peer-to-peeradj.n.

Brit.

/ˌpɪətəˈpɪə/, U.S.

/ˌpɪrdəˈpɪ(ə)r/

Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: peer n., to prep.

Etymology: < peer n. + to prep. + peer n.

A. adj.

1. Taking place directly between people of the same age, status, ability, etc.

ΚΠ

1963 G. E. Uhlig Effects of Participation in Human Relations Project (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Nebraska) 54 High school is a place—or a period in life—wherein the normal development of peer-to-peer relationships is oriented in a negative direction.

1968 Theory into Pract. 7 36/2 Services may be geared to these identifiable precipitating events (i.e., stop-gap study skills or peer-to-peer tutoring).

1990 ICL Techn. Jrnl. 7 289 The collaboration may have a formal basis, as in the setting up of a work group to handle a particular issue, or it may be informal, as in ad hoc peer-to-peer consultations.

2017 Australian (Nexis) 4 Feb. 48 The system also allows for peer-to-peer reviews and for leadership teams to spot potential strengths and weaknesses.

2. Computing. Designating a computer network or mode of networking in which each user can initiate a direct connection with other computers on the same network, as opposed to communicating or interacting via a centralized server; of, relating to, or involving a network of this kind. Frequently contrasted with client–server adj. at client n. Compounds 3. Abbreviated P2P.One common use for peer-to-peer networking is to enable users to share files directly with one another.

ΚΠ

1978 Computerworld 6 Mar. s40/3 The report noted, peer-to-peer and hierarchical relationships should be permitted.

1989 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. xvi. 20/1 On the peer-to-peer LAN, each workstation can become a server for the printer connected to it.

2001 Business Rev. Weekly 9 Feb. 78/2 The basic technology for peer-to-peer (P2P) networking is already available—it is the same technology that Napster, Gnutella, and other file-trading systems use.

2011 Economist 20 Aug. 51/1 In some countries, rather than swapping files on peer-to-peer networks, people now stash their loot in private ‘cyber-lockers’.

B. n.

Computing. Peer-to-peer networking; (also) the sharing of files, data, etc., using peer-to-peer networks.

ΚΠ

1987 Computerworld 1 Apr. (Focus section) 68/1 A second network topology, peer to peer, is like a conference room with a round table; users and applications can communicate directly without having to expressly involve resources and services from another computing center.

2003 Maximum PC Jan. 58/1 Peer-to-peer has always been an unsatisfying way of sharing MP3 files, given the variations in user speeds and a general lack of community.

2009 A. B. de Fontenay & E. B. de Fontenay in W. H. Lehr & L. M. Pupillo Internet Policy & Econ. (ed. 2) xii. 181 Peer-to-peer is said to be single-handedly responsible for the [music] industry's crisis.

2015 M. G. Milchev SFML Essent. vii. 120 The benefit of using peer-to-peer is the fact that it's slightly simpler to set up than client-server.

Compounds

peer-to-peer lending n. the borrowing and lending of money between individuals or businesses, usually through the medium of online services, without a bank or other official financial institution acting as an intermediary.

ΚΠ

2003 China Econ. News 27 Oct. 4/1 Since June 2002, China Foreign Exchange Centre has offered commissioned service of peer-to-peer lending in foreign currencies

2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 2 Nov. (Educ. Life section) 14/1 With this bleak backdrop, ‘social lending’ or ‘peer-to-peer lending’ (P2P if you're hip) might be the Facebook generation's answer to the crisis.

2015 Times 22 Aug. 22/2 A high-profile crowdfunded project won't pan out, a peer-to-peer lending platform will deliver disappointing returns to savers, or a smaller platform will go under, taking people's money with it.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	peer-to-peer
释义	peer-to-peeradj.n. Brit. /ˌpɪətəˈpɪə/, U.S. /ˌpɪrdəˈpɪ(ə)r/ Origin: Formed within English, by compounding. Etymons: peer n., to prep. Etymology: < peer n. + to prep. + peer n. A. adj. 1. Taking place directly between people of the same age, status, ability, etc. ΚΠ 1963 G. E. Uhlig Effects of Participation in Human Relations Project (Ph.D. diss., Univ. Nebraska) 54 High school is a place—or a period in life—wherein the normal development of peer-to-peer relationships is oriented in a negative direction. 1968 Theory into Pract. 7 36/2 Services may be geared to these identifiable precipitating events (i.e., stop-gap study skills or peer-to-peer tutoring). 1990 ICL Techn. Jrnl. 7 289 The collaboration may have a formal basis, as in the setting up of a work group to handle a particular issue, or it may be informal, as in ad hoc peer-to-peer consultations. 2017 Australian (Nexis) 4 Feb. 48 The system also allows for peer-to-peer reviews and for leadership teams to spot potential strengths and weaknesses. 2. Computing. Designating a computer network or mode of networking in which each user can initiate a direct connection with other computers on the same network, as opposed to communicating or interacting via a centralized server; of, relating to, or involving a network of this kind. Frequently contrasted with client–server adj. at client n. Compounds 3. Abbreviated P2P.One common use for peer-to-peer networking is to enable users to share files directly with one another. ΚΠ 1978 Computerworld 6 Mar. s40/3 The report noted, peer-to-peer and hierarchical relationships should be permitted. 1989 Computer Buyer's Guide & Handbk. xvi. 20/1 On the peer-to-peer LAN, each workstation can become a server for the printer connected to it. 2001 Business Rev. Weekly 9 Feb. 78/2 The basic technology for peer-to-peer (P2P) networking is already available—it is the same technology that Napster, Gnutella, and other file-trading systems use. 2011 Economist 20 Aug. 51/1 In some countries, rather than swapping files on peer-to-peer networks, people now stash their loot in private ‘cyber-lockers’. B. n. Computing. Peer-to-peer networking; (also) the sharing of files, data, etc., using peer-to-peer networks. ΚΠ 1987 Computerworld 1 Apr. (Focus section) 68/1 A second network topology, peer to peer, is like a conference room with a round table; users and applications can communicate directly without having to expressly involve resources and services from another computing center. 2003 Maximum PC Jan. 58/1 Peer-to-peer has always been an unsatisfying way of sharing MP3 files, given the variations in user speeds and a general lack of community. 2009 A. B. de Fontenay & E. B. de Fontenay in W. H. Lehr & L. M. Pupillo Internet Policy & Econ. (ed. 2) xii. 181 Peer-to-peer is said to be single-handedly responsible for the [music] industry's crisis. 2015 M. G. Milchev SFML Essent. vii. 120 The benefit of using peer-to-peer is the fact that it's slightly simpler to set up than client-server. Compounds peer-to-peer lending n. the borrowing and lending of money between individuals or businesses, usually through the medium of online services, without a bank or other official financial institution acting as an intermediary. ΚΠ 2003 China Econ. News 27 Oct. 4/1 Since June 2002, China Foreign Exchange Centre has offered commissioned service of peer-to-peer lending in foreign currencies 2008 N.Y. Times (National ed.) 2 Nov. (Educ. Life section) 14/1 With this bleak backdrop, ‘social lending’ or ‘peer-to-peer lending’ (P2P if you're hip) might be the Facebook generation's answer to the crisis. 2015 Times 22 Aug. 22/2 A high-profile crowdfunded project won't pan out, a peer-to-peer lending platform will deliver disappointing returns to savers, or a smaller platform will go under, taking people's money with it. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, September 2017; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < adj.n.1963
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