parolen.1
/pəˈrəʊl/, U.S. /pəˈroʊl/ 1.
a. on (also upon) parole. Originally: on word of honour, by oath; spec. (originally Military) released under oath or on word of honour (now chiefly historical). Now: released (esp. from a custodial sentence) under certain terms and conditions, esp. the promise of good behaviour. Also figurative.
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1646 M. Lluelyn Men-miracles 24 From thence they ne're did range, Lesse on Parole to get Exchange.
c1648 Short Abridgem. Britane's Distemper 93 Upon his word of honour, or upon his paroll, as soldiers now call it.
1682 S. Speed Γιγαντομαχια 17 The Christian had a Noble Soul, And when he saw 'em thus condole, He grants 'em Freedom on Parole.
1774 T. Blacklock Graham xv. 39 Whilst thus in Scotland I remain'd a wretched captive on parole, her charms my raptur'd eyes detain'd.
1792 C. Smith Desmond I. xiii. 256 A young officer..who was a prisoner on parole, at a neighbouring town, procured leave to visit the prison at Winchester.
1827 W. Scott Chron. Canongate Introd. Invernahyle obtained from the Chevalier his prisoner's freedom upon parole.
1882 W. E. Forster Let. To Gladstone 10 Apr. in T. W. Reid Life W. E. Forster (1888) II. viii. 421 This morning we released Parnell—not for good, but on parole.
1924 A. D. H. Smith Porto Bello Gold ix. 123 I shall be unable to permit you to leave the ship save upon your parole on those terms.
a1969 D. Heaton-Armstrong Six Month Kingdom (2005) xiv. 80 His captors had released him on parole to come in to Durazzo.
1972 J. Gores Dead Skip (1973) xvi. 116 If he was sent up two years ago and is out now, he's on parole.
2002 Press (Christchurch, N.Z.) 11 Mar. 6/3 A man with a history of violence and dishonesty, out of prison on parole.
b. Esp. in parole of honour. A person's word of honour given or pledged; spec. (originally Military) a promise or undertaking given by a prisoner not to escape or, if released, to return to custody under specified conditions and (if a military prisoner) to refrain from combat for a stated period, usually for the duration of a war; a release in such circumstances. Now historical.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > promise > [noun] > pledge or assurance
wordOE
costOE
earnest1221
fayc1300
certainty1303
wager1306
plighta1325
pledge1371
assurancec1386
undertaking?a1400
faithc1405
surementc1410
to make affiancec1425
earnest pennya1438
warrant1460
trow1515
fidelity1531
stipulation1552
warranty1555
pawn1573
arrha1574
avouchment1574
assumption1590
word of honour1598
avouch1603
assecurance1616
preassurance1635
tower-stamp1642
parole of honour1648
spondence1657
honour1659
1648 Moderate No. 18. 148 The Lord Generall desired to take off the Paroll from the Scots Officers, and secure their persons: (His Excellency hath granted Paroll but to one of those many hundreds, and why must he be thus checkt for this only one civility?).
1659 in T. Burton Diary 4 Mar. (1828) IV. 6 Mr. Turner and Mr. Trevor moved that his parole might be taken. Sir Arthur Haslerigge: The word parole is a new word; I move that the Sergeant take his bond.
1698 T. Dilke Pretenders i. 4 I'll give you my parole of honour to make that man a Captain that you shall think fit to make your Husband.
1700 J. Astry tr. D. de Saavedra Fajardo Royal Politician I. 235 Aspersions..upon him for the Breach of his Parole.
1723 D. Defoe Hist. Col. Jack (ed. 2) 374 I..took their Paroles of Honour for my Safety.
1776 R. J. Meigs in J. Sparks Corr. Amer. Revol. (1853) I. 265 I arrived here the 22d instant, from Quebec, on my parole of honor, to return when called for.
1852 H. B. Stowe Uncle Tom's Cabin I. xiv. 208 For some time Tom had enjoyed a sort of parole of honor, being permitted to come and go freely where he pleased.
1880 W. H. Dixon Royal Windsor (ed. 3) IV. xxviii. 259 They had broken their parole and fled.
1909 Chatterbox 362/2 As a prisoner of war, give me your parole.
1999 D. Crane Lord Byron's Jackal x. 221 Considering himself absolved from his parole, he followed up his letter to Hamilton in person.
c. Conditional release of a prisoner (now esp. before the expiry of a custodial sentence), either temporarily for a special purpose or permanently, on the promise of good behaviour; an instance of this. Also: the terms and conditions attached to such a release; the state of being so released; a system of such conditional release. Also in extended use.Superseded sense 1b as the usual sense in the late 19th cent., although in early use they are not always easy to distinguish.
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society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > released > on parole
parole1667
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > released > on parole > condition of
parole1667
1667 A. Wyndham Claustrum Regale Reseratum 35 They had lately obtained their Paroles.
1715 E. Ward Duke Hamilton's Char. in Hist. of Great Rebellion I. 124 Nor could his Grace, by all the Means he us'd, Gain his Parol, he stood so far accus'd.
1794 Hist. Reign George III III. 100 He..surrendered himself as a prisoner of war, hoping to be treated as other prisoners, and granted a parole.
1834 F. Marryat Peter Simple I. i. 17 Not to allow parole or permission to leave the fortress, even under surveillance.
1855 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. III. xii. 162 This man [sc. Richard Hamilton] had violated all the obligations,..had forfeited his military parole [etc.].
1929 W. Winchell in J. P. McEvoy Hollywood Girl xv. 232 Jimmy Doyle, back on the Evening Tab after a short parole in Times Square and Hollywood.
1966 Listener 3 Mar. 301/2 Parole was introduced in the United States..in 1876; today some form of parole is in use in all the fifty States.
1988 A. Storr School of Genius iv. 55 ‘Life’ sentences were usually terminated by parole after a maximum of nine or ten years' incarceration.
2. A watchword, password, or code phrase; (Military) the password used only by the officers or inspectors of the guard, as distinguished from the countersign (countersign n. 1) given to all those on guard. Also figurative. Now rare.
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society > armed hostility > military organization > signals > [noun] > password > used by officers or inspectors of the guard
parole1731
watchword1760
1731 H. Fielding Letter-writers iii. vii. 42 Mr. Soft. Mr. Sneaksby, read these Papers. Sneaks. [reads] To Ensign Rakel. Parole, Plunder. Mr. Wisd. Plunder's the Word, agad! Sneaksby. For the Guard To-morrow Ensign Rakel, two Serjeants, two Corporals.
1760 Cautions & Advices to Officers of Army 132 At the Delivery of the Report you are to return the Parole, or Watch-Word, to the Commanding Officer, by whispering it in his Ear.
1791 J. Boswell Life Johnson anno 1781 II. 390 Johnson: Classical quotation is the parole of literary men all over the world.
1844 Queen's Regulations & Orders Army 260 The Officers..to be formed about forty paces in front of the centre, in two Ranks, facing the Line where they are to receive the old Parole.
1868 Queen's Reg. & Orders Army ⁋42 The Governor..will give the Word or parole in all places within his government.
1912 Amer. Jrnl. Semitic Langs. & Lit. 29 44 The test was not knowledge of the parole, but pronunciation of a pass-word which the challenger bade the challenged party say.
2000 Vanity Fair (N.Y.) Dec. 162/2 A parole is F.B.I. lingo for an apparently innocuous phrase that is actually an agreed-upon signal for a spy to take a particular action.
Compounds
(In sense 1.)
parole agreement n.
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1862 J. Wool Let. 23 Feb. in War of Rebellion (U.S. War Dept.) (1898) 2nd Ser. III. 305 Notice of such parole agreement shall be sent to the agent for prisoners of war.
2001 New Statesman 15 Oct. 55 She has already tried to run Doris over in her car, and has served a prison sentence as a consequence. Her parole agreement means that she must see a suspect shrink called Dr Jamie Doom.
parole board n.
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society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > released > on parole > group who considers prisoners for
parole board1898
1898 Amer. Jrnl. Sociol. 3 577 To obtain a parole men shall have..a sustained perfect demeanor record for four months preceding their appearance before the parole board.
1999 Independent 13 Dec. i. 10/8 As far as the parole board report goes, a leopard does not change its spots.
parole-breaker n.
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1900 Westm. Gaz. 19 Sept. 4/2 It is difficult to see how we can with any show of fairness inflict any severe punishment on the parole-breakers.
1992 BBC Wildlife Jan. (BNC) 57 The Taiwan Ten were treated less like freed captives than parole-breakers.
parole camp n.
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1864 S. Weld Let. 25 Mar. in War Diary & Lett. (1912) 261 Major Chamberlain is in the 1st Massachusetts Cavalry and in charge of the parole camp.
2001 St. Petersburg Times (Florida) (Nexis) 21 Oct. 1 On Aug. 8, 1997, Cole was released from the Jackson Parole Camp.
parole card n.
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1921 J. Goldberg Social Aspects Treatm. Insane v. 189 Prior to leaving the state hospital the patient is given a parole card and instructed to report to the clinic or out-patient department for further observation and advice.
2001 Daily News Los Angeles (Nexis) 1 Apr. l12 The bank robber who was busted after writing a stickup note on the back of his parole card.
parole clinic n.
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1939 Sun (Baltimore) 22 Nov. 9/2 The State hospital system will institute an extensive program of parole clinics within the next few weeks to provide a follow-up service for furloughed and discharged patients.
1998 Providence (Rhode Island) Jrnl.-Bull. (Nexis) 16 Oct. 6/3 He was..director of the parole clinic for the Massachusetts Department of Mental Health.
parole date n.
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1937 Jrnl. Amer. Statist. Assoc. 32 333 Number of reincarcerations... Parole dates, release... Parole dates, termination.
1990 S. Morgan Homeboy liii. 322 His parole date's today and he won't cooperate.
parole engagement n.
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1813 Ann. Reg. 1812 Chron. 89/2 A considerable number of officers have besides been ordered into confinement, for various other breaches of their parole engagements.
1901 E. Woolley Reconstruction of Georgia 11 When Wilson entered into the parole engagement he had not been informed how his superiors would regard the summoning of the legislature.
parole hearing n.
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1930 F. Hayes Criminology iii. 43 Preliminary reports have been made for all newly admitted cases, also..reports at the close of the minimum sentence or first parole hearing.
2000 R. Barger et al. Hell's Angel x. 187 I was bumped up to ten to life, which meant I had to do a minimum of ten years before I would be allowed a parole hearing.
parole jumper n.
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1952 Here & Now (N.Z.) Jan. 32/2 Better go and see if the parole-jumper in Number 8 has got any tissues left.
2001 Toronto Sun (Nexis) 18 Jan. 26 ATM shots are used to track fugitives, parole jumpers and other criminals.
parole licence n.
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1969 Times 5 Dec. 8/7 The board informed the home secretary that they did not recommend her release on parole and in those circumstances he had no power to issue the parole licence.
2003 Irish News (Nexis) 28 June 4 It was ‘reprehensible’ for someone whose parole licence had run out just days earlier to be involved in such a ‘piece of gratuitous violence’.
parole matron n.
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1907 Charities & Commons 24 Aug. 609/2 One parole matron.
parole officer n.
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society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > prisoner > [noun] > parole officer
parole officer1904
1904 Times 28 Sept. 5/3 The appointment of suitable persons, to be paid by the State, as parole officers or agents.
2002 N.Y. Times Mag. 19 May 43/2 Parole officers have a great deal of discretion, but they are also supposed to enforce every rule.
parole papers n.
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1864 S. Elliot Diary 7 Dec. in S. Bates Hist. Pennsylvania Volunteers (1869) I. 733 Eleven hundred and eighty of us were marched outside the stockade, where we signed the parole papers.
2002 Express (Nexis) 23 Nov. 15 No Home Secretary who valued their career would ever sign the parole papers.
parole review n.
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1956 H. Bloch & F. Flynn Delinquency iv. xvii. 550 A parole review was scheduled for February 1944, at which time the Committee noted that in some portions of his program..definite gains had been made.
2003 Sun (Nexis) 7 May Mr Bitu Bhalla—leading Martin's battle for a parole review.
parole scheme n.
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1939 H. Barnes Society in Transition xvii. 759 If we were to turn loose any great number of convicts and trust to the present paper parole scheme it would be..unwise and dangerous.
2001 Daily Mail (Nexis) 21 Dec. 2 Mr Blair admitted that ‘there have been, in certain circumstances, people who have committed offences from early release as happens with ordinary parole schemes’.
parole sponsor n.
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1936 T. Woofter et al. Landlord & Tenant on Cotton Plantation iii. 32 In the present study 11 percent of the landlords had, in the year 1934, acted as parole sponsor for tenants.
1999 Illawarra Mercury (Australia) (Nexis) 23 June 7 One man left the premises and another, thought to be his parole sponsor, arrived but neither was willing to comment.
parole system n.
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1858 W. Simonds Marcus 148 The parole system takes it for granted that when a man deliberately gives his word of honor.., he will regard his promise as sacred and inviolable.
1994 Denver Post 2 Jan. e2/4 Many citizens view it as ending the careers of savage killers, who continue to pass through the revolving door of our misguided parole system.
parole violation n.
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1923 Adolescent Offender (Charity Organization Soc., N.Y.) 70 1917–Disorderly Child. Catholic Protectory, 2 yrs. 1919–Parole Violation. Cath. Prot., 1 yr.
2000 R. Bingham Lightning on Sun 121 Carrying an unlicensed weapon..is a major-league parole violation.
parole violator n.
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1919 Rules & Procedure Parole Comm. N.Y. 7 Parole Violators. 4. A paroled inmate may be returned to custody for violation of parole upon a warrant executed by a member of the Commission.
2001 Tucson (Arizona) Weekly 23 Aug. 7/1 Agave is for the repeat offenders and PVs—parole violators.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
parolen.2
/paˈrɒl/, /pəˈrəʊl/, U.S. /pəˈroʊl/ Linguistics.
The actual linguistic behaviour or performance of individuals on specific occasions, in contrast to language viewed as an abstract system (cf. langue n. 3); the practice of using a language; spoken (or written) utterance.The distinction between langue and parole was made in these terms by the Swiss linguist Ferdinand de Saussure (1857–1913) in lectures delivered at Geneva from 1907 to 1911; these lectures were later compiled from students' notes into the Cours de linguistique générale (1916). This was not translated into English (using ‘language’ and ‘speaking’ respectively) until 1959, by which time Saussure's French terms had been widely adopted.
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1917 Philos. Rev. 26 675 Saussure's doctrine..distinguishes speech (parole)..from language (langue).
1924 L. Bloomfield in Mod. Lang. Jrnl. Feb. 319 Actual speech-utterance, la parole, varies not only as to matters not fixed by the system..but also as to the system itself.]
1935 W. F. Twaddell in Lang. Monogr. 16 40 The utterance occurs, it is speech, ‘parole’; the form exists, so to say, it is a part of the language ‘langue’.
1968 J. Lyons Introd. Theoret. Linguistics i. 51 Let us follow de Saussure, and say that all those who ‘speak English’ (or are ‘speakers of English’) share a particular langue and that the set of utterances which they produce when they are ‘speaking English’ constitute instances of parole.
2001 A. Gurnah By the Sea iii. 72 Habit or training made me start thinking about when it came into use, whether it was in use in ordinary parole..or whether it was a literary re-invention.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
parolev.
/pəˈrəʊl/, U.S. /pəˈroʊl/ 1. transitive. Chiefly U.S. To release (a prisoner) on parole. Also figurative.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > imprisonment > imprison [verb (transitive)] > release from prison > on parole
parole1652
to hit the bricks1931
1652 Perfect Diurnall No. 130. 1923 I shall likewise desire that you will parole Major Kavanagh, for whose performance I will ingage.
1776 Jrnl. Proc. Provinc. Congr. N. Carolina 12 Nov. 53 Resolved, That the said William Heath be parolled to the County of Northampton, and that he remain within six miles of the Court House in said County for and during twelve months from this Day.
1835 W. G. Simms Partisan I. x. 126 He demanded the performance of military duty from the persons who had been paroled.
1862 R. W. Emerson in Atlantic Monthly Nov. 640/1 The President by this act has paroled all the slaves in America; they will no more fight against us.
1893 C. G. Leland Memoirs II. 100 If you get [him], don't parole him. Shoot him at once.
1948 Chicago Daily News 27 Feb. 1/6 Another of those parolled..put up $5,000 as a fee.
1975 Daily Tel. 3 Apr. 3/4 The two Great Train robbers paroled from jail yesterday had each served more than their legal minimum sentences.
2002 N.Y. Times Mag. 31 Mar. 42/1 Broadway Books published Lerner's book..about a month after Lerner was paroled.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > speech > agreement > security > pledge or deposit as security [verb (transitive)] > one's life, honour, etc.
wagec1430
gagec1547
pawna1566
engage1568
wager1640
parole1664
pledge1775
1664 R. Neile Let. 19 Mar. in R. Surtees Hist. & Antiq. Durham (1820) II. 391 Had we anie of Dr. Richardson in our custody, ye only contriver of all ye plot in ye North, and lett him slipp without making any account for him, but to say he parolled and did breake it?
1680 J. Skeen Let. 1 Dec. in Cloud of Witnesses (1778) 58 The General said, he would parole to me, that the indwellers of the house should be advertised. I said, I would not have his parole.
c1680 Dial. betwixt Hamiltoune & Lauderdaill in D. Laing Var. Pieces Fugitive Sc. Poetry (1853) 2nd Ser. xxxiii. 3 When we parole And drink a scoll To Lauderdaill's confusion.
1716 W. Nicolson Let. 17 Dec. in H. Ellis Orig. Lett. Eng. Hist. (1824) 1st Ser. III. 392 I dare parole for him, if the Government sends him back..he'll never petition for another return into his native country.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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