parn.¹

Brit.

/pɑː/, U.S.

/pɑr/

Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pār.

Etymology: < classical Latin pār that which is equal, equality, use as noun of neuter singular of pār equal, of unknown origin. Compare Italian pari (12th cent.), Spanish par (1220–50), Portuguese par (13th cent.), French pair (see pair n.³), all adjectives in sense ‘equal’. Compare also German pari, usually used adverbially, ‘par of exchange’ (in phrases such as unter pari below par; < Italian pari (compare sotto pari below par, etc.)).

1. Economics.

a. In full par of exchange. The recognized value of the currency of one country in terms of that of another. See exchange n. 4a.mint par: see mint n.¹ Compounds.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > money > value of money > [noun] > relative value of different currencies

par1601

rate1622

parity1860

agio1875

1601 G. de Malynes Treat. Canker Englands Commonw. i. 15 Hereby shal we find..what quantitie of other monies..we are to haue to counterualue the same in the like weight and finenesse answerable vnto ours.., giuing alwaies value for value, which therefore was called Par.

1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 416 The diuersitie of the said Par of Exchanges of thirtie three shillings foure pence for the Low-countreys, and twentie foure shillings nine pence for Hamborough.

1695 J. Locke Further Considerations conc. Raising Value of Money 18 The Par is a certain number of pieces of the Coin of one Country, containing in them an equal quantity of Silver to that in another number of pieces of the Coin of another Country.

1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Par differs from the Course of Exchange in this, that the Par of Exchange shews what other Nations shou'd allow in Exchange; which is certain and fix'd: But the Course shews what they will allow in Exchange.

1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xxxv. 218 The par is reckoned 125 Saxon dollars for 100 rix dollars current in Amsterdam.

1838 Penny Cycl. X. 108/2 Between two countries making use of the same metal a par may exist; but between two countries one of which makes use of gold and the other of silver an invariable par cannot exist.

1868 E. Seyd Bullion 394 The actual Mintage Par of Exchange between London and Paris is £1 = fcs. 25·2215... For all practicable purposes, however, we may call the Par of Exchange fcs. 25·22½ centimes.

1995 Summary of World Broadcasts Pt. 2: Central Europe & Balkans (B.B.C.) (Nexis) 28 Sept. EE/W0403/WA The programme has curbed the country's inflation almost to zero by tying the dinar to the German mark on a 1:1 par of exchange backed by foreign currency.

b. The face value of a share or other security as distinct from its market value. above par: at a price above the face value, at a premium. at par: at the face value. below par: at a discount. See also par value n. at Compounds. Now chiefly Stock Market.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [adverb] > lower in price or value

below par1726

off1929

society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [adverb] > at face value

at par1802

society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > prices of stocks and shares > value at par

par1802

par value1807

parity1900

1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 111 The Exchequer Bills would not circulate under nine per Cent. below Par.

1744 N. Tindal Contin. Rapin's Hist. Eng. III. Contin. 336/1 The credit of the Exchequer notes being thus secured, they daily rose nearer to par.

1774 H. Walpole Let. to C'tess of Ailesbury in Wks. (1798) V. 565 Births—under par since lady B— left off breeding.

1802 Edinb. Rev. 1 104 A stock bearing one half per cent. would not find many purchasers at par.

1892 B. Smith & W. H. H. Hudson Arithm. for Schools (new ed.) 304 When the price of £100 stock is £100 in money, the stock is said to be at par.

1932 Manch. Guardian 28 Jan. 15/1 The ‘shorts’ are all due for repayment at par at various dates between 1933 and 1936.

1934 C. Porter Compl. Lyrics (1983) 121 The company's stock has gone up so far that it's now nearly par.

1998 Independent 30 Jan. i. 22/5 The dated stock would ultimately be redeemed at par.

a. More generally: equality of value or standing; an equal footing, a level. Now chiefly in on a par.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal footing or par

footing1657

par1662

parity of esteem1943

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > equality [phrase] > equal

of a rate1542

much at one1686

on a par1726

much of a muchness1728

much of a piece1741

up to ——1809

honours even1864

1662 W. Petty Treat. Taxes 26 A natural par between land and labour.

a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 63 The most important [is] to make a Par and Equation between Lands and Labour, so as to express the Value of any thing by either alone.

1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. iii. 49 The rest of the great Officers are much upon a Par.

1770 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (new ed.) V. App. iii. 515 Industry..encreased as fast as gold and silver, and kept commodities nearly at a par with money.

1832 I. Taylor Sat. Evening 481 All are to beseem themselves as if all were on a par.

1870 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 VI. lxiii. 197 Something near to par with what Scotland had to render in return.

1927 Dict. National Biogr. 1912–21 379/1 Merry's Latinity was at least on a par with his Greek.

1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation I. 16 Man's idea of the divine, and his expression of it, is on a par with his discovery and formulation of intellectual truth.

2000 Daily Tel. 6 Oct. 6/6 The listing puts cinemas on a par with cathedrals in the pantheon of English architecture.

†b. An equal numerical strength. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal, counterpart, or equivalent > specific types of

equipollencec1400

equipollency1652

par1709

isopsephism1882

equivalence1906

equivalency1961

1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 16 So many of our [Irish] Temporal Peers live in England, that the Bishops are generally pretty near a Par of the [Irish] House.

†c. A match, something that is equal or a match to another thing. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal, counterpart, or equivalent

ylikeeOE

likea1200

make?c1225

fellow?a1425

proportion?a1425

countervailc1430

matcha1450

meetc1450

pareil?c1450

resemblant1484

equivalent1502

countermatch1587

second1599

parallel1600

equipollent1611

balancea1616

tantamount1637

analogy1646

analogate1652

form-fellow1659

equivalency1698

par1711

homologizer1716

peel1722

analogon1797

quits1806

correlate1821

analogue1837

representant1847

homologue1848

countertype1855

homologon1871

correlative1875

vis-à-vis1900

counterpart1903

1711 P. H. Impartial View Two Late Parl. 234 The Tryal of this worthless Tool was made a Par to that of Arch-Bishop Laud's.

†a. The average or expected amount, quantity, or level. on a par: on average. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > average [phrase] > on average

one with anothera1687

at an average1737

on a par1767

up to par1899

1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. xxiv. 89 For the livre or two above par for your suppers and bed.

1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 5 Nov. (1778) From five bushels of malt, I find, are brewed, on a par, forty-four gallons of strong, and eighty of small.

1796 W. Marshall Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 12 Taking the par of years, we may fairly place West Devonshire ten days or a fortnight behind the Midland District.

1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 255 The nominal farms..contain on a par about..ninety acres within the head dike.., and about 250 acres of moor or hill lands.

1863 R. Fitzroy Weather Bk. 323 The barometer had risen..but not to its normal or par height.

b. The normal or expected quality, condition, or standard of something, esp. a person's health or sense of well-being. Usually following a preposition (without determiner), as above par, below par, under par, up to par.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > quality of being better or superior > [adjective] > surpassing the ordinary

surpassingc1580

supraordinarya1623

superordinary1630

extraordinary1649

higher1718

above par1776

extra1850

premium1856

plus1921

double dip1963

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average

par1776

average1802

mean1803

normal1859

the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > less > below normal quantity or degree

under par1776

the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > average [phrase] > on average

one with anothera1687

at an average1737

on a par1767

up to par1899

1776 H. Newdigate Let. in A. E. Newdigate-Newdegate Cheverels (1898) i. 11 As to my Spirits they are rather above than below par.

1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. 382 A very small sacrifice of this sort would bring good clover and rye grass to the par of old turf.

a1817 J. Austen Lady Susan xxiv, in Wks. (1954) VI. 288 Sir James is certainly under par.

1886 S. Baring-Gould Court Royal xlviii I think he caught a chill, and being below par he succumbed.

1899 H. Spencer in Westm. Gaz. 20 May 4/3 Thanks for your inquiry. I am about up to par, and not without hope of rising above it presently.

1940 P. G. Wodehouse Quick Service x. 104 Mrs. Chavender's Pekinese..had woken up that morning a little below par, and Sally was driving her and it to the veterinary surgeon in Lewes.

1958 A. Huxley Brave New World Revisited (1959) viii. 99 Whenever anyone felt depressed or below par, he would swallow a tablet or two of a chemical compound called Soma.

1989 R. Kenan Visitation of Spirits 97 Were his clothes not up to par?

a. Golf. The number of strokes which a scratch player should need for a hole or for a course (frequently with that number as postmodifier). Also: (as a count noun) a score of this number of strokes at a hole.In early use chiefly in par of the green.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > [noun] > scoring

half1881

par1887

bird1906

birdie1906

eagle1909

double eagle1925

albatross1932

hole in one1935

bogey1946

double bogey1954

1887 W. G. Simpson Art of Golf 8 He easily recalls how often he has done each hole in par figures.

1891 Golf 10 June 291 The par of the green for gentlemen..was nearly attained.

1900 Westm. Gaz. 9 Mar. 3/2 The professionals went round in the par of the green—74.

1924 J. Braid Golf Guide 164 Par Play, perfect golf without flukes. Thus, if a green can be reached in two strokes, the hole is a Par four; two putts being allowed on each green.

1935 N.Y. Times 9 Apr. 26/1 Sinking a 220-yard spoon wallop for a ‘double eagle’ deuce on the 485-yard, par 5 fifteenth hole.

1973 A. MacVicar Painted Doll Affair viii. 96 Let's see if you can still keep shooting all these pars and birdies.

2000 Times 7 Aug. (Sport Monday section) 9/1 Westwood's closing 71 took him to a total of 270, 14 under par.

b. figurative. par for the course: what is normal or expected in any given circumstances.

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > in general [phrase] > usual or general standard

as things go1575

par for the course1947

the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom > according to the usual or natural course

by course of1470

by coursec1540

of course1542

on course1619

in course of1653

par for the course1947

1947 Partisan Rev. 14 363 Nancy had married and moved to San Francisco and had had three children immediately. ‘Par for the course,’ said Seymour to Jasper.

1961 M. Beadle These Ruins are Inhabited (1963) x. 137 While waiting..I caught a fragment of another subscriber's telephone conversation. This is also par for the course in making an Oxford phone call.

1994 Action Asia Aug. 114/3 Anyone who has travelled in remote regions of China will know that unforeseen hitches and delays are par for the course.

Compounds

par value n. chiefly Stock Market face value.

ΘΚΠ

society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > prices of stocks and shares > value at par

par1802

par value1807

parity1900

society > trade and finance > financial dealings > types of money-dealing > [noun] > use of bills of exchange > value at par

par value1807

1807 Philadelphia Ordinances 26 Mar. 12 No purchase of six per cent stock shall be made at a higher price than the par value.

1952 Economist 27 Dec. 904 The n.p.v. share is distrusted on the Left,..simply because it tells the truth about an equity share in a way that the share with a nominal or unrealistic par value never could.

2002 Shares 3 Oct. 34/2 Gilts are bought at their par value.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

parn.²

Brit.

/pɑː/, U.S.

/pɑr/

Forms: 1700s– par, 1800s pah (English regional (Suffolk)), 1700s 1900s– parr.

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Apparently related to par v.¹; further etymology uncertain. See parrock n. and discussion at that entry. Compare par-yard n.Currency in Middle English is suggested by the place name Parr in Lancashire (Par (1246), Parre (1298), Parr (1327), Paar (1332)).

English regional (East Anglian and Lincolnshire).

1. English regional (East Anglian). An enclosure for farm animals. Earliest and now chiefly in par-yard n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > enclosure

par-yard1746

para1825

boma1860

1746 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 149 In the Parr Yards. Eight Home bred Cattle come three years Old 24£.

1794 R. Burroughes Farming Jrnl. Nov. 42 My labourers were employed..fencing in the par yards.

a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Par, an inclosed place for domestic animals, for calves, perhaps, in particular.

1863 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) II. (Gloss.) 724/3 Par (Suff., Norf.), an enclosed place for domestic animals.

2. English regional (Lincolnshire). A hen-coop.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping birds > poultry-keeping > [noun] > enclosure for poultry > chicken-coop

mewc1387

hen coop1423

coop1530

hen cub1583

chicken coop1687

chicken house1750

chicken cavie?a1786

hen-rip1788

par1866

hover1907

1866 J. E. Brogden Provinc. Words Lincs. 145 Put the poulander under the par.

1900 J. Good Gloss. Words E. Lincs. 73 Par, hencoop.

1976 G. E. Campion Lincs. Dial. 50 We must put that 'en in a par or she'll tek them chicks all ower the gardin.

1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. Par/Parr, ark, or chicken coop with slatted front.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

parn.³

Brit.

/pɑː/, U.S.

/pɑr/

Forms: 1800s– par, 1800s– par. (with point.).

Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: paragraph n.

Etymology: Shortened < paragraph n. Compare para n.³

colloquial (chiefly Printing and Journalism).

A paragraph.

ΘΚΠ

society > communication > writing > written text > layout > [noun] > distinct passage of closely connected sentences

paraph1395

paragrapha1500

pericopea1657

par1844

para1856

society > communication > journalism > journal > matter of or for journals > [noun] > paragraph

paragraph1705

par1879

1844 E. L. Blanchard Diary 27 Sept. in C. W. Scott & C. Howard Life E. L. Blanchard (1891) I. 36 Wrote some little pars for Alderton about ‘screw Penholder’.

1879 W. Black Macleod of Dare xviii. 155 Occasionally a reporter..will drop into the theatre on his way to the office, and ‘do a par.’, as they call it.

1892 Daily News 2 Feb. 7/2 He had paid..hundreds of pounds for par advertisements in the country papers.

1928 D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club i. 9 I am ready to sacrifice my nearest and dearest in order to curry favour with the police and get a par. in the papers.

1973 K. Giles File on Death v. 119 There was a par. in the evening papers.

2001 FourFourTwo Sept. 26/4 A journalist needs to get the first few pars right to make a good column.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

† parv.¹

Forms: Middle English pare, Middle English parre; English regional 1800s par (Dorset).

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps the reflex of an unattested Old English verb from the same base as parrock n., although see discussion at that entry. Compare par n.²In Middle English the word is recorded only in past participle.

Obsolete (English regional (Dorset) in later use).

transitive. To enclose, confine; to shut up in an enclosure; to pen.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)]

pena1200

bebar?c1225

loukc1275

beshuta1300

parc1300

to shut in1398

to close inc1400

parrockc1400

pinc1400

steekc1400

lock?a1425

includec1425

key?a1439

spare?c1450

enferme1481

terminea1500

bebay1511

imprisona1533

besetc1534

hema1552

ram1567

warda1586

closet1589

pound1589

seclude1598

confine1600

i-pend1600

uptie1600

pinfold1605

boundify1606

incoop1608

to round in1609

ring1613

to buckle ina1616

embounda1616

swathe1624

hain1636

coopa1660

to sheathe up1661

stivea1722

cloister1723

span1844

the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > drive or put into enclosure

parc1300

foldc1440

house1578

pinfold1605

pen1607

enfold?1611

impen?1623

to get in1698

weara1724

yard1758

to run in1837

corral1847

paddock1847

kraal1865

c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2439 (MED) He bunden him ful swiþe faste..Þat he rorede als a bole, Þat he wore parred in an hole, With dogges forto bite and beite.

a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 1.25 (MED) Þin enemyes schulen..parre þee in Jerusalem as sheep ben parrid in a foold.

a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3228 (MED) Yn al þis [perh. read tyme] was Sir Ywayn Ful straitly parred with mekil payn.

a1450 York Plays (1885) 321 (MED) In pynyng payne bees he parred.

1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. 86 Par, to inclose, shut up.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2021).

parv.²

Brit.

/pɑː/, U.S.

/pɑr/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: par n.¹

Etymology: < par n.¹

†1. transitive. To make equal in value. Obsolete. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)] > equate in value

evenOE

parifyc1487

value1560

equalize1599

equal1607

impale1647

equiparate1671

analogize1801

equate1840

par1878

1878 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 789/2 When two countries par their gold coins, the object is to arrive at a common term, for which value for value will be paid.

2. transitive. Golf. To complete (a hole or course) with a score equal to par.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > play golf [verb (transitive)] > score

to halve a hole1857

to shoot a birdie1922

card1929

par1961

1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Par, to make a golf score on (a hole) equal to par.

1974 Spartanburg (S. Carolina) Herald 19 Apr. b5/1 Heard, who parred the course Wednesday, said he was driving badly ‘but I chipped and putted very well’.

1976 Scotsman 24 Dec. (Weekend Suppl.) We won every par five we parred.

1996 Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo) 29 Apr. 18/4 In the playoff, she birdied the first extra hole... Maeda parred it.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

> as lemmas

PAR

PAR n. precision approach radar.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > radar system

radiolocation1935

televisibility1940

radar1941

precision approach radar1950

PAR1951

MTI1956

AWACS1966

1951 Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) iii. 21 Final controller, a radar controller employed in the transmission of PAR talk-down instructions to the pilot of an aircraft on the final approach to the runway, and in passing monitoring information to the pilot when using a landing aid other than PAR.

1997 AOPA Pilot Nov. 45 During an electrical failure in IMC this (and a precision approach radar, or PAR approach) may be your only ticket to the ground in one piece.

extracted from Pn.

n.¹1601

n.²1746

n.³1844

v.¹c1300

v.²1878

as lemmas

单词	par
释义	parn.¹ Brit. /pɑː/, U.S. /pɑr/ Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin pār. Etymology: < classical Latin pār that which is equal, equality, use as noun of neuter singular of pār equal, of unknown origin. Compare Italian pari (12th cent.), Spanish par (1220–50), Portuguese par (13th cent.), French pair (see pair n.³), all adjectives in sense ‘equal’. Compare also German pari, usually used adverbially, ‘par of exchange’ (in phrases such as unter pari below par; < Italian pari (compare sotto pari below par, etc.)). 1. Economics. a. In full par of exchange. The recognized value of the currency of one country in terms of that of another. See exchange n. 4a.mint par: see mint n.¹ Compounds. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > money > value of money > [noun] > relative value of different currencies par1601 rate1622 parity1860 agio1875 1601 G. de Malynes Treat. Canker Englands Commonw. i. 15 Hereby shal we find..what quantitie of other monies..we are to haue to counterualue the same in the like weight and finenesse answerable vnto ours.., giuing alwaies value for value, which therefore was called Par. 1622 G. de Malynes Consuetudo 416 The diuersitie of the said Par of Exchanges of thirtie three shillings foure pence for the Low-countreys, and twentie foure shillings nine pence for Hamborough. 1695 J. Locke Further Considerations conc. Raising Value of Money 18 The Par is a certain number of pieces of the Coin of one Country, containing in them an equal quantity of Silver to that in another number of pieces of the Coin of another Country. 1728 E. Chambers Cycl. (at cited word) The Par differs from the Course of Exchange in this, that the Par of Exchange shews what other Nations shou'd allow in Exchange; which is certain and fix'd: But the Course shews what they will allow in Exchange. 1753 J. Hanway Hist. Acct. Brit. Trade Caspian Sea II. xxxv. 218 The par is reckoned 125 Saxon dollars for 100 rix dollars current in Amsterdam. 1838 Penny Cycl. X. 108/2 Between two countries making use of the same metal a par may exist; but between two countries one of which makes use of gold and the other of silver an invariable par cannot exist. 1868 E. Seyd Bullion 394 The actual Mintage Par of Exchange between London and Paris is £1 = fcs. 25·2215... For all practicable purposes, however, we may call the Par of Exchange fcs. 25·22½ centimes. 1995 Summary of World Broadcasts Pt. 2: Central Europe & Balkans (B.B.C.) (Nexis) 28 Sept. EE/W0403/WA The programme has curbed the country's inflation almost to zero by tying the dinar to the German mark on a 1:1 par of exchange backed by foreign currency. b. The face value of a share or other security as distinct from its market value. above par: at a price above the face value, at a premium. at par: at the face value. below par: at a discount. See also par value n. at Compounds. Now chiefly Stock Market. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [adverb] > lower in price or value below par1726 off1929 society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [adverb] > at face value at par1802 society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > prices of stocks and shares > value at par par1802 par value1807 parity1900 1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vi. 111 The Exchequer Bills would not circulate under nine per Cent. below Par. 1744 N. Tindal Contin. Rapin's Hist. Eng. III. Contin. 336/1 The credit of the Exchequer notes being thus secured, they daily rose nearer to par. 1774 H. Walpole Let. to C'tess of Ailesbury in Wks. (1798) V. 565 Births—under par since lady B— left off breeding. 1802 Edinb. Rev. 1 104 A stock bearing one half per cent. would not find many purchasers at par. 1892 B. Smith & W. H. H. Hudson Arithm. for Schools (new ed.) 304 When the price of £100 stock is £100 in money, the stock is said to be at par. 1932 Manch. Guardian 28 Jan. 15/1 The ‘shorts’ are all due for repayment at par at various dates between 1933 and 1936. 1934 C. Porter Compl. Lyrics (1983) 121 The company's stock has gone up so far that it's now nearly par. 1998 Independent 30 Jan. i. 22/5 The dated stock would ultimately be redeemed at par. 2. a. More generally: equality of value or standing; an equal footing, a level. Now chiefly in on a par. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal footing or par footing1657 par1662 parity of esteem1943 the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > equality [phrase] > equal of a rate1542 much at one1686 on a par1726 much of a muchness1728 much of a piece1741 up to ——1809 honours even1864 1662 W. Petty Treat. Taxes 26 A natural par between land and labour. a1687 W. Petty Polit. Anat. Ireland (1691) 63 The most important [is] to make a Par and Equation between Lands and Labour, so as to express the Value of any thing by either alone. 1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. iii. 49 The rest of the great Officers are much upon a Par. 1770 D. Hume Hist. Eng. (new ed.) V. App. iii. 515 Industry..encreased as fast as gold and silver, and kept commodities nearly at a par with money. 1832 I. Taylor Sat. Evening 481 All are to beseem themselves as if all were on a par. 1870 J. H. Burton Hist. Scotl. to 1688 VI. lxiii. 197 Something near to par with what Scotland had to render in return. 1927 Dict. National Biogr. 1912–21 379/1 Merry's Latinity was at least on a par with his Greek. 1957 J. S. Huxley Relig. without Revelation I. 16 Man's idea of the divine, and his expression of it, is on a par with his discovery and formulation of intellectual truth. 2000 Daily Tel. 6 Oct. 6/6 The listing puts cinemas on a par with cathedrals in the pantheon of English architecture. †b. An equal numerical strength. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal, counterpart, or equivalent > specific types of equipollencec1400 equipollency1652 par1709 isopsephism1882 equivalence1906 equivalency1961 1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 16 So many of our [Irish] Temporal Peers live in England, that the Bishops are generally pretty near a Par of the [Irish] House. †c. A match, something that is equal or a match to another thing. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > [noun] > equal, counterpart, or equivalent ylikeeOE likea1200 make?c1225 fellow?a1425 proportion?a1425 countervailc1430 matcha1450 meetc1450 pareil?c1450 resemblant1484 equivalent1502 countermatch1587 second1599 parallel1600 equipollent1611 balancea1616 tantamount1637 analogy1646 analogate1652 form-fellow1659 equivalency1698 par1711 homologizer1716 peel1722 analogon1797 quits1806 correlate1821 analogue1837 representant1847 homologue1848 countertype1855 homologon1871 correlative1875 vis-à-vis1900 counterpart1903 1711 P. H. Impartial View Two Late Parl. 234 The Tryal of this worthless Tool was made a Par to that of Arch-Bishop Laud's. 3. †a. The average or expected amount, quantity, or level. on a par: on average. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > average [phrase] > on average one with anothera1687 at an average1737 on a par1767 up to par1899 1767 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy IX. xxiv. 89 For the livre or two above par for your suppers and bed. 1775 W. Marshall Minutes Agric. 5 Nov. (1778) From five bushels of malt, I find, are brewed, on a par, forty-four gallons of strong, and eighty of small. 1796 W. Marshall Rural Econ. W. Eng. I. 12 Taking the par of years, we may fairly place West Devonshire ten days or a fortnight behind the Midland District. 1806 R. Forsyth Beauties Scotl. IV. 255 The nominal farms..contain on a par about..ninety acres within the head dike.., and about 250 acres of moor or hill lands. 1863 R. Fitzroy Weather Bk. 323 The barometer had risen..but not to its normal or par height. b. The normal or expected quality, condition, or standard of something, esp. a person's health or sense of well-being. Usually following a preposition (without determiner), as above par, below par, under par, up to par. ΘΚΠ the mind > goodness and badness > quality of being good > quality of being better or superior > [adjective] > surpassing the ordinary surpassingc1580 supraordinarya1623 superordinary1630 extraordinary1649 higher1718 above par1776 extra1850 premium1856 plus1921 double dip1963 the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > [noun] > average par1776 average1802 mean1803 normal1859 the world > relative properties > quantity > smallness of quantity, amount, or degree > [adjective] > less > below normal quantity or degree under par1776 the world > relative properties > relationship > equality or equivalence > condition of being mean or average > average [phrase] > on average one with anothera1687 at an average1737 on a par1767 up to par1899 1776 H. Newdigate Let. in A. E. Newdigate-Newdegate Cheverels (1898) i. 11 As to my Spirits they are rather above than below par. 1812 J. Sinclair Acct. Syst. Husbandry Scotl. i. 382 A very small sacrifice of this sort would bring good clover and rye grass to the par of old turf. a1817 J. Austen Lady Susan xxiv, in Wks. (1954) VI. 288 Sir James is certainly under par. 1886 S. Baring-Gould Court Royal xlviii I think he caught a chill, and being below par he succumbed. 1899 H. Spencer in Westm. Gaz. 20 May 4/3 Thanks for your inquiry. I am about up to par, and not without hope of rising above it presently. 1940 P. G. Wodehouse Quick Service x. 104 Mrs. Chavender's Pekinese..had woken up that morning a little below par, and Sally was driving her and it to the veterinary surgeon in Lewes. 1958 A. Huxley Brave New World Revisited (1959) viii. 99 Whenever anyone felt depressed or below par, he would swallow a tablet or two of a chemical compound called Soma. 1989 R. Kenan Visitation of Spirits 97 Were his clothes not up to par? 4. a. Golf. The number of strokes which a scratch player should need for a hole or for a course (frequently with that number as postmodifier). Also: (as a count noun) a score of this number of strokes at a hole.In early use chiefly in par of the green. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > [noun] > scoring half1881 par1887 bird1906 birdie1906 eagle1909 double eagle1925 albatross1932 hole in one1935 bogey1946 double bogey1954 1887 W. G. Simpson Art of Golf 8 He easily recalls how often he has done each hole in par figures. 1891 Golf 10 June 291 The par of the green for gentlemen..was nearly attained. 1900 Westm. Gaz. 9 Mar. 3/2 The professionals went round in the par of the green—74. 1924 J. Braid Golf Guide 164 Par Play, perfect golf without flukes. Thus, if a green can be reached in two strokes, the hole is a Par four; two putts being allowed on each green. 1935 N.Y. Times 9 Apr. 26/1 Sinking a 220-yard spoon wallop for a ‘double eagle’ deuce on the 485-yard, par 5 fifteenth hole. 1973 A. MacVicar Painted Doll Affair viii. 96 Let's see if you can still keep shooting all these pars and birdies. 2000 Times 7 Aug. (Sport Monday section) 9/1 Westwood's closing 71 took him to a total of 270, 14 under par. b. figurative. par for the course: what is normal or expected in any given circumstances. ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > kind or sort > generality > in general [phrase] > usual or general standard as things go1575 par for the course1947 the world > action or operation > behaviour > customary or habitual mode of behaviour > in habitual or customary use [phrase] > as a habit or custom > according to the usual or natural course by course of1470 by coursec1540 of course1542 on course1619 in course of1653 par for the course1947 1947 Partisan Rev. 14 363 Nancy had married and moved to San Francisco and had had three children immediately. ‘Par for the course,’ said Seymour to Jasper. 1961 M. Beadle These Ruins are Inhabited (1963) x. 137 While waiting..I caught a fragment of another subscriber's telephone conversation. This is also par for the course in making an Oxford phone call. 1994 Action Asia Aug. 114/3 Anyone who has travelled in remote regions of China will know that unforeseen hitches and delays are par for the course. Compounds par value n. chiefly Stock Market face value. ΘΚΠ society > trade and finance > stocks and shares > [noun] > prices of stocks and shares > value at par par1802 par value1807 parity1900 society > trade and finance > financial dealings > types of money-dealing > [noun] > use of bills of exchange > value at par par value1807 1807 Philadelphia Ordinances 26 Mar. 12 No purchase of six per cent stock shall be made at a higher price than the par value. 1952 Economist 27 Dec. 904 The n.p.v. share is distrusted on the Left,..simply because it tells the truth about an equity share in a way that the share with a nominal or unrealistic par value never could. 2002 Shares 3 Oct. 34/2 Gilts are bought at their par value. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). parn.² Brit. /pɑː/, U.S. /pɑr/ Forms: 1700s– par, 1800s pah (English regional (Suffolk)), 1700s 1900s– parr. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Apparently related to par v.¹; further etymology uncertain. See parrock n. and discussion at that entry. Compare par-yard n.Currency in Middle English is suggested by the place name Parr in Lancashire (Par (1246), Parre (1298), Parr (1327), Paar (1332)). English regional (East Anglian and Lincolnshire). 1. English regional (East Anglian). An enclosure for farm animals. Earliest and now chiefly in par-yard n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal enclosure or house general > [noun] > enclosure par-yard1746 para1825 boma1860 1746 in D. Yaxley Researcher's Gloss. Hist. Documents E. Anglia (2003) 149 In the Parr Yards. Eight Home bred Cattle come three years Old 24£. 1794 R. Burroughes Farming Jrnl. Nov. 42 My labourers were employed..fencing in the par yards. a1825 R. Forby Vocab. E. Anglia (1830) Par, an inclosed place for domestic animals, for calves, perhaps, in particular. 1863 J. C. Morton Cycl. Agric. (new ed.) II. (Gloss.) 724/3 Par (Suff., Norf.), an enclosed place for domestic animals. 2. English regional (Lincolnshire). A hen-coop. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > keeping birds > poultry-keeping > [noun] > enclosure for poultry > chicken-coop mewc1387 hen coop1423 coop1530 hen cub1583 chicken coop1687 chicken house1750 chicken cavie?a1786 hen-rip1788 par1866 hover1907 1866 J. E. Brogden Provinc. Words Lincs. 145 Put the poulander under the par. 1900 J. Good Gloss. Words E. Lincs. 73 Par, hencoop. 1976 G. E. Campion Lincs. Dial. 50 We must put that 'en in a par or she'll tek them chicks all ower the gardin. 1995 J. M. Sims-Kimbrey Wodds & Doggerybaw: Lincs. Dial. Dict. Par/Parr, ark, or chicken coop with slatted front. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). parn.³ Brit. /pɑː/, U.S. /pɑr/ Forms: 1800s– par, 1800s– par. (with point.). Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: paragraph n. Etymology: Shortened < paragraph n. Compare para n.³ colloquial (chiefly Printing and Journalism). A paragraph. ΘΚΠ society > communication > writing > written text > layout > [noun] > distinct passage of closely connected sentences paraph1395 paragrapha1500 pericopea1657 par1844 para1856 society > communication > journalism > journal > matter of or for journals > [noun] > paragraph paragraph1705 par1879 1844 E. L. Blanchard Diary 27 Sept. in C. W. Scott & C. Howard Life E. L. Blanchard (1891) I. 36 Wrote some little pars for Alderton about ‘screw Penholder’. 1879 W. Black Macleod of Dare xviii. 155 Occasionally a reporter..will drop into the theatre on his way to the office, and ‘do a par.’, as they call it. 1892 Daily News 2 Feb. 7/2 He had paid..hundreds of pounds for par advertisements in the country papers. 1928 D. L. Sayers Unpleasantness at Bellona Club i. 9 I am ready to sacrifice my nearest and dearest in order to curry favour with the police and get a par. in the papers. 1973 K. Giles File on Death v. 119 There was a par. in the evening papers. 2001 FourFourTwo Sept. 26/4 A journalist needs to get the first few pars right to make a good column. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). † parv.¹ Forms: Middle English pare, Middle English parre; English regional 1800s par (Dorset). Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain; perhaps the reflex of an unattested Old English verb from the same base as parrock n., although see discussion at that entry. Compare par n.²In Middle English the word is recorded only in past participle. Obsolete (English regional (Dorset) in later use). transitive. To enclose, confine; to shut up in an enclosure; to pen. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclosing or confining > enclose or confine [verb (transitive)] pena1200 bebar?c1225 loukc1275 beshuta1300 parc1300 to shut in1398 to close inc1400 parrockc1400 pinc1400 steekc1400 lock?a1425 includec1425 key?a1439 spare?c1450 enferme1481 terminea1500 bebay1511 imprisona1533 besetc1534 hema1552 ram1567 warda1586 closet1589 pound1589 seclude1598 confine1600 i-pend1600 uptie1600 pinfold1605 boundify1606 incoop1608 to round in1609 ring1613 to buckle ina1616 embounda1616 swathe1624 hain1636 coopa1660 to sheathe up1661 stivea1722 cloister1723 span1844 the world > food and drink > farming > animal husbandry > animal keeping practices general > herding, pasturing, or confining > [verb (transitive)] > drive or put into enclosure parc1300 foldc1440 house1578 pinfold1605 pen1607 enfold?1611 impen?1623 to get in1698 weara1724 yard1758 to run in1837 corral1847 paddock1847 kraal1865 c1300 Havelok (Laud) (1868) 2439 (MED) He bunden him ful swiþe faste..Þat he rorede als a bole, Þat he wore parred in an hole, With dogges forto bite and beite. a1425 J. Wyclif Sel. Eng. Wks. (1869) I. 1.25 (MED) Þin enemyes schulen..parre þee in Jerusalem as sheep ben parrid in a foold. a1425 (?c1350) Ywain & Gawain (1964) 3228 (MED) Yn al þis [perh. read tyme] was Sir Ywayn Ful straitly parred with mekil payn. a1450 York Plays (1885) 321 (MED) In pynyng payne bees he parred. 1863 W. Barnes Gram. & Gloss. Dorset Dial. 86 Par, to inclose, shut up. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2021). parv.² Brit. /pɑː/, U.S. /pɑr/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: par n.¹ Etymology: < par n.¹ †1. transitive. To make equal in value. Obsolete. rare. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > compare [verb (transitive)] > equate in value evenOE parifyc1487 value1560 equalize1599 equal1607 impale1647 equiparate1671 analogize1801 equate1840 par1878 1878 Encycl. Brit. VIII. 789/2 When two countries par their gold coins, the object is to arrive at a common term, for which value for value will be paid. 2. transitive. Golf. To complete (a hole or course) with a score equal to par. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > sport > types of sport or game > ball game > golf > play golf [verb (transitive)] > score to halve a hole1857 to shoot a birdie1922 card1929 par1961 1961 Webster's 3rd New Internat. Dict. Eng. Lang. Par, to make a golf score on (a hole) equal to par. 1974 Spartanburg (S. Carolina) Herald 19 Apr. b5/1 Heard, who parred the course Wednesday, said he was driving badly ‘but I chipped and putted very well’. 1976 Scotsman 24 Dec. (Weekend Suppl.) We won every par five we parred. 1996 Daily Yomiuri (Tokyo) 29 Apr. 18/4 In the playoff, she birdied the first extra hole... Maeda parred it. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). > as lemmas PAR PAR n. precision approach radar. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > instrument for detection > [noun] > radar system radiolocation1935 televisibility1940 radar1941 precision approach radar1950 PAR1951 MTI1956 AWACS1966 1951 Gloss. Aeronaut. Terms (B.S.I.) iii. 21 Final controller, a radar controller employed in the transmission of PAR talk-down instructions to the pilot of an aircraft on the final approach to the runway, and in passing monitoring information to the pilot when using a landing aid other than PAR. 1997 AOPA Pilot Nov. 45 During an electrical failure in IMC this (and a precision approach radar, or PAR approach) may be your only ticket to the ground in one piece. extracted from Pn. < n.¹1601n.²1746n.³1844v.¹c1300v.²1878 as lemmas
随便看	equilibrists equilibrity equilibrium equilibrium diagram equilibrium moisture content equilibrium of temperature equilibriums equilibrize equilibrized equilibrizeed equilibrizeing equilibrizes equilibrizing equilibrous equilin equilobate equilucent equimolar equimolecular equimomental equimultiple equimultiples equinal equine equinecessary

parn.1

Compounds

parn.2

parn.3

† parv.1

parv.2

> as lemmas

parn.¹

parn.²

parn.³

† parv.¹

parv.²