petreln.

Brit.

/ˈpɛtr(ə)l/, U.S.

/ˈpɛtr(ə)l/

Forms: 1600s pettrel, 1600s pitteral, 1700s petril, 1700s petteril, 1700s pittrel, 1700s–1800s peterel, 1700s– petrel, 1800s petterel (Scottish).

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Origin uncertain and disputed. Dampier's suggested derivation < the name of St Peter (see quot. 1703 at sense 1) is probably a folk etymology, and similar folk-etymological alteration probably lies behind the analogous names of this and related birds in other European languages, at least some of which were probably intended as calques on the English word: compare e.g. German Petersvogel (19th cent. or earlier), Petersläufer (end of the 18th cent. or earlier), Norwegian Søren-Peder , St. Peders-fugl (both 1764 or earlier), French †pierrot (1751), Spanish (rare) ave de San Pedro , Italian regional (rare) (Elba) uccello di San Pietro , (Venice) osel de San Pietro . W. B. Lockwood ( Zeitschr. f. Anglistik u. Amerikanistik (1968) 16 285–90) suggests a derivation < the first element of pitter-patter n.² and pitter-patter v.² + -erel (in cockerel n., etc.), with reference to the characteristic behaviour of petrels in ‘gliding buoyantly over the water, patting it with their feet’, although this has been challenged on semantic grounds, and it should also be noted that both pitter-patter n.² and pitter-patter v.² are only attested later than the present word. It has also been suggested that the name is, in spite of the chronology, a Romance loan in English, and is ultimately related to the Indo-European base of pet n.¹ (the bird having been so named perhaps on account of the noises it makes during copulation, or perhaps on account of a strong-smelling substance which it emits in order to defend itself), but the case for a Romance origin is not strong.It is unclear whether the following example represents an earlier attestation of the word; if so, its stem vowel is unexplained:1582 R. Madox Diary 19 June in E. S. Donno Elizabethan in 1582 (1976) 146 A poydrel which is a lytle black byrd cam to the ship, which M. Fayrwether sayd was a token of wynd. Compare French pétrel (1723; 1705 as †petrel in a translation of Dampier; 1782 or earlier as †pétérel; < English) and Dutch petrel (19th cent. or earlier), Spanish petrel (1839 or earlier), Italian petrello (a1837 or earlier), all ultimately < English, partly via French.

1. Any of a large number of pelagic seabirds of the order Procellariiformes and esp. of the families Procellariidae (which also includes the shearwaters), Hydrobatidae (the storm petrels), and Pelecanoididae (the diving petrels), which have long wings, mainly black (or grey or brown) and white plumage, and a slightly hooked bill with tubular external nostrils. Also figurative (cf. stormy petrel n. at stormy adj. 3b).diving, fulmar, giant, pintado, storm, stormy, snow petrel, etc.: see the first element.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel)

petrel1602

mutton-bird1790

procellariid1879

the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel) > member of genus Procellaria

petrel1602

whale-bird1771

society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for horse > [noun] > for breast

peytral1375

payttrurec1400

poitrel1490

breasting1579

pectoral1590

pectron1590

petrel1602

poitrinal1633

breast harness1660

the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel) > member of genus Procellaria > other types

petrel1602

Antarctic petrel1777

grey petrel1782

sea-nymph1875

whale-bird1875

pediunker1910

1602 G. Archer in S. Purchas Pilgrims iv. 1647 Pettrels, Cootes, Hagbuts, Pengwins, Murres, Gannets, Cormorants, Guls, [etc.].

1622 N. H. Let. 18 Aug. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) IV. x. ix. 1891 Owles great and small, Rauens, Gulls, Pitterils, and some others.

1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 181 Saw many Pitterals about the Ship.

1703 W. Dampier Voy. New Holland iii. 97 As they fly..they pat the Water alternately with their Feet, as if they walkt upon it; tho' still upon the Wing. And from hence the Seamen give them the name of Petrels, in allusion to St. Peter's walking upon the Lake of Gennesareth.

1748 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 45 166 The Pittrel or Storm-Fink.

1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 145 The whole genus of Petrels have a peculiar faculty of spouting from their bills, to a considerable distance, a large quantity of pure oyl.

1767 P. Carteret in J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere (1773) I. 318 The peterels, to which sailors have given the name of Mother Carey's Chickens.

1802 Barrington's Hist. New S. Wales viii. 270 The sooty petrel had appropriated a certain grassy part of the island to herself.

1817 W. Glen Heath Flowers 49 The wee Petterel, trembling, braves The howling blast when death is near.

1838 E. A. Poe Narr. A. G. Pym in Wks. (1864) IV. 123 Mother Carey's geese, or the great peterel... The great peterel is as large as the common albatross and is carnivorous.

1862 Sat. Rev. 13 Sept. 321 M. Hugo..is the petrel of literature, revelling in the storms of passion, and the conflict of the elements that determine human action.

a1879 in Poems Places, Br. America 90 Pied petrels coursed about the sea.

1930 Discovery Nov. 360/2 Leach's petrel, which breeds in the British Isles.

1988 Yankee Aug. 76/1 A churring, purring, excited, gnomelike, lighthearted chatter. The voices of petrels.

2001 Birds (RSPB) Summer 112/1 Beyond my porthole albatrosses and assorted petrels swing about in the fresh breeze.

†2. English regional (Yorkshire). The kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > larus tridactylus (kittiwake)

kittiwake1661

tarrock1674

petrel1770

haglet1803

kitty1806

tickle-ace1819

wake-up kittle1832

mackerel bird1879

1770 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (new ed.) IV. 26 [The] Kittiwake..inhabits the romantic cliffs of Flamborough head... [Note] Where it is called Petrel.

1885 C. Swainson Provincial Names Brit. Birds 206 Kittiwake... Petrel (Flamborough Head).

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	petrel
释义	petreln. Brit. /ˈpɛtr(ə)l/, U.S. /ˈpɛtr(ə)l/ Forms: 1600s pettrel, 1600s pitteral, 1700s petril, 1700s petteril, 1700s pittrel, 1700s–1800s peterel, 1700s– petrel, 1800s petterel (Scottish). Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain and disputed. Dampier's suggested derivation < the name of St Peter (see quot. 1703 at sense 1) is probably a folk etymology, and similar folk-etymological alteration probably lies behind the analogous names of this and related birds in other European languages, at least some of which were probably intended as calques on the English word: compare e.g. German Petersvogel (19th cent. or earlier), Petersläufer (end of the 18th cent. or earlier), Norwegian Søren-Peder , St. Peders-fugl (both 1764 or earlier), French †pierrot (1751), Spanish (rare) ave de San Pedro , Italian regional (rare) (Elba) uccello di San Pietro , (Venice) osel de San Pietro . W. B. Lockwood ( Zeitschr. f. Anglistik u. Amerikanistik (1968) 16 285–90) suggests a derivation < the first element of pitter-patter n.² and pitter-patter v.² + -erel (in cockerel n., etc.), with reference to the characteristic behaviour of petrels in ‘gliding buoyantly over the water, patting it with their feet’, although this has been challenged on semantic grounds, and it should also be noted that both pitter-patter n.² and pitter-patter v.² are only attested later than the present word. It has also been suggested that the name is, in spite of the chronology, a Romance loan in English, and is ultimately related to the Indo-European base of pet n.¹ (the bird having been so named perhaps on account of the noises it makes during copulation, or perhaps on account of a strong-smelling substance which it emits in order to defend itself), but the case for a Romance origin is not strong.It is unclear whether the following example represents an earlier attestation of the word; if so, its stem vowel is unexplained:1582 R. Madox Diary 19 June in E. S. Donno Elizabethan in 1582 (1976) 146 A poydrel which is a lytle black byrd cam to the ship, which M. Fayrwether sayd was a token of wynd. Compare French pétrel (1723; 1705 as †petrel in a translation of Dampier; 1782 or earlier as †pétérel; < English) and Dutch petrel (19th cent. or earlier), Spanish petrel (1839 or earlier), Italian petrello (a1837 or earlier), all ultimately < English, partly via French. 1. Any of a large number of pelagic seabirds of the order Procellariiformes and esp. of the families Procellariidae (which also includes the shearwaters), Hydrobatidae (the storm petrels), and Pelecanoididae (the diving petrels), which have long wings, mainly black (or grey or brown) and white plumage, and a slightly hooked bill with tubular external nostrils. Also figurative (cf. stormy petrel n. at stormy adj. 3b).diving, fulmar, giant, pintado, storm, stormy, snow petrel, etc.: see the first element. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel) petrel1602 mutton-bird1790 procellariid1879 the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel) > member of genus Procellaria petrel1602 whale-bird1771 society > armed hostility > military equipment > armour > armour for horse > [noun] > for breast peytral1375 payttrurec1400 poitrel1490 breasting1579 pectoral1590 pectron1590 petrel1602 poitrinal1633 breast harness1660 the world > animals > birds > order Procellariiformes > [noun] > member of family Procellariidae (petrel) > member of genus Procellaria > other types petrel1602 Antarctic petrel1777 grey petrel1782 sea-nymph1875 whale-bird1875 pediunker1910 1602 G. Archer in S. Purchas Pilgrims iv. 1647 Pettrels, Cootes, Hagbuts, Pengwins, Murres, Gannets, Cormorants, Guls, [etc.]. 1622 N. H. Let. 18 Aug. in S. Purchas Pilgrimes (1625) IV. x. ix. 1891 Owles great and small, Rauens, Gulls, Pitterils, and some others. 1694 Narbrough's Acct. Several Late Voy. 181 Saw many Pitterals about the Ship. 1703 W. Dampier Voy. New Holland iii. 97 As they fly..they pat the Water alternately with their Feet, as if they walkt upon it; tho' still upon the Wing. And from hence the Seamen give them the name of Petrels, in allusion to St. Peter's walking upon the Lake of Gennesareth. 1748 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 45 166 The Pittrel or Storm-Fink. 1766 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. ii. 145 The whole genus of Petrels have a peculiar faculty of spouting from their bills, to a considerable distance, a large quantity of pure oyl. 1767 P. Carteret in J. Hawkesworth Acct. Voy. Southern Hemisphere (1773) I. 318 The peterels, to which sailors have given the name of Mother Carey's Chickens. 1802 Barrington's Hist. New S. Wales viii. 270 The sooty petrel had appropriated a certain grassy part of the island to herself. 1817 W. Glen Heath Flowers 49 The wee Petterel, trembling, braves The howling blast when death is near. 1838 E. A. Poe Narr. A. G. Pym in Wks. (1864) IV. 123 Mother Carey's geese, or the great peterel... The great peterel is as large as the common albatross and is carnivorous. 1862 Sat. Rev. 13 Sept. 321 M. Hugo..is the petrel of literature, revelling in the storms of passion, and the conflict of the elements that determine human action. a1879 in Poems Places, Br. America 90 Pied petrels coursed about the sea. 1930 Discovery Nov. 360/2 Leach's petrel, which breeds in the British Isles. 1988 Yankee Aug. 76/1 A churring, purring, excited, gnomelike, lighthearted chatter. The voices of petrels. 2001 Birds (RSPB) Summer 112/1 Beyond my porthole albatrosses and assorted petrels swing about in the fresh breeze. †2. English regional (Yorkshire). The kittiwake, Rissa tridactyla. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > birds > order Charadriiformes > family Laridae (gulls and terns) > [noun] > member of genus Larus (gull) > larus tridactylus (kittiwake) kittiwake1661 tarrock1674 petrel1770 haglet1803 kitty1806 tickle-ace1819 wake-up kittle1832 mackerel bird1879 1770 T. Pennant Brit. Zool. (new ed.) IV. 26 [The] Kittiwake..inhabits the romantic cliffs of Flamborough head... [Note] Where it is called Petrel. 1885 C. Swainson Provincial Names Brit. Birds 206 Kittiwake... Petrel (Flamborough Head). This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.1602
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