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单词 parenthesis
释义

parenthesisn.

Brit. /pəˈrɛnθᵻsɪs/, U.S. /pəˈrɛnθəsəs/
Inflections: Plural parentheses.
Forms: 1500s– parenthesis, 1600s parentesis, 1600s parenthesies (plural).
Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin parenthesis.
Etymology: < post-classical Latin parenthesis rhetorical device by which an example or aside is inserted (3rd cent.; in classical Latin (Quintilian) as a Greek word) < Hellenistic Greek παρένθεσις < ancient Greek παρα- para- prefix1 + ἐν in (see en- prefix1) + θέσις placing (see thesis n.), after Hellenistic Greek παρεντιθέναι to put in beside. Compare Old Occitan parenthezis (c1323; Occitan parentèsi ), Catalan parèntesi (1415 or earlier), Middle French, French parenthèse (c1480 as †parenteze ; 1626 in sense 2a), Spanish paréntesis (1535), Italian parentesi (1549; also 1566 as †parentesis ; 1575 in sense 2a), Portuguese parêntese (16th cent. as †parentêsis).Compare also Older Scots parenthose , in sense 1a (one isolated attestation; probably an error for parenthese < Middle French parenthèse):1572 in Cal. State Papers Scotl. (1905) IV. 218 [The exception included within the] parenthose [must be taken away].
1.
a. A word, clause, or sentence inserted as an explanation, aside, or afterthought into a passage with which it has not necessarily any grammatical connection, in writing usually marked off by brackets, dashes, or commas; (hence, more generally) an afterthought, an explanatory aside.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > parts of a written composition > [noun] > passage > explanatory part of
parenthesis1548
parenthetical1867
1548 Hall's Vnion: Richard III f. xxxiv The Duke somwhat marueylynge at his sodaine pauses as thoughe thei were but parentheses, with a high countenaunce saied: my lorde [etc.].
1592 A. Day 2nd Pt. Eng. Secretorie sig. N2v, in Eng. Secretorie (rev. ed.) Parenthesis, an intercluding of a sentence..commonly set betweene two halfe circles, as thus: I am content (not in respect you deserue so much at my handes) onely for pity sake to hearken vnto you.
1631 R. Byfield Doctr. Sabbath Vindicated 218 Note M. Breerwoods Parenthesies.
1659 in T. Burton Diary (1828) IV. 283 You see the inconveniency of a long parenthesis; we have forgot the sense that went before.
1762 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy V. xvi. 73 The phænomenon had not been worth a parenthesis.
a1834 S. T. Coleridge Lit. Remains (1836) II. 147 I..understand it as a parenthesis, an interadditive of scorn.
1861 C. Dickens Great Expectations I. iv. 53 ‘You listen to this,’ said my sister to me, in a severe parenthesis.
1935 F. S. Fitzgerald Let. 11 Mar. (1964) 260 This letter is a case of the tail (the parenthesis) wagging the dog.
1971 K. Millett Sexual Politics (1972) i. ii. 24 By way of parenthesis one might add [etc.].
1990 L. H. Powers in H. James & E. Wharton Lett. Introd. 5 That explanatory parenthesis may have the look of ‘sour grapes’.
2010 S. Heffer Strictly Eng. iii. 41 Do not forget that when a comma is used to open a parenthesis, another is required to end it.
b. The grammatical or rhetorical device of inserting such an explanation or aside.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > figure of speech > figures of structure or thought > [noun] > parenthesis
parenthesis1550
insertor1589
interjection1678
1550 R. Sherry Treat. Schemes & Tropes sig. Bviii Parenthesis. Interpositio..dissolucion of the order of the words by putting a sentence betwixt.
1589 G. Puttenham Arte Eng. Poesie iii. xii*. 140 Your first figure of tollerable disorder is (Parenthesis) or by an English name the (Insertour).
1678 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) Interjection,..also a figure in Rhetorick and Grammar, being the same with Parenthesis, and otherwise called Interruption.
1836 H. Rogers Life J. Howe (1863) xi. 333 He is..full of involution, parenthesis, and awkward transposition.
1902 Daily Chron. 5 May 4/3 That essential quality of the amusing storyteller, the art of parenthesis, the dropping in of the appropriate and unexpected word, the swift and illuminating phrase.
1992 English 41 183 He reinvents a word, ‘lunulae’, to help distinguish between the grammatical structure of parenthesis and its typographical notation.
2007 S. Schneider Reduced Parenthetical Clauses as Mitigators ii. 25 For Bloomfield,..parenthesis is a variety of parataxis in which one form interrupts the other.
c. A passage introduced into a context with which it has no connection; an irrelevant digression. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > style of language or writing > copiousness > [noun] > discursiveness or digression > a digression
sojournc1330
digressionc1374
adigression1483
start1534
interposition1553
vagary1572
excursion1574
excourse1579
parecbasis1584
parenthesis1594
transversal1612
evagation1618
passage1625
far-about1639
excurrency1650
deviation1665
parathesis1668
alieniloquy1727
side-slip1843
excursus1845
1594 T. Nashe Terrors of Night (1958) I. 375 Thus I conclude with this chance-medley Parenthesis.
1599 T. Heywood 1st Pt. King Edward IV sig. D2 Away with this parenthises [sic] of words.
1654 T. Gataker Disc. Apol. 4 But let this go for a Parenthesis; return we to our task.
1757 H. Walpole Lett. to H. Mann 5 May (1846) III. 288 I thought you would prefer this parenthesis of politics.
2.
a. The upright curves ( ) used to mark off a word or clause inserted parenthetically; round brackets. Originally as collective singular; now usually in plural (sometimes with singular form). in parentheses (also in (a) parenthesis): in brackets.Occasionally applied to square brackets [ ].
ΘΚΠ
society > communication > writing > written character > punctuation > [noun] > brackets
parenthesis1582
squadron1618
parathesis1633
brace1656
hooks1680
bracket1750
circumflex1801
round bracket1847
curve1851
angle bracket1890
square bracket1891
paren1905
angled bracket1954
semi-quadratures-
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie xvii. 109 Those characts which signify but sound not,..which be in number thirtene, in name & form these: Coma, Colon: Period. Parenthesis (.) interrogation?..the sharp accent [etc.].
1592 T. Nashe Pierce Penilesse (Brit. Libr. copy) sig. C2 The Kitchin..was no bigger than the Cooks roome in a ship, with a little Court chimney, about the compasse of a Parenthesis in Proclamation print.
1697 T. Crisp Just & Lawful Tryal Foxonian Chief Priests Errata f. A1v There be some words inclosed in Parentheses.
1715 T. Emlyn Full Inq. Orig. Authority Text 65 Our old Bibles..had these Words..in small Letters, and sometimes in a Parenthesis.
1724 S. Lowe Gram. Lat. Tongue Notes 1 The superior letters in parenthesis answer to superiors in the grammar.
1765 R. Spearman Suppl. Wks. John Hutchinson Advt. to Rdr. To which the Editor has added in Parentheses, the correspondent Pages of the 3d Edition.
1770 P. Luckombe Conc. Hist. Printing 274 The Parenthesis serves to inclose such parts of a Period as make no part of the subject.
1808 L. Murray Eng. Gram. Illustr. I. iv. 390 The parenthesis itself does not supply the place of a point between the parenthetic clause, and the words immediately preceding it.
1823 H. J. Brooke Familiar Introd. Crystallogr. 238 This symbol is placed in a parenthesis to distinguish it from a combination of three simple or mixed decrements.
1834 T. Carlyle Sartor Resartus i. iv. 11/1 Sentences..in quite angular attitudes, buttressed up by props (of parentheses and dashes).
1923 B. Karlgren Analyt. Dict. Chinese & Sino-Japanese 7 After the Sino-Japanese readings I often add in parenthesis the Kana spelling.
1993 Jrnl. Petrol. 34 402 (table) Standard deviations are given in parentheses.
2008 D. Blakesley & J. L. Hoogeveen Thomson Handbk. liii. 962/1 Parentheses are used to enclose material that interrupts the flow of a sentence or paragraph.
b. In extended use. A pair of curved lines or figures resembling round brackets.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > shape > curvature > types of curvature > [noun] > thing or part in other curved shapes
heart1446
scutule1592
figure (of) eight1607
parenthesis1608
scallop1609
curvilineal1636
stirrup1684
pelecoid1706
shield1849
pretzel1919
jug handle1955
1608 J. Day Law-trickes sig. E1 Doost see Vulcan with the horning parenthesis in his fore-head!
1628 J. Earle Micro-cosmogr. vii. sig. C3 A Manu-script he pores on euerlastingly, especially if the couer bee all moth-eaten, and the dust make a Parenthesis betweene euery sillyble.
1823 C. Lamb Christ's Hosp. in Elia 41 Weaving those ingenious parentheses, called cat-cradles.
1873 A. D. Whitney Other Girls xxxiv. 448 The animal made a half parenthesis of himself, curving skittishly..as he went by the frightsome pile.
2002 Boston Globe (Nexis) 29 Sept. c16 It was as if the parentheses formed around Burke by James King and McKnight had been erased on the BC duo's second 6-point alliance 5:29 before halftime.
c. Logic and Computing. A pair of brackets used to disambiguate a complex expression by grouping the symbols occurring within the scope of an operator. Also: a single (left- or right-hand) bracket so used. Cf. parenthesis-free adj.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > mental capacity > philosophy > logic > predicate or propositional logic > [noun] > mathematical or symbolic logic > Polish school of symbolic logic > symbols
parenthesis1880
incomplete symbol1910
stroke1925
horseshoe1926
Sheffer('s) stroke1932
hook1967
tilde1979
1880 C. S. Peirce in Amer. Jrnl. Math. 3 57 By junction-marks will be meant, in case the parenthesis {follows/precedes} the third letter, the {first/second} mark of the symbol of the interior operation and the {second/first} mark of the symbol of the exterior operation.
1918 C. I. Lewis Surv. Symbolic Logic iv. 233 For any function of one variable we here omit any parenthesis around the variable.
1940 W. V. Quine Math. Logic i. 40 The parenthesis notation formulated at the beginning of the section is retained.
1976 H. Leblanc Truth-value Semantics i. 11 When no ambiguity threatens, we shall omit the outer parentheses of conditionals, conjunctives..and biconditionals.
1990 L. Wall & R. L. Schwartz Programming Perl iii. 80 If any list operator..is followed by a left parenthesis as the next token on the same line, the operator and arguments within parentheses are taken to be of highest precedence.
2006 N. B. Dale & J. A. McCormick ADA Plus Data Struct. v. 342 When a right parenthesis is encountered, the stack is repeatedly popped, appending the popped operators to the result string.
3. figurative. An interval, an interlude, a hiatus.
ΘΚΠ
the world > time > [noun] > stretch, period, or portion of time > period of time between events or interval
waya1300
distancec1330
interstition1390
spacea1400
pastimea1513
vacance1533
intermission?1566
vacation1567
intervallum1574
interim1579
between-timea1586
wem1599
parenthesis1600
intermedium1611
betweena1616
fore-while?1615
interpolation1615
vacancya1616
interval1616
interstitium1624
slatcha1625
interspace1629
intermissa1633
between-spacea1641
interregnum1659
intervalea1661
interlapse1666
interlude1751
in-between1815
lapse1817
intermezzo1851
meanwhile1872
1600 B. Jonson Every Man out of his Humor iii. iii. sig. Kivv I ne're knew Tabacco taken as a parenthesis before. View more context for this quotation
1654 R. Codrington tr. Justinus Hist. iii. 62 In the Parenthesis of time whiles the Infant grew up, he..made Laws for the Spartans.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 131 Charles..gives me an account, interrupted by many a sweet parenthesis of kisses, of the success of his measures.
1796 C. Burney Mem. Life Metastasio II. 162 Rural amusements usually serve as a parenthesis to music.
1899 S. A. Brooke Eng. Lit. 152 That parenthesis of bad government and national tumult which filled the years between the death of Aldfrith..and the renewed peace and order under Ceolwulf.
1922 J. Joyce Ulysses iii. xvii. [Ithaca] 651 Infinitely remote futures in comparison with which the years..of allotted human life formed a parenthesis of infinitesimal brevity.
1989 A. Burgess Any Old Iron ii. 95 The war's..a parenthesis. A mad life in brackets.
2011 A. McLean tr. A. Suárez in tr. J. Cercas Anat. of Moment (2012) vi. 128 I don't want the democratic system of coexistence to be, once again, a parenthesis in the history of Spain.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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