baxtern.

Brit.

/ˈbakstə/, U.S.

/ˈbækstər/, Scottish English

/ˈbakstər/

Forms: Old English bacestere (rare), Old English bæcesre (probably transmission error), Old English bæcestre, Old English bæcistre (rare), Old English bæcystre (rare), early Middle English bakestere, early Middle English bakestre, Middle English bakestir (as surname), Middle English bakkester (as surname), Middle English baxster, Middle English baxstere (as surname), Middle English baxtare (as surname), Middle English baxtere, Middle English–1500s bacstere, Middle English–1500s bakster, Middle English (1800s–1900s historical) baxter, 1500s backster, 1500s bacster, Middle English–1500s (1800s historical) bakester; English regional (northern) 1600s 1800s backster, 1700s–1800s bakster, 1800s baxter; Scottish pre-1700 backster, pre-1700 bacster, pre-1700 bakester, pre-1700 bakister, pre-1700 bakstar, pre-1700 bakster, pre-1700 baxister, pre-1700 baxstar, pre-1700 baxsteir, pre-1700 baxster, pre-1700 baxtar, pre-1700 baxtare, pre-1700 baxtere, pre-1700 1700s– baxter; N.E.D. (1885) also records the forms Middle English bacstare, late Middle English backstare.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: Cognate with or (more probably) formed similarly to Old Frisian bakster female baker (West Frisian bakster ) < the Germanic base of bake v. + the Germanic base of -ster suffix. Compare Dutch bakster female baker (1688, apparently rare). Compare baker n.Semantic development. The English word is used from an early date to denote bakers of either sex; in Old English it is attested more frequently (and also more frequently with either male or neutral reference) than baker n. In Middle English it occasionally translates classical Latin pistrīx (compare quot. a1500 at sense 1), a feminine agent noun (see pétrie v.), but it is not certain that this implies any consistent attempt to distinguish between words for male and female bakers. In the early 16th cent., the rare Scottish derivative baxtress n., denoting a female baker, suggests that the word baxter n. may not have been specifically associated with women at that time. Use in names. Recorded early as a byname and occupational surname, frequently (and earliest) for men, as Liueger se bacestere (a1093; Devon), Geffrei le Baxtere (1296; Scotland); but also for women, as Julia Baxtere (1281, Huntingdonshire), Beatrix la Baxtere (1295, Norfolk), Matildæ bakestir (1390, York).

Now rare (chiefly Scottish after 16th cent.).

†1. A woman who bakes bread or similar foods; a female baker. Obsolete (historical in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > woman baker

baxterOE

cake baxter1503

baxtress1519

bakeress1792

OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. xxxvii. 251 He becom to þam ofne, in þam þa wif his nehgebyrne..bocon heora hlafas. Þa locode he..in þone ofn, wenunga hwylc hlaf ðær to lafe wunode æfter þam bæcestrum.

a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 692/29 Hec pistrix, a baxter.

?1562 Thersytes sig. D.ii^v The backster of Balockburye with her bakinge pele.

1873 L. O. Pike Hist. Crime I. iv. 255 The websters, brewster, and baxters were at one time, no doubt, female slaves, who wove cloth or linen fabrics, brewed ale, and baked bread, for their lords.

1905 Amer. Monthly Mag. Oct. 701 It was the era of homespun industries; the days of websters, shapesters, litsters, brewsters, baxters and spinsters, the weaving, cutting, dyeing, brewing, baking and spinning falling naturally into woman's hands and necessitating terms showing that there were feminine duties.

2. A male baker; (generally) a baker, irrespective of gender.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker

baxterOE

bakerOE

dougher1314

furnera1483

cake baxter1503

furnitor1601

Master of the Rolls1649

deadman1764

bakerdom1862

OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xl. 1 Twegen afyrede men agylton wyþ heora hlaford, Egypta cynges byrle & his bæcestre... Ðara oþer bewiste hys byrlas, oþer hys bæcestran.

OE tr. Chrodegang of Metz Regula Canonicorum (Corpus Cambr. 191) ix. 193 Þa wicneras sceolon beon gecorene of þam getrywestan mynstres þeowum, and hi man þonne geornlice ty þæt hi gode bæcystran beon.

?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) l. 258 Þe baxtere mette an oþer..In þe bachuse him þuȝte þat he stod.

a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 44 Plauctus..was compelled for pouert for to dwelle with a baxter.

1614 in S. Ree Rec. Elgin (1908) II. 140 To summond the baksters again Tuysday nixt for raising the steanes of the graves to build ther oynes.

1753 Scots Mag. Apr. 206/1 Mr. Robert Bartleman, baxter.

1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel I. v. 142 What need he dun us for it, man, like a baxter at the breaking?

1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. 26 Bakster, baxter, a baker.

1899 Good Words 40 150/1 There was a supper at the Sheriff's that very night, and..very large tarts were at the firing in the baxter's oven.

1998 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 74 Ane o wir maimbers..haes telt us that her local baxter in Canonmills haes a poster bi the Scotch Pie Club up in the windae.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	baxter
释义	baxtern. Brit. /ˈbakstə/, U.S. /ˈbækstər/, Scottish English /ˈbakstər/ Forms: Old English bacestere (rare), Old English bæcesre (probably transmission error), Old English bæcestre, Old English bæcistre (rare), Old English bæcystre (rare), early Middle English bakestere, early Middle English bakestre, Middle English bakestir (as surname), Middle English bakkester (as surname), Middle English baxster, Middle English baxstere (as surname), Middle English baxtare (as surname), Middle English baxtere, Middle English–1500s bacstere, Middle English–1500s bakster, Middle English (1800s–1900s historical) baxter, 1500s backster, 1500s bacster, Middle English–1500s (1800s historical) bakester; English regional (northern) 1600s 1800s backster, 1700s–1800s bakster, 1800s baxter; Scottish pre-1700 backster, pre-1700 bacster, pre-1700 bakester, pre-1700 bakister, pre-1700 bakstar, pre-1700 bakster, pre-1700 baxister, pre-1700 baxstar, pre-1700 baxsteir, pre-1700 baxster, pre-1700 baxtar, pre-1700 baxtare, pre-1700 baxtere, pre-1700 1700s– baxter; N.E.D. (1885) also records the forms Middle English bacstare, late Middle English backstare. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: Cognate with or (more probably) formed similarly to Old Frisian bakster female baker (West Frisian bakster ) < the Germanic base of bake v. + the Germanic base of -ster suffix. Compare Dutch bakster female baker (1688, apparently rare). Compare baker n.Semantic development. The English word is used from an early date to denote bakers of either sex; in Old English it is attested more frequently (and also more frequently with either male or neutral reference) than baker n. In Middle English it occasionally translates classical Latin pistrīx (compare quot. a1500 at sense 1), a feminine agent noun (see pétrie v.), but it is not certain that this implies any consistent attempt to distinguish between words for male and female bakers. In the early 16th cent., the rare Scottish derivative baxtress n., denoting a female baker, suggests that the word baxter n. may not have been specifically associated with women at that time. Use in names. Recorded early as a byname and occupational surname, frequently (and earliest) for men, as Liueger se bacestere (a1093; Devon), Geffrei le Baxtere (1296; Scotland); but also for women, as Julia Baxtere (1281, Huntingdonshire), Beatrix la Baxtere (1295, Norfolk), Matildæ bakestir (1390, York). Now rare (chiefly Scottish after 16th cent.). †1. A woman who bakes bread or similar foods; a female baker. Obsolete (historical in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker > woman baker baxterOE cake baxter1503 baxtress1519 bakeress1792 OE Wærferð tr. Gregory Dialogues (Corpus Cambr.) (1900) iii. xxxvii. 251 He becom to þam ofne, in þam þa wif his nehgebyrne..bocon heora hlafas. Þa locode he..in þone ofn, wenunga hwylc hlaf ðær to lafe wunode æfter þam bæcestrum. a1500 in T. Wright & R. P. Wülcker Anglo-Saxon & Old Eng. Vocab. (1884) I. 692/29 Hec pistrix, a baxter. ?1562 Thersytes sig. D.ii^v The backster of Balockburye with her bakinge pele. 1873 L. O. Pike Hist. Crime I. iv. 255 The websters, brewster, and baxters were at one time, no doubt, female slaves, who wove cloth or linen fabrics, brewed ale, and baked bread, for their lords. 1905 Amer. Monthly Mag. Oct. 701 It was the era of homespun industries; the days of websters, shapesters, litsters, brewsters, baxters and spinsters, the weaving, cutting, dyeing, brewing, baking and spinning falling naturally into woman's hands and necessitating terms showing that there were feminine duties. 2. A male baker; (generally) a baker, irrespective of gender. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > cooking > cook > [noun] > baker baxterOE bakerOE dougher1314 furnera1483 cake baxter1503 furnitor1601 Master of the Rolls1649 deadman1764 bakerdom1862 OE Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xl. 1 Twegen afyrede men agylton wyþ heora hlaford, Egypta cynges byrle & his bæcestre... Ðara oþer bewiste hys byrlas, oþer hys bæcestran. OE tr. Chrodegang of Metz Regula Canonicorum (Corpus Cambr. 191) ix. 193 Þa wicneras sceolon beon gecorene of þam getrywestan mynstres þeowum, and hi man þonne geornlice ty þæt hi gode bæcystran beon. ?a1300 Iacob & Iosep (Bodl.) (1916) l. 258 Þe baxtere mette an oþer..In þe bachuse him þuȝte þat he stod. a1464 J. Capgrave Abbreuiacion of Cron. (Cambr. Gg.4.12) (1983) 44 Plauctus..was compelled for pouert for to dwelle with a baxter. 1614 in S. Ree Rec. Elgin (1908) II. 140 To summond the baksters again Tuysday nixt for raising the steanes of the graves to build ther oynes. 1753 Scots Mag. Apr. 206/1 Mr. Robert Bartleman, baxter. 1822 W. Scott Fortunes of Nigel I. v. 142 What need he dun us for it, man, like a baxter at the breaking? 1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. 26 Bakster, baxter, a baker. 1899 Good Words 40 150/1 There was a supper at the Sheriff's that very night, and..very large tarts were at the firing in the baxter's oven. 1998 R. Fairnie Scots Tung Wittins (SCOTS) No. 74 Ane o wir maimbers..haes telt us that her local baxter in Canonmills haes a poster bi the Scotch Pie Club up in the windae. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2020; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.OE
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