palisaden.
/ˌpalᵻˈseɪd/, U.S. /ˌpæləˈseɪd/ 1. † c. Chiefly Military. A strong, pointed, wooden stake fixed deeply in the ground with others in a close row, either vertical or inclined, as a defence. Obsolete.
a. Originally: a fence made of wooden pales or stakes fixed in the ground, forming an enclosure or defence. Subsequently also: a fence made of metal railings.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun]
shide-wallc1000
barrierc1380
peel?a1400
bails1523
palisade1588
stockado1608
stockade1614
fraise1775
picket1779
estacade1827
zariba1849
boma1860
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling
hurdisa1352
gratea1400
palis?a1400
palisade1588
palisado1589
ring hedge1607
impalement1611
ring fence1614
palisadoing1661
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > a palisade
hurdisa1352
palis?a1400
palisade1588
palisado1589
staccado1612
stacket1637
steccado1652
palisadoing1661
palisading1729
stockade1858
1588 Narr. Def. Berghen 10 Oct. in Ancaster MSS (Hist. MSS. Comm.) (1907) 212 His choise musqueiters..served that night to great use upon them that broke downe the pallizade.
1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxviii. v. 670 The avenues of the forest Thermopylæ..were stopped up by the Ætolians with a trench and pallaisade.
1622 ‘Mourt’ Relation 22 We found the remainder of an old Fort, or Paliside, which as we conceived had been made by some Christians.
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 559 Others aid To ram the Stones, or raise the Palisade.
1736 Neve's City & Country Purchaser's & Builder's Dict. (ed. 3) Palisade, or Palisado,..a sort of slight open pale, or fence, set to beautify a place, or walk.
1777 S. Johnson Let. 4 Sept. (1992) III. 58 Dr. Taylor has put a very elegant iron palisade before his house.
1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1846) III. xl. 531 A ditch and palisade might be sufficient to resist the..cavalry.
1814 J. Austen Mansfield Park ix. 85 Every room on the west front looked across a lawn to the..avenue immediately beyond tall iron palisades and gates.
1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast vii. 52 Near it was..a long, low brown-looking building, surrounded by something like a palisade, from which an old and dingy-looking Chilian flag was flying.
1885 M. E. Braddon Wyllard's Weird I. 4 The wooden palisade had been removed in the progress of the work.
1927 A. A. Horn Life & Works I. xxi. 243 Dried brushwood had been placed around the pallisade and this was easily pulled out.
1992 R. Rogers Lat. Siege Warfare (1997) iv. 148 Alessandria's defences consisted of a massive earthen rampart topped with a palisade.
b. Horticulture. An espalier; a row of trees or shrubs clipped to form an ornamental hedge, esp. as an edging for an alley. Now historical.
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the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > [noun] > trellis or framework
trailc1460
trellis1513
palisado1604
counter-espalier1658
palisade1658
pole hedge1658
treillage1698
trellis-work1712
espalier1736
trellis-frame1766
trainer1836
balloon1881
trellising1913
palm-stand1926
wigwam1961
the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > fruit-frame
palisado1604
counter-espalier1658
palisade1658
pole hedge1658
espalier1736
fruit-frame1874
1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 14 Concerning Esphaliers (which I will English Palisades) I will shew you severall formes of accommodating them.
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. iii. 165 We shear our Palisade's the second time.
1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 21 When the Trees are spread, and the Palisades grown up.
1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Gardener To cut the Trees and Pallisades when there is need of it, as well as the Treils and Arbours.
1754 New & Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. III. 2316/1 Palisade, in gardening, denotes a sort of ornament; being a row of trees which bear branches and leaves from the bottom, cut and spread in manner of a wall along the side of an alley..so as to appear like a wall covered with leaves.
1979 W. H. Adams French Garden v. 109 The severely shaped and geometric elements, such as the palisades, the allées, and the background hedging.
1990 Opera Now May 44/2 Very high palisades or hedges are described as ‘fans’ or ‘curtains’.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun] > pole for palisade or stockade
stake1297
palisado1616
storm-pole1647
palisade1697
1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 406 And Palisades about the Trenches plac'd.
1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. I. ii. 102 The ramparts were fortified with pallisades.
1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 317 Palisades are 9 feet long, and 6 or 7 inches square. When fixed, they are generally planted 3 feet in the ground and about 3 inches asunder.
1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 188/2 They..began to dig a trench, and to heap up a mound, on which the palisades they brought with them were to be driven in.
1857 R. Tomes Americans in Japan xiv. 330 Stakes or palisades are driven in along the cuttings, to prevent the earth from caving.
2. Extended uses.
a. A thing resembling or likened to a fence of stakes; (also) a thing resembling a stake in such a fence.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier
pale1552
wall1594
impalement1598
palisade1601
palisado1619
ring fence1795
1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vii. 558 Seed..contained..within eares..defended (as it were) with a pallaisade of eales [= awn (of barley, etc.)].
1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. iv. ii. 109 Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff Hairs.
1831 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 168 To drive down more or less effectual palisades against that class of persons.
1842 Promethean Mar. 45/1 To trace the ideas of industrialism..would conduct us beyond the palissade of our present studies.
1894 L. Stephen Playground of Europe (new ed.) v. 122 A vast palissade of blue ice-pinnacles.
1941 ‘N. Blake’ Case of Abominable Snowman i. 11 The serried searchlights of the Outer Defences stood straight up into the sky, a palisade of light.
1956 Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 4 167 Bunt also noticed the formation of ice palisades (pipkrakes) in the hollows and ascribes the removal of fine material from the hollows to the melting of these ice crystals.
1985 E. H. Colbert Wandering Lands & Animals (new ed.) i. 19 This high palisade of ancient magmas, which once had welled up from the interior of the earth..had nevertheless been in part broken and fractured.
b. Hairdressing. A wire supporting the hair, as part of a headdress fashionable in the early part of the 17th cent. Now historical.
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the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > accessories worn in the hair > [noun] > supportive wire
wirec1475
palisado1607
palisadea1685
a1685 M. Evelyn Fop-dict. 19 in Mundus Muliebris (1690) Palisade, a Wire sustaining the Hair next to the Dutchess, or first Knot.
1969 R. T. Wilcox Dict. Costume 83/2 From about 1675 into the early eighteenth century, the hair was dressed high off the forehead in clusters of curls arranged over a silk-covered wire frame called a commode or palisade.
c. In plural. With the. A line of high cliffs resembling columns, extending about 15 miles along the western bank of the Hudson River above New York City. Also: any similar formation of cliffs elsewhere.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > cliff > [noun] > specific cliffs
white cliffsa1475
pali1815
palisado1818
palisade1827
1827 M. Beaufoy Tour 41 The curious natural barrier called the ‘Palisades’,..forms its western bank for seven or eight leagues.
1861 N. A. Woods Prince of Wales in Canada & U.S. 405 The mighty [Hudson] river at first hemmed in by lofty cliffs, called the Palisades, which, striped with thin red and black strata, look like coloured palings erected by Nature to keep within bounds the stream.
1886 A. Winchell Walks & Talks in Geol. Field 96 High cliffs of basaltic columns, like those exposed on the Hudson and Columbia rivers, are often called palisades.
1948 Chicago Tribune 20 June vii. 13/5 Often it slides along the base of steep cliffs which will remind you of the Hudson's palisades.
1981 J. McPhee Basin & Range 4 It bursts from its confining source..through the high dark roadcuts of the Palisades.
d. Biology and Pathology. A layer of parallel, often columnar cells, typically arranged around the periphery of the structure of which they form part, or having their long axes perpendicular to its surface; (Botany) the chloroplast-rich layer of mesophyll immediately beneath the upper epidermis of most leaves. Frequently attributive (see Compounds 1).Recorded earliest in palisade tissue n. at Compounds 2.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of
torula1833
palisade1875
palisade layer1886
cytoarchitecture1908
chain1910
cytoarchitectonics1920
palisading1929
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue [Ger. Palissadengewebe].
1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 62 The rete mucosum between the cells of the palisade and other layers.
1956 R. W. Evans Histol. Appearances Tumours vi. 79 In one of Chase's tumours the cells tended to form palisades.
1965 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 349 The outer leaves on the southern sunny side of a tree commonly possess a deeper palisade..than the ‘shade leaves’ of the northern side.
1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 207 Epidermal cells shaped liked lenses..focus light on the chloroplasts of the palisade below.
Compounds
C1.
a. (Sense 1a.)
palisade trench n.
ΚΠ
1919 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 9 127 Why should not the main ditch and the palisade trench have been carried the whole way round the fort?
1935 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 1 124 In this barrow the posts (set in a palisade-trench) were smaller.
2001 Oxoniensia 65 272 An E.–W. orientated ditch..had a maximum depth of 0.65 m., with a flat bottomed, funnel-shaped profile, which is typical of palisade trenches.
b. (Sense 1b.)† palisade-hedge n. Obsolete† palisade-tree n. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a hedge > other types of hedge
teen-hedge1638
counter-hedge1642
palisade-hedge1664
palisado hedge1688
beard1810
bullfinch1832
bullfincher1862
cut and laid1919
1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 60 in Sylva Trim up your Palisade Hedges, and Espaliers.
1676 J. Worlidge Vinetum Britannicum 38 It is usual with some to plash them to Poles, to make a Pallisade-hedge.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > wood or assemblage of trees or shrubs > [noun] > planted, cultivated, or valued > hedge or hedgerow > trees grown in
palisade-tree1691
hedge-wood1707
1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 15 Keep your Wall and Palisade-Trees from mounting too hastily.
C2.
palisade cell n. Biology and Pathology any cell forming part of a palisade, esp. that of a leaf.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells
reticular cell1832
torula1833
reserve cell1842
subcell1844
parenchyma cell1857
pedicel cell1858
nettle cell1870
heterocyst1872
prickle cell1872
angioblast1875
palisade cell1875
sextant1875
spindle cell1876
neuroblast1878
body cell1879
plasma cell1882
reticulum cell1882
stem cell1885
Langhans1886
basal cell1889
pole cell1890
myelocyte1891
statocyst1892
mast cell1893
thrombocyte1893
iridocyte1894
precursor1895
nurse cell1896
amacrine1900
statocyte1900
mononuclear1903
oat cell1903
myeloblast1904
trochoblast1904
adipocyte1906
polynuclear1906
fibrocyte1911
akaryote1920
Rouget cell1922
Sternberg–Reed1922
amphicyte1925
monoblast1925
pericyte1925
promyelocyte1925
pituicyte1930
agamete1932
sympathogonia1934
athrocyte1938
progenitor1938
Reed–Sternberg cell1939
submarginal1941
delta cell1942
mastocyte1947
squame1949
podocyte1954
transformed cell1956
transformant1957
spheroplast1958
pinealocyte1961
immunocyte1963
lactotroph1966
mammotroph1966
minicell1967
proheterocyst1970
myofibroblast1971
cybrid1974
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 657 These changes are usually more complete in the ‘pallisade-cells’ on the upper side than in the parenchyma which lies deeper.
1887 W. Hillhouse tr. E. Strasburger Handbk. Pract. Bot. xv. 161 The cells of the upper layer of spongy parenchyma..are fast joined to the inner palisade cells.
1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) In the shade-adapted Begonia the palisade cells are obconical.
palisade layer n. Biology and Pathology = sense 2d.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of
torula1833
palisade1875
palisade layer1886
cytoarchitecture1908
chain1910
cytoarchitectonics1920
palisading1929
1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 285 The subsequent layers of Viallanes (post-retinal fibers, ganglion cell-layer, palisade-layer and chaplet-cells).
1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. vi. 289 Such an abaxial palisade-layer..constitutes, as it were, a miniature copy of the principal adaxial system.
1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) A palisade layer is absent in Selaginella and poorly developed in the fern Dryopteris and the succulent Suaeda.
palisade parenchyma n. Botany the part of the parenchyma of a leaf that makes up the palisade.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue
parenchyma1651
parenchyme1811
suberin1815
mesophyllum1832
prosenchyma1832
cinenchyma1835
bothrenchyma1838
merenchyma1839
pleurenchyma1839
mesophyll1848
trachenchyma1848
inenchyma1851
sterenchyma1856
collenchyma1857
rhytidome1861
procambium1872
palisade tissue1875
trace1875
taphrenchyma1876
phellem1877
ground-tissue1882
palisade parenchyma1882
stone-sclerenchyma1884
stereome1885
aerenchyma1889
chlorenchyma1894
1882 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) i. iii. 139 In ordinary flat leaves we find beneath the epidermis of the upper surface one,..two, or three layers of oblong blunt cells placed perpendicularly to the surface of the leaf... This tissue is sometimes termed palisade parenchyma.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xiii. 285 In the majority of cases the boring larva keeps to the middle tissue..of the leaf, sometimes in the upper half (palisade parenchyma), sometimes in the lower half (spongy parenchyma).
1997 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 84 597 Their cylindrical leaves in cross section exhibited two to three peripheral rings as layers of palisade parenchyma.
palisade tissue n. Botany the tissue that forms the palisade of the leaf.
ΘΚΠ
the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue
parenchyma1651
parenchyme1811
suberin1815
mesophyllum1832
prosenchyma1832
cinenchyma1835
bothrenchyma1838
merenchyma1839
pleurenchyma1839
mesophyll1848
trachenchyma1848
inenchyma1851
sterenchyma1856
collenchyma1857
rhytidome1861
procambium1872
palisade tissue1875
trace1875
taphrenchyma1876
phellem1877
ground-tissue1882
palisade parenchyma1882
stone-sclerenchyma1884
stereome1885
aerenchyma1889
chlorenchyma1894
1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue.
1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxx. 107 It is characteristic of land-plants as opposed to submerged water-plants to possess dorsi-ventral leaves, and in particular palisade tissue.
1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 9434/1 Expression of the fusion gene was ubiquitous in all cell layers, including epidermis, palisade tissue, and the spongy layer.
palisade worm n. any of several large strongyles (threadworms) that infest horses, esp. Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, and S. equinus, so called from having a row of chitinous spicules along the edge of their mouths.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > member of
roundworm1837
nematode1856
nematoid1865
bloodworm1872
heartworm1877
rhabdonema1886
palisade worm1888
kidney worm1893
tunnel-worm1895
nema1917
rhabditoid1937
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > family Strongylidae > member of genus Stongylus > eustrongylus gigas (palisade-worm)
palisade worm1888
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > family Strongylidae > member of genus Stongylus > stongylus armatus (palisade-worm)
palisade worm1888
1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 685 Strongylus armatus, the palisade Worm..is a common cause of aneurism..in the Horse and Ass.
a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. vii. 135 Many ‘palisade-worms’ or Strongyles are parasites of domesticated animals.
1991 Merck Vet. Man. (ed. 7) 202 The large strongyles of horses are also known as blood worms, palisade worms, sclerostomes or red worms.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
palisadev.
/ˌpalᵻˈseɪd/, U.S. /ˌpæləˈseɪd/ transitive and intransitive. To surround, enclose, or fortify (a place) with a palisade; esp. to fence in (an area). Formerly also: †to train (a tree or shrub) on a palisade or espalier (obsolete). Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [verb (transitive)]
palisade1632
stacket1637
stockado1647
fraise1706
picket1745
stockade1755
zariba1885
society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > furnish or surround with fence or hedge
haya1050
palea1382
palis?a1400
hain14..
tinec1440
bara1500
mound1515
impale1530
stowerc1555
palisado1607
teen1616
palisade1632
impile1633
cancel1650
wire1691
inrail1714
ring-fence1761
whin-kid1876
the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)] > with a fence or hedge > with a paling
palea1382
palis?a1400
impale1530
palisado1607
palisade1632
impile1633
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. viii. 349 The Ditch..is mainly pallasaded with wooden stakes.
1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner v. 114 When the Walls are Pargetted with Plaister, we have the Convenience to Ply, or Pallisade the Branches with Nails, and Shreads of Sheep's-Skin... Putting the Stays about the Branch, and fixing it upwards with a Nail, we thus form the Figure of our Trees.
1719 G. London & H. Wise J. de la Quintinie's Compl. Gard'ner (ed. 7) i. 2 There is daily some new Thing to be done, as to Sow, Plant, Prune, Pallisade.
1719 D. Jones Compl. Hist. Turks II. vi. ii. 308 They endeavoured to secure themselves by palisading the same.
1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) I. 269 Jaws palisaded with teeth.
1834 R. M. Bird Calavar I. xv. 163 The bank above them was so palisaded by the sharp and jutting boughs of a prostrate tree.
1850 Fraser's Mag. 42 10 The frowning cliffs that palisade the shore.
1883 Cent. Mag. Jan. 388/2 Thereupon might have been seen this engineer..driving stakes, drawing lines, marking off streets and lots..day by day ditching and palisading.
1933 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 23 190 The original defences of the fortress..consisted of..a clay bank laced and palisaded with timber.
2003 Ear, Nose & Throat Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 Jan. 19 The ameloblastic cells are columnar epithelial cells palisaded about the periphery of the tumor nests, with a subnuclear vacuolization away from the basement membrane.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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