单词 | persecution |
释义 | persecutionn. 1. a. An instance or act of persecuting; an injurious act. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > persecution cravinga1300 warrayinga1300 persecutionc1350 persecutionc1384 pursuita1387 persecuting1543 dragooning1691 prosecution1702 dragonnadesa1715 hounding1887 dragoonage1894 witch-hunting1918 c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 1 (MED) Alle þoo þat willen pytiuosli leuen in iesu crist shullen suffre persecuciouns & anguisshes. c1390 (c1350) Proprium Sanctorum in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1888) 81 102 (MED) Holy men..Schulde Coueyte to suffre here Persecussions in mony manere. c1456 R. Pecock Bk. Faith (Trin. Cambr.) (1909) 256 The apostolis hadden not grettist leisers, for persecuciouns, that thei myȝten anoon in the bigynnyng have writen. a1500 (?c1425) Speculum Sacerdotale (1936) 11 In a serteyne Sonday was shweyd vn-to him..certeyne persecucions, the whiche schulde afturward befalle in the world. 1560 J. Daus tr. J. Sleidane Commentaries f. cxvv At the same time chaunceth a persecution against the Lutherians. a1631 J. Donne Serm. (1959) IV. 54 The Buls of Babylon, the shrewdest Buls of all, in temporall, in spirituall persecutions. 1685 E. Stillingfleet Origines Britannicæ ii. 56 Eusebius saith..That Hadrian..forbad a General Persecution of any as Christians. a1718 W. Penn Sandy Found. Shaken in Wks. (1726) I. 249 Whose Faction, Prejudice, and Cruelty soon parallel'd the foregoing Heathenish Persecutions. 1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. x. p. cxxiii The sufferings of uncalled martyrs, the calamities of..religious persecutions..are so many additional mischiefs. 1846 A. Marsh Father Darcy II. iv. 85 These revolting and most unwise persecutions. 1880 Spectator 13 Nov. 1446 In the judgment of the early Christians, the proceedings of Decius and Diocletian were persecutions. To the Pagans of the day..they were simply legal prosecutions. 1909 G. B. Shaw Statem. Evid. before Joint-Comm. Stage Plays 10 Persecutions..are trifles compared to the mischief done by censorships in delaying the general march of enlightenment. 1991 Jrnl. Refugee Stud. 4 220 Recognition as refugee depends on the ‘well-founded fear’ of being exposed to more or less concrete, but always individual persecutions which must be imputable to public authorities. b. spec. A particular course or period of systematic violent oppression, esp. one directed against the members of a particular religious or political group, race, etc. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > persecution > a particular course of persecutionc1350 witch hunt1899 c1350 Apocalypse St. John: A Version (Harl. 874) (1961) 51 (MED) Þe grete stiring of erþe bitokneþ þe grete persecucioun of Antecrist. a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1874) V. 111 Þis eiȝteþe ȝere of Dioclicianus was þe firste ȝere of þe grete persecucioun þat was under Dioclicianus in þe Est and Maximianus in þe West. c1450 (?c1400) Three Kings Cologne (Cambr. Ee.4.32) (1886) 134 Þer began aȝene a newe persecucioun of heresye aȝens þe cristen feiþ. 1570 J. Foxe Actes & Monumentes (rev. ed.) I. 124/2 In whyche persecution our stories and Polichronicon do recorde, that all Christianitie almost in the whole Ilelande was destroyed. 1641 J. Jackson True Evangelical Temper i. 22 The short respite the Church had between the second and third Persecution. 1717 N. Marshall Wks. St. Cyprian ii. 13 The Decian persecution..began in Africa with a popular tumult. 1776 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1819) II. xvi. 434 The celebrated number of ten persecutions has been determined by the ecclesiastical writers of the fifth century. 1875 F. H. A. Scrivener 6 Lect. Text New Test. 8 The last and most cruel of the persecutions to which believers were subjected throughout the Roman empire, that of Diocletian. 1902 J. Denney Death of Christ v. 246 The martyrs in the Neronic persecution. 1992 Face May 96/2 A survey this January showed one third of all Germans believed Jews were partly to blame for the Nazi persecution which led to the holocaust. c. In early use: difficulty, affliction, tribulation. Later: persistent annoyance or injury; harassment; an instance of this. ΘΚΠ the mind > emotion > suffering > state of being harassed > [noun] > harassment baiting1303 cumbrance1377 persecutiona1382 pursuita1387 aggrievancea1400 vexing?a1425 molestation1435 stroublance1439 inquietation1461 distrouble1483 infestance1490 encumberment1509 molesting1523 vexationa1525 inquieting1527 inquietance1531 molestie1532 infestationc1540 moiling1565 plaguing1566 pesterment1593 commacerating1599 molestance1642 harass1667 harassing1689 harassment1753 aggrievement1778 badgering1785 pesteration1802 bedevilment1844 worrying1848 tail-twisting1887 bloodhounding1891 aggravation1902 static1923 crap1935 hassle1969 monstering1979 a1382 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Bodl. 959) Wisd. xvi. 16 With newe watris, and hailis, and reynes, they suffreden persecucioun. a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich Hist. Holy Grail xl. 12 Sche..Evere As A womman good..hire persecucions suffred..And Evere thanked God Of hire trebulacioun, Of hire deseisse and hire persecuciown. a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 87 (MED) Þou shalt suffre grete persecucion or þou come þere, and if þou be constant & pacient in all thi tribulacion, thy sorowe shal turne the to gret ioy. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay Nauigations Turkie ii. xiii. 48 b Not altogether exempt of diuers persecutions, as well by warres, fire, pestilence, earthquakes, as sundry other calamities. 1608 W. Shakespeare King Lear vii. 178 Ile..with presented nakednes outface, The wind, and persecution of the skie. View more context for this quotation 1662 J. Davies tr. A. Olearius Voy. & Trav. Ambassadors 6 There it was we met with the first persecution of Flies, Gnats, and Wasps. 1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 149. ⁋11 My sister..the young ladies are hourly tormenting by every art of feminine persecution. 1786 J. Burgoyne Heiress iii. i. 49 What am I the better for burying a jealous wife? To be chicken-peck'd is a new persecution, more provoking than the old one. 1820 C. R. Maturin Melmoth IV. xxx. 331 Those whose mockful persecution, or whose vacant pity, might be equally torturing to her feelings. 1850 W. M. Thackeray Pendennis II. xviii. 183 Pen, chafing under the persecution which his womankind inflicted upon him. 1905 Westm. Gaz. 22 Mar. 1/3 It [sc. a church bell] was a noisy..monster..and began its torturing, brain-racking persecution at eight in the morning. 1991 Sports Illustr. 18 Mar. 66/2 Steffi endured months of persecution by German tabloids. d. Oppression, esp. on the grounds of religious faith, political belief, race, etc.; the fact of being persecuted. Also: the action of pursuing or persecuting a person or group with hostile intent. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > hostile action or attack > [noun] > persecution cravinga1300 warrayinga1300 persecutionc1350 persecutionc1384 pursuita1387 persecuting1543 dragooning1691 prosecution1702 dragonnadesa1715 hounding1887 dragoonage1894 witch-hunting1918 c1384 Bible (Wycliffite, E.V.) (Douce 369(2)) (1850) Matt. v. 10 Blessid be thei that suffren persecucioun [a1425 L.V. persecusioun; L. persecutionem] for riȝtwisnesse. a1425 (c1340) R. Rolle Psalter (Laud) (1884) 95 (MED) If persecucyon of the world, or temptacyons wax ageynes me, in that batail i shal hope in my lord. 1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) iv. 5 His fayis..Maid sic a persecucioune..On thaim that till hym luffand wer. ?a1500 in Archiv f. das Studium der Neueren Sprachen (1911) 126 366 (MED) This serpent and Devyll Sathan..desired power of persecucion Of Job. 1546 Wycklyffes Wycket sig. A.ii In greate sufferaunce of persecusyon euen to the death. 1579 R. Rice Inuect. Vices sig. D ij The sufferers of persecution for his names sake. 1643 Sir T. Browne Religio Medici (authorized ed.) i. §25 Persecution is a bad and indirect way to plant Religion. View more context for this quotation 1665 R. Boyle Occas. Refl. v. ii. sig. Kk1v To thrive by Persecution..is not the incommunicable Prerogative of Divine Truths;..even Errors do often gain by it too. 1721 R. Wodrow Corr. (1843) II. 593 I have nothing but..the exposing of tyranny, persecution, and arbitrary power, in my view. 1785 W. Paley Princ. Moral & Polit. Philos. vi. x. 580 Persecution produces no sincere conviction, nor any real change of opinion. 1828 Edinb. Rev. Sept. 102 To punish a man, because we infer from the nature of some doctrine which he holds..that he will commit a crime, is persecution; and is, in every case, foolish and wicked. 1934 Hansard Lords 25 July 1073 I am glad to understand that the Irish loyalists are not suffering from any injustice or persecution by reason of their political faith. 2000 New Scientist 12 Aug. 16/2 Agaw, the language of the Ethiopian Jews known as Falasha, survived in Africa despite centuries of persecution by Christian rulers. e. Psychology. Victimization, esp. as imagined in certain forms of paranoid mental disorder. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > paranoia > persecution persecution1876 persecution mania1881 persecution complex1926 1876 Mind 1 273 He has seen convalescents from mania distinctly acquire delusions of persecution, &c., from frequent intercourse with insane persons. 1883 T. S. Clouston Clin. Lect. Mental Dis. vi. 255 The third great class of delusional cases are those of suspicion and persecution. 1926 W. McDougall Outl. Abnormal Psychol. xx. 337 The two forms of delusion mentioned.., delusions of persecution and of grandeur, are the fundamental and most frequent. 1970 L. E. Hinsie & R. J. Campbell Psychiatric Dict. (ed. 4) 542/1 A form of paranoia characterized by more or less incessant quarrelsomeness due to alleged persecution. 2003 Daily News (Halifax, Nova Scotia) (Nexis) 2 Mar. 2 Such persecution paranoia runs through many of the e-mails I received. 2. Legal prosecution; spec. prosecution of a legal claim to (of) a property. Also: an instance of this. Now humorous or through confusion with prosecution (prosecution n.). Cf. persecute v. 4. ΘΚΠ society > law > administration of justice > court proceedings or procedure > action of courts in claims or grievances > [noun] > litigation or going to law pleadingc1275 suita1325 suing1440 persecution1466 processing1478 lawingc1485 prosecution1590 litigation1661 soliciting1709 impleading1878 1466–7 MS Rec. Aberdeen V. i. 590 That he purposis him to mak persecucoune of his gudis tane fra him..out of his schip in Inglande. 1493 Acts Parl. Scotl. (1814) II. 233/1 Exhorting..thame to leif..thair pleyis persecutiounis and litigatiounis. 1535 Act 27 Hen. VIII c. 20 §3 Their lawfull accion demaunde or persecucion, appeles prohibicions and all other their lawful defences and remedies in euery suche suite. 1545–6 in D. H. Fleming Registrum Secreti Sigilli Regum Scotorum (1936) III. 193/1 Sauffand the persecutioun of the caus befor the juge spirituall. 1815 W. Scott Guy Mannering I. vii. 69 A minatory inscription on one side of the gate intimated ‘prosecution according to law’ (the painter had spelt it persecution—l'un vaut bien l'autre). 1844 C. Dickens Martin Chuzzlewit xl. 469 It's murder, and I'm the witness for the persecution. 1998 Australian 22 Oct. 1 Enter Hayden, witness for the persecution... Bill Hayden..stepped into a courtroom yesterday to uphold the reputations of two prominent Liberals, by dredging up a set of salacious tall tales about Paul Keating. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > continuing > following up, through, or prosecution > [noun] suinga1325 prosecution1545 conveyance1572 through-handlinga1586 carriage1589 pursuita1631 throughing1638 pursuance1642 persecution1647 transaction1655 pursual1878 follow-up1904 follow-through1918 1647 Bp. J. Taylor Θεολογία Ἐκλεκτική xiii. §3 A hearty persecution of the rules of good life. 1757 B. Franklin in London Chron. 10–12 May 450/1 As the Massachuset's assembly at first entered into the expedition upon the coolest deliberation, so did they on the other hand exert themselves with uncommon vigour in the persecution of it. Compounds(Chiefly in sense 1d.) C1. ΚΠ 1827 S. Smith in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 429 It is delicious to the persecution-fanciers to reflect that no general bill has past in favour of the Protestant Dissenters. persecution fantasy n. ΚΠ 1936 V. McHugh Caleb Catlum's Amer. Introd. 18 Both megalomania (delusions of grandeur) and paranoia (persecution fantasies). 2002 Edmonton Sun (Canada) (Nexis) 18 Sept. 7 In the industry, this is either causing justifiable anxiety or wild persecution fantasies, depending on who you talk to. C2. persecution complex n. a delusion that one is being persecuted; an irrational belief or suspicion that the actions of other people towards one are motivated by (disguised) ill will or hostility. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > paranoia > persecution persecution1876 persecution mania1881 persecution complex1926 1926 Survey 1 Aug. 500 ‘Everybody is jealous of my superior capacities.’.. This last veteran had the persecution complex, like thousands of his comrades. 1961 J. Heller Catch-22 (1962) xxvii. 294 You've got a bad persecution complex. You think people are trying to harm you. 1996 Observer 29 Dec. (Sport & Business section) 6/4 Unfortunately, their persecution complex poisoned their own self-belief. persecution mania n. originally Psychiatry a disorder characterized by the delusion that one is being persecuted; (now, loosely) an unreasonable fear of the actions or motives of others. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > paranoia > persecution persecution1876 persecution mania1881 persecution complex1926 1881 Times 3 Jan. 5/4 He shows unmistakable signs of melancholy madness, and also of persecution mania. 1942 E. Waugh Put out More Flags iii. 203 He had left his persecution mania downstairs with his hat and umbrella. 2003 Independent (Nexis) 11 Aug. 26 Neville by this time had developed a serious case of persecution mania. persecution maniac n. a person suffering from persecution mania. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > mental health > mental illness > degree or type of mental illness > [noun] > schizophrenia > paranoia > persecution > person persecution maniac1943 1943 J. S. Huxley Evol. Ethics iii. 19 Unable to bear the condemnation of his super-ego, the persecution-maniac projects this into society, thus..being able to accuse the world of cruelty or oppression. 2001 Sunday Times (Nexis) 14 Jan. Calm, self-possessed and entirely unneurotic, which is exactly as it should be; ethnic sensitivity is not the privilege of persecution maniacs. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, December 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). < n.c1350 |
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