Pareton.

Brit.

/paˈreɪtəʊ/,

/paˈriːtəʊ/, U.S.

/pəˈreɪdoʊ/,

/pəˈridoʊ/

Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Pareto.

Etymology: < the name of Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), French-born Italian economist and sociologist.With sense 1 compare Italian legge di Pareto, principio di Pareto.

Chiefly Economics.

1. attributive and in the genitive. Designating any of the theories or methods of Pareto, esp. with relation to the distribution of wealth, economic efficiency, and the theory of choice. Pareto optimality n. the state of a system (e.g. the distribution of wealth in a society) when there is no alternative in which there is at least one person better off and no one worse off. Pareto principle n. the principle that in any system (e.g. an economy or society) if one individual prefers or is better off under one state of affairs and all other individuals view this state of affairs as at least as good as another (or are at least as well off under it), then this state of affairs should be preferred within the system. Pareto's law n. (also Pareto law) the law by which Pareto claimed that the pattern of income distribution for any society could be described.

ΚΠ

1905 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 68 200 Pareto's law of the distribution of wealth.

1920 A. C. Pigou Econ. of Welfare v. ii. 699 When these points are conceded, the general defence of ‘Pareto's law’ as a law of even limited necessity rapidly crumbles.

1937 G. U. Yule & M. C. Kendall Introd. Theory Statistics (ed. 11) vi. 100 This form of distribution [sc. the extremely asymmetrical] is particularly characteristic of the distribution of wealth in the population at large.., and the curve to which it gives rise has been called the ‘Pareto line’.

1949 W. Feller First Berkeley Symp. Math. Statistics & Probability 418 What ergodicity might possibly mean in practice may be illustrated by the much discussed Pareto law of income distribution.

1952 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 58 260 Condition 1 (Pareto optimality).—If nobody prefers j² to j¹ and somebody prefers j¹ to j², then j¹ is socially preferred to j².

1962 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Aug. 634/1 The Pareto coefficients measuring such interspatial and intertemporal differentials of remuneration show ‘a very considerable consistency’.

1974 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Feb. 172/3 A model of the city which achieves Pareto optimality (ie, a condition in which no one can get any richer through moving without making someone else poorer).

1983 A. Sen in Jrnl. Philos. 80 5 Does individual liberty conflict with the Pareto principle?

1999 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 107 1040 Reluctant contributors..can be provided with incentives to behave in a manner consistent with Pareto optimality.

2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 168 Incremental Pareto improvements can be pieced together to form a path leading to a Pareto-efficient state.

2. Forming adjectives designating the state of a system (esp. an economy) when judged in terms of the principles and methods put forward by Pareto. Pareto-optimal adj. designating the state of a system (e.g. a distribution of goods or wealth) where there is no alternative state in which at least one individual is better off and none is worse off.Often with reference to the results of game-theoretic analyses employing Pareto constraints.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [adjective] > beneficial to one and detrimental to other(s)

Pareto-optimal1953

1953 Papers & Proc. 65th Ann. Meeting Amer. Econ. Assoc. (Amer. Econ. Rev. Vol. 43 No. 2) 403 In a properly defined market economy a point is one of Nash equilibrium whenever it is Pareto-optimal and vice versa.

1958 Rev. Econ. & Statistics 40 330/2 Will a different and arbitrary decision..lead simply to another Pareto optimum or to a Pareto-inferior position?

1968 Canad. Jrnl. Econ. 1 634 A social welfare function permits choices among alternative Pareto-efficient constellations of factor use, production, and consumption.

1976 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 90 150 In general the allocation of productive resources would not be Pareto-optimal.

1980 A. J. Jones Game Theory v. 239 A two person non-cooperative game with payoffs P₁, P₂ to player 1 and 2 respectively is a game of pure conflict or an antagonistic game if all outcomes are Pareto optimal.

1992 J. E. Stiglitz in A. Vercelli & N. Dimitri Macroeconomics iii. 41 The singular case (perfect information, complete markets) in which the economy is Pareto-efficient.

2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 97 It may lead to a pareto-inferior outcome in which each does far more than they did previously but attains only the same result in terms of esteem.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	pareto
释义	Pareton. Brit. /paˈreɪtəʊ/, /paˈriːtəʊ/, U.S. /pəˈreɪdoʊ/, /pəˈridoʊ/ Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Pareto. Etymology: < the name of Vilfredo Pareto (1848–1923), French-born Italian economist and sociologist.With sense 1 compare Italian legge di Pareto, principio di Pareto. Chiefly Economics. 1. attributive and in the genitive. Designating any of the theories or methods of Pareto, esp. with relation to the distribution of wealth, economic efficiency, and the theory of choice. Pareto optimality n. the state of a system (e.g. the distribution of wealth in a society) when there is no alternative in which there is at least one person better off and no one worse off. Pareto principle n. the principle that in any system (e.g. an economy or society) if one individual prefers or is better off under one state of affairs and all other individuals view this state of affairs as at least as good as another (or are at least as well off under it), then this state of affairs should be preferred within the system. Pareto's law n. (also Pareto law) the law by which Pareto claimed that the pattern of income distribution for any society could be described. ΚΠ 1905 Jrnl. Royal Statist. Soc. 68 200 Pareto's law of the distribution of wealth. 1920 A. C. Pigou Econ. of Welfare v. ii. 699 When these points are conceded, the general defence of ‘Pareto's law’ as a law of even limited necessity rapidly crumbles. 1937 G. U. Yule & M. C. Kendall Introd. Theory Statistics (ed. 11) vi. 100 This form of distribution [sc. the extremely asymmetrical] is particularly characteristic of the distribution of wealth in the population at large.., and the curve to which it gives rise has been called the ‘Pareto line’. 1949 W. Feller First Berkeley Symp. Math. Statistics & Probability 418 What ergodicity might possibly mean in practice may be illustrated by the much discussed Pareto law of income distribution. 1952 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 58 260 Condition 1 (Pareto optimality).—If nobody prefers j² to j¹ and somebody prefers j¹ to j², then j¹ is socially preferred to j². 1962 Times Lit. Suppl. 24 Aug. 634/1 The Pareto coefficients measuring such interspatial and intertemporal differentials of remuneration show ‘a very considerable consistency’. 1974 Times Lit. Suppl. 22 Feb. 172/3 A model of the city which achieves Pareto optimality (ie, a condition in which no one can get any richer through moving without making someone else poorer). 1983 A. Sen in Jrnl. Philos. 80 5 Does individual liberty conflict with the Pareto principle? 1999 Jrnl. Polit. Econ. 107 1040 Reluctant contributors..can be provided with incentives to behave in a manner consistent with Pareto optimality. 2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 168 Incremental Pareto improvements can be pieced together to form a path leading to a Pareto-efficient state. 2. Forming adjectives designating the state of a system (esp. an economy) when judged in terms of the principles and methods put forward by Pareto. Pareto-optimal adj. designating the state of a system (e.g. a distribution of goods or wealth) where there is no alternative state in which at least one individual is better off and none is worse off.Often with reference to the results of game-theoretic analyses employing Pareto constraints. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > giving > distributing or dealing out > [adjective] > beneficial to one and detrimental to other(s) Pareto-optimal1953 1953 Papers & Proc. 65th Ann. Meeting Amer. Econ. Assoc. (Amer. Econ. Rev. Vol. 43 No. 2) 403 In a properly defined market economy a point is one of Nash equilibrium whenever it is Pareto-optimal and vice versa. 1958 Rev. Econ. & Statistics 40 330/2 Will a different and arbitrary decision..lead simply to another Pareto optimum or to a Pareto-inferior position? 1968 Canad. Jrnl. Econ. 1 634 A social welfare function permits choices among alternative Pareto-efficient constellations of factor use, production, and consumption. 1976 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 90 150 In general the allocation of productive resources would not be Pareto-optimal. 1980 A. J. Jones Game Theory v. 239 A two person non-cooperative game with payoffs P₁, P₂ to player 1 and 2 respectively is a game of pure conflict or an antagonistic game if all outcomes are Pareto optimal. 1992 J. E. Stiglitz in A. Vercelli & N. Dimitri Macroeconomics iii. 41 The singular case (perfect information, complete markets) in which the economy is Pareto-efficient. 2000 Econ. & Philos. 16 97 It may lead to a pareto-inferior outcome in which each does far more than they did previously but attains only the same result in terms of esteem. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1905
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