phlegmn.

Brit.

/flɛm/, U.S.

/flɛm/

Forms:

α. Middle English feme (transmission error), Middle English fleem, Middle English flemme, Middle English flemne, Middle English fleueme, Middle English flewm, Middle English 1500s flewne (transmission error), Middle English–1500s fleum, Middle English–1500s flewme, Middle English–1500s flume, Middle English–1600s fleme, Middle English–1600s fleume, 1500s flowme, 1500s–1600s fleam, 1500s–1600s fleame, 1700s fle'me, 1900s– flame (U.S. regional (south Midland)); Scottish pre-1700 fleume, pre-1700 flewme, 1800s flim (south-western), 1800s floom (south-western), 1800s– fleem (chiefly southern), 1800s– floam (south-western), 1900s– fleam, 1900s– fleum (Orkney and Shetland), 1900s– fluim (southern). c1250 in Englische Studien (1935) 70 239 He was in perlesie þe vallinde & spitil uuel, feme [perh. read fleme] & dropesie..Mo uueles he hede þen i conne tellen. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 147 Þey hadde moche fleem and were ofte boistousliche ilete blood. ▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 451 The moiste fleume with his cold Hath in the lunges for his hold Ordeined him a propre stede. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 67 For maistrie of colde flewme & moist brediþ hoornes.c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) 77 Þe egestions, wheþer it be blode or putride flemme &c, or wormes or squiballez indurate.a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 219 Fleme is colde and moysti aftyr the kynde of the watyr. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen in Poems (1998) I. 43 Ane bag full of flewme.1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) i. i. 8 b Natural fleume is a humour cold and moyst, whyte and swete, or without taste.1567 T. Palfreyman Baldwin's Treat. Morall Philos. (new ed.) ii. iii. f. 70^v The reste of him fleme and choler.1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie ii. 5 The second is fleume, next to bloud in quantitie.1645 J. Milton Colasterion 12 What if fleam, and choler..come instead.1650 J. Howell tr. A. Giraffi Exact Hist. Late Revol. Naples 130 They answered prudently and with fleme.1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 38 Our Criticks..judge with Fury, but they write with Fle'me.1894 Trans. Dumfr. & Galloway Antiq. Soc. 148 Fleem. I was surprised to hear this word used in the sense of phlegm, spume, but my surprise ceased when it was found as far back as in Chaucer.1901 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Eighty Years Ago 3 She's joost dune wi' hosstin, and fair chokit wi' the clocher an' the floam.1951 J. A. Fotheringham in Sc. National Dict. (1956) IV. 108/2 [Orkney] Fleum.

β. late Middle English fleuma, 1500s flegma, 1500s fluma, 1600s phlegma. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 316 Here substaunce..echeþ fleuma and bredeþ feueres cotidian.1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Bvij Onely the flegma of the grene herbes is dystylled.1582 S. Batman Vppon Bartholome, De Proprietatibus Rerum xix. lii. f. 401^v But their substaunce is fleeting, and abateth thirst with moysture and colde, and quencheth Cholera, and heat, and increaseth Fluma.1657 Physical Dict. Phlegma..is used for any distilled water which hath no spirit, as rose-water.

γ. 1500s phleugme, 1500s–1600s phlegme, 1500s–1600s phleume, 1600s phleame, 1600s phleum, 1600s–1700s phleam, 1600s–1700s phleme, 1600s– phlegm, 1800s– phleem (U.S. regional (southern and south Midland)); Scottish pre-1700 phlegme, pre-1700 1700s– phlegm. ?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. Giv To purge y^e humours coleryke or melancolyke, or els phleume [Fr. phleume].a1592 R. Greene Mamillia (1593) ii. sig. H2^v The naturall constitution of women is Phlegme, and of men Choller.1617 Janua Linguarum 100 Phleame expelleth choler.1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ 5 Phlegme distilled from Salt of Tartar.1684 Earl of Roscommon Ess. Translated Verse 19 Write with fury but correct with Phleam.1754 R. Brookes General Practice Physic 43 Some of the Ancients regarded only the Fluids, which they determined to be four; the Blood, Phlegm, Choler, and Melancholy..; hence there were four Kinds of Temperaments.1860 W. Whewell Philos. Discov. iv. vi. 35 The doctrine of the Four Humours (Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile and Black Bile).1981 B. Ashley Dodgem iii. 55 Simon swallowed the phlegm of his misery.

δ. 1500s–1600s fleagm, 1500s–1600s fleagme, 1500s–1600s flegme, 1600s fleghme, 1600s fleugme, 1600s–1700s flegm. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. f.iii Masticatorium is a confection whiche is held in the mouth & chewed to purge the head of flegme.1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. x. 162 Agarick purgeth Fleagme.a1618 W. Raleigh Sceptick in Remains (1651) 8 Abounding with Fleagm.1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. i. 134 Hence are generated Choler and Flegme.1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 24/2 The superfluous Flegm and Humidity.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French fleume, phlegme; Latin phlegma.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French fleume, flegme, Anglo-Norman and Middle French flume, Old French fleugme, Middle French phlegme (French flegme , phlegme ; compare (in sense 1b) French regional fleume , flume ) one of the four humours, phlegm (1256), mucus (13th cent.), watery substance obtained by distillation (c1400), sputum (1510), calmness of character (1651), and its etymon post-classical Latin phlegma (also flegma , fleuma ) clammy humour of the body, phlegm (3rd cent.) < ancient Greek ϕλέγμα inflammation, heat, morbid clammy humour (as the result of heat) < ϕλέγειν to burn, blaze ( < the same Indo-European base as blik v.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare Old Occitan flegma (a1292), Catalan fleuma (13th cent.), Spanish flema (a1250 as fleuma), Portuguese flegma (15th cent. as fleuma), Italian flemma (end of 13th cent.); German Phlegma (13th cent. as fleuma).In Middle English the word appears to have had three main pronunciations: with a diphthong (ę̄u ), the basis of modern regional forms with various back vowels or diphthongs; with long open ę̄ (making the word a homophone of fleam n.¹, with which it is sometimes confused in spelling), the sole form attested by early modern English orthoepists; and (rarely attested in Middle English) with short ę, the basis of the current form. The g has probably never been pronounced except in disyllabic forms in -a.

a. In ancient and medieval physiology and medicine: one of the four cardinal humours (see humour n. 1a), described as cold and moist, and supposed when predominant to cause constitutional indolence or apathy. Now historical.Usually identified with mucus, and often difficult to distinguish from sense 1b, esp. in early use.See also saucefleme n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > mucus > [noun]

phlegmc1250

rheuma1398

dropping1398

gleimc1440

horeness1495

flobbage1535

mucus1597

pituita1598

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > [noun] > fluid secretion > humours > specific humours

phlegmc1250

moisturea1387

melancholyc1390

cholera1393

black humoura1398

choleraa1398

melancholiaa1398

coldness1398

sanguineness1530

atrabile1594

combust choler1607

primary humour1621

black bile1634

cambium1634

yellow bile1634

kapha1937

pitta1937

dosha1959

c1250 in Englische Studien (1935) 70 239 (MED) He was in perlesie þe vallinde & spitil uuel, feme [read fleme] & dropesie..Mo uueles he hede þen i conne tellen.

a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 147 (MED) Þey hadde moche fleem and were ofte boistousliche ilete blood.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 451 (MED) The moiste fleume with his cold Hath in the lunges for his hold Ordeined him a propre stede.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 147 (MED) Whiche were callede Pictes for the habundance of fleume in theyme.

1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xxvii. sig. hh.vii An armony..of the foure humours. that is to vnderstonde of the blode, of the coler, of the fleume, and of the malancoly.

1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) i. i. 8 b Natural fleume is a humour cold and moyst, whyte and swete, or without taste.

1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Rivers lxvi They turned theyr blud to melancholick fleume.

1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey i. 72 Fleame hath the predominancy in his complexion.

1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1809) 261 For choler, rhubarb; for phlegm, turbith; for watery humours, scammony.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Guaiacum The watery Humidity call'd Phlegm.

1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments vi. 85 Phlegm amongst the Antients signified a cold viscous Humour contrary to the Etymology of the Word.

a1834 S. T. Coleridge Notes & Lect. on Shakespeare (1875) 117 The four humours, choler, melancholy, phlegm, and the sanguine portion.

1860 W. Whewell Philos. Discov. iv. vi. 35 The doctrine of the Four Humours (Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile and Black Bile).

1908 Times 2 Oct. 4 His teaching might be thus stated:—(1) The body contains four humours—blood, phlegm, and two kinds of bile.

1992 G. Steinem Revol. from Within iii. iii. 133 An individual's physical and mental problems came from an imbalance of the four cardinal ‘humours’ of blood, phlegm, choler, and bile.

b. Mucus as produced in or eliminated from the body, esp. when excessive in quantity or abnormal in quality; (in later use) spec. bronchial mucus brought up by coughing; sputum.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [noun] > mucus discharge

phlegma1398

rheumatism1601

blennorrhœa1859

mucorrhoea1898

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 266^v Þanne ful hoot fleume [L. fleuma] renneþ out at þe nose.

a1475 Bk. Hawking in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 301 (MED) Coold doith hawkes grete disese, and makith flume fall oute of the vrayne; but if it have hastely help, it wol stop his nare throlles.

?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 48 Ane..hair hogeart that hostit out flewme.

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 53 Ysope that is gude to purge congelit fleume.

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 277 Wormwood..dischargeth the brest of tough fleagme.

?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 66 Butt they did so much harden & bake the fleghme which the cold had caused in his stomacke that he could not fetch his breath.

1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet i. 267 To dissolve viscid Phlegm, and excite a Cough.

1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xx. 229 The principal annoyance the patient suffers is in getting up the phlegm in the morning.

1894 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 9) 400 The discharge of various substances, technically termed expectoration or sputa, and popularly known as phlegm.

1937 Life 1 Nov. 132/3 (advt.) Pertussin stimulates these glands to again pour out their natural moisture so that the annoying phlegm is loosened and easily raised.

1962 K. A. Porter Ship of Fools 193 He drew a long, rattling sigh, the bloody phlegm came up in his throat and he spat into his paper box.

1991 Pract. Health Jan. 60/3 If bacteria invade the inflamed tissues and the phlegm becomes thick and green, then antibiotics may have a place.

†c. As a count noun: a type or collection of mucus. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > mucus > [noun] > collection of

phlegm1561

oyster1785

slimeball1869

shraum1922

1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig Most Excellent Homish Apothecarye f. 15 If thou wilt..purge the head and breste..of all slymye fleumes and fylth.

1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxxxiv. 120 [It] doth take away flewmes of the eyes.

1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. G2^v/2 To bring up a phlegm, cracher.

1727 P. Longueville Hermit 11 A Phlegm sticking in my Throat, I happened to hawk pretty loud.

d. In figurative context and figurative. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > [noun] > unpleasantness > that which is unpleasant

unthankc897

offensiona1382

offencec1425

displeasure1470

pill1548

phlegm1567

water in a person's shoes1624

a whip and a bell1644

nastiness1718

disagreeable1726

watera1734

embitterer1752

disagreement1778

disagreeablism1835

grit1876

bad news1918

nasty1959

scuzz1968

napalm1984

1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. ii. vii. §2. 148 In daunger to be choked with the fleume and humour of his sinnes.

1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 4 O England! full of sinne, but most of sloth; Spit out thy flegme, and fill thy brest with glorie.

1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. viii Spit out their phlegm, And fill thy brest with home.

1981 B. Ashley Dodgem iii. 55 Simon swallowed the phlegm of his misery.

2. Alchemy and Chemistry. Any watery, odourless, and tasteless substance obtained by distillation, esp. of plant material; an aqueous solution; water, esp. as one of the five principles of matter. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical elements > [noun] > water or phlegm

phlegm1527

1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Bvij Onely the flegma of the grene herbes is dystylled.

1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. v. sig. E4^v Rectifie your Menstrue, from the Phlegma .

1657 Physical Dict. Phlegma..is used for any distilled water which hath no spirit, as rose-water.

1660 R. Sharrock Hist. Propagation & Improvem. Veg. 130 Seeds steeped..in Spirit of Urine mixt with phlegm of Elder-berries.

1677 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. 4 Water, which is called Phlegm..comes in distillation before the Spirits when they are Fixt, or after them when they are Volatile.

1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 335 Three Principles of which all things are form'd; that is to say, the Flegm, the Grease and the Ashes. The Flegm is the Mercury.

1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 9 Phlegm or Water, is the common Vehicle or Diluter of all solid Bodies.

1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. i. i. v. 78 The gall-nut yields, by distillation, a limpid phlegm.

1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature II. 26 The wrecks of all these bodies..reduced at length..into phlegms, into oils, into bitumens, and united to the pulps of vegetables.

1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 51 The attempts made to analyse vegetable substances previous to 1720 merely produced their resolution into the supposed elements of the chemists of those days—viz. salts, earths, phlegm and sulphur.

1934 Isis 21 123 The results obtained by this method [sc. dry distillation] were recorded, where possible, in weighed fractions referred to either as the gaseous part, the phlegma, the oil and the carbon residue, or later on as the carbonic oxide and carbonic acid fractions, [etc.].

1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. v. 194 The products were usually collected, and often weighed, as fractions of gas, oil, phlegma and residue.

3. Phlegmatic disposition; absence of excitability or enthusiasm; calmness, imperturbability, self-possession, evenness of temper; (also, in negative sense) dullness, sluggishness, stolidness, apathy. See phlegmatic adj. 2.Formerly believed to result from a predominance of phlegm (sense 1a) in the constitution.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > inaction > disinclination to act or listlessness > [noun]

accidiaOE

accidie?c1225

lethargyc1380

faintness1398

lithernessc1425

listlesshedec1440

owlisthead1440

supinity1548

lustlessness1556

benumbedness1566

phlegm1578

apoplexy1589

acedia1607

torpor1607

drowsiness1611

torpidity1614

languishmentc1620

hebetude1621

acedy1623

inerty1623

supineness1640

listlessness1646

cadaveriety1651

inertitude1656

oscitation1656

torpulency1657

sopor1658

phlegmaticness1659

lethargicalness1664

torpidnessa1676

faineantisea1684

phlegmatism1688

vis inertiae1710

torpitude1713

moonery1764

donothingness1814

benumbment1817

inertia1821

languor1825

donothingism1839

Mondayishness1850

mooniness1852

mooning1857

fainéantisme1873

sog1874

Oblomovism1902

the mind > emotion > calmness > unexcitability > [noun] > phlegmatic quality or disposition

phlegm1578

phlegmaticness1659

phlegmatism1688

1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 198 There are few nations of so much fleame or sufferance [as the Mexicans].

1642 J. Howell Instr. Forreine Travell xvi. 196 He that hath to deale with that Nation, must have good store of Phlegme and patience.

1668 W. Temple Let. to Ld. Arlington in Wks. (1731) II. 50 Monsieur de Wit defended their Cause..with great Phlegm, but great Steddiness.

1736 G. Berkeley Querist: Pt. II (new ed.) §172 Whether the Natural Phlegm of this Island needs any additional Stupifier?

1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) 223 A man of more phlegm, and not so sensibly touched.

1836 tr. P. D. Huet in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 430 The mathematical genius requires much phlegm, moderation, attention and circumspection.

1871 G. Meredith Harry Richmond I. xvi. 247 The patience of the people was creditable to their phlegm.

1920 R. Macaulay Potterism ii. i. 67 Clare was always restless; she had none of Jane's phlegm and stolidity.

1995 Times 4 May 23/4 The phlegm of the British captives under maltreatment often proving an inspiration to other PoWs.

Compounds

phlegm-cutter n. a strong alcoholic beverage, typically one drunk in the morning.

ΚΠ

1806 Balance 13 May 146/3 I have heard of a jarum, of phlegm-cutter and fog driver.

1892 ‘Mrs A. Macleod’ Silent Sea in C. Martin Silent Sea ii. 151 A customer who had dropped in for an early ‘phlegm-cutter’.

1931 U. Sinclair Wet Parade xv. 337 Substances carefully specified in the Volstead act..included booze and hooch, moonshine and applejack, red-eye and rot-gut, com-juice and forty-rod, eye-opener, phlegmcutter and corpse-reviver, to say nothing of highballs and cocktails.

2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 13 Aug. 17 I had to repair straight to the nearest pub for a steadying phlegm-cutter.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	phlegm
释义	phlegmn. Brit. /flɛm/, U.S. /flɛm/ Forms: α. Middle English feme (transmission error), Middle English fleem, Middle English flemme, Middle English flemne, Middle English fleueme, Middle English flewm, Middle English 1500s flewne (transmission error), Middle English–1500s fleum, Middle English–1500s flewme, Middle English–1500s flume, Middle English–1600s fleme, Middle English–1600s fleume, 1500s flowme, 1500s–1600s fleam, 1500s–1600s fleame, 1700s fle'me, 1900s– flame (U.S. regional (south Midland)); Scottish pre-1700 fleume, pre-1700 flewme, 1800s flim (south-western), 1800s floom (south-western), 1800s– fleem (chiefly southern), 1800s– floam (south-western), 1900s– fleam, 1900s– fleum (Orkney and Shetland), 1900s– fluim (southern). c1250 in Englische Studien (1935) 70 239 He was in perlesie þe vallinde & spitil uuel, feme [perh. read fleme] & dropesie..Mo uueles he hede þen i conne tellen. ▸ a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 147 Þey hadde moche fleem and were ofte boistousliche ilete blood. ▸ a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 451 The moiste fleume with his cold Hath in the lunges for his hold Ordeined him a propre stede. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 67 For maistrie of colde flewme & moist brediþ hoornes.c1425 tr. J. Arderne Treat. Fistula (Sloane 6) 77 Þe egestions, wheþer it be blode or putride flemme &c, or wormes or squiballez indurate.a1500 ( J. Yonge tr. Secreta Secret. (Rawl.) (1898) 219 Fleme is colde and moysti aftyr the kynde of the watyr. ▸ ?a1513 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen in Poems (1998) I. 43 Ane bag full of flewme.1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) i. i. 8 b Natural fleume is a humour cold and moyst, whyte and swete, or without taste.1567 T. Palfreyman Baldwin's Treat. Morall Philos. (new ed.) ii. iii. f. 70^v The reste of him fleme and choler.1586 T. Bright Treat. Melancholie ii. 5 The second is fleume, next to bloud in quantitie.1645 J. Milton Colasterion 12 What if fleam, and choler..come instead.1650 J. Howell tr. A. Giraffi Exact Hist. Late Revol. Naples 130 They answered prudently and with fleme.1711 A. Pope Ess. Crit. 38 Our Criticks..judge with Fury, but they write with Fle'me.1894 Trans. Dumfr. & Galloway Antiq. Soc. 148 Fleem. I was surprised to hear this word used in the sense of phlegm, spume, but my surprise ceased when it was found as far back as in Chaucer.1901 R. De B. Trotter Galloway Gossip Eighty Years Ago 3 She's joost dune wi' hosstin, and fair chokit wi' the clocher an' the floam.1951 J. A. Fotheringham in Sc. National Dict. (1956) IV. 108/2 [Orkney] Fleum. β. late Middle English fleuma, 1500s flegma, 1500s fluma, 1600s phlegma. ▸ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 316 Here substaunce..echeþ fleuma and bredeþ feueres cotidian.1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Bvij Onely the flegma of the grene herbes is dystylled.1582 S. Batman Vppon Bartholome, De Proprietatibus Rerum xix. lii. f. 401^v But their substaunce is fleeting, and abateth thirst with moysture and colde, and quencheth Cholera, and heat, and increaseth Fluma.1657 Physical Dict. Phlegma..is used for any distilled water which hath no spirit, as rose-water. γ. 1500s phleugme, 1500s–1600s phlegme, 1500s–1600s phleume, 1600s phleame, 1600s phleum, 1600s–1700s phleam, 1600s–1700s phleme, 1600s– phlegm, 1800s– phleem (U.S. regional (southern and south Midland)); Scottish pre-1700 phlegme, pre-1700 1700s– phlegm. ?1541 R. Copland tr. Galen Terapeutyke sig. Giv To purge y^e humours coleryke or melancolyke, or els phleume [Fr. phleume].a1592 R. Greene Mamillia (1593) ii. sig. H2^v The naturall constitution of women is Phlegme, and of men Choller.1617 Janua Linguarum 100 Phleame expelleth choler.1669 J. Worlidge Systema Agriculturæ 5 Phlegme distilled from Salt of Tartar.1684 Earl of Roscommon Ess. Translated Verse 19 Write with fury but correct with Phleam.1754 R. Brookes General Practice Physic 43 Some of the Ancients regarded only the Fluids, which they determined to be four; the Blood, Phlegm, Choler, and Melancholy..; hence there were four Kinds of Temperaments.1860 W. Whewell Philos. Discov. iv. vi. 35 The doctrine of the Four Humours (Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile and Black Bile).1981 B. Ashley Dodgem iii. 55 Simon swallowed the phlegm of his misery. δ. 1500s–1600s fleagm, 1500s–1600s fleagme, 1500s–1600s flegme, 1600s fleghme, 1600s fleugme, 1600s–1700s flegm. ?1550 H. Llwyd tr. Pope John XXI Treasury of Healthe sig. f.iii Masticatorium is a confection whiche is held in the mouth & chewed to purge the head of flegme.1587 Sir P. Sidney & A. Golding tr. P. de Mornay Trewnesse Christian Relig. x. 162 Agarick purgeth Fleagme.a1618 W. Raleigh Sceptick in Remains (1651) 8 Abounding with Fleagm.1660 T. Stanley Hist. Philos. III. i. 134 Hence are generated Choler and Flegme.1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti Architecture I. 24/2 The superfluous Flegm and Humidity. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French fleume, phlegme; Latin phlegma. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French fleume, flegme, Anglo-Norman and Middle French flume, Old French fleugme, Middle French phlegme (French flegme , phlegme ; compare (in sense 1b) French regional fleume , flume ) one of the four humours, phlegm (1256), mucus (13th cent.), watery substance obtained by distillation (c1400), sputum (1510), calmness of character (1651), and its etymon post-classical Latin phlegma (also flegma , fleuma ) clammy humour of the body, phlegm (3rd cent.) < ancient Greek ϕλέγμα inflammation, heat, morbid clammy humour (as the result of heat) < ϕλέγειν to burn, blaze ( < the same Indo-European base as blik v.) + -μα (see -oma comb. form). Compare Old Occitan flegma (a1292), Catalan fleuma (13th cent.), Spanish flema (a1250 as fleuma), Portuguese flegma (15th cent. as fleuma), Italian flemma (end of 13th cent.); German Phlegma (13th cent. as fleuma).In Middle English the word appears to have had three main pronunciations: with a diphthong (ę̄u ), the basis of modern regional forms with various back vowels or diphthongs; with long open ę̄ (making the word a homophone of fleam n.¹, with which it is sometimes confused in spelling), the sole form attested by early modern English orthoepists; and (rarely attested in Middle English) with short ę, the basis of the current form. The g has probably never been pronounced except in disyllabic forms in -a. 1. a. In ancient and medieval physiology and medicine: one of the four cardinal humours (see humour n. 1a), described as cold and moist, and supposed when predominant to cause constitutional indolence or apathy. Now historical.Usually identified with mucus, and often difficult to distinguish from sense 1b, esp. in early use.See also saucefleme n. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > mucus > [noun] phlegmc1250 rheuma1398 dropping1398 gleimc1440 horeness1495 flobbage1535 mucus1597 pituita1598 the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > [noun] > fluid secretion > humours > specific humours phlegmc1250 moisturea1387 melancholyc1390 cholera1393 black humoura1398 choleraa1398 melancholiaa1398 coldness1398 sanguineness1530 atrabile1594 combust choler1607 primary humour1621 black bile1634 cambium1634 yellow bile1634 kapha1937 pitta1937 dosha1959 c1250 in Englische Studien (1935) 70 239 (MED) He was in perlesie þe vallinde & spitil uuel, feme [read fleme] & dropesie..Mo uueles he hede þen i conne tellen. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 147 (MED) Þey hadde moche fleem and were ofte boistousliche ilete blood. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 451 (MED) The moiste fleume with his cold Hath in the lunges for his hold Ordeined him a propre stede. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 147 (MED) Whiche were callede Pictes for the habundance of fleume in theyme. 1502 tr. Ordynarye of Crysten Men (de Worde) iv. xxvii. sig. hh.vii An armony..of the foure humours. that is to vnderstonde of the blode, of the coler, of the fleume, and of the malancoly. 1541 T. Elyot Castel of Helthe (new ed.) i. i. 8 b Natural fleume is a humour cold and moyst, whyte and swete, or without taste. 1563 W. Baldwin et al. Myrrour for Magistrates (new ed.) Rivers lxvi They turned theyr blud to melancholick fleume. 1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey i. 72 Fleame hath the predominancy in his complexion. 1652 N. Culpeper Eng. Physitian Enlarged (1809) 261 For choler, rhubarb; for phlegm, turbith; for watery humours, scammony. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Guaiacum The watery Humidity call'd Phlegm. 1731 J. Arbuthnot Ess. Nature Aliments vi. 85 Phlegm amongst the Antients signified a cold viscous Humour contrary to the Etymology of the Word. a1834 S. T. Coleridge Notes & Lect. on Shakespeare (1875) 117 The four humours, choler, melancholy, phlegm, and the sanguine portion. 1860 W. Whewell Philos. Discov. iv. vi. 35 The doctrine of the Four Humours (Blood, Phlegm, Yellow Bile and Black Bile). 1908 Times 2 Oct. 4 His teaching might be thus stated:—(1) The body contains four humours—blood, phlegm, and two kinds of bile. 1992 G. Steinem Revol. from Within iii. iii. 133 An individual's physical and mental problems came from an imbalance of the four cardinal ‘humours’ of blood, phlegm, choler, and bile. b. Mucus as produced in or eliminated from the body, esp. when excessive in quantity or abnormal in quality; (in later use) spec. bronchial mucus brought up by coughing; sputum. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > discharge or flux > [noun] > mucus discharge phlegma1398 rheumatism1601 blennorrhœa1859 mucorrhoea1898 a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 266^v Þanne ful hoot fleume [L. fleuma] renneþ out at þe nose. a1475 Bk. Hawking in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 301 (MED) Coold doith hawkes grete disese, and makith flume fall oute of the vrayne; but if it have hastely help, it wol stop his nare throlles. ?1507 W. Dunbar Tua Mariit Wemen (Rouen) in Poems (1998) I. 48 Ane..hair hogeart that hostit out flewme. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 53 Ysope that is gude to purge congelit fleume. 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World II. 277 Wormwood..dischargeth the brest of tough fleagme. ?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 66 Butt they did so much harden & bake the fleghme which the cold had caused in his stomacke that he could not fetch his breath. 1732 J. Arbuthnot Pract. Rules of Diet i. 267 To dissolve viscid Phlegm, and excite a Cough. 1843 R. J. Graves Syst. Clin. Med. xx. 229 The principal annoyance the patient suffers is in getting up the phlegm in the morning. 1894 F. T. Roberts Handbk. Med. (ed. 9) 400 The discharge of various substances, technically termed expectoration or sputa, and popularly known as phlegm. 1937 Life 1 Nov. 132/3 (advt.) Pertussin stimulates these glands to again pour out their natural moisture so that the annoying phlegm is loosened and easily raised. 1962 K. A. Porter Ship of Fools 193 He drew a long, rattling sigh, the bloody phlegm came up in his throat and he spat into his paper box. 1991 Pract. Health Jan. 60/3 If bacteria invade the inflamed tissues and the phlegm becomes thick and green, then antibiotics may have a place. †c. As a count noun: a type or collection of mucus. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > secretory organs > secretion > mucus > [noun] > collection of phlegm1561 oyster1785 slimeball1869 shraum1922 1561 J. Hollybush tr. H. Brunschwig Most Excellent Homish Apothecarye f. 15 If thou wilt..purge the head and breste..of all slymye fleumes and fylth. 1584 T. Cogan Hauen of Health cxxxiv. 120 [It] doth take away flewmes of the eyes. 1688 G. Miege Great French Dict. ii. sig. G2^v/2 To bring up a phlegm, cracher. 1727 P. Longueville Hermit 11 A Phlegm sticking in my Throat, I happened to hawk pretty loud. d. In figurative context and figurative. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > displeasure > [noun] > unpleasantness > that which is unpleasant unthankc897 offensiona1382 offencec1425 displeasure1470 pill1548 phlegm1567 water in a person's shoes1624 a whip and a bell1644 nastiness1718 disagreeable1726 watera1734 embitterer1752 disagreement1778 disagreeablism1835 grit1876 bad news1918 nasty1959 scuzz1968 napalm1984 1567 J. Jewel Def. Apol. Churche Eng. ii. vii. §2. 148 In daunger to be choked with the fleume and humour of his sinnes. 1633 G. Herbert Temple: Sacred Poems 4 O England! full of sinne, but most of sloth; Spit out thy flegme, and fill thy brest with glorie. 1655 H. Vaughan Silex Scintillans (ed. 2) ii. viii Spit out their phlegm, And fill thy brest with home. 1981 B. Ashley Dodgem iii. 55 Simon swallowed the phlegm of his misery. 2. Alchemy and Chemistry. Any watery, odourless, and tasteless substance obtained by distillation, esp. of plant material; an aqueous solution; water, esp. as one of the five principles of matter. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > alchemy > alchemical elements > [noun] > water or phlegm phlegm1527 1527 L. Andrewe tr. H. Brunschwig Vertuose Boke Distyllacyon sig. Bvij Onely the flegma of the grene herbes is dystylled. 1612 B. Jonson Alchemist ii. v. sig. E4^v Rectifie your Menstrue, from the Phlegma . View more context for this quotation 1657 Physical Dict. Phlegma..is used for any distilled water which hath no spirit, as rose-water. 1660 R. Sharrock Hist. Propagation & Improvem. Veg. 130 Seeds steeped..in Spirit of Urine mixt with phlegm of Elder-berries. 1677 W. Harris tr. N. Lémery Course Chym. 4 Water, which is called Phlegm..comes in distillation before the Spirits when they are Fixt, or after them when they are Volatile. 1707 tr. P. Le Lorrain de Vallemont Curiosities in Husbandry & Gardening 335 Three Principles of which all things are form'd; that is to say, the Flegm, the Grease and the Ashes. The Flegm is the Mercury. 1718 J. Quincy Pharmacopœia Officinalis 9 Phlegm or Water, is the common Vehicle or Diluter of all solid Bodies. 1791 W. Hamilton tr. C.-L. Berthollet Elements Art of Dyeing I. i. i. v. 78 The gall-nut yields, by distillation, a limpid phlegm. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature II. 26 The wrecks of all these bodies..reduced at length..into phlegms, into oils, into bitumens, and united to the pulps of vegetables. 1812 H. Davy Elements Chem. Philos. 51 The attempts made to analyse vegetable substances previous to 1720 merely produced their resolution into the supposed elements of the chemists of those days—viz. salts, earths, phlegm and sulphur. 1934 Isis 21 123 The results obtained by this method [sc. dry distillation] were recorded, where possible, in weighed fractions referred to either as the gaseous part, the phlegma, the oil and the carbon residue, or later on as the carbonic oxide and carbonic acid fractions, [etc.]. 1992 W. H. Brock Fontana Hist. Chem. v. 194 The products were usually collected, and often weighed, as fractions of gas, oil, phlegma and residue. 3. Phlegmatic disposition; absence of excitability or enthusiasm; calmness, imperturbability, self-possession, evenness of temper; (also, in negative sense) dullness, sluggishness, stolidness, apathy. See phlegmatic adj. 2.Formerly believed to result from a predominance of phlegm (sense 1a) in the constitution. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > inaction > disinclination to act or listlessness > [noun] accidiaOE accidie?c1225 lethargyc1380 faintness1398 lithernessc1425 listlesshedec1440 owlisthead1440 supinity1548 lustlessness1556 benumbedness1566 phlegm1578 apoplexy1589 acedia1607 torpor1607 drowsiness1611 torpidity1614 languishmentc1620 hebetude1621 acedy1623 inerty1623 supineness1640 listlessness1646 cadaveriety1651 inertitude1656 oscitation1656 torpulency1657 sopor1658 phlegmaticness1659 lethargicalness1664 torpidnessa1676 faineantisea1684 phlegmatism1688 vis inertiae1710 torpitude1713 moonery1764 donothingness1814 benumbment1817 inertia1821 languor1825 donothingism1839 Mondayishness1850 mooniness1852 mooning1857 fainéantisme1873 sog1874 Oblomovism1902 the mind > emotion > calmness > unexcitability > [noun] > phlegmatic quality or disposition phlegm1578 phlegmaticness1659 phlegmatism1688 1578 T. Nicholas tr. F. Lopez de Gómara Pleasant Hist. Conquest W. India 198 There are few nations of so much fleame or sufferance [as the Mexicans]. 1642 J. Howell Instr. Forreine Travell xvi. 196 He that hath to deale with that Nation, must have good store of Phlegme and patience. 1668 W. Temple Let. to Ld. Arlington in Wks. (1731) II. 50 Monsieur de Wit defended their Cause..with great Phlegm, but great Steddiness. 1736 G. Berkeley Querist: Pt. II (new ed.) §172 Whether the Natural Phlegm of this Island needs any additional Stupifier? 1765 T. Hutchinson Hist. Colony Massachusets-Bay, 1628–91 (ed. 2) 223 A man of more phlegm, and not so sensibly touched. 1836 tr. P. D. Huet in Edinb. Rev. Jan. 430 The mathematical genius requires much phlegm, moderation, attention and circumspection. 1871 G. Meredith Harry Richmond I. xvi. 247 The patience of the people was creditable to their phlegm. 1920 R. Macaulay Potterism ii. i. 67 Clare was always restless; she had none of Jane's phlegm and stolidity. 1995 Times 4 May 23/4 The phlegm of the British captives under maltreatment often proving an inspiration to other PoWs. Compounds phlegm-cutter n. a strong alcoholic beverage, typically one drunk in the morning. ΚΠ 1806 Balance 13 May 146/3 I have heard of a jarum, of phlegm-cutter and fog driver. 1892 ‘Mrs A. Macleod’ Silent Sea in C. Martin Silent Sea ii. 151 A customer who had dropped in for an early ‘phlegm-cutter’. 1931 U. Sinclair Wet Parade xv. 337 Substances carefully specified in the Volstead act..included booze and hooch, moonshine and applejack, red-eye and rot-gut, com-juice and forty-rod, eye-opener, phlegmcutter and corpse-reviver, to say nothing of highballs and cocktails. 2001 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 13 Aug. 17 I had to repair straight to the nearest pub for a steadying phlegm-cutter. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2006; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1250
随便看	hat of maintenance hat pad hat palm hat peg hat piece hat pin hat plant hat rack hat rail hat ribbon hat roller hat shag hat shop hat spring hat stand hat string hat tip hat tip plate hat tipping hat tree hat trick hat trimmer hat worship hat-case hat-check