| 释义 |
pavementn. Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from French. Partly a borrowing from Latin. Etymons: French pavement; Latin pavīmentum. Etymology: < Anglo-Norman and Old French, Middle French pavement, paviment paved surface (beginning of the 12th cent. in Anglo-Norman), in Anglo-Norman also pavement in a street (1377 or earlier), paving stone (1427–30 or earlier; French pavement , now especially referring to richly decorated interior pavements) and its etymon classical Latin pavīmentum a paved surface or floor < pavīre to beat, ram, tread down (see pave v.) + -mentum -ment suffix. Compare Old Occitan paviment paved floor (13th cent.; 1210 as pazimen in transferred sense ‘house, palace’; also c1300 as payment; Occitan pasiment, pavimen), Catalan †pahiment (13th cent.; now paviment), Italian pavimento (early 14th cent.).With pavement tile (see Compounds 1) compare post-classical Latin tegula ad pavimentum (c1275 in a British source). The word was also borrowed into other Germanic languages; compare Middle Dutch pavement , paviment , Middle Low German pavēment , pavīment , Middle High German paviment . In sense 3a originally after post-classical Latin pavimentum (Vulgate; compare quot. c1384 at sense 3a). Middle English forms in pavm- and paum- cannot always be assigned to α or β with complete confidence. 1. society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > paving and road-building > [noun] > paving > types of paved work α. a1300 (c1250) (Vitell.) (1966) 45 (MED) Floyres, þat was so fayr & gent, He fel iswone vpon þe pauement. c1325 (c1300) (Calig.) 9791 (MED) He smot al of þe scolle..þat þe brain orn al abrod in þe pauiment þer doune. c1395 G. Chaucer 2104 Of oure pauement [v.r. payvement] Nys nat a tyle yet with inne oure wones; By god, we owen fourty pound for stones. c1451 J. Capgrave (1910) 120 Aftir þis sche a-wook..and fonde hir body al on a swet so habundaunt þat it..mad þe pauyment weet. 1490 W. Caxton tr. xxvii. 101 Som..he shal doo cast out of ye windowes doun to ye pauement. 1539 T. Cromwell Let. 18 Oct. in R. B. Merriman (1902) II. 237 That you shuld cause the stretes and Lanes there to be vieued for the pavementes. 1585 T. Washington tr. N. de Nicolay i. vi. 4 b The pauement..was of Marber stone. 1610 P. Holland tr. W. Camden i. 366 The Romane coines, the checkerworke pavements. ?1614 G. Chapman tr. Homer x. 151 The pauement rings With imitation of the tunes she sings. 1665 G. Havers tr. P. della Valle 183 The pavement of the porch was also something rais'd above the plane of the Court. 1726 A. Pope tr. Homer V. xxi. 44 With polish'd oak the level pavements shine. 1761 (Royal Soc.) 51 798 From the top of the surbase within to the pavement of the cell is 7 feet. 1797 S. Lysons 4 The tesseræ of which this pavement is composed, are, for the most part, nearly cubes of half an inch. 1823 P. Nicholson 435 Floors constructed of stone are more particularly denominated pavements. 1841 XX. 35/2 The wooden pavement, properly so called, seems to have been first used in Russia. 1867 28 216 Hidden under the intarsio pavement. 1905 E. M. Forster vii. 242 Just such a baby Bellini sets languid on his mother's lap, or Signorelli flings wriggling on pavements of marble. 1977 (Shell Internat. Petroleum Co.) 7 Shell companies' main interest in bitumen technology has been the engineering properties of bitumen and the structural design of roads and airfield pavements. 1998 J. Cope 247/1 During the excavations of 1911 and 1921, it was discovered that a pavement within the inner ring had been constructed of ‘blue-rag’. β. a1425 (Stonyhurst) f. 56v Rudus, a runnde stone of pament. 1534–5 in H. M. Paton (1957) I. 121 To lay payment. 1699 in C. Innes (1859) 394 To bring such..paement as they shall win in the corie of Nairn. society > occupation and work > materials > raw material > stone or rock > [noun] > stone as material for paving > a paving stone 1589 Inventory 10 Mar. in (1981) 27 In pavements burnt 0·5[s]·0. 1671 in D. Yaxley (2003) 146 For 9c Pamments & 3c Brick 3 li. 11s. 6d. 1788 J. Woodforde 31 Dec. (1927) III. 76 Paid to Mr. Vassar this Morning for some new Pavements for my Kitchen, a Bill of 3.3.6. a1800 Thomas Stukely in F. J. Child (1857–9) VII. 309 At last he sold the pavements of his yard, Which covered were with blocks of tin. a1825 R. Forby (1830) Pamment, a square paving brick. 1923 E. Gepp (ed. 2) 84 Pamment, a paving-brick. 1989 H. Lander & P. Rauter 96 The floor of this wash-house..is probably made of clay flooring tiles called pamments. 2013 Sept. 3/1 A difficulty..arose from the pamments—the traditional, hand-made, gault, clay tiles—that had shrunk in the firing just that bit more than expected. 2. society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [noun] > paved part c1330 (?a1300) (Auch.) (1973) 383 (MED) He dede feche hors wel sket And teyed hem to her fet, And dede hem drawe on þe pauement And hong hem after. a1400 (Laud) (1932) 1243 Myȝt no man stoken on þe stret for stynke of ded corses; þe peple in þe pauyment was pite to byholde. ?a1400 (a1338) R. Mannyng (Petyt) ii. 270 Þe Turbeuile..Drawen is a while on London pauiment, & siþen was he hanged as thef for treson. 1478 in P. E. Jones (1961) VI. 117 The pavient of the said wharf or wey..is made over high, right perilous aswell for thinhabitauntes there and other the kynges people passsyng [sic] or ridyng on or over hit. 1533–4 c. 8 Euerie person..hauinge anie of the saide landes..shall..sufficiently meintein the pauement of the said waye. 1602 i. i. 119 In a sinne-guilty coach not cloasely pent, Iogging along the harder pauement. 1694 R. Franck 195 What have we here? Cawses [= causeways] uncartable, and Pavements unpracticable, pointed with rocky stumpy Stones. 1726 G. Leoni tr. L. B. Alberti I. 96/2 Under Horses, make..planks of Holm or Oke, that..by their pawing they may not spoyl both their hoofs and the pavement. 1793 G. Morris in J. Sparks (1832) II. 296 His retreat must be slow till he gets to the pavement within about a league of Antwerp. 1839 C. J. Lever lii The clatter of my equipage over the pavement might have risen the dead. 1877 D. K. Clark in H. Law & D. K. Clark 12 The surface of the pavement soon became very uneven, and not unfrequently sunk so much as to form hollows, which rendered it..dangerous to horses and carriages. 1918 E. Poole i. 5 You could see the sidewalks on either hand, but the dark wooden pavement of the street was almost lost in shadows. 1958 4 Apr. 441/3 It will also be a double carriageway,..comprising 7 in of granular fill on which will be laid 11 in of reinforced concrete, placed in a single pass for the full 24 ft width of each pavement. 1986 D. Koontz i. ii. 175 She had learned to loathe the rumble of the car's engine, the hum of tires on the pavement, and the unspooling highway ahead. 2003 (Nexis) 18 Apr. t5 To ease the pressure inside, the short stretch of pavement outside the bar was closed to traffic. society > inhabiting and dwelling > [adjective] > homeless society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > path or place for walking > [noun] > foot(-)path > by side of street or road 1716 J. Gay iii. 65 There may'st thou pass, with safe unmiry Feet, Where the rais'd Pavement leads athwart the Street.] 1743 Dec. 609/1 As to those who travel in Vehicles, the Narrowness of those Conveniences is not less obvious and insupportable, than that of the Foot Pavement. 1754 J. Massie 45 The fine Pattern of Pavement for Foot-Passengers, to be seen in some Parts of Cornhill, Cheapside, Ludgate-Hill, and the Strand. 1790 J. White 58 The pavement for foot-passengers..is so very unsociably narrow, that two persons cannot walk with convenience together. 1813 J. Austen I. xv. 163 Kitty and Lydia..led the way across the street..and fortunately had just gained the pavement when the two gentlemen turning back had reached the same spot. View more context for this quotation a1818 G. Rose (1860) I. 28 So far..as Lord Shelburne was concerned, I was left completely upon the pavement. 1851 II. 243/2 A section of a street, with improved kerb, for keeping the pavement clean. 1885 R. L. Stevenson & F. Stevenson Superfluous Mansion in 104 By the time he had the door open, the cabs had drawn up beside the pavement. 1906 J. Galsworthy 223 From the edge of the pavement, through a gap in the traffic, she saw him walking on. 1953 2 June 1/4 The Mall looked like a gigantic refugee camp. Over 30,000 people were bedding down along the pavements. 1991 M. Tully (1992) v. 153 Families walked round the marble pavements..surrounding the pool, children chattering away happily. 1995 I. Banks v. 81 The main thoroughfares of the city were choked with cars, the pavements aswarm with people. 3. figurative and in extended use. c1384 (Douce 369(2)) Dan. vi. 24 In to the lake of lyouns ben sent thei..and thei camen not fully vn to the pament of the lake [L. pavimentum laci], tyl the lyouns rauyshiden hem, and braken to gydre alle her bonys. a1425 Templum Domini in R. Cornelius (Ph.D. diss., Bryn Mawr Coll.) (1930) 100 (MED) Þes are þe 12 poyntes..Þat man sall leue in stedfastly, And þes 12 poyntes þe pauement is Of þe gostly temple sikirly. 1594 sig. C3 Were his light steeds as swift as Pegasus, And trode the ayrie pauement with their heeles. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) iii. iii. 156 Or like a gallant Horse falne in first ranke, Lye there for pauement to the abiect, neere Ore-run and trampled on. 1647 H. More lxxx Gathering my limbs from off the green pavement. 1750 G. Washington (1892) 106 A certain Tract of waste & ungranted Land..beg: at a hickory & Walnut against a Pavement of Rocks. 1786 W. Gilpin Cumberland in I. 193 Many of them are covered, like the steeps of Helvellin, with a continued pavement of craggs. 1827 R. Pollok II. vi. 12 Stars! walking on the pavement of the sky. 1887 H. Caine I. x. 207 Large white patches came moving out of the surrounding pavement of deep black,..where the vanishing ripples left the dark sea smooth. 1911 J. Muir 167 Scarce a single drop can fail to find a beautiful spot,—on the tops of the peaks, on the shining glacier pavements, [etc.]. 1989 20 July 215/1 The coarse surface layer [of the river bed], often called an armour or pavement, has been attributed to an inherent tendency for small grains to settle between larger ones during active transport of all sizes. b. Mining. 1672 G. Sinclair 273 The two surfaces..above and below..are termed in coallery its roof and pavement because of the resemblance they have to the roof and pavement of a house. 1779 J. Smeaton (1812) II. 340 The pavement of the coal..lies ten feet below the foot of the present engine pump. 1839 A. Ure 975 If the coal, pavement, and roof are of ordinary hardness, the pillars and rooms may be proportioned to each other. 1905 District Rep. Inspectors Mines 108 in (Cd. 2506) XV. 1 Any coal dust present was mixed with stone dust from the pavement of the seam trampled up by the horses' feet. 1980 M. Brown et al. 56 Pavement, the floor of a seam. 1890 4336/1 Pavement, in coal-mining, the seam of fire-clay which usually underlies a seam of coal. the world > the earth > structure of the earth > structural features > rock formations > [noun] > flat or eroded 1827 G. P. Scrope vii. 154 The lower portion of this bed is very beautifully columnar, the upper obscurely so; this latter has been in parts destroyed, and a pavement or causeway left, formed by an assemblage of upright and almost geometrically regular columns fitted together with the utmost symmetry. 1888 F. A. Lees 37 The surface, where tolerably level, consists of ‘pavements’ of tabular blocks of limestone, with a peculiar growth of plants in the innumerable fissures. 1932 C. R. Longwell et al. vii. 157 Many gentle slopes above the levels of the playas are floored with ‘desert pavements’ consisting of pebbles fitted so closely together and with their top surfaces so even that the general effect suggests a mosaic. 1954 J. F. Kirkaldy vi. 69 The direction of ice movement can also be proved if glaciated pavements can be found. These are surfaces of rock, hard enough to be smoothed and polished by the ice and showing striations caused by the harder rocks dragged across them by the ice. 1991 17 July 8/4 Ten paces outside of the arroyo there's scarcely a plant—only desert pavement. the world > life > biology > physical aspects or shapes > physical arrangement or condition > [noun] > arrangement as pavement the world > animals > animal body > general parts > head and neck > [noun] > mouth > tooth or tusk > surface formed 1842 (Royal Soc.) 132 68 This lining of the tubules with a pavement of epithelium occasions a striking appearance in perfectly fresh specimens. 1871 C. Darwin II. xii. 6 [The] teeth..are broad and flat, forming a pavement. 1929 XVIII. 909/1 The only type of cancer..that is regularly cured..is the ‘pavement’ cancer of the cervix uteri. 1978 Feb. 111/2 It is the secretory cells that form an outer cap or layer one cell or a few cells thick, which lies directly over a specialized single cell or a pavement composed of several such cells side by side. 1990 M. J. Benton vi. 129 The teeth [of skates and rays] are usually flattened, arrayed in pavements, and adapted for crushing hard-shelled molluscs. society > faith > artefacts > division of building (general) > pavement > [noun] 1899 P. Dearmer v. 128 The thurifer and boat-bearer..go to the right of the priest, as he stands on the pavement. 1936 6 Go and stand in some convenient place on the ‘pavement’ of the sanctuary. 1965 C. E. Pocknee (ed. 13) ii. 23 The pavement, i.e. the level of the sanctuary between the lowest step before the altar and the communicants' rail, should extend to six feet at the very least. 1978 20 Jan. 3/4 An application was made for a faculty to remove the sanctuary pavement and transfer from a columbarium underneath 177 caskets containing..cremated remains. Compounds C1. General attributive. 1940 E. Ambler Journey into Fear iv, in A. A. Knopf (1943) 77 Half an hour in a pavement café..was to be preferred to all the peaks in the Dolomites. 1995 K. Ishiguro xxvi. 389 Noticing I had stopped beside a pavement café, I collapsed into a chair at the nearest table. 1904 at Pavement sb. Pavement-dealer. 1994 (Nexis) 26 Apr. 19 There will often be pavement dealers who promise a better rate than the banks and bureaux de change. 1813 W. Scott vi. 326 But flounder'd on the pavement floor The steed, and down the rider bore. 1992 (Nexis) 30 Nov. b4 The pavement floors are black and pock-marked from the metal parts and shavings that have been dropped there for 70-plus years. 1840 20 Feb. 6/5 A pea-green tradesman..suddenly prostrate in the pool of mud by the pavement-side. 1996 Sept. 119/1 A refuge from..noxious pavement-side pizza sellers, psycho cycle couriers and road raging motorists. 1397 (P.R.O.: C 145/266/7) ijml paument Tyle..prec. xvj s. 1845 24 43/1 The ancient pavement tiles found in this neighbourhood. 1997 (Nexis) 9 Apr. 12 Residents have raised a petition to save the pavement tiles, which the council says it needs to repair footways in the town's central conservation area. C2. the mind > goodness and badness > inferiority or baseness > dissolute conduct > dissolute person > [noun] society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > profligacy, dissoluteness, or debauchery > [noun] > person 1611 R. Cotgrave at Pavé Bateur de pavez, a pauement-beater; a rakehell, vnthrift, loose youth, dissolute or deboched fellow. 1856 3 May 486/2 Some of the cysts near the circumference were lined with pavement cells. 1886 13 137 They are lined by a double series of flat pavement-cells homologous with the external epidermis. 1992 263 150/1 The pavement cells..constitute as much as 95% of the total gill epithelial surface area. 1842 26 Nov. 305/1 The most universal of the forms of epithelium assumes a character which is well expressed in the terms laminated, tessellated, or pavement epithelium. 1858 T. H. Huxley in 22 204 From having the characters of a cylinder-, it takes those of a pavement-epithelium. 1993 71 531 Those cells that were present were often vacuolated or covered by layers of pavement epithelium. society > law > law enforcement > police force or the police > [noun] > policeman 1908 6 July 5/6 They were promptly stopped by a policeman and had to stand around in the crowd until Capt. Bartlett..made the identity of the visitors known to the pavement pounder. 1937 B. L. Reitman 184 I was one of the pavement pounders and hustled on the street for a year. 1947 K. Jaediker vii. 102 Neal had put out a teletype for my car, and some Brooklyn pavement-pounder had spotted it. 2003 (Nexis) 21 Feb. 22 A record number of pedal pushers and pavement pounders will compete in the gruelling 150km Otago Central Rail Trail duathlon. society > morality > moral evil > licentiousness > unchastity > prostitution > [noun] > a prostitute 1976 L. Dills (rev. ed.) 53 Pavement princess, roadside or truckstop prostitute. 2000 5 Apr. 1/6 All Glad's pavement princesses dress so comely in the most delicate silks from China, fine lace from France, and degenerate leather from Germany. 1880 Jan. 475/2 (heading) Steam Pavement Rammer. a1884 E. H. Knight Suppl. 663 (caption) Johnson's Power Pavement Rammer. 1863 J. D. Dana 473 Pavement-teeth of a fish of the old Cestraciont group. 1912 J. McCabe vii. 96 In the bulk of the Devonian sharks these developed into what are significantly called ‘pavement teeth’. 1996 J. D. Archbald v. 87 Jaws of the modern dasyatid ray Hylophus sephen, showing pavement teeth similar to isolated teeth of Myledaphus bipartitus. the world > animals > animal body > general parts > head and neck > [adjective] > having teeth > having teeth arranged in pavement structure 1895 B. Dean 227 Cestracion,..classic name of (pavement-toothed) sea-fish. 1904 5 May 13/1 He discusses the affinities of the pavement-toothed genus Endothiodon. 1999 (Nexis) 25 Nov. 20 n The pavement-toothed shark, Ptychodus..had massive, rounded-off teeth adapted for eating shellfish. Derivatives 1853 (Royal Soc.) 143 6 The epithelium in the larger ones consisted of columnar particles which..gave a mosaic or pavement-like appearance. 1931 E. G. Boulenger i. 19 The big Sea Cat, or Wolf Blenny.., has..pavement-like molars that crack up the largest Lobsters and Scallops. 1991 Feb. 37 Hard, pavementlike conglomerates of sand, cobbles, and debris. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). pavementv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pavement n. Etymology: < pavement n. Compare earlier pave v. and also pavementing n. Compare classical Latin pavīmentāre. Originally Scottish. society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > paving and road-building > pave or build roads [verb (transitive)] > pave 1559 in J. D. Marwick (1875) III. 52 The said thesaurar to payment the brayis of the Stok Well..with substantius flaggis. 1598 Elgin Kirk Session in (at cited word) His brother to pavement the burial place. 1626–7 in D. Macgibbon & T. Ross (1892) V. 551 For pavementing the inner counsall hous. 1697 in R. Renwick (1908) IV. 232 And to pavement the bottome of the cutt. 1782 in T. Orem Descr. of Chanonry in Old Aberdeen in No. 3. 158 This chapel..is well pavemented with stones. 1839 33 All pavemented with stone and shell. 1888 E. Arnold 170 This wondrous Earth, roofed o'er With sapphire, and with emerald pavemented. 1930 R. Clements 126 The blown, empty sky, pavemented by the tossing sea. 1996 (Nexis) 15 Sept. (Arts section) Proceeding along the road, which has been all pavemented by the Romans, we first beheld the Dead Sea. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.a1300 v.1559 |
