pastoraln.adj.

Brit.

/ˈpɑːst(ə)rəl/,

/ˈpɑːst(ə)rl̩/,

/ˈpast(ə)rəl/,

/ˈpast(ə)rl̩/, U.S.

/ˈpæstər(ə)l/,

/pæsˈtɔr(ə)l/

Forms: Old English pastoralem, Old English pastorales (plural), Middle English pastoralis, Middle English–1500s pastoralle, Middle English– pastoral, 1500s–1600s pastorall, 1500s–1600s pasturall, 1700s past'ral; also Scottish pre-1700 pastorail.

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pāstōrālis.

Etymology: < classical Latin pāstōrālis relating to the tending of livestock, (of poetry) bucolic, in post-classical Latin also relating to a pastor or minister (5th cent.; frequently from 8th cent. in British sources), also as noun (as pastorale or pastoralis ) book on the care of souls (from 8th cent. in British sources, with reference to St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis; earlier in sense ‘pasturage’: see pastural adj. and n.) < pāstōr pastor n. + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Old French, Middle French, French pastoral , adjective (c1200 with reference to spiritual leaders, 1247 with reference to shepherds), Italian pastorale , adjective (a1243 with reference to bishops, a1375 with reference to shepherds), Spanish pastoral , noun (1376–96 with reference to St Gregory's work) and adjective (1350–1450 in an ecclesiastical context, 1490 in cantico pastoral ). With senses at branch A. II. compare pastorale n., pastorel n., pastorella n., pastoreta n., pastourelle n., and foreign-language parallels and models cited s.vv. With sense B. I. compare also pastural adj.With pastoral office (see e.g. quot. 1563 at sense B. 3a) compare post-classical Latin officium pastorale (5th cent.). In Old English in form pastoralem after the Latin accusative singular. It is not clear whether the Middle English form pastoralis represents the Latin nominative singular as found in the title of St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis or the Middle English plural. Elsewhere, the work is referred to by an English plural form (compare quot. ?a1425 at sense A. 1a).

A. n.

I. A person or thing associated with spiritual care.

†a. A book on the care of souls. Obsolete.Originally chiefly (in plural) with reference to the title of St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] > concerning pastorate

pastoralOE

OE List of Bks., Worcester in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 250 Þe englisca martirlogium, & ii englisce salteras, & ii pastorales englisce, & þe englisca regol, [etc.].

OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfsige (Corpus Cambr.) in B. Fehr Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics (1914) 13 He sceal habban eac þa wæpna to þam gastlicum weorce..þæt synd þa halgan bec: saltere and pistolboc, godspellboc and mæsseboc, sangboc and handboc, gerim and pastoralem, penitentialem and rædingboc.

Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 4 This article is opinli taught..bi seynt Gregori in his morals and in his pastoralis.

?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 9 (MED) To þise vnrepentaunt men spekiþ Gregor moost scharpli in hise pastorals.

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 391 (MED) Gregory..made mony noble werkes, as..þe pastoralles [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. while he was an herde; L. pastoralis] and the dialoges.

1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EEii So saithe saynt Gregorie in his pastoralles.

a1633 G. Herbert Priest to Temple (1652) To Rdr. sig. A4^v Others..may..add to those points which I have observed, until the Book grow to a complete Pastoral.

a1819 R. Watt Bibliotheca Brit. (1824) I. at St Gregory A Pastoral, or a Treatise on the Duties of a Pastor.

1892 C. G. McCrie Worship Presbyterian Scotl. i. 20 Among the books are a Pastoral [etc.].

b. A letter from a spiritual pastor; spec. = pastoral letter n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > correspondence > letter > [noun] > ecclesiastical letter

communicatory letters1611

missive letterc1650

pastoral1758

1758 J. O'Brien Let. 23 Apr. in E. Ò. Ciardha Ireland & Jacobite Cause (2002) vii. 363 The subscribers of the infamous pastoral are now in great confusion.

1852 Rep. Sel. Comm. Outrages (Ireland) (HC 438) 277 in Parl. Papers 1852 XIV. 1 The bishops and archbishops..have on every occasion.., by pastorals and otherwise, discountenanced and discouraged illegal societies.

1885 Manch. Examiner 17 Feb. 5/6 The Lenten pastoral..was read in the Roman Catholic churches of the archdiocese of Dublin on Sunday.

1958 B. Behan Borstal Boy i. 69 Cardinal Hinsley and the Hierarchy of England have issued pastorals denouncing the I.R.A.

1994 Church Times 2 Dec. 3/2 All we had in response was the House of Bishops' pastoral, early this year, passing the buck back to the dioceses.

c. Christian Church. In plural. The pastoral epistles. Cf. Pastoral Epistle n. (b) at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > New Testament > epistle > [noun] > pastoral

Pastoral Epistle1738

pastoral1901

1901 Expositor July 71 In considering the authorship of the Pastorals.

1902 J. Denney Death of Christ iii. 115 Leaving out the Pastorals, Paul wrote his other epistles within the space of ten years.

1994 Computers & Humanities 28 101/2 The Pastorals showed less vocabulary connectivity with the total Pauline vocabulary than did the rest of the letters.

2. A pastoral staff, a crozier. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > staff > [noun] > bishop's

staffa1122

bat?c1225

bagle1330

crosec1330

potent1348

crookc1386

croche14..

cley-staffc1440

baculc1449

cross-staffa1464

pastoral staff?a1475

crosier's staff1488

crosier1500

crose-staff1549

pastoral1658

beagle-rod1664

tau staff1843

tau1855

tau crosier1900

1658 Hist. Queen Christina 407 They showed her the rod of Moses, the pastorall of Aaron, Arca Foederis [etc.].

1672 London Gaz. No. 670/4 The Officers at Arms carrying the Pastoral and Mitre.

1903 Westm. Gaz. 15 July 1/2 Twenty-eight tiaras ornamented with precious stones,..sixteen pastorals in gold and precious stones.

II. A person or thing associated with the tending of livestock.

a. A literary work portraying rural life or the life of shepherds, esp. in an idealized or romantic form.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > pastoral

pastoral1584

pastory1717

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [noun]

pastoral1584

bucolicon1640

bucolics1870

1584 in P. Cunningham Revels at Court (1842) 188 A pastorall of Phillyda and Choryn presented and enacted before her Ma^te by her highnes servauntes on S^t. Stephens daie.

c1620 T. Robinson Mary Magdalene (1899) To Ld. Clifford 5 Some, Cronicles and Warlicke strains admire; Others, a deepe conceited Pastorall.

1697 K. Chetwood Pref. to Pastorals in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. ***1 Pastorals are fallen into Disesteem.

1781 A. Francis Poet. Transl. Song of Solomon p. xii As to the nature of this poem, the learned have disagreed; some calling it a simple pastoral, others a sublime allegory.

1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice II. v. viii. 169 Persons of our rank do not marry like the Corydon and Phillis of a pastoral.

1883 Harper's Mag. Oct. 692/1 Their large genial faces, beaming with solid virtues, were like two fine harmonious stanzas of a pastoral.

1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 171/2 The pastoral, which tells how Marion resisted the knight, and remained faithful to Robert the shepherd, is based on an old chanson.

1935 W. Empson Some Versions of Pastoral i. 11 The essential trick of the old pastoral, which was felt to imply a beautiful relation between rich and poor, was to make simple people express strong feelings (felt as the most universal subject, something fundamentally true about everybody) in learned and fashionable language (so that you wrote about the best subject in the best way).

1987 G. Phelps Short Guide to World Novel (1988) 25 The deities are mostly rustic ones (as in the case of Pan) and therefore appropriate to a pastoral.

b. Music. = pastorale n. 1b.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > opera > [noun] > pastoral

pastoral1614

pastorale1876

1591 E. Spenser Complaints sig. F3 And arbors sweet, in which the Shepheards swaines Were wont so oft their Pastoralls to sing.]

1614 T. Ravenscroft Briefe Disc. Musicke 14 The common practise (in Composition for Church Songs, Madrigalls, Pastoralls, Ballads &c.) charactereth this Diminution with denigrated Notes.

1656 T. Blount Glossographia Pastoral (pastorale carmen), a song of Herdsmen or Shepherds.

1819 T. Hope Anastasius (1820) III. 323 This gentleman..wondered he should have inspired me..with the scenas of a pastoral.

1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists iv. 176 The pretty little personages of the pastoral..dance their loves to a minuet-tune.

1983 ‘Trevanian’ Summer of Katya (1984) 191 The rattle of the stick drum from the village square told me the pastoral of Robert le Diable was in progress.

c. A rural and idyllic scene or picture.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > landscape-painting > a landscape or view > type of

paysage1611

winter piece1612

rockscape1754

pastoral1798

skyscape1811

snow scene1836

icescape1839

cloudscape1868

townscape1880

winterscape1884

treescape1885

farmscape1886

cowscape1896

roadscape1899

cityscape1915

dunescape1928

slumscape1947

hellscape1959

jungle-scape1973

1798 T. Jones Memoirs (1951) 38 A Pastoral on a Kitcat Cloth.

1820 J. Keats Ode on Grecian Urn in Lamia & Other Poems 116 With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form... Cold Pastoral!

1903 Westm. Gaz. 23 Nov. 2/2 The most striking of the Gainsboroughs..is the large ‘pastoral’ which hangs in the middle of the North Wall.

1983 Financial Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. i. 13 The development of Claude's maturity, from the early pastorals of the 1630s, to the more deeply allusive and mysterious landscapes of the 60s and 70s.

†4. In plural. Rural games or pastimes. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > other types of game > [noun] > pastoral

pastoralsa1586

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xix. sig. M5 To know whether it were not more requisite for Zelmanes hurt to rest, then sit vp at those pastimes; and she..earnestly desiring to haue Pastorals, Basilius commanded it should be at the gate of the lodge.

1651 A. Weamys Contin. Sydney's Arcadia 178 Urania..was missing, not to publick Pastorals, nor yet solitarie Retirements.

5. Pastoral poetry as a form or style of literary composition.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [noun] > collectively

bucolics1531

reed1566

rurals1589

pastoral1598

1598 F. Meres Palladis Tamia 284 As Theocritus in Greeke, Virgil and Mantuan in Latine, Sanazar in Italian..are the best for pastorall.

1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 399 The best Actors in Christendome, Either for Comedy, Tragedy, Historie, Pastorall.

1713 A. Pope in Guardian 27 Apr. 1/1 The first Rule of Pastoral, that its Idea should be taken from the Manners of the Golden Age, and the Moral form'd upon the Representation of Innocence.

1749 J. Mason Ess. Power of Numbers & Princ. Harmony 75 Speak here..of the several sorts of English poetry, as divided into Heroic, Pastoral, Elegy, Satire, Comedy, Tragedy, Epigram and Lyric.

1829 T. Hood May-Day in Gem 1 181 The Golden Age is not to be regilt; Pastoral is gone out, and Pan extinct.

1895 C. H. Herford Spenser's Shepheards Cal. Introd. 36 Pastoral, from Vergil onward, has been persistently allegorical.

1935 W. Empson Some Versions of Pastoral ii. 71 The more usual method is to make the thing safely playful by mixing it both with myth and pastoral.

1957 N. Frye Anat. Crit. 43 The pastoral of popular modern literature is the Western Story.

1999 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 July 45/2 Because pastoral is an anthropocentric form, Buell cannot reconcile it with his view of Walden.

†6.

a. A shepherd, a herdsman. Cf. pastorel n., pastor n. 2. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [noun] > sheep herding > shepherd

shepherda1023

sheep's herdc1175

shepc1381

herd-groomc1384

pastorc1400

pastorelc1440

groomc1550

Pan1579

sheepman1591

pastoral1607

sheep-ward1609

feeder1611

sheep-herder1872

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > herding > herdsman or woman

herdc725

herdmanc1000

lookera1225

tripherd1305

hogger1327

pastorc1400

pastorelc1440

leader1495

pasture-man1547

herd-maid1588

herdsman1603

pastoral1607

feeder1611

creaght1634

herder1635

keep1641

creaghter1653

town herd1760

herd-boy1799

stock-keeper1806

senn1826

herd-girla1856

herd-laddie1865

pastoralist1879

1607 W. N. Barley-breake sig. A3 Old Elpin with his sweete and louely May Would oft prepare (as Pastorals vie to doe) To keepe their sheep.

b. Australian. A sheep or cattle farmer; a pastoralist. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > stock-farmer

breeder1531

stock-farmer1769

Boer1776

stock-breeder1815

stockholder1819

veeboer1824

ranchero1825

rancher1836

ranchman1854

stockman1856

pastoral1876

stock-keeper1912

1876 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer ii, in Austral. Town & Country Jrnl. (Sydney) 8 July 62/2 One of the pastorals looked at the other in astonishment.

B. adj.

I. Relating to the tending of livestock.

a. Of or relating to shepherds or their occupation; relating to or occupied in the care of flocks or herds; (Australian and New Zealand) spec. engaged in or relating to the farming of livestock as opposed to the production of crops.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [adjective] > shepherd

pastoral?a1475

shepherdly1546

shepherdisha1586

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 229 (MED) Tubal exercisede firste musike to alleuiate the tediosenes pastoralle [Trev. while he was an herde; L. pastorale].

c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 34 Pastoral and rustical ocupatione.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. ix. xxxvi. 340 They were clad in pastoral weeds like heardmen.

1637 J. Milton Comus 12 Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops.

1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 71 The pastoral Queen..rays Her Smiles, sweet-beaming, on her Shepherd-King.

1759 O. Goldsmith Enq. Present State Polite Learning iii Happy country, where the pastoral age begins to revive!

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. vi. 178 Fruits, cream, and all the pastoral luxury his cottage afforded.

1831 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 1 7 [Australia.] He thinks the pastoral life will be found more profitable than the agricultural.

1849 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm (ed. 2) I. 532/1 Pastoral farms, devoted to sheep.

1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vi. 68 Thinking of his misfortunes, amorous and pastoral, he fell asleep.

1888 A. P. Martin Oak-bough & Wattle-blossom 38 The whole colony was suffering under the distress; pastoral and agricultural interests were dead.

1909 G. V. Lagden Basutos I. 20 The Bataung were more given to pastoral habits than to fighting.

1942 H. H. Peck Mem. of Stockman 245 Scion of an old South Australian pastoral family.

1949 N. Jasny Socialized Agric. U.S.S.R. iii. xiii. 323 The Kazakhi, a Mongol pastoral tribe inhabiting mainly Kazakhstan.

1991 Nature 24 Jan. 281/2 Camels and goats..are frequently important components of traditional pastoral systems.

b. Of land or countryside: used for pasture; (Australian and New Zealand) spec. of or relating to land used for the farming of livestock (as opposed to land used for arable farming).

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [adjective] > pasture

pastured1598

pastoragious1632

grazed1649

pastoral1794

torey1893

1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 1 The pastoral landscapes of Guienne and Gascony.

1798 W. Cowper Poems: On Receipt Mother's Picture 6 Once we call'd the past'ral house our own.

1832 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 2 104 Those extensive tracts of pastoral country, from which the colonists are annually obtaining so many thousand fleeces.

1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece III. ii. xxiv. 564 Epirus is essentially a pastoral country.

1895 Econ. Jrnl. 5 79 Pastoral areas..are let on lease for fourteen years at a rental based on the capacity of the land to carry sheep or cattle.

1940 J. Cowan Sir Donald Maclean 3 The experience he gained..was useful..when he came to take up a pastoral block in Hawke's Bay.

1987 Stock & Land (Melbourne) 5 Mar. 61/1 Very good rains in major pastoral regions have intensified the cattle shortage.

c. Australian and New Zealand. Engaged in or relating to livestock farming as an industry.

ΚΠ

1852 J. West Hist. Tasmania i. 110 Captain Dixon..suggested the formation of a pastoral company, with a capital divided into £100 shares, as a profitable scheme.

1891 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 13 356 Much of the southern portion is stocked with sheep and cattle... As further water supplies are obtained the pastoral industry must increase.

1938 R. M. Burdon High Country 150 The time when the pastoral industry had been of supreme importance was passing by.

1980 Anglican Messenger (W. Austral.) Sept. 1 They would be doing a service for the whole pastoral industry.

1998 I. de la Bere Last Deception Palliser Wentwood vi. 164 Philip talked..about the rural economy and the need for horticulture to underpin the pastoral sector.

a. Of poetry, music, pictures, etc.: portraying rural life or characters, esp. in an idealized or romantic manner; bucolic.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [adjective] > specific movement or period

classical1546

pastoral1566

classic1597

Medicean1652

romantic1812

tedesco1814

realistic1829

realista1832

pseudo-classic1833

classicist1838

pseudo-classical1838

renaissant1839

modernist1848

post-classic1850

post-classical1851

pseudo-Gothic1853

classicizing1865

classicistic1866

serio-grotesque1873

geometric1877

neoclassical1877

modernistic1878

neoclassic1878

pseudo-archaic1878

William Morris1883

protocorinthian1884

veristic1884

William and Mary1886

Yuan1888

romanticistic1889

veritistic1894

auto-destructive1895

pre-Romantic1895

Trajanic1906

neo-realistic1909

New Romantic1909

neo-realist1912

futuristic1915

postmodern1916

Dada1918

Dadaist1918

surrealist1918

proto-Romantic1920

expressionistic1921

modernista1924

super-realist1925

superrealistic1925

postmodernist1926

proto-Baroque1926

post-symbolist1927

pre-modernist1927

surrealistic1930

Renaissancist1932

Colonial Revival1934

neo-baroque1935

socialist-realist1935

social realist1949

social realistic1949

kitchen sink1954

William IV1955

formalistic1957

Zhdanovite1957

neo-Dadaist1960

neo-modernist1960

William Morrisy1960

neo-Dada1962

Zhdanovist1966

conceptual1969

conceptualist1973

po-mo1987

pathetic1990

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [adjective] > pastoral

pastorical1559

pastoral1566

pastoritious1656

pastory1752

loco-descriptive1780

Peter-pastoral1819

society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [adjective]

pastorical1559

pastoral1566

bucolic1609

pastory1752

1566 R. Cox (title) Acteon and Diana; with a pastoral story of the nymph Oenone.

a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. F2^v Is it then the Pastorall Poem which is misliked?

1602 W. Segar Honor Mil. & Civill iv. iii. 213 In the Playes Floreall, and in the Pastoral Comedies.

1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 38 The Scripture..affords us a divine pastoral Drama in the Song of Salomon.

1751 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 52 Pretty pastoral music.

1781 S. Johnson Philips in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VIII. 10 The Italians soon transferred Pastoral Poetry into their own language..and all nations of Europe filled volumes with Thyrsis and Damon, and Thestylis and Phyllis.

1822 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 12 659 Much pastoral poetry now wore the semblance of very tasteful butter-prints.

1895 C. H. Herford Spenser's Shepheards Cal. Introd. 27 Drama and romance, dialogue and lyric, satire and epigram, had all..invested themselves in pastoral disguise.

1948 T. Heggen Mister Roberts vi. 80 He painted a simple pastoral scene, animals grazing in a field.

1968 J. Arnold Shell Bk. Country Crafts 316 The Pibcorn, of Wales, dating from the eighteenth century, was a pastoral hornpipe.

2002 Village Voice (N.Y.) 8 Jan. 71/4 The pastoral morality films that were a staple of silent Swedish cinema.

b. Of a landscape, scene, etc.: having a simplicity or natural charm associated with pastureland.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective] > scenic > picturesque

boscaresque1742

pastoral1815

picture postcard1899

picture-postcardish1969

1815 W. Wordsworth Poems II. 22 The grace of forest charms decayed, And pastoral melancholy.

1872 H. I. Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lake District (1879) 42 The scenery round Esthwaite Water is purely pastoral.

1873 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice (new ed.) I. Pref. to New Ed. p. vii The circular temple of the Croydon Gas Company adorned the centre of the pastoral and sylvan scene.

1925 Amer. Mercury Oct. 209/2 Out of just such a pastoral calm had come the terrible annoyances of the Wilsoniad.

1970 W. Apel Harvard Dict. Music (rev. ed.) 774/2 The siciliana occurs as a slow movement in early sonatas..as well as in vocal music..whenever gentle pastoral scenes are to be represented musically.

1999 Caravan Mag. June 41/2 A blend of pastoral valleys, waterfalls, grit-capped fells, hay meadows, dry-stone walls, [etc.].

II. Relating to spiritual care.

a. Of or relating to a pastor or minister; concerned with the spiritual care of a Christian congregation or community.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > pastor > [adjective]

pastoral?a1475

angelical1609

pastorly1616

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. 381 The archebishchoppe Derobernense ȝafe cure pastoralle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. was archebissop; L. pastoralem curam impendebat] to the peple of Scottes.

1563 J. Foxe tr. Bp. Tunstall in Actes & Monuments 449/1 By the deuty of our pastorall office.

1635 Bp. F. White Treat. Sabbath-day Ep. Ded. sig. A2 Some private form of pasturall collation with their flocke.

1715 Boston News-let. 26 Sept. 2/1 On Monday last.., Dyed here the Reverend Mr. Thomas Bridge, in the Fifty Ninth Year of his Age, and the Eleventh of his Pastoral Office in this Place.

1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxxii. 184 The pastoral labours of the archbishop of Constantinople.

1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion vii. 314 A Priest he was by function; but..By books unsteadied, by his pastoral care Too little checked.

1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch III. lvii. 273 He had never since the memorable evening deviated from his old pastoral kindness towards her.

1920 Glasgow Herald 21 Oct. 8 It was the custom of the priest to go about his pastoral duties on a favourite pony.

1990 Newsweek 6 Aug. 70/3 In a country that is so thoroughly Roman Catholic that even the Marxists have their children baptized, any pastoral effort inevitably affects the body politic.

b. Education. Of or relating to the care or responsibility of a teacher for a pupil's general well-being.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > teaching > teacher > [adjective] > relating to care for pupil's well-being

pastoral1954

1954 F. G. Patton Good Morning, Miss Dove 104 Though it was her custom to pay pastoral calls at the residences of her pupils, she had never called upon William's grandmother.

1971 Daily Tel. 18 Nov. 18 In the last few years, there has been a growing recognition that the school's responsibility for the individual child is pastoral as well as academic.

2002 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 23 Nov. 10 Many schools are so preoccupied with academic excellence and targets that their pastoral role is being pushed into the background.

Compounds

C1. Compounds of the noun (in sense A. 3).

† pastoral-maker n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

a1720 J. Sheffield Wks. (1753) I. 146 Whose simple profession's a pastoral-maker.

† pastoral-monger n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhetoric II. xxxix. 341 Our common Pastoral-mongers.

pastoral writer n.

ΚΠ

1713 R. Steele Guardian No. 30. ⁋2 The generality of pastoral-writers.

1753 J. Warton in tr. Virgil Eclogues vii. in J. Warton et al. tr. Virgil Wks. I. 123 (note) The images..will not bear to be dress'd up with florid epithets and pompous language, as is the custom of our pastoral writers.

1991 Speculum 66 718 Goffart presents Gregory of Tours not as the naïf of common assumption but as a skilful pastoral writer.

C2. Compounds of the adjective.

pastoral charge n. Christian Church religious authority over and responsibility for a particular body of Christians; (now, in Congregationalist and Presbyterian Churches) a congregation or church in the care of a particular minister (cf. charge n. 14a).

ΚΠ

1599 R. Parsons Temperate Ward-word vii. 101 Christ three tymes sayth to him..feed my lambes and feed my sheep..committing the whole churche to his pastoral charge.

1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 320 The Pope, as Pastor of Christian men, is King of Kings: which all Christian Kings ought..either to confess, or else they ought to take upon themselves the Supreme Pastoral Charge, every one in his own dominion.

1811 I. Mitchell Asylum II. xvii. 277 Edgar was called to the pastoral charge of this unsophisticated people.

1880 Amer. Missionary Aug. 237 Rev. Mr. Roberts..has been appointed to take the pastoral charge of the church at Paris, Texas.

1994 United Church Observer Oct. 65/1 This is a pastoral charge of 300 families with a part-time C.E. worker, active lay leaders and a recently expanded church facility.

Pastoral Epistle n. Christian Church (a) = pastoral letter n.; (b) (in plural) the books 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus in the New Testament, which deal chiefly with the duties of pastors.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > New Testament > epistle > [noun] > pastoral

Pastoral Epistle1738

pastoral1901

1738 C. Fleming (title) A letter to the Revd. Dr. Cobden..containing an exact copy of a pastoral epistle to the Protestant dissenters in his parishes.

1836 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1845) II. 22 I am..engaged upon the three Pastoral Epistles.

1990 Oxf. Illustr. Hist. Christianity (BNC) In the Pastoral Epistles the noun presbyters often appears in the plural, bishop in the singular.

pastoral lease n. Australian and New Zealand a lease of land for sheep or cattle farming.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease

year-tack1532

rental1541

running1696

improving leasea1723

improvement lease1825

pastoral lease1850

lend-lease1941

lease-back1947

1850 Papers Relating to Crown Lands in Austral. Colonies 95 in Parl. Papers XXXVII. 287 You are empowered to grant pastoral leases for eight years... No leases.., whether pastoral or tillage leases, are to convey a perpetual right of renewal.

1894 W. Epps Land Syst. Australasia 154 In the event of a renewal of any pastoral lease being determined upon, it must be offered at auction 12 months before the expiry of the term.

1985 Bulletin (Sydney) 4 June 32/3 There are about 230 pastoral leases in the territory, running about one to one and a quarter million cattle.

pastoral letter n. [after French lettre pastorale (1688 in the title translated in quot. 1688)] Christian Church an official letter from a bishop to all the clergy or congregations of the diocese.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > bishop > [noun] > see of > letter to

mandate1570

pastoral letter1688

1688 tr. P. Jurieu (title) Monsieur Jurieu's Pastoral letters, directed to the Protestants in France, who groan under the Babylonish captivity.

1764 Ann. Reg. 1763 120 The archbishop of Paris..lately published a mandate, or pastoral letter, to the people of his diocese.

2001 Time 20 Aug. 69/1 In 1994 Pope John Paul II emphatically restated the ban in a pastoral letter.

pastoral staff n. Christian Church a bishop's crozier.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > staff > [noun] > bishop's

staffa1122

bat?c1225

bagle1330

crosec1330

potent1348

crookc1386

croche14..

cley-staffc1440

baculc1449

cross-staffa1464

pastoral staff?a1475

crosier's staff1488

crosier1500

crose-staff1549

pastoral1658

beagle-rod1664

tau staff1843

tau1855

tau crosier1900

?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 381 (MED) Seynte Wulstan, takynge his pastoralle staffe, fixede hit at the feete of seynte Edwarde kynge.

1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Certayne Notes Ministracion f. xxxvii*^v His pastorall staffe in his hande.

1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt. 218 In their originall, Bishops were meerely Donatives from the Crowne, being invested by delivery of the Ring and pastoral staffe.

1718 Entertainer No. 32. 215 A Hooker in his Country Cottage may be as upright and conscientious as his Provincial invested with his Pastoral Staff.

1888 Archaeologia 51 356 A bishop or abbot holding a crook-like pastoral staff.

1990 R. W. Southern St. Anselm (BNC) 265 The day left Anselm in possession of the pastoral staff, but there was still a long way to go before he was a fully consecrated archbishop.

pastoral theology n. Christian Church the branch of theology which deals with religious truth in relation to spiritual needs.

ΚΠ

1820 A. Alexander (title) Lectures on pastoral theology.

1830 Biblical Repertory July 417 Besides his lectures on this subject, he delivered others upon pastoral theology.

2003 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 8 Feb. (Religion) 1 Esperanza Monterrubio accompanied her husband in his training..earning the same diploma in pastoral theology as the deacons.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	pastoral
释义	pastoraln.adj. Brit. /ˈpɑːst(ə)rəl/, /ˈpɑːst(ə)rl̩/, /ˈpast(ə)rəl/, /ˈpast(ə)rl̩/, U.S. /ˈpæstər(ə)l/, /pæsˈtɔr(ə)l/ Forms: Old English pastoralem, Old English pastorales (plural), Middle English pastoralis, Middle English–1500s pastoralle, Middle English– pastoral, 1500s–1600s pastorall, 1500s–1600s pasturall, 1700s past'ral; also Scottish pre-1700 pastorail. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pāstōrālis. Etymology: < classical Latin pāstōrālis relating to the tending of livestock, (of poetry) bucolic, in post-classical Latin also relating to a pastor or minister (5th cent.; frequently from 8th cent. in British sources), also as noun (as pastorale or pastoralis ) book on the care of souls (from 8th cent. in British sources, with reference to St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis; earlier in sense ‘pasturage’: see pastural adj. and n.) < pāstōr pastor n. + -ālis -al suffix¹. Compare Old French, Middle French, French pastoral , adjective (c1200 with reference to spiritual leaders, 1247 with reference to shepherds), Italian pastorale , adjective (a1243 with reference to bishops, a1375 with reference to shepherds), Spanish pastoral , noun (1376–96 with reference to St Gregory's work) and adjective (1350–1450 in an ecclesiastical context, 1490 in cantico pastoral ). With senses at branch A. II. compare pastorale n., pastorel n., pastorella n., pastoreta n., pastourelle n., and foreign-language parallels and models cited s.vv. With sense B. I. compare also pastural adj.With pastoral office (see e.g. quot. 1563 at sense B. 3a) compare post-classical Latin officium pastorale (5th cent.). In Old English in form pastoralem after the Latin accusative singular. It is not clear whether the Middle English form pastoralis represents the Latin nominative singular as found in the title of St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis or the Middle English plural. Elsewhere, the work is referred to by an English plural form (compare quot. ?a1425 at sense A. 1a). A. n. I. A person or thing associated with spiritual care. 1. †a. A book on the care of souls. Obsolete.Originally chiefly (in plural) with reference to the title of St Gregory's Cura Pastoralis. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > book (general) > service book (general) > [noun] > concerning pastorate pastoralOE OE List of Bks., Worcester in A. J. Robertson Anglo-Saxon Charters (1956) 250 Þe englisca martirlogium, & ii englisce salteras, & ii pastorales englisce, & þe englisca regol, [etc.]. OE Ælfric Let. to Wulfsige (Corpus Cambr.) in B. Fehr Die Hirtenbriefe Ælfrics (1914) 13 He sceal habban eac þa wæpna to þam gastlicum weorce..þæt synd þa halgan bec: saltere and pistolboc, godspellboc and mæsseboc, sangboc and handboc, gerim and pastoralem, penitentialem and rædingboc. Remonstr. against Romish Corruptions (Titus) (1851) 4 This article is opinli taught..bi seynt Gregori in his morals and in his pastoralis. ?a1425 (a1415) Lanterne of Liȝt (Harl.) (1917) 9 (MED) To þise vnrepentaunt men spekiþ Gregor moost scharpli in hise pastorals. ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1874) V. 391 (MED) Gregory..made mony noble werkes, as..þe pastoralles [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. while he was an herde; L. pastoralis] and the dialoges. 1526 W. Bonde Pylgrimage of Perfection iii. sig. EEii So saithe saynt Gregorie in his pastoralles. a1633 G. Herbert Priest to Temple (1652) To Rdr. sig. A4^v Others..may..add to those points which I have observed, until the Book grow to a complete Pastoral. a1819 R. Watt Bibliotheca Brit. (1824) I. at St Gregory A Pastoral, or a Treatise on the Duties of a Pastor. 1892 C. G. McCrie Worship Presbyterian Scotl. i. 20 Among the books are a Pastoral [etc.]. b. A letter from a spiritual pastor; spec. = pastoral letter n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > communication > correspondence > letter > [noun] > ecclesiastical letter communicatory letters1611 missive letterc1650 pastoral1758 1758 J. O'Brien Let. 23 Apr. in E. Ò. Ciardha Ireland & Jacobite Cause (2002) vii. 363 The subscribers of the infamous pastoral are now in great confusion. 1852 Rep. Sel. Comm. Outrages (Ireland) (HC 438) 277 in Parl. Papers 1852 XIV. 1 The bishops and archbishops..have on every occasion.., by pastorals and otherwise, discountenanced and discouraged illegal societies. 1885 Manch. Examiner 17 Feb. 5/6 The Lenten pastoral..was read in the Roman Catholic churches of the archdiocese of Dublin on Sunday. 1958 B. Behan Borstal Boy i. 69 Cardinal Hinsley and the Hierarchy of England have issued pastorals denouncing the I.R.A. 1994 Church Times 2 Dec. 3/2 All we had in response was the House of Bishops' pastoral, early this year, passing the buck back to the dioceses. c. Christian Church. In plural. The pastoral epistles. Cf. Pastoral Epistle n. (b) at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > New Testament > epistle > [noun] > pastoral Pastoral Epistle1738 pastoral1901 1901 Expositor July 71 In considering the authorship of the Pastorals. 1902 J. Denney Death of Christ iii. 115 Leaving out the Pastorals, Paul wrote his other epistles within the space of ten years. 1994 Computers & Humanities 28 101/2 The Pastorals showed less vocabulary connectivity with the total Pauline vocabulary than did the rest of the letters. 2. A pastoral staff, a crozier. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > staff > [noun] > bishop's staffa1122 bat?c1225 bagle1330 crosec1330 potent1348 crookc1386 croche14.. cley-staffc1440 baculc1449 cross-staffa1464 pastoral staff?a1475 crosier's staff1488 crosier1500 crose-staff1549 pastoral1658 beagle-rod1664 tau staff1843 tau1855 tau crosier1900 1658 Hist. Queen Christina 407 They showed her the rod of Moses, the pastorall of Aaron, Arca Foederis [etc.]. 1672 London Gaz. No. 670/4 The Officers at Arms carrying the Pastoral and Mitre. 1903 Westm. Gaz. 15 July 1/2 Twenty-eight tiaras ornamented with precious stones,..sixteen pastorals in gold and precious stones. II. A person or thing associated with the tending of livestock. 3. a. A literary work portraying rural life or the life of shepherds, esp. in an idealized or romantic form. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > pastoral pastoral1584 pastory1717 society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [noun] pastoral1584 bucolicon1640 bucolics1870 1584 in P. Cunningham Revels at Court (1842) 188 A pastorall of Phillyda and Choryn presented and enacted before her Ma^te by her highnes servauntes on S^t. Stephens daie. c1620 T. Robinson Mary Magdalene (1899) To Ld. Clifford 5 Some, Cronicles and Warlicke strains admire; Others, a deepe conceited Pastorall. 1697 K. Chetwood Pref. to Pastorals in J. Dryden tr. Virgil Wks. sig. **1 Pastorals are fallen into Disesteem. 1781 A. Francis Poet. Transl. Song of Solomon* p. xii As to the nature of this poem, the learned have disagreed; some calling it a simple pastoral, others a sublime allegory. 1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice II. v. viii. 169 Persons of our rank do not marry like the Corydon and Phillis of a pastoral. 1883 Harper's Mag. Oct. 692/1 Their large genial faces, beaming with solid virtues, were like two fine harmonious stanzas of a pastoral. 1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 171/2 The pastoral, which tells how Marion resisted the knight, and remained faithful to Robert the shepherd, is based on an old chanson. 1935 W. Empson Some Versions of Pastoral i. 11 The essential trick of the old pastoral, which was felt to imply a beautiful relation between rich and poor, was to make simple people express strong feelings (felt as the most universal subject, something fundamentally true about everybody) in learned and fashionable language (so that you wrote about the best subject in the best way). 1987 G. Phelps Short Guide to World Novel (1988) 25 The deities are mostly rustic ones (as in the case of Pan) and therefore appropriate to a pastoral. b. Music. = pastorale n. 1b. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > music > type of music > vocal music > opera > [noun] > pastoral pastoral1614 pastorale1876 1591 E. Spenser Complaints sig. F3 And arbors sweet, in which the Shepheards swaines Were wont so oft their Pastoralls to sing.] 1614 T. Ravenscroft Briefe Disc. Musicke 14 The common practise (in Composition for Church Songs, Madrigalls, Pastoralls, Ballads &c.) charactereth this Diminution with denigrated Notes. 1656 T. Blount Glossographia Pastoral (pastorale carmen), a song of Herdsmen or Shepherds. 1819 T. Hope Anastasius (1820) III. 323 This gentleman..wondered he should have inspired me..with the scenas of a pastoral. 1853 W. M. Thackeray Eng. Humourists iv. 176 The pretty little personages of the pastoral..dance their loves to a minuet-tune. 1983 ‘Trevanian’ Summer of Katya (1984) 191 The rattle of the stick drum from the village square told me the pastoral of Robert le Diable was in progress. c. A rural and idyllic scene or picture. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > painting and drawing > painting > painting according to subject > [noun] > landscape-painting > a landscape or view > type of paysage1611 winter piece1612 rockscape1754 pastoral1798 skyscape1811 snow scene1836 icescape1839 cloudscape1868 townscape1880 winterscape1884 treescape1885 farmscape1886 cowscape1896 roadscape1899 cityscape1915 dunescape1928 slumscape1947 hellscape1959 jungle-scape1973 1798 T. Jones Memoirs (1951) 38 A Pastoral on a Kitcat Cloth. 1820 J. Keats Ode on Grecian Urn in Lamia & Other Poems 116 With forest branches and the trodden weed; Thou, silent form... Cold Pastoral! 1903 Westm. Gaz. 23 Nov. 2/2 The most striking of the Gainsboroughs..is the large ‘pastoral’ which hangs in the middle of the North Wall. 1983 Financial Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. i. 13 The development of Claude's maturity, from the early pastorals of the 1630s, to the more deeply allusive and mysterious landscapes of the 60s and 70s. †4. In plural. Rural games or pastimes. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > other types of game > [noun] > pastoral pastoralsa1586 a1586 Sir P. Sidney Arcadia (1590) i. xix. sig. M5 To know whether it were not more requisite for Zelmanes hurt to rest, then sit vp at those pastimes; and she..earnestly desiring to haue Pastorals, Basilius commanded it should be at the gate of the lodge. 1651 A. Weamys Contin. Sydney's Arcadia 178 Urania..was missing, not to publick Pastorals, nor yet solitarie Retirements. 5. Pastoral poetry as a form or style of literary composition. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [noun] > collectively bucolics1531 reed1566 rurals1589 pastoral1598 1598 F. Meres Palladis Tamia 284 As Theocritus in Greeke, Virgil and Mantuan in Latine, Sanazar in Italian..are the best for pastorall. 1603 W. Shakespeare Hamlet ii. ii. 399 The best Actors in Christendome, Either for Comedy, Tragedy, Historie, Pastorall. 1713 A. Pope in Guardian 27 Apr. 1/1 The first Rule of Pastoral, that its Idea should be taken from the Manners of the Golden Age, and the Moral form'd upon the Representation of Innocence. 1749 J. Mason Ess. Power of Numbers & Princ. Harmony 75 Speak here..of the several sorts of English poetry, as divided into Heroic, Pastoral, Elegy, Satire, Comedy, Tragedy, Epigram and Lyric. 1829 T. Hood May-Day in Gem 1 181 The Golden Age is not to be regilt; Pastoral is gone out, and Pan extinct. 1895 C. H. Herford Spenser's Shepheards Cal. Introd. 36 Pastoral, from Vergil onward, has been persistently allegorical. 1935 W. Empson Some Versions of Pastoral ii. 71 The more usual method is to make the thing safely playful by mixing it both with myth and pastoral. 1957 N. Frye Anat. Crit. 43 The pastoral of popular modern literature is the Western Story. 1999 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 15 July 45/2 Because pastoral is an anthropocentric form, Buell cannot reconcile it with his view of Walden. †6. a. A shepherd, a herdsman. Cf. pastorel n., pastor n. 2. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [noun] > sheep herding > shepherd shepherda1023 sheep's herdc1175 shepc1381 herd-groomc1384 pastorc1400 pastorelc1440 groomc1550 Pan1579 sheepman1591 pastoral1607 sheep-ward1609 feeder1611 sheep-herder1872 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [noun] > herding > herdsman or woman herdc725 herdmanc1000 lookera1225 tripherd1305 hogger1327 pastorc1400 pastorelc1440 leader1495 pasture-man1547 herd-maid1588 herdsman1603 pastoral1607 feeder1611 creaght1634 herder1635 keep1641 creaghter1653 town herd1760 herd-boy1799 stock-keeper1806 senn1826 herd-girla1856 herd-laddie1865 pastoralist1879 1607 W. N. Barley-breake sig. A3 Old Elpin with his sweete and louely May Would oft prepare (as Pastorals vie to doe) To keepe their sheep. b. Australian. A sheep or cattle farmer; a pastoralist. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > [noun] > stock-farmer breeder1531 stock-farmer1769 Boer1776 stock-breeder1815 stockholder1819 veeboer1824 ranchero1825 rancher1836 ranchman1854 stockman1856 pastoral1876 stock-keeper1912 1876 ‘R. Boldrewood’ Colonial Reformer ii, in Austral. Town & Country Jrnl. (Sydney) 8 July 62/2 One of the pastorals looked at the other in astonishment. B. adj. I. Relating to the tending of livestock. 1. a. Of or relating to shepherds or their occupation; relating to or occupied in the care of flocks or herds; (Australian and New Zealand) spec. engaged in or relating to the farming of livestock as opposed to the production of crops. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > sheep-farming > [adjective] > shepherd pastoral?a1475 shepherdly1546 shepherdisha1586 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1869) II. 229 (MED) Tubal exercisede firste musike to alleuiate the tediosenes pastoralle [Trev. while he was an herde; L. pastorale]. c1550 Complaynt Scotl. (1979) vi. 34 Pastoral and rustical ocupatione. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. ix. xxxvi. 340 They were clad in pastoral weeds like heardmen. 1637 J. Milton Comus 12 Or sound of pastoral reed with oaten stops. 1744 J. Thomson Summer in Seasons (new ed.) 71 The pastoral Queen..rays Her Smiles, sweet-beaming, on her Shepherd-King. 1759 O. Goldsmith Enq. Present State Polite Learning iii Happy country, where the pastoral age begins to revive! 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. vi. 178 Fruits, cream, and all the pastoral luxury his cottage afforded. 1831 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 1 7 [Australia.] He thinks the pastoral life will be found more profitable than the agricultural. 1849 H. Stephens Bk. of Farm (ed. 2) I. 532/1 Pastoral farms, devoted to sheep. 1874 T. Hardy Far from Madding Crowd I. vi. 68 Thinking of his misfortunes, amorous and pastoral, he fell asleep. 1888 A. P. Martin Oak-bough & Wattle-blossom 38 The whole colony was suffering under the distress; pastoral and agricultural interests were dead. 1909 G. V. Lagden Basutos I. 20 The Bataung were more given to pastoral habits than to fighting. 1942 H. H. Peck Mem. of Stockman 245 Scion of an old South Australian pastoral family. 1949 N. Jasny Socialized Agric. U.S.S.R. iii. xiii. 323 The Kazakhi, a Mongol pastoral tribe inhabiting mainly Kazakhstan. 1991 Nature 24 Jan. 281/2 Camels and goats..are frequently important components of traditional pastoral systems. b. Of land or countryside: used for pasture; (Australian and New Zealand) spec. of or relating to land used for the farming of livestock (as opposed to land used for arable farming). ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > farm > farmland > grassland > [adjective] > pasture pastured1598 pastoragious1632 grazed1649 pastoral1794 torey1893 1794 A. Radcliffe Myst. of Udolpho I. i. 1 The pastoral landscapes of Guienne and Gascony. 1798 W. Cowper Poems: On Receipt Mother's Picture 6 Once we call'd the past'ral house our own. 1832 Jrnl. Royal Geogr. Soc. 2 104 Those extensive tracts of pastoral country, from which the colonists are annually obtaining so many thousand fleeces. 1847 G. Grote Hist. Greece III. ii. xxiv. 564 Epirus is essentially a pastoral country. 1895 Econ. Jrnl. 5 79 Pastoral areas..are let on lease for fourteen years at a rental based on the capacity of the land to carry sheep or cattle. 1940 J. Cowan Sir Donald Maclean 3 The experience he gained..was useful..when he came to take up a pastoral block in Hawke's Bay. 1987 Stock & Land (Melbourne) 5 Mar. 61/1 Very good rains in major pastoral regions have intensified the cattle shortage. c. Australian and New Zealand. Engaged in or relating to livestock farming as an industry. ΚΠ 1852 J. West Hist. Tasmania i. 110 Captain Dixon..suggested the formation of a pastoral company, with a capital divided into £100 shares, as a profitable scheme. 1891 Proc. Royal Geogr. Soc. 13 356 Much of the southern portion is stocked with sheep and cattle... As further water supplies are obtained the pastoral industry must increase. 1938 R. M. Burdon High Country 150 The time when the pastoral industry had been of supreme importance was passing by. 1980 Anglican Messenger (W. Austral.) Sept. 1 They would be doing a service for the whole pastoral industry. 1998 I. de la Bere Last Deception Palliser Wentwood vi. 164 Philip talked..about the rural economy and the need for horticulture to underpin the pastoral sector. 2. a. Of poetry, music, pictures, etc.: portraying rural life or characters, esp. in an idealized or romantic manner; bucolic. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > the arts in general > [adjective] > specific movement or period classical1546 pastoral1566 classic1597 Medicean1652 romantic1812 tedesco1814 realistic1829 realista1832 pseudo-classic1833 classicist1838 pseudo-classical1838 renaissant1839 modernist1848 post-classic1850 post-classical1851 pseudo-Gothic1853 classicizing1865 classicistic1866 serio-grotesque1873 geometric1877 neoclassical1877 modernistic1878 neoclassic1878 pseudo-archaic1878 William Morris1883 protocorinthian1884 veristic1884 William and Mary1886 Yuan1888 romanticistic1889 veritistic1894 auto-destructive1895 pre-Romantic1895 Trajanic1906 neo-realistic1909 New Romantic1909 neo-realist1912 futuristic1915 postmodern1916 Dada1918 Dadaist1918 surrealist1918 proto-Romantic1920 expressionistic1921 modernista1924 super-realist1925 superrealistic1925 postmodernist1926 proto-Baroque1926 post-symbolist1927 pre-modernist1927 surrealistic1930 Renaissancist1932 Colonial Revival1934 neo-baroque1935 socialist-realist1935 social realist1949 social realistic1949 kitchen sink1954 William IV1955 formalistic1957 Zhdanovite1957 neo-Dadaist1960 neo-modernist1960 William Morrisy1960 neo-Dada1962 Zhdanovist1966 conceptual1969 conceptualist1973 po-mo1987 pathetic1990 society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [adjective] > pastoral pastorical1559 pastoral1566 pastoritious1656 pastory1752 loco-descriptive1780 Peter-pastoral1819 society > leisure > the arts > literature > poetry > poem or piece of poetry > pastoral poem > [adjective] pastorical1559 pastoral1566 bucolic1609 pastory1752 1566 R. Cox (title) Acteon and Diana; with a pastoral story of the nymph Oenone. a1586 Sir P. Sidney Apol. Poetrie (1595) sig. F2^v Is it then the Pastorall Poem which is misliked? 1602 W. Segar Honor Mil. & Civill iv. iii. 213 In the Playes Floreall, and in the Pastoral Comedies. 1641 J. Milton Reason Church-govt. 38 The Scripture..affords us a divine pastoral Drama in the Song of Salomon. 1751 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 52 Pretty pastoral music. 1781 S. Johnson Philips in Pref. Wks. Eng. Poets VIII. 10 The Italians soon transferred Pastoral Poetry into their own language..and all nations of Europe filled volumes with Thyrsis and Damon, and Thestylis and Phyllis. 1822 Blackwood's Edinb. Mag. 12 659 Much pastoral poetry now wore the semblance of very tasteful butter-prints. 1895 C. H. Herford Spenser's Shepheards Cal. Introd. 27 Drama and romance, dialogue and lyric, satire and epigram, had all..invested themselves in pastoral disguise. 1948 T. Heggen Mister Roberts vi. 80 He painted a simple pastoral scene, animals grazing in a field. 1968 J. Arnold Shell Bk. Country Crafts 316 The Pibcorn, of Wales, dating from the eighteenth century, was a pastoral hornpipe. 2002 Village Voice (N.Y.) 8 Jan. 71/4 The pastoral morality films that were a staple of silent Swedish cinema. b. Of a landscape, scene, etc.: having a simplicity or natural charm associated with pastureland. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > [adjective] > scenic > picturesque boscaresque1742 pastoral1815 picture postcard1899 picture-postcardish1969 1815 W. Wordsworth Poems II. 22 The grace of forest charms decayed, And pastoral melancholy. 1872 H. I. Jenkinson Guide Eng. Lake District (1879) 42 The scenery round Esthwaite Water is purely pastoral. 1873 J. Ruskin Stones of Venice (new ed.) I. Pref. to New Ed. p. vii The circular temple of the Croydon Gas Company adorned the centre of the pastoral and sylvan scene. 1925 Amer. Mercury Oct. 209/2 Out of just such a pastoral calm had come the terrible annoyances of the Wilsoniad. 1970 W. Apel Harvard Dict. Music (rev. ed.) 774/2 The siciliana occurs as a slow movement in early sonatas..as well as in vocal music..whenever gentle pastoral scenes are to be represented musically. 1999 Caravan Mag. June 41/2 A blend of pastoral valleys, waterfalls, grit-capped fells, hay meadows, dry-stone walls, [etc.]. II. Relating to spiritual care. 3. a. Of or relating to a pastor or minister; concerned with the spiritual care of a Christian congregation or community. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > pastor > [adjective] pastoral?a1475 angelical1609 pastorly1616 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1882) VIII. 381 The archebishchoppe Derobernense ȝafe cure pastoralle [a1387 J. Trevisa tr. was archebissop; L. pastoralem curam impendebat] to the peple of Scottes. 1563 J. Foxe tr. Bp. Tunstall in Actes & Monuments 449/1 By the deuty of our pastorall office. 1635 Bp. F. White Treat. Sabbath-day Ep. Ded. sig. A2 Some private form of pasturall collation with their flocke. 1715 Boston News-let. 26 Sept. 2/1 On Monday last.., Dyed here the Reverend Mr. Thomas Bridge, in the Fifty Ninth Year of his Age, and the Eleventh of his Pastoral Office in this Place. 1781 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall III. xxxii. 184 The pastoral labours of the archbishop of Constantinople. 1814 W. Wordsworth Excursion vii. 314 A Priest he was by function; but..By books unsteadied, by his pastoral care Too little checked. View more context for this quotation 1872 ‘G. Eliot’ Middlemarch III. lvii. 273 He had never since the memorable evening deviated from his old pastoral kindness towards her. 1920 Glasgow Herald 21 Oct. 8 It was the custom of the priest to go about his pastoral duties on a favourite pony. 1990 Newsweek 6 Aug. 70/3 In a country that is so thoroughly Roman Catholic that even the Marxists have their children baptized, any pastoral effort inevitably affects the body politic. b. Education. Of or relating to the care or responsibility of a teacher for a pupil's general well-being. ΘΚΠ society > education > teaching > teacher > [adjective] > relating to care for pupil's well-being pastoral1954 1954 F. G. Patton Good Morning, Miss Dove 104 Though it was her custom to pay pastoral calls at the residences of her pupils, she had never called upon William's grandmother. 1971 Daily Tel. 18 Nov. 18 In the last few years, there has been a growing recognition that the school's responsibility for the individual child is pastoral as well as academic. 2002 Gloucestershire Echo (Nexis) 23 Nov. 10 Many schools are so preoccupied with academic excellence and targets that their pastoral role is being pushed into the background. Compounds C1. Compounds of the noun (in sense A. 3). † pastoral-maker n. Obsolete ΚΠ a1720 J. Sheffield Wks. (1753) I. 146 Whose simple profession's a pastoral-maker. † pastoral-monger n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1783 H. Blair Lect. Rhetoric II. xxxix. 341 Our common Pastoral-mongers. pastoral writer n. ΚΠ 1713 R. Steele Guardian No. 30. ⁋2 The generality of pastoral-writers. 1753 J. Warton in tr. Virgil Eclogues vii. in J. Warton et al. tr. Virgil Wks. I. 123 (note) The images..will not bear to be dress'd up with florid epithets and pompous language, as is the custom of our pastoral writers. 1991 Speculum 66 718 Goffart presents Gregory of Tours not as the naïf of common assumption but as a skilful pastoral writer. C2. Compounds of the adjective. pastoral charge n. Christian Church religious authority over and responsibility for a particular body of Christians; (now, in Congregationalist and Presbyterian Churches) a congregation or church in the care of a particular minister (cf. charge n. 14a). ΚΠ 1599 R. Parsons Temperate Ward-word vii. 101 Christ three tymes sayth to him..feed my lambes and feed my sheep..committing the whole churche to his pastoral charge. 1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xlii. 320 The Pope, as Pastor of Christian men, is King of Kings: which all Christian Kings ought..either to confess, or else they ought to take upon themselves the Supreme Pastoral Charge, every one in his own dominion. 1811 I. Mitchell Asylum II. xvii. 277 Edgar was called to the pastoral charge of this unsophisticated people. 1880 Amer. Missionary Aug. 237 Rev. Mr. Roberts..has been appointed to take the pastoral charge of the church at Paris, Texas. 1994 United Church Observer Oct. 65/1 This is a pastoral charge of 300 families with a part-time C.E. worker, active lay leaders and a recently expanded church facility. Pastoral Epistle n. Christian Church (a) = pastoral letter n.; (b) (in plural) the books 1 and 2 Timothy and Titus in the New Testament, which deal chiefly with the duties of pastors. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > Bible, Scripture > Testament > New Testament > epistle > [noun] > pastoral Pastoral Epistle1738 pastoral1901 1738 C. Fleming (title) A letter to the Revd. Dr. Cobden..containing an exact copy of a pastoral epistle to the Protestant dissenters in his parishes. 1836 T. Arnold in A. P. Stanley Life & Corr. T. Arnold (1845) II. 22 I am..engaged upon the three Pastoral Epistles. 1990 Oxf. Illustr. Hist. Christianity (BNC) In the Pastoral Epistles the noun presbyters often appears in the plural, bishop in the singular. pastoral lease n. Australian and New Zealand a lease of land for sheep or cattle farming. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > buying > hiring or renting > [noun] > taking on rent or lease > lease > types of land lease year-tack1532 rental1541 running1696 improving leasea1723 improvement lease1825 pastoral lease1850 lend-lease1941 lease-back1947 1850 Papers Relating to Crown Lands in Austral. Colonies 95 in Parl. Papers XXXVII. 287 You are empowered to grant pastoral leases for eight years... No leases.., whether pastoral or tillage leases, are to convey a perpetual right of renewal. 1894 W. Epps Land Syst. Australasia 154 In the event of a renewal of any pastoral lease being determined upon, it must be offered at auction 12 months before the expiry of the term. 1985 Bulletin (Sydney) 4 June 32/3 There are about 230 pastoral leases in the territory, running about one to one and a quarter million cattle. pastoral letter n. [after French lettre pastorale (1688 in the title translated in quot. 1688)] Christian Church an official letter from a bishop to all the clergy or congregations of the diocese. ΘΚΠ society > faith > church government > member of the clergy > clerical superior > bishop > [noun] > see of > letter to mandate1570 pastoral letter1688 1688 tr. P. Jurieu (title) Monsieur Jurieu's Pastoral letters, directed to the Protestants in France, who groan under the Babylonish captivity. 1764 Ann. Reg. 1763 120 The archbishop of Paris..lately published a mandate, or pastoral letter, to the people of his diocese. 2001 Time 20 Aug. 69/1 In 1994 Pope John Paul II emphatically restated the ban in a pastoral letter. pastoral staff n. Christian Church a bishop's crozier. ΘΚΠ society > faith > artefacts > implement (general) > staff > [noun] > bishop's staffa1122 bat?c1225 bagle1330 crosec1330 potent1348 crookc1386 croche14.. cley-staffc1440 baculc1449 cross-staffa1464 pastoral staff?a1475 crosier's staff1488 crosier1500 crose-staff1549 pastoral1658 beagle-rod1664 tau staff1843 tau1855 tau crosier1900 ?a1475 (?a1425) tr. R. Higden Polychron. (Harl. 2261) (1879) VII. 381 (MED) Seynte Wulstan, takynge his pastoralle staffe, fixede hit at the feete of seynte Edwarde kynge. 1549 Bk. Common Prayer (STC 16267) Certayne Notes Ministracion f. xxxvii^v His pastorall staffe in his hande. 1651 N. Bacon Contin. Hist. Disc. Govt.* 218 In their originall, Bishops were meerely Donatives from the Crowne, being invested by delivery of the Ring and pastoral staffe. 1718 Entertainer No. 32. 215 A Hooker in his Country Cottage may be as upright and conscientious as his Provincial invested with his Pastoral Staff. 1888 Archaeologia 51 356 A bishop or abbot holding a crook-like pastoral staff. 1990 R. W. Southern St. Anselm (BNC) 265 The day left Anselm in possession of the pastoral staff, but there was still a long way to go before he was a fully consecrated archbishop. pastoral theology n. Christian Church the branch of theology which deals with religious truth in relation to spiritual needs. ΚΠ 1820 A. Alexander (title) Lectures on pastoral theology. 1830 Biblical Repertory July 417 Besides his lectures on this subject, he delivered others upon pastoral theology. 2003 Houston Chron. (Nexis) 8 Feb. (Religion) 1 Esperanza Monterrubio accompanied her husband in his training..earning the same diploma in pastoral theology as the deacons. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). † pastoralv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pastoral n. Etymology: < pastoral n. Compare earlier pastoralize v. N.E.D. (1904) gives the pronunciation as (ˈpɑ·stŏrăl, ˈpæ-) /ˈpɑːstərəl/ /ˈpæ-/. Obsolete. transitive. With it. To play at being a shepherd or shepherdess. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > mere amusement > do for mere amusement [verb (intransitive)] > represent or imitate for amusement pastoral1827 1827 New Monthly Mag. 19 214 Misses pastoraling it in their..sausage curls. 1891 Athenæum 1 Aug. 159/3 Simichidas proposes that they shall pastoral it together:—Βουκολιασδώμεσθα. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.OEv.1827
随便看	too far north too good for too good to be true too hard for too hot to handle too hot to hold too hot to hold a person too late a week too little, too late too many cooks too many cooks in the kitchen too many cooks spoil the broth too many for too much too much by the head too much for too much information too much of a good thing too much to ask too numerous to mention too posh to push too right too strait too too too true

pastoraln.adj.

Compounds

† pastoralv.