penaladj.¹n.

Brit.

/ˈpiːnl/, U.S.

/ˈpin(ə)l/

Forms: late Middle English penale, late Middle English penalle, late Middle English–1600s penall, late Middle English– penal, 1500s peinall, 1500s peynall, 1500s–1600s poenal, 1500s–1600s poenall, 1600s pennall; Scottish pre-1700 paenall, pre-1700 peenall, pre-1700 penale, pre-1700 penall, pre-1700 pennell, pre-1700 penull, pre-1700 1700s– penal.

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French penal; Latin poenālis.

Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French penal, peinal (c1200 in Old French as poinale; French pénal) and its etymon classical Latin poenālis (in post-classical Latin also penalis) of or concerned with punishment, punitive, in post-classical Latin also punishable (from 12th cent. in British sources), painful (from 14th cent. in British sources) < poena penalty, punishment (see poena n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Italian penale (a1363), Spanish penal (1371; 1349 as noun), Catalan penal (14th cent.).

A. adj.¹

1. Of or relating to punishment.

a. Of a statute, system, etc.: serving to order, regulate, or legislate for the administration of punishment; prescribing or enacting the punishment to be inflicted for an offence or transgression.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > prescribing or inflicting

penal1439

1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 8/1 Purveours of his [sc. the King's] Houshold taken dayly for hym of his peple of this land their..Vitaille and Stuff..more yan is necessarie to his Hous..notwithstondyng full noble Ordinances penales that have ben mad therof.

1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 403 (MED) It ys ordeyned by this present yeld, that for alle the articles penalle, ordeyned and affermed by the same, that..eny summes forfett shulde be payde..to the Bayllies and..the comyn tresor.

1579 Rastell's Expos. Termes Lawes (new ed.) Accion populer, is an accion which is geeuen vppon the breach of some Penal statute.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan xxvi. 148 Of Humane positive lawes, some are Distributive, some Penal.

1687 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 540 [They] would not promise his Majestie their consent to the repealing the Test, & penal statutes against the Romish recusants.

a1797 E. Burke Tracts Popery Laws in Wks. (1842) II. 434/2 The mode of conviction is as extraordinary as the penal sanctions of this act.

1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London III. vii. 199 These suppression chaps intend to enforce the penal statute, and compel us to go to church!

1841 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. I. 20 Penal provisions intended for the better preservation of game.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 957/1 The penal system, the object of which is to turn..convicts..into honest, self-respecting men and women.

1938 N.Y. Herald Tribune 4 Oct. 8/3 Lack of planning..and the use of prison administrative boards..as ‘political footballs’ were..factors contributing to unsuccessful penal programs.

2000 Observer 18 June 3/7 The Prison Service is selling 180 properties in a desperate bid to inject more money into the creaking penal system.

b. Of, relating to, or subject to penal laws, penal servitude, etc.; involving, connected with, or characterized by a penalty or legal punishment.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > of or relating to penal laws

penal1691

c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica Proh. 8 Thees sanxiouns, decreis, & lawes of the world by alle apparence in them contene penal correction rather than ony doctryne delectable [L. instituta magis punire quam docere].

1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 390 In this court be heard, those that are delators (or informers) in popular and penall actions.

1647 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 495 They..have ingadged themselves by their pennall boundes..for the payment of the forsaid summes.

1691 London Gaz. No. 2662/4 Lost,..a last Year's Almanack, having in the Cover some Penal Bills for Money.

1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. xvii. 321 We come now to exhibit the limits between penal and civil jurisprudence.

1861 G. Ross W. Bell's Dict. Law Scotl. (rev. ed.) 626/2 An action is said to be penal when the conclusions of the summons are of a penal nature; that is, when not merely restitution and real damages, but extraordinary damages and reparation, by way of penalty, are concluded for.

1886 J. Monahan Rec. Ardagh & Clonmacnoise 37 In those penal times, Dr. O'Flynn was compelled to administer the Sacrament of Confirmation under very distressing circumstances.

1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Oct. 845/2 The history of Irish nuns at home and abroad in the dark penal days.

1996 Sunday Tel. 13 Oct. i. 15/2 Mr Howard, already engaged on a drive against liberal penal policies, seized the opportunity to aim his fire at young criminals.

c. Constituting or of the nature of punishment; inflicted as punishment; punitive.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective]

punishinga1500

penitive1502

punitivea1513

penal1561

penous1627

penary1651

vindictive1656

chastising1691

punitory1710

punitional1824

1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iii. f. 213 All this misery of mankinde..is a medicional sorrow, and not a penall sentence [Fr. sentence de punition].

1600 J. Hamilton Facile Traictise 276 This chaingement suld be maid with..a penal satisfaction for sinnes committit.

1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. v. 300 Wee..might conceave the Deluge not simply penall, but in some way also necessary.

1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 48 In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire.

1714–26 in Mem. Gideon Guthrie (1900) 54 We were all sentenced, they to penal and pecunial mulcts and I to banishment.

1812 R. Heber tr. Pindar in Poems & Transl. 102 In chambers dark and dread Of nether earth abide, and penal flame.

1859 E. Bulwer-Lytton What will he do with It? (1st Edinb. ed.) III. vii. ix. 76 His father's misfortune (he gave that gentle appellation to the incident of penal transportation).

1959 B. Wootton Social Sci. & Social Pathol. xi. 336 The potentially unfortunate side-effects of reformative penal treatment.

1992 New Civil Engineer 13 Feb. 22/3 In 1838/39 he published designs for a ‘model’ prison for penal confinement.

d. Of an action, offence, etc.: punishable, esp. by law.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > entailing punishment (of offence)

punishable1435

penal1569

disciplinable1647

vengeable1650

subpenal1659

mulctable1678

disciplinary1832

penalized1848

1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 745 He..began..to serch out the penall offences, as well of the chiefe of his Nobilitie, as of other Gentlemen.

1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd II. 291 Here is a Law, that not to kneel at the Lords Supper shall be more Penall than Murther.

1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 54 Any disrespect to any Acts of State..was in no time more penal.

1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xv. 217 There is..one species of battery, more atrocious and penal than the rest.

1850 H. Melville White-jacket lxx. 341 Of some twenty offences—made penal—that a seaman may commit, and which are specified in this code, thirteen are punishable by death.

1898 Catholic World Apr. 143 During Edward III.'s reign..it was penal to entertain any of the rhymers or news-tellers.

1998 Brit. Med. Jrnl. (Nexis) 28 Nov. 1474 This is a penal offence in India, punishable with fines and imprisonment for up to two years.

e. That is payable or forfeitable as a penalty; esp. in penal sum.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > fine > [adjective] > that is or can be lost as penalty

forfeit1393

forfeitable1467

penal1623

1623 in New Shakespeare Soc. Trans. (1885) 505 The said Christopher Hutchinson..and the Compl^t John Comber entred into one bond or obligacion vnto the said William Jorden in the penall somme of sixty three poundes.

1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. viii. 384 Free from shame Thy captives; I ensure the penal claim.

1855 Rev. Charter & Ordinances City Detroit 67 Provided, That every such Constable..shall enter into a bond of the United States in the penal sum of two thousand dollars.

1927 W. M. Gloag & R. C. Henderson Introd. Law Scotl. 150 A provision for penal or pactional rent, i.e., for payment of a fixed sum as liquidate damages for any breach of the conditions of the lease.

1999 Texas Lawyer (Nexis) 7 June 43 There is almost always a means of dealing with a default that can be handled for less than the penal sum.

f. Used or appointed as a place of punishment or correction. Also figurative.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > used as place of

penal1820

1820 H. G. Bennet Let. to Earl Bathurst 20 It has now risen from the degraded state of a penal settlement, to the station of a colony.

1853 J. G. Whittier Chapel of Hermits & Other Poems 17 Lord, what is man,..chance-swung between The foulness of the penal pit And Truth's clear sky.

1876 G. D. Mathews Coinages of World xxii. 229 Cayenne is..that whole district of French Guiana within which is the penal colony of France.

1881 H. James Portrait of Lady III. xiii. 198 All these departments were solid and bare, light and clean; so, thought Isabel, are the great penal establishments.

1908 Times 15 Aug. 14/3 It is bad enough that the Isle of Wight at Parkhurst should have been selected as a penal station for the convicts of other parts of England.

1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 10/5 The commission of inquiry into violence in penal institutions for children.

2. Painful, harsh, severe, esp. in the way of punishment. Now frequently applied to heavy taxation or a similar financial burden.

ΘΚΠ

the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] > specifically of punishment or persecution

sharpa1340

grievous1393

penalc1443

severe1562

society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > [adjective] > types of crime generally > types of offence according to punishment

penalc1443

capital?1531

purgeable1644

transportable1769

statutable1782

unclergyable1817

non-clergyable1826

extraditable1887

sanctionable1927

imprisonable1971

c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 408 (MED) Þouȝ it be so þat peyne makiþ satisfaccioun for synne..ȝit oþere moral vertues of outward worching ben more penal þan preier, and..men wolde seie þat deedis ben not satisfactorie or prouocatorie but in as myche as þei ben penal.

1472–3 Rolls of Parl. VI. 60/1 Money..which hath no cours within this Reame..withoute eschaunge made in the Landes beyond the See, which..shuld be unto theym by dyvers..Statutes to excessively grevous and penall.

1490 Act 4 Hen. VII c. 20 Whiche accions be verry penall to alle mysdoers and offenders in suche accions condempned, and moche profitable aswell to the Kyng as to euery of his Subgettes.

a1525 J. Irland Of Penance & Confession in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 24 Thai werkis of thar nature ar penale to the body and in a part displesand.

1648 Bp. J. Hall Breathings Devout Soul xlix. 84 Either he [sc. Elijah] knew that chariot..was onely glorious, and not penal.

1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation xxvi. 279 A law was passed for sharpening laws against Papists: wherein some difficulty had been, because they were made very penal.

1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick lxxxviii. 439 These [whales] will fight you like grim fiends exasperated by a penal gout.

1953 ‘M. Innes’ Christmas at Candleshoe i. 14 His father..declares that penal taxation is ephemeral, and that of the really big English properties the ownership has not changed.

1993 Sky Aug. 96/1 A severe, some would say penal, test of patience and endurance.

3. Golf. Designating, relating to, or involving a system of course design in which hazards are placed in such a way as immediately to penalize a misjudged shot. Cf. strategic adj.

ΚΠ

1926 Times 30 Apr. 7/3 Dr. MacKenzie..said that there were two schools of thought, the ‘penal’ and the ‘strategic’. The penal school simply overwhelm the maker of an obviously bad shot by means of an obvious bunker.

1954 R. Trent Jones in H. W. Wind Compl. Golfer 298 In the twenties American courses fell into the ‘penal’ pattern of architecture which punished the golfer for the slightest error. This undoubtedly was produced by attempts to emulate Pine Valley, a basically penal course.

1990 Sports Illustr. 9 July 43/2 Yardage measurements are more precise than they were 20 years ago, and rough is not as penal.

1998 Today's Golfer Sept. 154/2 The USGA's pursuit of penal golf used to be laudable but they seem to have created a Frankenstein culture that is rapidly making them laughable.

B. n.

1. School slang. A school punishment, such as a portion of text set to be copied out repeatedly, written work to be redone, etc. Usually in plural. Now rare.Apparently restricted to Shrewsbury School, where it is also applied to the paper on which the work is written.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > other types of punishment > [noun] > school punishment

penal1845

order mark1912

1845 J. C. Egerton Jrnl. 29 Oct. in P. Cowburn Salopian Anthol. (1964) vi. 135 The Doctor said he would set 20 penals, but altered his mind.

1906 D. Coke Bending of Twig xii. 200 He can write lines, or ‘penals’ instead of going to detentions.

1937 J. M. West Shrewsbury vi. 71 It was at this time that ‘penals’ came to be written from Milton's Paradise Lost.

2001–2 Brown Bk. (Shrewsbury School) 81 Blue Penals. When set a Blue Penal to re-do work to a higher standard, a boy must obtain it from his Housemaster, and when the work is completed, see that it is signed by his Tutor and Housemaster.

2. British colloquial. Penal servitude; a prison sentence. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] > sentence or term of

time1790

lagging1819

stretch1821

model1845

birdlime1857

penal1864

prison sentence1867

rap1870

bit1871

spot1895

hard time1896

sleep1911

jolt1912

bird1924

fall1926

beef1928

trick1933

porridge1950

custodial sentence1951

1864 J. S. Le Fanu Wylder's Hand III. xxi. 310 This time the persecutions of that eminent Christian are likely..to end in ‘ten years penal’.

1892 Daily News 17 Nov. 6/6 I was speaking to a youth who had undergone two penals..for picking pockets.

1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xvii. 191 Nick~name got four years' penal and his companion eighteen months' hard.

Compounds

penal code n. [compare French code pénal (1752)] (a) the set of criminal laws of a particular country, society, etc.; (b) (Irish History) a series of statutes passed by the Irish Parliament of 1695–1727 and annulled 1778–1829, which penalized the practice of Roman Catholicism in Ireland and imposed various civil and legal disabilities on Roman Catholics.

ΘΚΠ

society > law > types of laws > [noun] > concerning religion

Bloody Statutea1648

Five-mile Act1672

Corporation Act1679

test-law1687

Bill of Toleration1692

Test Act1708

Schism Act1733

Schism Bill1733

penal codea1777

Veto Act1835

a1777 W. Dodd Thoughts in Prison (1793) 126 Ye Sages, then, review, Speedy and diligent, the Penal Code, Humanity's disgrace.

1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. xvii. 127 What is a penal code of laws?.. Is it that there are two sorts of laws, the one penal the other civil, so that the laws in a penal code are all penal laws, while the laws in a civil code are all civil laws?

1884 Dict. Eng. Hist. 809/2 The Penal Code, in Ireland, was first felt under James I.

1985 Hist. Jrnl. 28 89 They might certainly favour..amending a small part of the penal code in a manner which would not undermine the Church of Ireland.

1994 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Mar. a6/1 In France's biggest legal shake-up in nearly two centuries, a new penal code took effect.

penal reform n. reform of the penal system of a country, state, etc.; esp. improvement of the conditions in its prisons.

ΚΠ

1822 E. Livingston Rep. Gen. Assembly State of Louisiana on Plan Penal Code 49 A fear in being thought presumptuous in going beyond the point of penal reform, at which the wisdom of other states has hitherto thought proper to stop.

1920 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 26 266 The movement of penal reform in China commenced at the same time as did judicial reform... In 1909 work was begun on the model prison of Pekin.

1995 Independent 27 May 1/6 When his humanising approach was adopted and enhanced by Lord Woolf, during his inquiry into the 1989 Strangeways riots, penal reform became part of the Conservative criminal justice policy.

penal reformer n. a person who advocates or campaigns for penal reform.

ΚΠ

1849 H. Dixon John Howard, & Prison-world of Europe ix. 253 It was watched by penal reformers with very considerable interest.

1995 Guardian 6 Feb. i. 7/2 Penal reformers in Britain have been sceptical of what they see as a repeat of the failed ‘short, sharp, shock’ camps set up..in the early 1980s.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penal
释义	penaladj.¹n. Brit. /ˈpiːnl/, U.S. /ˈpin(ə)l/ Forms: late Middle English penale, late Middle English penalle, late Middle English–1600s penall, late Middle English– penal, 1500s peinall, 1500s peynall, 1500s–1600s poenal, 1500s–1600s poenall, 1600s pennall; Scottish pre-1700 paenall, pre-1700 peenall, pre-1700 penale, pre-1700 penall, pre-1700 pennell, pre-1700 penull, pre-1700 1700s– penal. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French penal; Latin poenālis. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Middle French penal, peinal (c1200 in Old French as poinale; French pénal) and its etymon classical Latin poenālis (in post-classical Latin also penalis) of or concerned with punishment, punitive, in post-classical Latin also punishable (from 12th cent. in British sources), painful (from 14th cent. in British sources) < poena penalty, punishment (see poena n.) + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Italian penale (a1363), Spanish penal (1371; 1349 as noun), Catalan penal (14th cent.). A. adj.¹ 1. Of or relating to punishment. a. Of a statute, system, etc.: serving to order, regulate, or legislate for the administration of punishment; prescribing or enacting the punishment to be inflicted for an offence or transgression. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > prescribing or inflicting penal1439 1439 Rolls of Parl. V. 8/1 Purveours of his [sc. the King's] Houshold taken dayly for hym of his peple of this land their..Vitaille and Stuff..more yan is necessarie to his Hous..notwithstondyng full noble Ordinances penales that have ben mad therof. 1467 in J. T. Smith & L. T. Smith Eng. Gilds (1870) 403 (MED) It ys ordeyned by this present yeld, that for alle the articles penalle, ordeyned and affermed by the same, that..eny summes forfett shulde be payde..to the Bayllies and..the comyn tresor. 1579 Rastell's Expos. Termes Lawes (new ed.) Accion populer, is an accion which is geeuen vppon the breach of some Penal statute. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan xxvi. 148 Of Humane positive lawes, some are Distributive, some Penal. 1687 J. Evelyn Diary (1955) IV. 540 [They] would not promise his Majestie their consent to the repealing the Test, & penal statutes against the Romish recusants. a1797 E. Burke Tracts Popery Laws in Wks. (1842) II. 434/2 The mode of conviction is as extraordinary as the penal sanctions of this act. 1806 T. S. Surr Winter in London III. vii. 199 These suppression chaps intend to enforce the penal statute, and compel us to go to church! 1841 H. J. Stephen New Comm. Laws Eng. I. 20 Penal provisions intended for the better preservation of game. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 957/1 The penal system, the object of which is to turn..convicts..into honest, self-respecting men and women. 1938 N.Y. Herald Tribune 4 Oct. 8/3 Lack of planning..and the use of prison administrative boards..as ‘political footballs’ were..factors contributing to unsuccessful penal programs. 2000 Observer 18 June 3/7 The Prison Service is selling 180 properties in a desperate bid to inject more money into the creaking penal system. b. Of, relating to, or subject to penal laws, penal servitude, etc.; involving, connected with, or characterized by a penalty or legal punishment. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > of or relating to penal laws penal1691 c1487 J. Skelton tr. Diodorus Siculus Bibliotheca Historica Proh. 8 Thees sanxiouns, decreis, & lawes of the world by alle apparence in them contene penal correction rather than ony doctryne delectable [L. instituta magis punire quam docere]. 1598 J. Stow Suruay of London 390 In this court be heard, those that are delators (or informers) in popular and penall actions. 1647 in 10th Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS (1885) App. v. 495 They..have ingadged themselves by their pennall boundes..for the payment of the forsaid summes. 1691 London Gaz. No. 2662/4 Lost,..a last Year's Almanack, having in the Cover some Penal Bills for Money. 1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. xvii. 321 We come now to exhibit the limits between penal and civil jurisprudence. 1861 G. Ross W. Bell's Dict. Law Scotl. (rev. ed.) 626/2 An action is said to be penal when the conclusions of the summons are of a penal nature; that is, when not merely restitution and real damages, but extraordinary damages and reparation, by way of penalty, are concluded for. 1886 J. Monahan Rec. Ardagh & Clonmacnoise 37 In those penal times, Dr. O'Flynn was compelled to administer the Sacrament of Confirmation under very distressing circumstances. 1931 Times Lit. Suppl. 29 Oct. 845/2 The history of Irish nuns at home and abroad in the dark penal days. 1996 Sunday Tel. 13 Oct. i. 15/2 Mr Howard, already engaged on a drive against liberal penal policies, seized the opportunity to aim his fire at young criminals. c. Constituting or of the nature of punishment; inflicted as punishment; punitive. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] punishinga1500 penitive1502 punitivea1513 penal1561 penous1627 penary1651 vindictive1656 chastising1691 punitory1710 punitional1824 1561 T. Norton tr. J. Calvin Inst. Christian Relig. iii. f. 213 All this misery of mankinde..is a medicional sorrow, and not a penall sentence [Fr. sentence de punition]. 1600 J. Hamilton Facile Traictise 276 This chaingement suld be maid with..a penal satisfaction for sinnes committit. 1646 Sir T. Browne Pseudodoxia Epidemica vi. v. 300 Wee..might conceave the Deluge not simply penall, but in some way also necessary. View more context for this quotation 1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost i. 48 In Adamantine Chains and penal Fire. View more context for this quotation 1714–26 in Mem. Gideon Guthrie (1900) 54 We were all sentenced, they to penal and pecunial mulcts and I to banishment. 1812 R. Heber tr. Pindar in Poems & Transl. 102 In chambers dark and dread Of nether earth abide, and penal flame. 1859 E. Bulwer-Lytton What will he do with It? (1st Edinb. ed.) III. vii. ix. 76 His father's misfortune (he gave that gentle appellation to the incident of penal transportation). 1959 B. Wootton Social Sci. & Social Pathol. xi. 336 The potentially unfortunate side-effects of reformative penal treatment. 1992 New Civil Engineer 13 Feb. 22/3 In 1838/39 he published designs for a ‘model’ prison for penal confinement. d. Of an action, offence, etc.: punishable, esp. by law. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > entailing punishment (of offence) punishable1435 penal1569 disciplinable1647 vengeable1650 subpenal1659 mulctable1678 disciplinary1832 penalized1848 1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 745 He..began..to serch out the penall offences, as well of the chiefe of his Nobilitie, as of other Gentlemen. 1673 A. Marvell Rehearsal Transpros'd II. 291 Here is a Law, that not to kneel at the Lords Supper shall be more Penall than Murther. 1702 Clarendon's Hist. Rebellion I. i. 54 Any disrespect to any Acts of State..was in no time more penal. 1769 W. Blackstone Comm. Laws Eng. IV. xv. 217 There is..one species of battery, more atrocious and penal than the rest. 1850 H. Melville White-jacket lxx. 341 Of some twenty offences—made penal—that a seaman may commit, and which are specified in this code, thirteen are punishable by death. 1898 Catholic World Apr. 143 During Edward III.'s reign..it was penal to entertain any of the rhymers or news-tellers. 1998 Brit. Med. Jrnl. (Nexis) 28 Nov. 1474 This is a penal offence in India, punishable with fines and imprisonment for up to two years. e. That is payable or forfeitable as a penalty; esp. in penal sum. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > fine > [adjective] > that is or can be lost as penalty forfeit1393 forfeit1393 forfeitable1467 penal1623 1623 in New Shakespeare Soc. Trans. (1885) 505 The said Christopher Hutchinson..and the Compl^t John Comber entred into one bond or obligacion vnto the said William Jorden in the penall somme of sixty three poundes. 1725 W. Broome in A. Pope et al. tr. Homer Odyssey II. viii. 384 Free from shame Thy captives; I ensure the penal claim. 1855 Rev. Charter & Ordinances City Detroit 67 Provided, That every such Constable..shall enter into a bond of the United States in the penal sum of two thousand dollars. 1927 W. M. Gloag & R. C. Henderson Introd. Law Scotl. 150 A provision for penal or pactional rent, i.e., for payment of a fixed sum as liquidate damages for any breach of the conditions of the lease. 1999 Texas Lawyer (Nexis) 7 June 43 There is almost always a means of dealing with a default that can be handled for less than the penal sum. f. Used or appointed as a place of punishment or correction. Also figurative. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > [adjective] > used as place of penal1820 1820 H. G. Bennet Let. to Earl Bathurst 20 It has now risen from the degraded state of a penal settlement, to the station of a colony. 1853 J. G. Whittier Chapel of Hermits & Other Poems 17 Lord, what is man,..chance-swung between The foulness of the penal pit And Truth's clear sky. 1876 G. D. Mathews Coinages of World xxii. 229 Cayenne is..that whole district of French Guiana within which is the penal colony of France. 1881 H. James Portrait of Lady III. xiii. 198 All these departments were solid and bare, light and clean; so, thought Isabel, are the great penal establishments. 1908 Times 15 Aug. 14/3 It is bad enough that the Isle of Wight at Parkhurst should have been selected as a penal station for the convicts of other parts of England. 1995 Times Educ. Suppl. 10 Feb. 10/5 The commission of inquiry into violence in penal institutions for children. 2. Painful, harsh, severe, esp. in the way of punishment. Now frequently applied to heavy taxation or a similar financial burden. ΘΚΠ the world > action or operation > manner of action > violent action or operation > severity > [adjective] > specifically of punishment or persecution sharpa1340 grievous1393 penalc1443 severe1562 society > law > rule of law > lawlessness > [adjective] > types of crime generally > types of offence according to punishment penalc1443 capital?1531 purgeable1644 transportable1769 statutable1782 unclergyable1817 non-clergyable1826 extraditable1887 sanctionable1927 imprisonable1971 c1443 R. Pecock Reule of Crysten Religioun (1927) 408 (MED) Þouȝ it be so þat peyne makiþ satisfaccioun for synne..ȝit oþere moral vertues of outward worching ben more penal þan preier, and..men wolde seie þat deedis ben not satisfactorie or prouocatorie but in as myche as þei ben penal. 1472–3 Rolls of Parl. VI. 60/1 Money..which hath no cours within this Reame..withoute eschaunge made in the Landes beyond the See, which..shuld be unto theym by dyvers..Statutes to excessively grevous and penall. 1490 Act 4 Hen. VII c. 20 Whiche accions be verry penall to alle mysdoers and offenders in suche accions condempned, and moche profitable aswell to the Kyng as to euery of his Subgettes. a1525 J. Irland Of Penance & Confession in W. A. Craigie Asloan MS (1923) I. 24 Thai werkis of thar nature ar penale to the body and in a part displesand. 1648 Bp. J. Hall Breathings Devout Soul xlix. 84 Either he [sc. Elijah] knew that chariot..was onely glorious, and not penal. 1709 J. Strype Ann. Reformation xxvi. 279 A law was passed for sharpening laws against Papists: wherein some difficulty had been, because they were made very penal. 1851 H. Melville Moby-Dick lxxxviii. 439 These [whales] will fight you like grim fiends exasperated by a penal gout. 1953 ‘M. Innes’ Christmas at Candleshoe i. 14 His father..declares that penal taxation is ephemeral, and that of the really big English properties the ownership has not changed. 1993 Sky Aug. 96/1 A severe, some would say penal, test of patience and endurance. 3. Golf. Designating, relating to, or involving a system of course design in which hazards are placed in such a way as immediately to penalize a misjudged shot. Cf. strategic adj. ΚΠ 1926 Times 30 Apr. 7/3 Dr. MacKenzie..said that there were two schools of thought, the ‘penal’ and the ‘strategic’. The penal school simply overwhelm the maker of an obviously bad shot by means of an obvious bunker. 1954 R. Trent Jones in H. W. Wind Compl. Golfer 298 In the twenties American courses fell into the ‘penal’ pattern of architecture which punished the golfer for the slightest error. This undoubtedly was produced by attempts to emulate Pine Valley, a basically penal course. 1990 Sports Illustr. 9 July 43/2 Yardage measurements are more precise than they were 20 years ago, and rough is not as penal. 1998 Today's Golfer Sept. 154/2 The USGA's pursuit of penal golf used to be laudable but they seem to have created a Frankenstein culture that is rapidly making them laughable. B. n. 1. School slang. A school punishment, such as a portion of text set to be copied out repeatedly, written work to be redone, etc. Usually in plural. Now rare.Apparently restricted to Shrewsbury School, where it is also applied to the paper on which the work is written. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > other types of punishment > [noun] > school punishment penal1845 order mark1912 1845 J. C. Egerton Jrnl. 29 Oct. in P. Cowburn Salopian Anthol. (1964) vi. 135 The Doctor said he would set 20 penals, but altered his mind. 1906 D. Coke Bending of Twig xii. 200 He can write lines, or ‘penals’ instead of going to detentions. 1937 J. M. West Shrewsbury vi. 71 It was at this time that ‘penals’ came to be written from Milton's Paradise Lost. 2001–2 Brown Bk. (Shrewsbury School) 81 Blue Penals. When set a Blue Penal to re-do work to a higher standard, a boy must obtain it from his Housemaster, and when the work is completed, see that it is signed by his Tutor and Housemaster. 2. British colloquial. Penal servitude; a prison sentence. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > [noun] > sentence or term of time1790 lagging1819 stretch1821 model1845 birdlime1857 penal1864 prison sentence1867 rap1870 bit1871 spot1895 hard time1896 sleep1911 jolt1912 bird1924 fall1926 beef1928 trick1933 porridge1950 custodial sentence1951 1864 J. S. Le Fanu Wylder's Hand III. xxi. 310 This time the persecutions of that eminent Christian are likely..to end in ‘ten years penal’. 1892 Daily News 17 Nov. 6/6 I was speaking to a youth who had undergone two penals..for picking pockets. 1938 F. D. Sharpe Sharpe of Flying Squad xvii. 191 Nick~name got four years' penal and his companion eighteen months' hard. Compounds penal code n. [compare French code pénal (1752)] (a) the set of criminal laws of a particular country, society, etc.; (b) (Irish History) a series of statutes passed by the Irish Parliament of 1695–1727 and annulled 1778–1829, which penalized the practice of Roman Catholicism in Ireland and imposed various civil and legal disabilities on Roman Catholics. ΘΚΠ society > law > types of laws > [noun] > concerning religion Bloody Statutea1648 Five-mile Act1672 Corporation Act1679 test-law1687 Bill of Toleration1692 Test Act1708 Schism Act1733 Schism Bill1733 penal codea1777 Veto Act1835 a1777 W. Dodd Thoughts in Prison (1793) 126 Ye Sages, then, review, Speedy and diligent, the Penal Code, Humanity's disgrace. 1789 J. Bentham Introd. Princ. Morals & Legisl. xvii. 127 What is a penal code of laws?.. Is it that there are two sorts of laws, the one penal the other civil, so that the laws in a penal code are all penal laws, while the laws in a civil code are all civil laws? 1884 Dict. Eng. Hist. 809/2 The Penal Code, in Ireland, was first felt under James I. 1985 Hist. Jrnl. 28 89 They might certainly favour..amending a small part of the penal code in a manner which would not undermine the Church of Ireland. 1994 Sun (Baltimore) 20 Mar. a6/1 In France's biggest legal shake-up in nearly two centuries, a new penal code took effect. penal reform n. reform of the penal system of a country, state, etc.; esp. improvement of the conditions in its prisons. ΚΠ 1822 E. Livingston Rep. Gen. Assembly State of Louisiana on Plan Penal Code 49 A fear in being thought presumptuous in going beyond the point of penal reform, at which the wisdom of other states has hitherto thought proper to stop. 1920 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 26 266 The movement of penal reform in China commenced at the same time as did judicial reform... In 1909 work was begun on the model prison of Pekin. 1995 Independent 27 May 1/6 When his humanising approach was adopted and enhanced by Lord Woolf, during his inquiry into the 1989 Strangeways riots, penal reform became part of the Conservative criminal justice policy. penal reformer n. a person who advocates or campaigns for penal reform. ΚΠ 1849 H. Dixon John Howard, & Prison-world of Europe ix. 253 It was watched by penal reformers with very considerable interest. 1995 Guardian 6 Feb. i. 7/2 Penal reformers in Britain have been sceptical of what they see as a repeat of the failed ‘short, sharp, shock’ camps set up..in the early 1980s. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). penaladj.² Brit. /ˈpiːnl/, U.S. /ˈpin(ə)l/ Origin: Formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: penis n., -al suffix¹. Etymology: < pen- (in penis n.) + -al suffix¹. Compare earlier penile adj. Anatomy. rare. = penile adj. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > sex organs > male sex organs > [adjective] > penis penile1853 penal1867 penoscrotal1874 penial1877 1867 Jrnl. Royal Agric. Soc. 2nd Ser. 3 ii. 499 The penal portion of the urethra. 2004 D. Lewis-Williams Mind in Cave 176 Sexual arousal and penal erections are associated with both altered states of consciousness and sleep. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.¹n.1439adj.²1867
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penaladj.1n.

Compounds

penaladj.2

penaladj.¹n.

penaladj.²