passedn.adj.

Brit.

/pɑːst/,

/past/, U.S.

/pæst/

Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: past adj.; pass v., -ed suffix¹.

Etymology: Originally a variant of past adj., now distinguished in form in the senses below. In later use also re-formed directly < pass v. + -ed suffix¹.

†A. n.

A person who has died; (with the) dead people collectively. Cf. pass v. 6b. Obsolete. rare.

ΚΠ

1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 79 Y^e kindesfolke of the deade signefie to..the friendes of this passed, y^e day of y^e burial.

1829 R. B. Sheridan Forty Thieves ii. i. 26 Has.: My comrades—Orc.: Peace! tell me not of the passed!

B. adj.

1. That has gone past a specified point.

a. Chess. passed pawn n. a pawn which may advance without obstruction from an enemy pawn on its own or adjacent files.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > positions or status of pawns

pawn errantc1369

fers1474

passed pawn1777

queen1797

promotion1799

isolated pawn1842

pawn skeleton1915

hanging pawn1927

pawn chain1937

1750 ‘A. D. Philidor’ Chess Analysed 124 One of his Pawns being then pass'd (that is to say, A pawn that can no more be stopp'd but by Pieces) will infallibly cost a Piece.]

1777 A. D. Philidor Anal. Game of Chess (new ed.) 163 The pawns of the black would re-unite in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a pass'd pawn.

1797 Encycl. Brit. IV. 640/2 The advantage of a passed pawn is this: [etc.].

1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 51/2 A pawn is called passed when it is no longer obstructed by any adverse pawn on its own file, or either of the adjoining ones.

1913 Illustr. London News 22 Feb. 264/3 P to Kt 5th The winning stroke, as White gains a passed Pawn.

1966 J. R. Capablanca Last Chess Lect. (1967) i. 37 His Queen side majority of Pawns could be converted into a passed Pawn.

1994 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 22/7 Karpov's pieces combined to support his own passed pawn while blockading his opponent's.

b. Baseball. passed ball n. a legally pitched ball which the catcher misses or allows to go past or behind him or her, allowing a base runner to advance.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > baseball > [noun] > pitching > types of pitch

change of pace1650

slow ball1838

passed ball1860

ball1863

rib roaster1864

called ball1865

low ball1866

wild pitch1867

curveball1875

short pitch1877

grass cutter1879

fastball1883

downshoot1886

lob ball1888

pitchout1903

bean ballc1905

spitball1905

screwball1908

spitter1908

sinker ball1910

fallaway1912

meatball1912

fireball1913

roundhouse1913

forkball1923

sinker1926

knuckle ball1927

knuckler1928

gofer1932

slider1936

sailer1937

junk1941

change up1942

eephus1943

junkball1944

split-finger(ed) fastball1980

change1982

1860 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 30 Oct. 3/2 Only one player came home on a passed ball.

1889 Cent. Mag. Oct. 835/2 A ‘passed ball’ is a pitched ball which by an error of the catcher is allowed to go behind him so that a runner is advanced a base.

1900 G. Patten Rockspur Nine xxvii. 228 Then he got a safe hit, stole second and went to third on a passed ball.

1947 B. Feller Strikeout Story iii. 21 O'Neill, trying to grab the pitch for a hurried throw, allowed it to go through him for a passed ball.

2002 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 28 Oct. iv. Sam Woodcock scored Papanui's winning run on a passed ball in the bottom of the 11th.

2. Originally Navy. That has passed a period of instruction; qualified by examination. In extended use: generally recognized as such. Cf. passed master n.

ΘΚΠ

society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > passed

passed1829

1829 H. Howe Let. in G. Jones Sketches Naval Life II. 263 The examination will now take place at the end of five years from the date of appointment, three of which must have been spent at sea, in active duties: they are then to be styled ‘passed midshipmen’.

1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Passed boys, those who have gone through the round of instruction given in a training-ship.

1879 Spectator 31 May 680 Dr. Colenso, who is a passed expert in Zulu matters.

1905 J. A. Fairlie Nat. Admin. U.S.A. ix. 161 Surgeons in the [Navy] medical corps..are graded as assistant surgeons, passed assistant surgeons, surgeons, [etc.].

1994 G. M. Hall Fifth Star iii. 37 After graduation..Leahy spent two additional years as a ‘passed midshipman’ before commissioning as an ensign.

1998 Steam Railway July 69/1 I spent ten years firing for these enginemen, before I became a passed fireman, and was allowed to take charge of a steam engine.

3. That has been passed.

a. Finance. passed dividend n. a dividend that has not been paid on the expected date (cf. pass v. 30e).

ΚΠ

1901 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 15 523 Passed dividends would be made good before anything was paid on the common stock.

1957 New Eng. Q. 30 179 Even with sharply reduced profits and passed dividends (1895–1896), dividends still averaged 5.3 per cent during the trouble-filled nineties.

2003 Observer (Nexis) 12 Jan. (Cash section) 4 Shareholders are sharing the pain in the form of passed dividends and a slump in the company's share price.

b. Cards. passed hand n. a round of cards in which a player declines to make a bid (cf. pass v. 31a).

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > [noun] > actions or tactics > specific

discarding1592

facing1635

pull1715

lead1742

return1742

discard1778

solo1814

underplay1850

convention1862

force1862

showdown1870

unblocking1885

false-carding1923

passed hand1924

exit1934

reverse1936

loser-on-loser1947

1924 C. Dobie in Harper's Mag. July 186/1 He couldn't horn in on a game he dropped out of;..a passed hand was a passed hand.

1983 T. Reese & D. Bird Bridge (1985) ix. 101 A 2NT overcall by a passed hand will be the Unusual Notrump convention, showing the minor suits.

2003 Standard (St. Catharines) (Nexis) 10 Jan. (News section) b7 West's passed-hand cuebid showed both majors and East preferred spades.

Compounds

In compounds with adverbs used attributively (usually with hyphen).

C1.

passed-over n. and adj. (a) n. (with the and plural agreement) a group of people that have been passed over or overlooked as a class; (in plural) people who have been passed over; (b) adj. that has been passed over or overlooked.

ΚΠ

1846 Times 13 Nov. 6/4 Your obedient humble servant; and, in your own phrase, a subaltern of Picton's Division, and one of the passed over.

1909 Daily Chron. 5 May 9/1 As a single woman..I feel I can maintain an impartial standpoint, possible neither to the passed-over or those who have taken what they could get.

1997 A. Roberts in N. Ferguson Virtual Hist. (1998) v. 312 The usual pathetic collection of fascist fanatics, passed-over civil servants and ambitious malcontents.

2001 Kansas City (Missouri) Star (Nexis) 15 Apr. c6 Inexperienced players, has-beens and passed-overs tend to play beyond expectations when they become Yankees.

C2.

passed-on adj. and n. (a) adj. that has been passed on or handed on; also in extended use; (b) n. a thing, esp. a garment, which has been handed on.

ΚΠ

1902 P. H. Fitzgerald Recoll. Dublin Castle & Dublin Society 17 Another of these regularly ‘passed on’ veterans was Everard.

1937 E. Garnett Family from One End Street ix. 173 For once in her life, Kate was not wearing one of her sister's ‘passed ons’—her frock was indeed her own.

1955 M. A. Michael tr. H. Martinson Road iii. 41 Hearts were lacerated beneath those passed-on clothes.

1985 Aviation Week (Nexis) 12 Aug. 11 Survival..was a combination of..structural ruggedness, crew word-of-mouth passed-on wisdom..and the luck of the draw.

2002 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 24 May (News & Features section) 6 It's the kind of subject that needs professional training, not passed-on advice.

C3.

passed-out adj. that has passed out, esp. as a result of an excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [adjective] > drunk > insensibly drunk

dead drunk1599

to drink (a person) dead drunk1609

paralytic1843

sodden1850

paralysed1870

speechless1881

drunk and incapable1883

dead-oh1889

rumdum1891

passed-out1927

out to it1941

trashed1966

wiped1966

1927 Amer. Speech 2 277 Passed out, intoxicated.

1939 G. Greene Lawless Roads iii. 95 The blue soda-water bottles and the passed-out Mexican.

1990 M. Brave Bird & R. Erdoes Lakota Woman (1991) iv. 51 Also in Seattle I saw a white man kicking a passed-out Indian in the head.

C4.

passed-down adj. that has been passed down.

ΚΠ

1973 S. Rowbotham in M. Wandor Body Politic 4 Borrowed concepts are like passed-down clothes.

1997 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 17 Aug. (News section) po8/3 Hard work and a father's passed-down advice sometimes were enough to harvest a lucrative crop.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

单词	passed
释义	passedn.adj. Brit. /pɑːst/, /past/, U.S. /pæst/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Partly formed within English, by derivation. Etymons: past adj.; pass v., -ed suffix¹. Etymology: Originally a variant of past adj., now distinguished in form in the senses below. In later use also re-formed directly < pass v. + -ed suffix¹. †A. n. A person who has died; (with the) dead people collectively. Cf. pass v. 6b. Obsolete. rare. ΚΠ 1555 W. Waterman tr. J. Boemus Fardle of Facions i. v. 79 Y^e kindesfolke of the deade signefie to..the friendes of this passed, y^e day of y^e burial. 1829 R. B. Sheridan Forty Thieves ii. i. 26 Has.: My comrades—Orc.: Peace! tell me not of the passed! B. adj. 1. That has gone past a specified point. a. Chess. passed pawn n. a pawn which may advance without obstruction from an enemy pawn on its own or adjacent files. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > board game > chess > [noun] > positions or status of pawns pawn errantc1369 fers1474 passed pawn1777 queen1797 promotion1799 isolated pawn1842 pawn skeleton1915 hanging pawn1927 pawn chain1937 1750 ‘A. D. Philidor’ Chess Analysed 124 One of his Pawns being then pass'd (that is to say, A pawn that can no more be stopp'd but by Pieces) will infallibly cost a Piece.] 1777 A. D. Philidor Anal. Game of Chess (new ed.) 163 The pawns of the black would re-unite in the centre, giving, equally to them as to the white, a pass'd pawn. 1797 Encycl. Brit. IV. 640/2 The advantage of a passed pawn is this: [etc.]. 1837 Penny Cycl. VII. 51/2 A pawn is called passed when it is no longer obstructed by any adverse pawn on its own file, or either of the adjoining ones. 1913 Illustr. London News 22 Feb. 264/3 P to Kt 5th The winning stroke, as White gains a passed Pawn. 1966 J. R. Capablanca Last Chess Lect. (1967) i. 37 His Queen side majority of Pawns could be converted into a passed Pawn. 1994 Daily Tel. 19 Oct. 22/7 Karpov's pieces combined to support his own passed pawn while blockading his opponent's. b. Baseball. passed ball n. a legally pitched ball which the catcher misses or allows to go past or behind him or her, allowing a base runner to advance. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > baseball > [noun] > pitching > types of pitch change of pace1650 slow ball1838 passed ball1860 ball1863 rib roaster1864 called ball1865 low ball1866 wild pitch1867 curveball1875 short pitch1877 grass cutter1879 fastball1883 downshoot1886 lob ball1888 pitchout1903 bean ballc1905 spitball1905 screwball1908 spitter1908 sinker ball1910 fallaway1912 meatball1912 fireball1913 roundhouse1913 forkball1923 sinker1926 knuckle ball1927 knuckler1928 gofer1932 slider1936 sailer1937 junk1941 change up1942 eephus1943 junkball1944 split-finger(ed) fastball1980 change1982 1860 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 30 Oct. 3/2 Only one player came home on a passed ball. 1889 Cent. Mag. Oct. 835/2 A ‘passed ball’ is a pitched ball which by an error of the catcher is allowed to go behind him so that a runner is advanced a base. 1900 G. Patten Rockspur Nine xxvii. 228 Then he got a safe hit, stole second and went to third on a passed ball. 1947 B. Feller Strikeout Story iii. 21 O'Neill, trying to grab the pitch for a hurried throw, allowed it to go through him for a passed ball. 2002 Christchurch (N.Z.) Press (Nexis) 28 Oct. iv. Sam Woodcock scored Papanui's winning run on a passed ball in the bottom of the 11th. 2. Originally Navy. That has passed a period of instruction; qualified by examination. In extended use: generally recognized as such. Cf. passed master n. ΘΚΠ society > education > educational administration > examination > [adjective] > passed passed1829 1829 H. Howe Let. in G. Jones Sketches Naval Life II. 263 The examination will now take place at the end of five years from the date of appointment, three of which must have been spent at sea, in active duties: they are then to be styled ‘passed midshipmen’. 1867 W. H. Smyth & E. Belcher Sailor's Word-bk. Passed boys, those who have gone through the round of instruction given in a training-ship. 1879 Spectator 31 May 680 Dr. Colenso, who is a passed expert in Zulu matters. 1905 J. A. Fairlie Nat. Admin. U.S.A. ix. 161 Surgeons in the [Navy] medical corps..are graded as assistant surgeons, passed assistant surgeons, surgeons, [etc.]. 1994 G. M. Hall Fifth Star iii. 37 After graduation..Leahy spent two additional years as a ‘passed midshipman’ before commissioning as an ensign. 1998 Steam Railway July 69/1 I spent ten years firing for these enginemen, before I became a passed fireman, and was allowed to take charge of a steam engine. 3. That has been passed. a. Finance. passed dividend n. a dividend that has not been paid on the expected date (cf. pass v. 30e). ΚΠ 1901 Q. Jrnl. Econ. 15 523 Passed dividends would be made good before anything was paid on the common stock. 1957 New Eng. Q. 30 179 Even with sharply reduced profits and passed dividends (1895–1896), dividends still averaged 5.3 per cent during the trouble-filled nineties. 2003 Observer (Nexis) 12 Jan. (Cash section) 4 Shareholders are sharing the pain in the form of passed dividends and a slump in the company's share price. b. Cards. passed hand n. a round of cards in which a player declines to make a bid (cf. pass v. 31a). ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > pastimes > game > card game > [noun] > actions or tactics > specific discarding1592 facing1635 pull1715 lead1742 return1742 discard1778 solo1814 underplay1850 convention1862 force1862 showdown1870 unblocking1885 false-carding1923 passed hand1924 exit1934 reverse1936 loser-on-loser1947 1924 C. Dobie in Harper's Mag. July 186/1 He couldn't horn in on a game he dropped out of;..a passed hand was a passed hand. 1983 T. Reese & D. Bird Bridge (1985) ix. 101 A 2NT overcall by a passed hand will be the Unusual Notrump convention, showing the minor suits. 2003 Standard (St. Catharines) (Nexis) 10 Jan. (News section) b7 West's passed-hand cuebid showed both majors and East preferred spades. Compounds In compounds with adverbs used attributively (usually with hyphen). C1. passed-over n. and adj. (a) n. (with the and plural agreement) a group of people that have been passed over or overlooked as a class; (in plural) people who have been passed over; (b) adj. that has been passed over or overlooked. ΚΠ 1846 Times 13 Nov. 6/4 Your obedient humble servant; and, in your own phrase, a subaltern of Picton's Division, and one of the passed over. 1909 Daily Chron. 5 May 9/1 As a single woman..I feel I can maintain an impartial standpoint, possible neither to the passed-over or those who have taken what they could get. 1997 A. Roberts in N. Ferguson Virtual Hist. (1998) v. 312 The usual pathetic collection of fascist fanatics, passed-over civil servants and ambitious malcontents. 2001 Kansas City (Missouri) Star (Nexis) 15 Apr. c6 Inexperienced players, has-beens and passed-overs tend to play beyond expectations when they become Yankees. C2. passed-on adj. and n. (a) adj. that has been passed on or handed on; also in extended use; (b) n. a thing, esp. a garment, which has been handed on. ΚΠ 1902 P. H. Fitzgerald Recoll. Dublin Castle & Dublin Society 17 Another of these regularly ‘passed on’ veterans was Everard. 1937 E. Garnett Family from One End Street ix. 173 For once in her life, Kate was not wearing one of her sister's ‘passed ons’—her frock was indeed her own. 1955 M. A. Michael tr. H. Martinson Road iii. 41 Hearts were lacerated beneath those passed-on clothes. 1985 Aviation Week (Nexis) 12 Aug. 11 Survival..was a combination of..structural ruggedness, crew word-of-mouth passed-on wisdom..and the luck of the draw. 2002 Sydney Morning Herald (Nexis) 24 May (News & Features section) 6 It's the kind of subject that needs professional training, not passed-on advice. C3. passed-out adj. that has passed out, esp. as a result of an excessive consumption of alcoholic drinks. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > drink > thirst > excess in drinking > [adjective] > drunk > insensibly drunk dead drunk1599 to drink (a person) dead drunk1609 paralytic1843 sodden1850 paralysed1870 speechless1881 drunk and incapable1883 dead-oh1889 rumdum1891 passed-out1927 out to it1941 trashed1966 wiped1966 1927 Amer. Speech 2 277 Passed out, intoxicated. 1939 G. Greene Lawless Roads iii. 95 The blue soda-water bottles and the passed-out Mexican. 1990 M. Brave Bird & R. Erdoes Lakota Woman (1991) iv. 51 Also in Seattle I saw a white man kicking a passed-out Indian in the head. C4. passed-down adj. that has been passed down. ΚΠ 1973 S. Rowbotham in M. Wandor Body Politic 4 Borrowed concepts are like passed-down clothes. 1997 Charleston (W. Va.) Gaz. (Nexis) 17 Aug. (News section) po8/3 Hard work and a father's passed-down advice sometimes were enough to harvest a lucrative crop. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.adj.1555
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