petro-comb. form¹

Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly.

Forms: 1600s 1800s petra-, 1700s– petro-.

Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Greek πέτρος , πέτρα , -o- connective.

Etymology: < either ancient Greek πέτρος stone or ancient Greek πέτρα rock ( > classical Latin petra rock, stone), of unknown origin (see notes) + -o- connective. Compare ancient Greek πετρο-, combining form (in e.g. πετροβόλος stone-throwing). Compare French pétro-, German Petro-.Ancient Greek πέτρα rock, in Hellenistic Greek also denoting stone as a material, is generally distinguished from πέτρος stone for throwing, boulder (chiefly used as a poetic equivalent to λίθος stone: see -lith comb. form). Ancient Greek πέτρα probably represents an old collective form corresponding to πέτρος . J. P. Maher (1977 in Current Issues Ling. Theory 125–37) suggests a derivation of the Greek word from the same Indo-European base as feather n., with an underlying sense ‘to fly’ This would provide an original sense ‘missile, stone’ for ancient Greek πέτρος . In form petra- after ancient Greek πέτρα or classical Latin petra (see above). An alternative Latin combining form petri- can be seen in petricolous adj., petrifaction n., petrify v.; it does not form new words in English. The combining form first appears in English in borrowings from Latin, earliest and notably petroleum n. Formations within English are first found in the mid 17th cent. (petrography n., petrographical adj.), but these appear to be isolated examples. In the middle of the 18th cent., the form can also be seen in a borrowing from German (petrosilex n.). Further native formations appear at the very end of the 18th cent. and in the early 19th cent. (e.g. petrosiliceous adj., petrographic adj., petrology n.). In most of these early formations, the combining form is first used in the form petra- . The combining form becomes more common in the mid 19th cent., and from that time onwards it consistently takes the form petro- (e.g. petro-occipital adj. at sense 2, petroglyph n., petrogenetic adj.). In French, the form is first attested in a borrowing from German (pétrosilex petrosilex n.); native formations begin to appear in the late 18th and early 19th cent. With petrosphenoidal adj. at sense 2 compare French pétro-sphénoïdal (1805 in Cuvier).

1. Forming nouns denoting things made from or associated with rock, as petroglyph n., petrograph n., etc.

2. Anatomy and Zoology. Forming adjectives (and, chiefly in absol. use, nouns) with the sense ‘of or relating to the petrous bone and ——’.

petrohyoid adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊˈhaɪˌɔɪd/

ΚΠ

1875 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. (1877) 243 The hyoid bone..from it a slip of muscle (petrohyoid) will be seen passing up towards the occipital region of the skull.

1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. i. 139 Find the petro-hyoid which extends from the hyoid outwards to the ‘petrosal’ region beside the tympanum. It is fan-shaped and consists of four bands of muscle tissue.

1969 Science 14 Mar. 1223/3 The petrohyoid muscles fire during ventilation.

petromastoid adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈmastɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊˈmæˌstɔɪd/

ΚΠ

1845 R. Owen in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 1 258 The petro-mastoid..presents a rough convexity.

1848 R. Owen On Archetype & Homologies Vertebr. Skeleton 29 The coalescence of the primitively distinct mastoid with the ossifying capsule of the labyrinth is very speedy,..and a composite ‘petromastoid’ bone is thus formed.

1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 824/2 Each [temporal] bone consists originally of four subdivisions—a squamoso-zygomatic, a tympanic, a petro-mastoid, and a styloid.

1953 Radiography 19 144 (title) Radiography of the petromastoid portion of the temporal bones.

1988 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 77 160 The lack of a definite petromastoid canal in G. gorilla may relate to the highly expanded petromastoid in this species.

2002 European Radiol. 12 2770 The objective was to assess visibility and anatomy of the petromastoid canal in high-resolution CT.

petro-occipital adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrəʊɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊɑkˈsɪpəd(ə)l/

(also petroccipital)

ΚΠ

1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 60 The first part of this line is named the Petro-Occipital Suture [Fr. suture pétro-occipitale].

1912 Biometrika 8 260 The basilar portion has on each side a cleft directed transversely inwards from the petro-occipital fissure.

1995 Radiology 196 747 The occipitomastoidal, petro-occipital, and spheno-occipital synchondroses remained partially open into the teenage years.

petropharyngeal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)fəˈrɪn(d)ʒɪəl/

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)farᵻnˈdʒiːəl/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊfəˈrɪndʒ(i)əl/

/ˌpɛtroʊˌfɛrənˈdʒiəl/

ΚΠ

1905 N.E.D. at Petro- Petropharyngeal.

1991 Anatomischer Anzeiger 173 193 The petropharyngeal muscles were observed in 7 cadavers.

petrosphenoid adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈsfiːnɔɪd/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊˈsfiˌnɔɪd/

ΚΠ

1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Petro-sphenoid ligament.

1949 Lancet 22 Oct. 736/2 He calls this the petrosphenoid ligament.

2001 Ear, Nose & Throat Jrnl. (Nexis) 80 305 There was..a widening of the petrosphenoid suture line.

petrosphenoidal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)sfᵻˈnɔɪdl/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊsfiˈnɔɪd(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Petro-sphenoidal, belonging to the petrous portion of the temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone.

1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. v. 139/2 [The auditory tube] is related above to the petro-sphenoidal articulation.

2003 Neurosurgery 52 645 Both branches of the nerve passed beneath the petrosphenoidal ligament.

petrosquamosal adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)skwəˈməʊsl/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊskwəˈmoʊs(ə)l/

/ˌpɛtroʊskwəˈmoʊz(ə)l/

ΚΠ

1883 Science 11 May 381/2 The tegmen..is commonly more or less defined by a fissure, remaining as part of the petro-squamosal suture.

1925 Lancet 9 May 975/1 In the lower animals it was frequently associated with the petro-squamosal sinus.

1986 Arch. Otolaryngol. 112 81/1 Although the petrosquamosal (Körner's) septum is well known to otologists, its anatomy is poorly understood.

2001 Amer. Jrnl. Neuroradiol. 22 1186 A rare and forgotten emissary vein called the petrosquamosal sinus.

petrosquamous adj.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈskweɪməs/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊˈskweɪməs/

ΚΠ

1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 240 A line of fracture..extended from left petro-squamous junction backwards along the parieto-occipital suture as far as the sagittal suture.

1939 Lancet 2 Dec. 1167/1 At other times, it is seen in direct continuity with the petrosquamous fracture.

1992 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 88 222 The primitive petrosquamous sinus would have been large, judging from the size distribution of the petrosquamous sulcus in living and fossil primates.

petrotympanic adj. and n.

Brit.

/ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)tɪmˈpanɪk/

U.S.

/ˌpɛtroʊtɪmˈpænɪk/

ΚΠ

1842 R. Owen in Trans. Geol. Soc. 6 77 The petro-tympanic bone of the Cetacea.

1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 238 [In the giraffe] the petrotympanic is a separate bone, as in all ruminants.

1952 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 83 648/2 These walls meet above the petrotympanic fissure.

2004 Surg. & Radiol. Anat. 26 39 The ALM [= anterior ligament of malleus] had a structure apparently composed of the superior and inferior lamellae, running anteriorly in continuation with the sphenomandibular ligament through the future petrotympanic fissure.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

petro-comb. form²

Stress is determined by a range of factors though some degree of stress is usually maintained on this combining form.

Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: petroleum n.

Etymology: < petro- (in petroleum n.), perhaps after petro- comb. form¹; compare -o- connective.Earliest in the mid 20th cent. in petrochemical adj.², petrochemical n., and petrochemistry n.², although compare also petromax n., Petro-Forge n.

Forming terms relating to petroleum, esp. with reference to the political and economic power of oil-producing countries, as petropolitics, petro-power, petro-resources, petro-wealth. Also: forming terms designating revenue, esp. foreign exchange, that derives from petroleum exports, as petrobillion, petro-naira, petropound. See also petrocurrency n., petrodollar n., and cf. petrochemistry n.²

ΚΠ

1973 Time 3 Dec. 44/1 The energy crisis..may have been artificially imposed, but its implications stretch far beyond petropolitics.

1974 Newsweek 7 Oct. 52/3 Top Arab leaders have now decided not to put their petrobillions into U.S. Treasury bonds..but to invest in American industry instead.

1975 Publishers Weekly 19 May 99/1 I understand they're rolling in petropounds since oil was discovered in the North Sea.

1976 Publishers Weekly 5 Jan. 60/1 An Arab emirate saturated with petro-resources.

1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 5 May 7/1 As the tenth largest oil producer in the league, Nigeria has every reason to tout her petro-wealth.

1976 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 20 June 35/1 ‘There are two kinds of power,’ he said, ‘petropower and agripower.’

1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 20 July 7/1 Nigeria's foreign exchange reserve zoomed to N2,047 million through oil boom, thus projecting an over-sized petro-naira bubble which beclouded the vision of some former military rulers.

1977 Time 11 July 36/3 The Saudis can be expected to wield their petropower prudently.

1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 19 Apr. 22/1 It had found new oil reserves..across the country from the huge fields along the Persian Gulf that made the desert kingdom a petro-power.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2018).

单词	petro-
释义	petro-comb. form¹ Stress is usually determined by a subsequent element and vowels may be reduced accordingly. Forms: 1600s 1800s petra-, 1700s– petro-. Origin: A borrowing from Greek, combined with an English element. Etymons: Greek πέτρος , πέτρα , -o- connective. Etymology: < either ancient Greek πέτρος stone or ancient Greek πέτρα rock ( > classical Latin petra rock, stone), of unknown origin (see notes) + -o- connective. Compare ancient Greek πετρο-, combining form (in e.g. πετροβόλος stone-throwing). Compare French pétro-, German Petro-.Ancient Greek πέτρα rock, in Hellenistic Greek also denoting stone as a material, is generally distinguished from πέτρος stone for throwing, boulder (chiefly used as a poetic equivalent to λίθος stone: see -lith comb. form). Ancient Greek πέτρα probably represents an old collective form corresponding to πέτρος . J. P. Maher (1977 in Current Issues Ling. Theory 125–37) suggests a derivation of the Greek word from the same Indo-European base as feather n., with an underlying sense ‘to fly’ This would provide an original sense ‘missile, stone’ for ancient Greek πέτρος . In form petra- after ancient Greek πέτρα or classical Latin petra (see above). An alternative Latin combining form petri- can be seen in petricolous adj., petrifaction n., petrify v.; it does not form new words in English. The combining form first appears in English in borrowings from Latin, earliest and notably petroleum n. Formations within English are first found in the mid 17th cent. (petrography n., petrographical adj.), but these appear to be isolated examples. In the middle of the 18th cent., the form can also be seen in a borrowing from German (petrosilex n.). Further native formations appear at the very end of the 18th cent. and in the early 19th cent. (e.g. petrosiliceous adj., petrographic adj., petrology n.). In most of these early formations, the combining form is first used in the form petra- . The combining form becomes more common in the mid 19th cent., and from that time onwards it consistently takes the form petro- (e.g. petro-occipital adj. at sense 2, petroglyph n., petrogenetic adj.). In French, the form is first attested in a borrowing from German (pétrosilex petrosilex n.); native formations begin to appear in the late 18th and early 19th cent. With petrosphenoidal adj. at sense 2 compare French pétro-sphénoïdal (1805 in Cuvier). 1. Forming nouns denoting things made from or associated with rock, as petroglyph n., petrograph n., etc. 2. Anatomy and Zoology. Forming adjectives (and, chiefly in absol. use, nouns) with the sense ‘of or relating to the petrous bone and ——’. petrohyoid adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈhʌɪɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊˈhaɪˌɔɪd/ ΚΠ 1875 T. H. Huxley & H. N. Martin Course Elem. Biol. (1877) 243 The hyoid bone..from it a slip of muscle (petrohyoid) will be seen passing up towards the occipital region of the skull. 1939 T. L. Green Pract. Animal Biol. i. 139 Find the petro-hyoid which extends from the hyoid outwards to the ‘petrosal’ region beside the tympanum. It is fan-shaped and consists of four bands of muscle tissue. 1969 Science 14 Mar. 1223/3 The petrohyoid muscles fire during ventilation. petromastoid adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈmastɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊˈmæˌstɔɪd/ ΚΠ 1845 R. Owen in Q. Jrnl. Geol. Soc. 1 258 The petro-mastoid..presents a rough convexity. 1848 R. Owen On Archetype & Homologies Vertebr. Skeleton 29 The coalescence of the primitively distinct mastoid with the ossifying capsule of the labyrinth is very speedy,..and a composite ‘petromastoid’ bone is thus formed. 1875 Encycl. Brit. I. 824/2 Each [temporal] bone consists originally of four subdivisions—a squamoso-zygomatic, a tympanic, a petro-mastoid, and a styloid. 1953 Radiography 19 144 (title) Radiography of the petromastoid portion of the temporal bones. 1988 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 77 160 The lack of a definite petromastoid canal in G. gorilla may relate to the highly expanded petromastoid in this species. 2002 European Radiol. 12 2770 The objective was to assess visibility and anatomy of the petromastoid canal in high-resolution CT. petro-occipital adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrəʊɒkˈsɪpᵻtl/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊɑkˈsɪpəd(ə)l/ (also petroccipital) ΚΠ 1828 R. Knox tr. H. Cloquet Syst. Human Anat. 60 The first part of this line is named the Petro-Occipital Suture [Fr. suture pétro-occipitale]. 1912 Biometrika 8 260 The basilar portion has on each side a cleft directed transversely inwards from the petro-occipital fissure. 1995 Radiology 196 747 The occipitomastoidal, petro-occipital, and spheno-occipital synchondroses remained partially open into the teenage years. petropharyngeal adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)fəˈrɪn(d)ʒɪəl/ , /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)farᵻnˈdʒiːəl/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊfəˈrɪndʒ(i)əl/ , /ˌpɛtroʊˌfɛrənˈdʒiəl/ ΚΠ 1905 N.E.D. at Petro- Petropharyngeal. 1991 Anatomischer Anzeiger 173 193 The petropharyngeal muscles were observed in 7 cadavers. petrosphenoid adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈsfiːnɔɪd/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊˈsfiˌnɔɪd/ ΚΠ 1893 New Sydenham Soc. Lexicon Petro-sphenoid ligament. 1949 Lancet 22 Oct. 736/2 He calls this the petrosphenoid ligament. 2001 Ear, Nose & Throat Jrnl. (Nexis) 80 305 There was..a widening of the petrosphenoid suture line. petrosphenoidal adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)sfᵻˈnɔɪdl/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊsfiˈnɔɪd(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1842 R. Dunglison Med. Lexicon (ed. 3) Petro-sphenoidal, belonging to the petrous portion of the temporal bone and to the sphenoid bone. 1967 G. M. Wyburn et al. Conc. Anat. v. 139/2 [The auditory tube] is related above to the petro-sphenoidal articulation. 2003 Neurosurgery 52 645 Both branches of the nerve passed beneath the petrosphenoidal ligament. petrosquamosal adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)skwəˈməʊsl/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊskwəˈmoʊs(ə)l/ , /ˌpɛtroʊskwəˈmoʊz(ə)l/ ΚΠ 1883 Science 11 May 381/2 The tegmen..is commonly more or less defined by a fissure, remaining as part of the petro-squamosal suture. 1925 Lancet 9 May 975/1 In the lower animals it was frequently associated with the petro-squamosal sinus. 1986 Arch. Otolaryngol. 112 81/1 Although the petrosquamosal (Körner's) septum is well known to otologists, its anatomy is poorly understood. 2001 Amer. Jrnl. Neuroradiol. 22 1186 A rare and forgotten emissary vein called the petrosquamosal sinus. petrosquamous adj. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)ˈskweɪməs/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊˈskweɪməs/ ΚΠ 1879 St. George's Hosp. Rep. 9 240 A line of fracture..extended from left petro-squamous junction backwards along the parieto-occipital suture as far as the sagittal suture. 1939 Lancet 2 Dec. 1167/1 At other times, it is seen in direct continuity with the petrosquamous fracture. 1992 Amer. Jrnl. Physical Anthropol. 88 222 The primitive petrosquamous sinus would have been large, judging from the size distribution of the petrosquamous sulcus in living and fossil primates. petrotympanic adj. and n. Brit. /ˌpɛtrə(ʊ)tɪmˈpanɪk/ , U.S. /ˌpɛtroʊtɪmˈpænɪk/ ΚΠ 1842 R. Owen in Trans. Geol. Soc. 6 77 The petro-tympanic bone of the Cetacea. 1854 R. Owen Struct. Skeleton & Teeth in Orr's Circle Sci.: Org. Nature I. 238 [In the giraffe] the petrotympanic is a separate bone, as in all ruminants. 1952 Amer. Jrnl. Surg. 83 648/2 These walls meet above the petrotympanic fissure. 2004 Surg. & Radiol. Anat. 26 39 The ALM [= anterior ligament of malleus] had a structure apparently composed of the superior and inferior lamellae, running anteriorly in continuation with the sphenomandibular ligament through the future petrotympanic fissure. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). petro-comb. form² Stress is determined by a range of factors though some degree of stress is usually maintained on this combining form. Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: petroleum n. Etymology: < petro- (in petroleum n.), perhaps after petro- comb. form¹; compare -o- connective.Earliest in the mid 20th cent. in petrochemical adj.², petrochemical n., and petrochemistry n.², although compare also petromax n., Petro-Forge n. Forming terms relating to petroleum, esp. with reference to the political and economic power of oil-producing countries, as petropolitics, petro-power, petro-resources, petro-wealth. Also: forming terms designating revenue, esp. foreign exchange, that derives from petroleum exports, as petrobillion, petro-naira, petropound. See also petrocurrency n., petrodollar n., and cf. petrochemistry n.² ΚΠ 1973 Time 3 Dec. 44/1 The energy crisis..may have been artificially imposed, but its implications stretch far beyond petropolitics. 1974 Newsweek 7 Oct. 52/3 Top Arab leaders have now decided not to put their petrobillions into U.S. Treasury bonds..but to invest in American industry instead. 1975 Publishers Weekly 19 May 99/1 I understand they're rolling in petropounds since oil was discovered in the North Sea. 1976 Publishers Weekly 5 Jan. 60/1 An Arab emirate saturated with petro-resources. 1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 5 May 7/1 As the tenth largest oil producer in the league, Nigeria has every reason to tout her petro-wealth. 1976 Daily Colonist (Victoria, Brit. Columbia) 20 June 35/1 ‘There are two kinds of power,’ he said, ‘petropower and agripower.’ 1976 Daily Times (Lagos) 20 July 7/1 Nigeria's foreign exchange reserve zoomed to N2,047 million through oil boom, thus projecting an over-sized petro-naira bubble which beclouded the vision of some former military rulers. 1977 Time 11 July 36/3 The Saudis can be expected to wield their petropower prudently. 1993 Washington Post (National Weekly ed.) 19 Apr. 22/1 It had found new oil reserves..across the country from the huge fields along the Persian Gulf that made the desert kingdom a petro-power. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2018). < comb. form¹1828comb. form²1973
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petro-comb. form1

petro-comb. form2

petro-comb. form¹

petro-comb. form²