in the New Photo Crayon Process. photo-filigrane n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈfɪlᵻɡreɪn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈfɪləˌɡreɪn/ now historical a photographic process for producing a watermark in paper. ΚΠ 1883 Athenæum 27 Jan. 124/2 A new process..named ‘photo-filigrane’, for producing the water-mark in paper by a photographic process. 1994 M. Pritchard Directory London Photographers (rev. ed.) 41/2 The reason for this was to raise capital to develop the photo-filigrane process and the manufacture of phototype blocks. † photogastroscope n. Obsolete rare a gastroscope with a camera attachment, used to photograph the inside of the stomach. ΚΠ 1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. Photogastroscope, an arrangement for photographing the inside of the stomach. photogelatin n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈdʒɛlətɪn/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛlətn/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈdʒɛlədən/ = collotype n.; (also) gelatin of a type suitable for use in collotype printing. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes heliotype1870 Woodbury1872 papyrotype1874 photogelatin1875 papyrograph1878 photo-collotype1878 Woodburytype1878 artotype1879 collotype1883 stannotype1883 papyrography1888 photomezzotype1888 photophane1888 chromocollotype1891 collography1891 photo-mezzo1896 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1680/1 Photo-gelatine Process, one in which gelatine, prepared chemically, usually by the bichromate of potash, is made to receive a photographic image. 1927 Amer. Hist. Rev. 32 657 The print of 1563 in a photogelatine facsimile. 1982 J. Mackay Guinness Bk. Stamps 191 Collotype..known in America as photogelatin, has only been used in the production of one stamp. 2002 Daily News (New Plymouth, N.Z.) (Nexis) 16 Nov. 6 The products include photogelatin for photographs, X-rays and pharmagelatin capsules. † photo-graphotype n. Obsolete rare a photographic electrotype process for producing blocks for letterpress printing. ΚΠ 1874 (title) Specimens of photo-graphotype engraving. † photo-hyalotype n. Obsolete rare = hyalotype n. at hyalo- comb. form . ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1686/2 Photo-hyalotype. † photo-ink adj. Obsolete rare designating a photographic process in which the resulting picture is printed in ink. ΚΠ 1888 Athenæum 14 July 69 Reproduced, with no remarkable success, by the photo-ink process. photo-intaglio n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtalɪəʊ/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtaljəʊ/ , /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtɑːlɪəʊ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtæljoʊ/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtɑljoʊ/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtæɡlioʊ/ an intaglio design which has been produced by a photographic process, as photo-etching; intaglio printing using such a process; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > photogravure or phototypography > a print heliograph1853 phototype1854 photo-etching1872 photo-intaglio1875 autogravure1885 duotone1907 duotype1913 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1686/2 Photo-intaglio Engraving, a process in which, by photographic means, lines are etched in a plate to be subsequently filled with ink and printed by the copperplate printing-press. 1882 Cent. Mag. Mar. 788/2 The old photo-lithographic reproductions of the ‘Book of Job’..have given place to a better series in the new photo-intaglio process. 1918 Amer. Hist. Rev. 23 656 Illustrated by photo-intaglio reproductions of important maps, plans, views, and documents. 2003 Irish News (Nexis) 3 May 36 As well as lithograph the printing methods used include screenprint, carborundum print, mezzotint, relief print and photo-intaglio. photointerpretative adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtətɪv/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprəˌteɪdɪv/ = photo-interpretive adj. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [adjective] > interpretation of aerial photographs photointerpretative1959 photo-interpretive1962 1959 Proc. Geologists' Assoc. 70 144 The best practice is a judicious combination of photo-interpretative methods and geological field mapping. 2000 J. Franklin et al. in J. P. Wilson & J. C. Gallant Terrain Anal. xiv. 353 Achieving higher accuracy for large-area, fine-scale, categorically detailed vegetation maps requires some degree of photointerpretative..editing of the map labels generated by classification or modeling techniques. photointerpreter n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprədər/ a person who specializes in interpreting aerial photographs (cf. photointerpretation n.). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [noun] > interpretation of aerial photographs > one who photointerpreter1942 interpreter1950 1942 Photogrammetric Engin. 8 26 While the aerial camera sees all, it is the photo interpreter who must know all and tell all. 1977 Sci. Amer. Sept. 57/1 Only the wide curve it must make on slopes betrays it to the photointerpreter. 1996 R. Hilsman Cuban Missile Crisis ii. 44 The photointerpreters began going over the pictures, frame by frame. photo-interpretive adj. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊɪnˈtəːprᵻtɪv/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊᵻnˈtərprədɪv/ of or relating to photointerpretation. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > viewing of photographs > [adjective] > interpretation of aerial photographs photointerpretative1959 photo-interpretive1962 1962 Appleton (Wisconsin) Post Crescent 11 Nov. It was alert photo interpretive work, presumably combined with other intelligence, that led to the discovery of [etc.]. 1968 Ann. Assoc. Amer. Geographers 58 650/2 From photointerpretive evidence it now appears that peaks are numerous in a zone 450 to 750 meters above timberline. 1996 PR Newswire (Nexis) 25 Sept. He enlisted in the U.S. Army Signal Corps where he was assigned to run a photo-interpretive training school. † photo-lithotype n. Obsolete a picture produced by photolithography. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > photolithography > a print photolithograph1855 photo-lithotype1859 photo-chromolithograph1870 chromophotolithograph1882 photolitho1960 1859 Sat. Rev. 26 Feb. 243/1 A process well worth attention..its result may be called a Photo-litho-type. 1860 Sci. Amer. 28 Jan. 70/3 Whenever extreme minuteness of detail was required in permanent tints, preference should be given to the photo-lithotype. photomap n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)map/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌmæp/ a map derived from a photograph or photomosaic of the area concerned, esp. by superimposing additional information on to the photographic image. ΚΠ 1888 Morning Oregonian (Portland, Oregon) 10 Aug. 4/4 (advt.) Those wishing to purchase Lots in this tract..should take the earliest opportunity of looking over this property... Photo maps and all information on application to [etc.]. 1939 B. B. Talley Engin. Applic. Aerial & Terrestr. Photogrammetry xix. 521 When this becomes economically feasible encouragement should be given to the development of ‘photo-maps’ to which may be added contours. 1969 Nature 16 Aug. 668/1 (caption) Satellite photomap of the Tucson, Arizona, area with transport network superimposed. The map is based on a photograph taken..from Gemini V. 1992 S. S. Hall Mapping Next Millennium (1993) i. 49 These photographs, like the ones from Jupiter and Saturn and Uranus, were photomaps in and of themselves, the first cartographic sketches of previously unseen worlds. photo-mapper n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmapə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmæpər/ an instrument for making photomaps. ΚΠ 1870 H. M. Parkhurst in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 49 38 The motion of the diaphragm may be produced..by the star-key of my star-mapper; and this constitutes the Photo-mapper. 1977 Trans. Inst. Brit. Geographers 2 59 Hobrough using the Gestalt Photo Mapper lists the following largest possible scales assuming 15-m terrain discontinuities. 1991 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 8 Feb. The versatile plane has been used as a cargo-troop carrier, flying hospital,..aerial gunship, aerial photo-mapper. photo-mapping n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmapɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmæpɪŋ/ mapping carried out with the aid of photography; the creation of photomaps. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical astrophotography1857 photoheliography1865 electrophotography1869 photo-mapping1870 photogrammetry1875 phototopography1893 spectrography1900 stereophotogrammetry1913 photoreconnaissance1920 photo-recce1946 electronography1955 1870 H. M. Parkhurst in Amer. Jrnl. Sci. 49 39 In photo-mapping I place the prism always in the meridian. 1899 Daily News 6 June 8/4 The photo~mapping of the heavens by the Astrographic Equatorial. 1949 Science 24 June 642/1 Palomar's 48-inch Schmidt telescope, which will be used for the photomapping, has already been in operation for two or three years. 1990 Jrnl. Petrol. 31 1225 Field and air photo mapping have defined active faults along the Colima and Tepic–Zacoalco rifts in southwestern Mexico. photo-matrix n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmeɪtrɪks/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmeɪtrɪks/ Typography (any of) a set of photographic images of characters used in electronic typesetting. ΘΚΠ society > communication > printing > type founding > type-founding equipment > [noun] > matrix > set of photographic images of characters photo-matrix1958 1958 Bookseller 22 Feb. 948/1 Penguins make history in March by publishing the first book produced in England entirely without the use of metal type... In this new method of composition ‘photo-matrices’ are assembled into lines on a normal keyboard. 1987 Chicago Tribune 18 Dec. vii. 130/5 My original photo matrices serve as the warp on which I weave my complex images. 2002 P. Baines & A. Haslam Type & Typogr. iv. 85/1 This established the practicality of imaging characters stroboscopically from a continuously-spinning photo-matrix disc. † photo-mezzo n. Obsolete rare = photomezzotype n. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes heliotype1870 Woodbury1872 papyrotype1874 photogelatin1875 papyrograph1878 photo-collotype1878 Woodburytype1878 artotype1879 collotype1883 stannotype1883 papyrography1888 photomezzotype1888 photophane1888 chromocollotype1891 collography1891 photo-mezzo1896 1896 Daily News 3 Oct. 6/6 The Madonna and Child. Being six photo-mezzo engravings of pictures belonging to the Italian School in the National Gallery. photomezzotype n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmɛzə(ʊ)tʌɪp/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmɛzəˌtaɪp/ now rare a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype; a picture reproduced by this process. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes heliotype1870 Woodbury1872 papyrotype1874 photogelatin1875 papyrograph1878 photo-collotype1878 Woodburytype1878 artotype1879 collotype1883 stannotype1883 papyrography1888 photomezzotype1888 photophane1888 chromocollotype1891 collography1891 photo-mezzo1896 1888 Pall Mall Gaz. 17 Mar. 3/2 The photo-mezzotype illustrations are useful. 1890 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Aug. 6/2 A photomezzotype of Mrs. General Booth. 1923 Biometrika 15 75 ‘Photomezzotype’ reproduction of original engraving by White. photomural n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjʊərəl/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjʊərl̩/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjɔːrəl/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈmjɔːrl̩/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈmjʊrəl/ a mural consisting of a photograph or photographs. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > a photograph > [noun] > photograph by style or subject high key1849 carte1861 carte-de-visite1861 wedding group1861 vignette1862 studio portrait1869 press photograph1873 cameo-type1874 war picture1883 mug1887 panel1888 snapshot1890 visite1891 fuzz-type1893 stickyback1903 action photograph1904 action picture1904 scenic1913 still1916 passport photo1919 mosaic1920 press photo1923 oblique1925 action shot1927 passport photograph1927 profile shot1928 smudgea1931 glossy1931 photomontage1931 photomural1931 head shot1936 pin-up1943 mug shot1950 wedding photograph1956 wedding photo1966 full-frontal1970 photofit1970 split beaver1972 upskirt1994 selfie2002 1931 Decatur (Illinois) Herald 18 Mar. 6/5 The lacquer dims the colors somewhat, but adds to the life of the photo-murals. 1960 House & Garden Oct. 65/1 For ease of hanging, these photomurals are printed on lightweight white base paper. 2001 Third Text Spring 58 Harris's life-size photomural..is a good example of the self-portrait exploited as a form of redemptive narcissism. † photo-nephograph n. [ < photo- comb. form + ancient Greek νέϕος cloud (see nephology n.) + -graph comb. form] Obsolete an apparatus for taking a succession of simultaneous photographs of a cloud from two points at some distance apart, in order to ascertain its height and movement. ΚΠ 1883–4 Proc. Royal Soc. 36 92 A series of experiments have been commenced with Captain Abney's photo-nephograph. 1890 Athenæum 29 Mar. 408/2 Reference was..made to Mr. J. B. Jordan's form of sunshine recorder, and to Capt. Abney's photo-nephograph. † photo-nephoscope n. [ < photo- comb. form + ancient Greek νέϕος cloud (see nephology n.) + -scope comb. form] Obsolete rare = photo-nephograph n. ΚΠ 1878 Proc. Royal Soc. 28 83 Photo-nephoscope.—This instrument, designed by Professor Stokes and Mr. F. Galton for the purpose of photographing clouds at the time of their passage across the zenith, has been the subject of experiment for some time. photo-novelette n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)nɒvəˈlɛt/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)nɒvlˈɛt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˌnɑvəˈlɛt/ now rare a novelette told in photographic form (cf. photonovel n. 2). ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > journal > periodical > [noun] > magazine > pictorial pictorial1844 picture paper1853 illustrated1879 picture magazine1895 photo magazine1903 rotogravure1914 roto1920 photo-novelette1963 society > leisure > the arts > literature > prose > narrative or story > types of narrative or story generally > [noun] > story with photographs photo-story1913 photo-novelette1963 1963 Economist 30 Nov. 918/2 Illustrated weeklies, photo-novelettes, comics and women's magazines. 1974 Afr. Stud. Rev. 17 335 This is a ‘photo-novelette’—a story told through photographs with ‘balloons’ of dialogue, accompanied by a running text. photo-pass n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pɑːs/ , /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pas/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpæs/ (a) an identification card incorporating a photograph of the holder, allowing access to restricted areas, etc.; (b) an official document, usually in the form of a laminated plastic card, authorizing the holder to take photographs of a celebrity, event, etc. ΚΠ 1957 Tri City Herald (Washington) 15 Aug. 1/8 General Electric employes may make applications to the master list by contacting the housing office and identifying themselves with their photo passes. 1974 Times 18 June 1/5 He was shocked to find many MPs had not yet obtained ‘photo-passes’ to the House which were carried by all members of staff. 1987 Arkansas Democrat-Gaz. (Nexis) 1 Feb. Maintaining a good, amicable working relationship with rock promoters is essential to ensure help in arranging interviews with performers, backstage passes, photo passes and the like. 1996 Daily Tel. 1 Oct. 5/3 In one incident, a delegate was refused entry because her three-week-old baby did not have a photo-pass. † photophane n. Obsolete rare a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > collotype and similar processes heliotype1870 Woodbury1872 papyrotype1874 photogelatin1875 papyrograph1878 photo-collotype1878 Woodburytype1878 artotype1879 collotype1883 stannotype1883 papyrography1888 photomezzotype1888 photophane1888 chromocollotype1891 collography1891 photo-mezzo1896 1888 Times 17 Aug. 11/5 In the Matter of The Companies Acts, 1862 and 1867, and In the Matter of The Photophane Company Limited Notice is Hereby Given, that a Petition for the Winding-up of the above-named Company [etc.]. 1889 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 427 Photophane is a photo-mechanical process allied (but superior) to collotype. photo-piece n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)piːs/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpis/ a work of art composed of photographic material. ΚΠ 1977 N.Y. Times 18 Feb. 72/5 Stephen Willats in his annotated photo-pieces traces the behavior patterns of a generation that grew up in England. 1980 Art Monthly Nov. 37/1 Anthony d'Offay... Gilbert & George, new photo-pieces, Nov. 26–Dec. 23. 1990 Independent 28 May 3/1 Prices at Sonnabend range from $80,000 (£47,000) to $115,000 for big new photo-pieces. 2003 Fort Worth (Texas) Star-Telegram (Nexis) 10 Jan. 34 For the National Cowgirl Museum show, Wade has culled his personal archive to assemble 25 memorable cowgirl photo pieces. photoplate n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)pleɪt/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌpleɪt/ a photographic plate; = plate n. 21; (also) an illustrative plate in a book, etc., featuring a photograph or photographs (cf. plate n. 17b). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > plates and films > [noun] > plate plate1840 photoplate1871 1871 Scribner's Monthly Aug. 443/1 The photo-printing process..now practiced in this city..at the rooms of the Photo-Plate Printing Co. 1883 Stevens Point (Wisconsin) Jrnl. 13 Jan. (advt.) 144 illustrations, 6 photo plates and 4 oil pictures. 1918 Physical Rev. 11 137 (heading) Images on silvered photo-plate. 1974 Nature 20 Dec. 698/2 Organochlorine compounds may be identified at low concentrations..by a high resolution mass spectrometric method involving photoplate detection. 1996 Appl. Optics 35 273 A distortion-compensating hologram for each pixel of an image to be transmitted is superposed on a photoplate. photo-radiogram n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈreɪdɪə(ʊ)ɡram/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈreɪdiəˌɡræm/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊˈreɪdioʊˌɡræm/ now historical an image transmitted by radio. ΘΚΠ society > communication > telecommunication > communication of visual images > [noun] > image or copy obtained by phototelegram1871 telephotograph1880 telephotogram1900 radiophotograph1922 wirephoto1923 photo-radiogram1924 wire photograph1925 radiophoto1926 photogram1928 fax1980 fax-back1988 1924 Chillicothe (Missouri) Constit. 1 Dec. 3/1 The photo-radiogram is entirely an American development, having been worked out by R. H. Ranger..in the laboratories of the Radio Corporation. 1924 Glasgow Herald 13 Dec. 9 The signature was that of Sir Robert Kindersley, whose photo-radiogram read—‘My warmest greetings.—R. M. Kindersley.’ The message and signature accompanied a radio photo of Sir Robert. 1927 Daily Express 16 Dec. 1 December 21 is the latest date for handing in Christmas photo-radiograms at Marconi offices. 1995 Guardian (Nexis) 27 Apr. 6 ‘Photo radiograms’—Marconi's transatlantic fax service—started in 1926. photo-recce n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈrɛki/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈrɛki/ colloquial = photoreconnaissance n. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > reconnaissance scouringc1471 scry1523 discovery?1574 reconnaissance1779 reconnoitre1781 reconnoissance1802 outwatch1852 exploitation1871 recco1917 recon1918 photoreconnaissance1920 recce1941 photo-recce1946 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical astrophotography1857 photoheliography1865 electrophotography1869 photo-mapping1870 photogrammetry1875 phototopography1893 spectrography1900 stereophotogrammetry1913 photoreconnaissance1920 photo-recce1946 electronography1955 1946 War Rep. (B.B.C.) vi. 149 Then on Sunday evening one of our photo-recce Spitfires was shot down in German territory. 1971 N.Y. Times 13 June iv. 37 We have a high priority requirement for night photorecce of key motorable routes in Laos. 1999 Airforces Monthly Oct. 23/2 (advt.) Author Peter Mersky chronicles the combat history of the photo-recce F-8 Crusader variant. photoreconnaissance n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈkɒnᵻs(ə)ns/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈkɑnəs(ə)ns/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈkɑnəs(ə)ns/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈkɑnəz(ə)ns/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈkɑnəz(ə)ns/ reconnaissance by means of aerial photography; a flight made in order to conduct such reconnaissance. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > military operations > [noun] > reconnaissance scouringc1471 scry1523 discovery?1574 reconnaissance1779 reconnoitre1781 reconnoissance1802 outwatch1852 exploitation1871 recco1917 recon1918 photoreconnaissance1920 recce1941 photo-recce1946 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > scientific and technical astrophotography1857 photoheliography1865 electrophotography1869 photo-mapping1870 photogrammetry1875 phototopography1893 spectrography1900 stereophotogrammetry1913 photoreconnaissance1920 photo-recce1946 electronography1955 1920 Geogr. Jrnl. 55 368 The immense value of the utilization of stereoscopy in aerial photo-reconnaissance. 1951 A. C. Clarke Sands of Mars xvi. 209 I'm going to suggest a photo~reconnaissance of all the..forests. 1991 Sci. Amer. Jan. 38/2 The Department of Defense has already spent an estimated $100 billion since 1960, when the U.S. began launching its photoreconnaissance satellites. photo-relief n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈliːf/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈlif/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈlif/ an image in relief produced by a photographic process; frequently attributive. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > printmaking > photomechanical or process printing > [noun] > other processes > prints photopapyrograph1862 photo-relief1866 autotype1868 Albertype1869 photochromotype1877 auto1882 photoceramic1892 linograph1970 giclée1995 1866 Sci. Amer. 24 Feb. 127/2 In Mr. Woodbury's photo-relief printing, the end is secured without any such translation. 1875 tr. H. W. Vogel Chem. Light & Photogr. xv. 230 The Production of Photo-Reliefs. 1892 W. E. Woodbury Encycl. Photogr. 538 The Woodbury process is often termed a photo-relief one. 1915 Geogr. Jrnl. 45 453 Although much smaller in scale, this is a great improvement as regards colouring on the Photo-Relief Model War Map previously published. 1995 Techn. Physics Lett. 21 1026/2 Modulation of the illumination during exposure, generating photodimers, results in the formation of a surface photorelief. photo reporting n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ) rᵻˈpɔːtɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊ rəˈpɔrdɪŋ/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊ riˈpɔrdɪŋ/ = photo-reportage n. ΘΚΠ society > communication > journalism > [noun] > photo-journalism photo reporting1935 photojournalism1938 photo-reportage1939 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > [noun] > types or methods generally microphotography1857 pistolgraphy1860 portrait photography1864 pistolography1866 photochronography1887 snap-work1889 gallery-practice1891 photoreproduction1892 telephotography1892 Kodakry1893 fuzzyism1894 mugging1899 action photography1905 press photography1910 trick photography1913 Kodachrome1915 panchromatism1919 photo reporting1935 photojournalism1938 photo-reportage1939 strobe1949 streak photography1950 satellite photography1954 digital photography1972 time-lapse1975 1935 Monthly Abstr. Bull. Kodak Res. Labs. 21 403 The process photographer as a recorder of pictorial events... For process men who may wish to do some photo-reporting, suitable cameras are discussed. 1998 M. E. Zuckerman Hist. Pop. Women's Magazines U.S. xii. 207 The Journal began including more photo reporting stories, such as a series called ‘People are People’, which showed families living around the world. photo-revolver n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)rᵻˈvɒlvə/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈvɔlvər/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈvɔlvər/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊrəˈvɑlvər/ , /ˌfoʊdoʊriˈvɑlvər/ now historical a camera made in the shape of a revolver; = revolver camera n. at revolver n. Compounds 2. ΚΠ 1886 Pall Mall Gaz. 4 Oct. 10/1 Instantaneous photographs of Russian life, taken by the photo-revolver invented by K. Brandil, photographer to the Warsaw Imperial University. 1995 Spectator (Hamilton, Ont.) (Nexis) 8 Aug. a5 The camera, in the shape of a revolver, is activated by pulling the trigger. The Photo-Revolver is estimated to be worth up to $56,000. † photo-rocket n. Obsolete a rocket, equipped with a camera, which is fired into the air and then descends by means of a parachute, enabling the camera to take photographs from an altitude. ΚΠ 1889 Pall Mall Gaz. 11 Jan. 6/2 A curious photographic apparatus, in which a camera is raised by a rocket and lowered by a parachute... For securing bird's-eye views the photo-rocket offers several important advantages over balloon photography. photo-survey n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtəʊˈsəːveɪ/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)səˈveɪ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈsərˌveɪ/ Surveying a survey using photography to record data; the practice of making such surveys (= photo-surveying n.). ΚΠ 1891 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 236 Join a society which has undertaken the ‘photo-survey’ of its district, and do your part. 1922 Geogr. Jrnl. 59 82 An expert in the Canadian system of photo-survey, a method especially useful in difficult and mountainous country. 1966 P. O'Donnell Sabre-tooth ii. 25 [He] had spent the last three months flying photosurveys for a wild-cat mineral prospecting firm in Canada. 1994 S. Matheson Flying Frontiers i. 2 Pilot Bobby D'Easum from Vancouver..was doing photo surveys at 22,000 feet with a Beaver for the BC government's topographic surveys department. photo-surveying n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)səˈveɪɪŋ/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊsərˈveɪɪŋ/ Surveying photogrammetric surveying. ΚΠ 1902 Encycl. Brit. XXXIII. 95/2 Considerable outlay is saved in photo-surveying by draughting the map in office. 1977 Ngũgĩ wa Thiong'o Petals of Blood iii.x. 258 The plane was on a photo-surveying mission because of the new Trans-Africa Road project which is scheduled to soon pass through the area. 2002 GPS World (Nexis) Apr. 51 POS AV provides data for geometric correction and geocoding of airborne sensors for photo surveying and mapping. photo-telescope n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)ˈtɛlᵻskəʊp/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊˈtɛləˌskoʊp/ now rare a telescope incorporating a camera. ΘΚΠ the world > the universe > cosmology > science of observation > astronomical instruments > observational instruments > [noun] > telescope sector1711 astronomical telescope1723 sweeper1786 comet seeker1819 photo-telescope1893 Schmidt–Cassegrain1943 space telescope1953 photopolarimeter1971 1893 Chautauquan 13 318 The photo-connecting lens of 33 inch diameter being placed over the 36 inch telescope, thus turning it into a phototelescope. 1910 Times 27 Jan. 10/4 Two photographs of the new comet taken with the 24in. photo-telescope show the details of the head and a large extent of the tail. 1999 Independent (Nexis) 22 June 17 The mad scientist opened the dome to the starry sky and aimed his galactic machine. It was Dr Nail Bakhitgarayev, focusing his photo-telescope. phototheodolite n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)θɪˈɒdəlʌɪt/ , /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)θɪˈɒdl̩ʌɪt/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊθiˈɑdəˌlaɪt/ a theodolite incorporating a camera. ΚΠ 1889 Science 6 Dec. 386/1 The light will affect photographically a so-called ‘phototheodolite’, while the height then attained will be indicated in a mechanical way. 1920 H. Threlfall Text-bk. Surveying & Levelling xii. 371 The photo-theodolite, invented by Mr. J. Bridges Lee,..is constructed so that the magnetic bearing of the principal vertical plane is automatically photographed on each picture obtained with the instrument. 2002 Cartogr. & Geogr. Info. Sci. (Nexis) 1 July 155 The company produced its first phototheodolite in 1922 and its first photogrammetric plotter, the A1 stereo-autograph, in 1923. phototimer n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)ˌtʌɪmə/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌtaɪmər/ (a) a photoelectric timer for regulating exposure time in radiography; (b) a timer for races incorporating a camera which photographs the finish. ΘΚΠ the world > time > instruments for measuring time > [noun] > timer or chronograph stop-watch1740 time marker1835 time recorder1836 hourglass1852 time clock1857 time lock1858 egg-glass1867 chronograph1868 egg-timer1869 timer1869 gunner's pendulum1876 time switch1884 chess-clock1905 phototimer1942 pinger1950 shot clock1967 the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > radiography or radiology > [noun] > equipment used in fluoroscope1893 photofluoroscope1896 skiascope1896 fluorimeter1898 stethendoscope1899 roentgenoscope1905 penetrometer1907 penetrameter1912 roentgenkymograph1914 stereofluoroscope1932 tomograph1935 kymograph1936 phototimer1942 photoscope1944 pantomograph1954 orthopantomograph1959 panograph1961 society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > racing or race > [noun] > timer phototimer1942 the world > matter > physics > electromagnetic radiation > electricity > electrical appliances or devices > [noun] > timer dinger1914 phototimer1942 pinger1950 society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > camera > [noun] > scientific and technical heliograph1848 revolver1876 spectrograph1884 photochronograph1891 photogrammeter1891 process camera1895 gun-camera1921 microcamera1928 phototimer1942 ballistic camera1945 monorail camera1958 1942 Amer. Jrnl. Roentgenol. 68 220/1 A new instrument, a photoelectric timing mechanism, capable of regulating automatically the length of roentgenographic exposure time has been developed... The photoelectric timing mechanism, or phototimer, is a modification of the roentgenographic exposure meter. 1948 Walla Walla (Washington) Union-Bull. 27 Feb. 8/2 A combination photo-timer will be used at the finish line in the IC4A indoor track and field championships. 1958 Times 22 Aug. 4/1 The race..should be started farther back from the bend, in spite of the cost of moving the electrical photo-timer. 2003 Adv. Imaging (Nexis) 1 May 50 Routine testing of phototimer performance in all chest imaging systems. phototint n. Brit. /ˈfəʊtə(ʊ)tɪnt/ , U.S. /ˈfoʊdoʊˌtɪnt/ a photomechanical printing process similar to collotype; a picture reproduced by this process. ΚΠ 1864 Times 26 Nov. 5/3 (advt.) Special attention of the nobility and public is called to his new photo tints, 18 subjects, just published. 1880 Times 9 Dec. 12/1 (advt.) ) Illustrated by 18 full-page plates of large game, &c., taken on the spot by the Author, and reproduced in Permanent Photo Tint. 1897 Times 26 Feb. 2/5 (advt.) Peterborough Cathedral, west front. For Phototint of exact condition see this week's Building News. 1911 B. E. Jones Cassell's Cycl. Photogr. 410/2 Cocking's process of phototint consisted in printing from two negatives, one being an ordinary photographic negative and the other prepared by hand. † photo-vitrotype n. Obsolete rare a photograph printed on glass. ΚΠ 1875 E. H. Knight Amer. Mech. Dict. III. 1690/1 Photo-vitrotype. photoxylography n. Brit. /ˌfəʊtə(ʊ)zʌɪˈlɒɡrəfi/ , U.S. /ˌfoʊdoʊzaɪˈlɑɡrəfi/ a printing process in which an image is made on a wooden printing block by photographic means. ΚΠ 1862 G. Lumley Let. to W. H. F. Talbot 10 Jan. in www.foxtalbot.arts.gla.ac.uk I propose that my title shall be illustrated with specimens of photoglyphy, photozincography & photoxylography. 1982 Print-making Techniques i. 39 When..photoxylography was introduced..the design was transferred onto the plate photomechanically and engraved with parallel line gravers and interrupted line engraving machines. 3. Prefixed to the names of salts to form the names of compounds formed from them by the action of light, as in photography, as photo-bromide, photo-chloride, photo-iodide, photo-sulphate; similarly photo-salt. Now rare. ΚΠ 1855 Medical Times 24 Mar. 289/1 (heading) Formulæ for photosulphate of iron in erysipelas. 1887 Carey Lea in Amer. Jrnl. Sc. 352 As these substances have been hitherto seen only in the impure form in which they are produced by the continued action of light on the normal salts, it might be convenient to call them photosalts, photochloride, photobromide, and photoiodide, instead of red or coloured chloride, etc. 1890 Internat. Ann. Anthonys Photogr. Bull. 395 Photo~sulphate of iron solution was for a long time the only developer used. 1905 Science 13 Jan. 55/2 The change of color of the silver photochlorides is in accordance with the theorem. 1913 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 17 116 The interesting characteristic of the synthetically prepared silver bromide, of giving reversed pictures on development after an exposure, is apparently not in harmony with the reactions of the photochlorides or with behavior of the photobromides when obtained by exposure to light. 1942 Chem. Rev. 31 197 Sichling..studied the illumination of electrodes made by absorbing photochlorides (silver chloride and amorphous silver) in gelatin. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < comb. form1855
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