penuriousadj.

Brit.

/pᵻˈnjʊərɪəs/,

/pɛˈnjʊərɪəs/,

/pᵻˈnjɔːrɪəs/,

/pɛˈnjɔːrɪəs/, U.S.

/pəˈn(j)ʊriəs/

Forms: 1500s–1600s pennurious, 1500s– penurious; Scottish pre-1700 1700s– penurious, 1900s– perneurious (north-eastern), 1900s– pernurious (north-eastern).

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin penuriosus.

Etymology: < post-classical Latin penuriosus needy, poor (13th cent.; from 14th cent. in British sources), of or relating to poverty (16th cent.) < classical Latin pēnūria penury n. + -ōsus -ous suffix. Compare Middle French pénurieux (16th cent.), Italian †penurioso (1598 in Florio).Post-classical Latin penuriosus is also recorded in the sense ‘well-provisioned’ (15th cent.); compare perhaps sense 2.

a. Of a person: in need, poor, poverty-stricken. Also in extended use. †penurious of: lacking, wanting in (obsolete).

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor

havelessOE

unrichOE

waedlec1000

armOE

nakedOE

helplessc1175

wantsomec1175

poora1200

barec1220

needfula1225

misease?c1225

unwealya1300

needyc1325

feeblec1330

poorful1372

mischievousc1390

miseasedc1390

indigentc1400

meanc1400

naughtyc1400

succourless1412

unwealthyc1412

behove1413

misterousa1425

misterfulc1480

miserablec1485

beggarly1545

starved1563

threadbare1577

penurious1590

fortuneless1596

wealthless1605

wantful1607

necessitous1611

inopulent1613

titheless1615

egene1631

starveling1638

necessitated1646

inopious1656

parsimonious1782

unopulent1782

lacking1805

bushed1819

obolary1820

ill-to-do1853

down at heel1856

po'1866

needsome1870

down-at-heeled1884

rocky1921

1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 1 And a pennurious bodie is weakened, punished, exhausted.

1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. v. sig. Q6^v Die rather would he in penurious paine,..Then his foes loue or liking entertaine.

a1618 W. Raleigh Advice of Sonne (1651) 5 God is not so penurious of friends, as to hold himself and his Kingdome saleable for the refuse and reversions of their lives, who have sacrificed the principal thereof to his enemies.

1653 J. Gauden Hieraspistes 504 There are many such whining people, penurious protestants, triobolary Christians.

1715 C. Bullock Woman's Revenge ii. 37 If I were to bite a poor Poet, or a penurious Parson, who for want of Learning had but one good Meal in a Fortnight, it were a Sin.

1767 N.Y. Gaz. & Weekly Post-boy 31 Dec. 3/1 By this Means, the Linnen Manufactory may again be carried on, the publick Interest greatly promoted, many penurious Persons saved from Beggary.

1886 W. Pater Imag. Portraits (1887) iii. 113 A penurious young poet, who..would have grasped so eagerly..at the elegant outsides of life.

1941 Bulletin (Sydney) 7 May 16/2 Most penurious knot-carriers I have met put night ease ahead of a little extra daytime labor.

1993 Insight 11 Oct. 30/2 Cost-of-living adjustments should be eliminated for all but penurious pension recipients.

b. Of a thing, circumstance, material condition, etc.: of, relating to, or indicative of poverty; poor, scanty; barren.In some cases passing into the extended use of sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > existence and causation > creation > productiveness > unproductiveness > [adjective]

unbearingc825

deafc897

westyOE

wastumlessc975

wilderna1050

drya1340

gelda1350

barren1377

unfructuousa1382

poora1387

ungreenc1400

infecundc1420

farrow1494

fruitlessa1513

unfruitful1531

sterile1552

hungry1577

penurious1594

unfertile1596

infertile1598

howling1611

ungenitureda1616

arid1656

infecundous1661

ungendering1706

yeld1721

unproductive1725

infructuose1727

ungenerative1733

fallow1791

nihili-parturient1812

dowf1824

wastec1825

non-productive1830

unreproductive1836

infructuous1860

unvintaged1869

increative1877

ablastemic1881

submarginal1895

the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > limited in quantity or amount > scanty or meagre

feeblec1275

straita1300

thinc1374

threadbarec1412

exile?1440

silly?a1500

pilled1526

thinnish1540

carrion-lean1542

carrion1565

exiled?1577

penurious1594

unnourishing1605

starveling1611

meagre1612

short-handed1622

lanka1644

scrimp1681

strigose1708

skimp1775

skimping1775

spare1813

shy1821

scrimping1823

skimpy1842

slim1852

scrappy1985

minnowy1991

1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night Ep. Ded. sig. Aij^v I will enioyne my spirit to be a peremptorie combattant for your praises, against all vulgar deepe flattred mediocritie, and pale penurious beautie.

1621 J. Donne Let. in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 157 Neyther..knowes how narrow and penurious a fortune I wrestle with in thys world.

1675 R. Vaughan Disc. Coin & Coinage vii. 58 The want of Money makes the life of the Citizens penurious and barbarous.

1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 24 Where trickling Streams distil From some penurious Source.

1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 321 But where the climate is unkind, and the ground penurious.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion iii. 104 A leaky dam, Framed for enabling this penurious stream To turn a slender mill.

1872 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 156 Exacting a scanty subsistence out of a penurious soil.

1971 G. Ewart Gavin Ewart Show i. 34 To the driver of an E-type, what's the old penurious bike?

1999 Current Anthropol. 40 197 Between 1906 and 1928 these rancherias were created in response to the truly penurious conditions of most native Californians.

2. Stingy, parsimonious, grudging. In extended use: indicative of stinginess, mean, shabby.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective]

gnedec900

gripplea1000

fastOE

narrow-hearteda1200

narrow?c1225

straitc1290

chinchc1300

nithinga1325

scarcec1330

clama1340

hard1340

scantc1366

sparingc1386

niggardc1400

chinchy?1406

retentivea1450

niggardousa1492

niggish1519

unliberal1533

pinching1548

dry1552

nigh1555

niggardly1560

churlish1566

squeamish1566

niggardish1567

niggard-like1567

holding1569

spare1577

handfast1578

envious1580

close-handed1585

hard-handed1587

curmudgeonly1590

parsimonious?1591

costive1594

hidebound1598

penny-pinching1600

penurious1600

strait-handed1600

club-fisted1601

dry-fisted1604

fast-handed1605

fast-fingered1607

close-fisted1608

near1611

scanting1613

carkingc1620

illiberal1623

clutch-fisteda1634

hideboundeda1640

clutch-fista1643

clunch-fisted1644

unbounteous1645

hard-fisted1646

purse-bound1652

close1654

stingy1659

tenacious1676

scanty1692

sneaking1696

gripe-handed1698

narrow-souled1699

niggardling1704

snippy1727

unindulgent1742

shabby1766

neargoinga1774

cheesemongering1781

split-farthing1787

save-all1788

picked1790

iron-fisted1794

unhandsome1800

scaly1803

nearbegoing1805

tight1805

nippit1808

nipcheese1819

cumin-splitting1822

partan-handed1823

scrimping1823

scrumptious1823

scrimpy1825

meanly1827

skinny1833

pinchfisted1837

mean1840

tight-fisted1843

screwy1844

stinty1849

cheeseparing1857

skinflinty1886

mouly1904

mingy1911

cheapskate1912

picey1937

tight-assed1961

chintzy1964

tightwad1976

1600 J. Weever Favnvs & Melliflora sig. D4^v What garment best might please his faire Nimphs eies: If costly, then for woddy Nimphs too curious, If gay or gawdie, that was but penurious.

1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions iii. 101 There knockt at the Gate a Rich Penurious Chuffe.

1710 M. Chudleigh Ess. Several Subj. 66 Like Midas, they turn all things into Gold, and then, like him are..niggardly to their Children, and wretchedly penurious to their wives.

1778 S. Johnson Let. 26 Nov. (1992) III. 145 I am very well contented that the Index is settled, for though the price is low, it is not penurious.

1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. viii. 163 The most affluent of our nobility, was penurious in his loans to the King.

1894 Marquis of Salisbury Addr. Brit. Assoc. 8 Aug. Lord Kelvin limited the period of organic life upon the earth to a hundred million years, and Professor Tait in a still more penurious spirit cut that hundred down to ten.

1918 ‘B. MacNamara’ Valley of Squinting Windows xxxi. 205 It is she that is after forcing me on to it be her penurious and miserly ways.

1998 Renaissance Q. 51 319 The stinginess of this edition and its penurious attempt to offer a Ford not worthy of critical and textual research keep the volume from being useful to students or their instructors.

3. Fastidious, fussy, over-particular. rare. Now Scottish.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > good taste > refinement > fastidiousness > [adjective]

chisa700

estfula1000

esquaymous1303

squeamousc1325

overnicec1350

curiousc1380

dangerousc1386

delicatea1393

preciousc1395

nicec1400

skigc1400

over-delicatea1425

daintethc1430

ticklec1456

quaint1483

dauncha1500

pickinga1500

feat?1529

elegant?1533

queasy1545

fine1546

fine-fingered1549

fastidious?1555

fine-mouthed1559

chary1567

weamish1571

saucy1573

dainty1576

superfine1576

niced1577

overcurious1579

nicing1581

fineish1582

prick-me-dainty1583

daint1590

finical1592

tiptoe-nice1593

nice1594

nicking1598

choice1601

squeamish1608

marchpane1609

hypercritical1611

particular1616

finicking1661

overcritical1667

just so1696

penurious1703

fal-lal1747

ogertful1754

nackety1756

quiddling1789

pernickety1808

pershittie1808

taffety1814

hypercritic1820

faddy1824

finicky1825

meticulous1827

daintified1834

squeamy1838

picksome1855

choosey1862

picky1867

hyperaesthetic1879

persnickety1885

précieux1891

perskeet1897

tasty1905

Nice Nelly1922

perfectionist1942

snicketya1960

perfectionistic1968

1703 M. Chudleigh Poems Several Occasions 33 From all your Follies you'll abstain, No more penurious be, nor vain.

1735 J. Swift Panegyrick on D— in Wks. II. 287 She's grown so nice, and so penurious, With Socratus [sic] and Epicurius. (Note) Ignorant Ladies often mistake the Word Penurious for nice, and dainty.

1915 H. Beaton At Back o' Benachie 107 He's neen penurious ava, peer stock. Fin' he cam', he cudna tak' this, an he cudna tak' that; bit noo he's aye mait hale at diet-time o' day.

1968 Sc. National Dict. VII. 90/1 at Penurious a. 3 Ach, ye're unco pernurious aboot hairs amo' yer kail.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	penurious
释义	penuriousadj. Brit. /pᵻˈnjʊərɪəs/, /pɛˈnjʊərɪəs/, /pᵻˈnjɔːrɪəs/, /pɛˈnjɔːrɪəs/, U.S. /pəˈn(j)ʊriəs/ Forms: 1500s–1600s pennurious, 1500s– penurious; Scottish pre-1700 1700s– penurious, 1900s– perneurious (north-eastern), 1900s– pernurious (north-eastern). Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin penuriosus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin penuriosus needy, poor (13th cent.; from 14th cent. in British sources), of or relating to poverty (16th cent.) < classical Latin pēnūria penury n. + -ōsus -ous suffix. Compare Middle French pénurieux (16th cent.), Italian †penurioso (1598 in Florio).Post-classical Latin penuriosus is also recorded in the sense ‘well-provisioned’ (15th cent.); compare perhaps sense 2. 1. a. Of a person: in need, poor, poverty-stricken. Also in extended use. †penurious of: lacking, wanting in (obsolete). ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > poverty > [adjective] > poor havelessOE unrichOE waedlec1000 armOE nakedOE helplessc1175 wantsomec1175 poora1200 barec1220 needfula1225 misease?c1225 unwealya1300 needyc1325 feeblec1330 poorful1372 mischievousc1390 miseasedc1390 indigentc1400 meanc1400 naughtyc1400 succourless1412 unwealthyc1412 behove1413 misterousa1425 misterfulc1480 miserablec1485 beggarly1545 starved1563 threadbare1577 penurious1590 fortuneless1596 wealthless1605 wantful1607 necessitous1611 inopulent1613 titheless1615 egene1631 starveling1638 necessitated1646 inopious1656 parsimonious1782 unopulent1782 lacking1805 bushed1819 obolary1820 ill-to-do1853 down at heel1856 po'1866 needsome1870 down-at-heeled1884 rocky1921 1590 W. Clever Flower of Phisicke 1 And a pennurious bodie is weakened, punished, exhausted. 1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene v. v. sig. Q6^v Die rather would he in penurious paine,..Then his foes loue or liking entertaine. View more context for this quotation a1618 W. Raleigh Advice of Sonne (1651) 5 God is not so penurious of friends, as to hold himself and his Kingdome saleable for the refuse and reversions of their lives, who have sacrificed the principal thereof to his enemies. 1653 J. Gauden Hieraspistes 504 There are many such whining people, penurious protestants, triobolary Christians. 1715 C. Bullock Woman's Revenge ii. 37 If I were to bite a poor Poet, or a penurious Parson, who for want of Learning had but one good Meal in a Fortnight, it were a Sin. 1767 N.Y. Gaz. & Weekly Post-boy 31 Dec. 3/1 By this Means, the Linnen Manufactory may again be carried on, the publick Interest greatly promoted, many penurious Persons saved from Beggary. 1886 W. Pater Imag. Portraits (1887) iii. 113 A penurious young poet, who..would have grasped so eagerly..at the elegant outsides of life. 1941 Bulletin (Sydney) 7 May 16/2 Most penurious knot-carriers I have met put night ease ahead of a little extra daytime labor. 1993 Insight 11 Oct. 30/2 Cost-of-living adjustments should be eliminated for all but penurious pension recipients. b. Of a thing, circumstance, material condition, etc.: of, relating to, or indicative of poverty; poor, scanty; barren.In some cases passing into the extended use of sense 2. ΘΚΠ the world > existence and causation > creation > productiveness > unproductiveness > [adjective] unbearingc825 deafc897 westyOE wastumlessc975 wilderna1050 drya1340 gelda1350 barren1377 unfructuousa1382 poora1387 ungreenc1400 infecundc1420 farrow1494 fruitlessa1513 unfruitful1531 sterile1552 hungry1577 penurious1594 unfertile1596 infertile1598 howling1611 ungenitureda1616 arid1656 infecundous1661 ungendering1706 yeld1721 unproductive1725 infructuose1727 ungenerative1733 fallow1791 nihili-parturient1812 dowf1824 wastec1825 non-productive1830 unreproductive1836 infructuous1860 unvintaged1869 increative1877 ablastemic1881 submarginal1895 the world > relative properties > quantity > insufficiency > [adjective] > limited in quantity or amount > scanty or meagre feeblec1275 straita1300 thinc1374 threadbarec1412 exile?1440 silly?a1500 pilled1526 thinnish1540 carrion-lean1542 carrion1565 exiled?1577 penurious1594 unnourishing1605 starveling1611 meagre1612 short-handed1622 lanka1644 scrimp1681 strigose1708 skimp1775 skimping1775 spare1813 shy1821 scrimping1823 skimpy1842 slim1852 scrappy1985 minnowy1991 1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night Ep. Ded. sig. Aij^v I will enioyne my spirit to be a peremptorie combattant for your praises, against all vulgar deepe flattred mediocritie, and pale penurious beautie. 1621 J. Donne Let. in S. R. Gardiner Fortescue Papers (1871) 157 Neyther..knowes how narrow and penurious a fortune I wrestle with in thys world. 1675 R. Vaughan Disc. Coin & Coinage vii. 58 The want of Money makes the life of the Citizens penurious and barbarous. 1735 W. Somervile Chace ii. 24 Where trickling Streams distil From some penurious Source. 1775 S. Johnson Journey W. Islands 321 But where the climate is unkind, and the ground penurious. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion iii. 104 A leaky dam, Framed for enabling this penurious stream To turn a slender mill. View more context for this quotation 1872 N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 156 Exacting a scanty subsistence out of a penurious soil. 1971 G. Ewart Gavin Ewart Show i. 34 To the driver of an E-type, what's the old penurious bike? 1999 Current Anthropol. 40 197 Between 1906 and 1928 these rancherias were created in response to the truly penurious conditions of most native Californians. 2. Stingy, parsimonious, grudging. In extended use: indicative of stinginess, mean, shabby. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > retaining > niggardliness or meanness > [adjective] gnedec900 gripplea1000 fastOE narrow-hearteda1200 narrow?c1225 straitc1290 chinchc1300 nithinga1325 scarcec1330 clama1340 hard1340 scantc1366 sparingc1386 niggardc1400 chinchy?1406 retentivea1450 niggardousa1492 niggish1519 unliberal1533 pinching1548 dry1552 nigh1555 niggardly1560 churlish1566 squeamish1566 niggardish1567 niggard-like1567 holding1569 spare1577 handfast1578 envious1580 close-handed1585 hard-handed1587 curmudgeonly1590 parsimonious?1591 costive1594 hidebound1598 penny-pinching1600 penurious1600 strait-handed1600 club-fisted1601 dry-fisted1604 fast-handed1605 fast-fingered1607 close-fisted1608 near1611 scanting1613 carkingc1620 illiberal1623 clutch-fisteda1634 hideboundeda1640 clutch-fista1643 clunch-fisted1644 unbounteous1645 hard-fisted1646 purse-bound1652 close1654 stingy1659 tenacious1676 scanty1692 sneaking1696 gripe-handed1698 narrow-souled1699 niggardling1704 snippy1727 unindulgent1742 shabby1766 neargoinga1774 cheesemongering1781 split-farthing1787 save-all1788 picked1790 iron-fisted1794 unhandsome1800 scaly1803 nearbegoing1805 tight1805 nippit1808 nipcheese1819 cumin-splitting1822 partan-handed1823 scrimping1823 scrumptious1823 scrimpy1825 meanly1827 skinny1833 pinchfisted1837 mean1840 tight-fisted1843 screwy1844 stinty1849 cheeseparing1857 skinflinty1886 mouly1904 mingy1911 cheapskate1912 picey1937 tight-assed1961 chintzy1964 tightwad1976 1600 J. Weever Favnvs & Melliflora sig. D4^v What garment best might please his faire Nimphs eies: If costly, then for woddy Nimphs too curious, If gay or gawdie, that was but penurious. 1667 R. L'Estrange tr. F. de Quevedo Visions iii. 101 There knockt at the Gate a Rich Penurious Chuffe. 1710 M. Chudleigh Ess. Several Subj. 66 Like Midas, they turn all things into Gold, and then, like him are..niggardly to their Children, and wretchedly penurious to their wives. 1778 S. Johnson Let. 26 Nov. (1992) III. 145 I am very well contented that the Index is settled, for though the price is low, it is not penurious. 1830 I. D'Israeli Comm. Life Charles I III. viii. 163 The most affluent of our nobility, was penurious in his loans to the King. 1894 Marquis of Salisbury Addr. Brit. Assoc. 8 Aug. Lord Kelvin limited the period of organic life upon the earth to a hundred million years, and Professor Tait in a still more penurious spirit cut that hundred down to ten. 1918 ‘B. MacNamara’ Valley of Squinting Windows xxxi. 205 It is she that is after forcing me on to it be her penurious and miserly ways. 1998 Renaissance Q. 51 319 The stinginess of this edition and its penurious attempt to offer a Ford not worthy of critical and textual research keep the volume from being useful to students or their instructors. 3. Fastidious, fussy, over-particular. rare. Now Scottish. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > good taste > refinement > fastidiousness > [adjective] chisa700 estfula1000 esquaymous1303 squeamousc1325 overnicec1350 curiousc1380 dangerousc1386 delicatea1393 preciousc1395 nicec1400 skigc1400 over-delicatea1425 daintethc1430 ticklec1456 quaint1483 dauncha1500 pickinga1500 feat?1529 elegant?1533 queasy1545 fine1546 fine-fingered1549 fastidious?1555 fine-mouthed1559 chary1567 weamish1571 saucy1573 dainty1576 superfine1576 niced1577 overcurious1579 nicing1581 fineish1582 prick-me-dainty1583 daint1590 finical1592 tiptoe-nice1593 nice1594 nicking1598 choice1601 squeamish1608 marchpane1609 hypercritical1611 particular1616 finicking1661 overcritical1667 just so1696 penurious1703 fal-lal1747 ogertful1754 nackety1756 quiddling1789 pernickety1808 pershittie1808 taffety1814 hypercritic1820 faddy1824 finicky1825 meticulous1827 daintified1834 squeamy1838 picksome1855 choosey1862 picky1867 hyperaesthetic1879 persnickety1885 précieux1891 perskeet1897 tasty1905 Nice Nelly1922 perfectionist1942 snicketya1960 perfectionistic1968 1703 M. Chudleigh Poems Several Occasions 33 From all your Follies you'll abstain, No more penurious be, nor vain. 1735 J. Swift Panegyrick on D— in Wks. II. 287 She's grown so nice, and so penurious, With Socratus [sic] and Epicurius. (Note) Ignorant Ladies often mistake the Word Penurious for nice, and dainty. 1915 H. Beaton At Back o' Benachie 107 He's neen penurious ava, peer stock. Fin' he cam', he cudna tak' this, an he cudna tak' that; bit noo he's aye mait hale at diet-time o' day. 1968 Sc. National Dict. VII. 90/1 at Penurious a. 3 Ach, ye're unco pernurious aboot hairs amo' yer kail. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.1590
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