palisaden.

Brit.

/ˌpalᵻˈseɪd/, U.S.

/ˌpæləˈseɪd/

Forms: 1500s palaisade, 1500s pallizade, 1500s–1600s pallaisade, 1600s palisad, 1600s paliside (North American), 1600s palizide (North American), 1600s pallasade, 1600s– palisade, 1600s– pallisade, 1700s palisadee (North American), 1800s– palissade (now rare); also Scottish pre-1700 pallisad, pre-1700 pillasad.

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French palissade.

Etymology: < Middle French, French palissade (15th cent. in Middle French in sense 1a, 1600 in sense 1b, 1611 in sense 1c), either < palis palis n. + -ade -ade suffix, or < Old Occitan palissada : see palisado n.

a. Originally: a fence made of wooden pales or stakes fixed in the ground, forming an enclosure or defence. Subsequently also: a fence made of metal railings.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun]

shide-wallc1000

barrierc1380

peel?a1400

bails1523

palisade1588

stockado1608

stockade1614

fraise1775

picket1779

estacade1827

zariba1849

boma1860

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling

hurdisa1352

gratea1400

palis?a1400

palisade1588

palisado1589

ring hedge1607

impalement1611

ring fence1614

palisadoing1661

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > a palisade

hurdisa1352

palis?a1400

palisade1588

palisado1589

staccado1612

stacket1637

steccado1652

palisadoing1661

palisading1729

stockade1858

1588 Narr. Def. Berghen 10 Oct. in Ancaster MSS (Hist. MSS. Comm.) (1907) 212 His choise musqueiters..served that night to great use upon them that broke downe the pallizade.

1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxviii. v. 670 The avenues of the forest Thermopylæ..were stopped up by the Ætolians with a trench and pallaisade.

1622 ‘Mourt’ Relation 22 We found the remainder of an old Fort, or Paliside, which as we conceived had been made by some Christians.

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 559 Others aid To ram the Stones, or raise the Palisade.

1736 Neve's City & Country Purchaser's & Builder's Dict. (ed. 3) Palisade, or Palisado,..a sort of slight open pale, or fence, set to beautify a place, or walk.

1777 S. Johnson Let. 4 Sept. (1992) III. 58 Dr. Taylor has put a very elegant iron palisade before his house.

1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1846) III. xl. 531 A ditch and palisade might be sufficient to resist the..cavalry.

1814 J. Austen Mansfield Park ix. 85 Every room on the west front looked across a lawn to the..avenue immediately beyond tall iron palisades and gates.

1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast vii. 52 Near it was..a long, low brown-looking building, surrounded by something like a palisade, from which an old and dingy-looking Chilian flag was flying.

1885 M. E. Braddon Wyllard's Weird I. 4 The wooden palisade had been removed in the progress of the work.

1927 A. A. Horn Life & Works I. xxi. 243 Dried brushwood had been placed around the pallisade and this was easily pulled out.

1992 R. Rogers Lat. Siege Warfare (1997) iv. 148 Alessandria's defences consisted of a massive earthen rampart topped with a palisade.

b. Horticulture. An espalier; a row of trees or shrubs clipped to form an ornamental hedge, esp. as an edging for an alley. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > [noun] > trellis or framework

trailc1460

trellis1513

palisado1604

counter-espalier1658

palisade1658

pole hedge1658

treillage1698

trellis-work1712

espalier1736

trellis-frame1766

trainer1836

balloon1881

trellising1913

palm-stand1926

wigwam1961

the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > fruit-frame

palisado1604

counter-espalier1658

palisade1658

pole hedge1658

espalier1736

fruit-frame1874

1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 14 Concerning Esphaliers (which I will English Palisades) I will shew you severall formes of accommodating them.

1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. iii. 165 We shear our Palisade's the second time.

1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 21 When the Trees are spread, and the Palisades grown up.

1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Gardener To cut the Trees and Pallisades when there is need of it, as well as the Treils and Arbours.

1754 New & Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. III. 2316/1 Palisade, in gardening, denotes a sort of ornament; being a row of trees which bear branches and leaves from the bottom, cut and spread in manner of a wall along the side of an alley..so as to appear like a wall covered with leaves.

1979 W. H. Adams French Garden v. 109 The severely shaped and geometric elements, such as the palisades, the allées, and the background hedging.

1990 Opera Now May 44/2 Very high palisades or hedges are described as ‘fans’ or ‘curtains’.

†c. Chiefly Military. A strong, pointed, wooden stake fixed deeply in the ground with others in a close row, either vertical or inclined, as a defence. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun] > pole for palisade or stockade

stake1297

palisado1616

storm-pole1647

palisade1697

1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 406 And Palisades about the Trenches plac'd.

1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. I. ii. 102 The ramparts were fortified with pallisades.

1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 317 Palisades are 9 feet long, and 6 or 7 inches square. When fixed, they are generally planted 3 feet in the ground and about 3 inches asunder.

1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 188/2 They..began to dig a trench, and to heap up a mound, on which the palisades they brought with them were to be driven in.

1857 R. Tomes Americans in Japan xiv. 330 Stakes or palisades are driven in along the cuttings, to prevent the earth from caving.

2. Extended uses.

a. A thing resembling or likened to a fence of stakes; (also) a thing resembling a stake in such a fence.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier

pale1552

wall1594

impalement1598

palisade1601

palisado1619

ring fence1795

1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vii. 558 Seed..contained..within eares..defended (as it were) with a pallaisade of eales [= awn (of barley, etc.)].

1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. iv. ii. 109 Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff Hairs.

1831 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 168 To drive down more or less effectual palisades against that class of persons.

1842 Promethean Mar. 45/1 To trace the ideas of industrialism..would conduct us beyond the palissade of our present studies.

1894 L. Stephen Playground of Europe (new ed.) v. 122 A vast palissade of blue ice-pinnacles.

1941 ‘N. Blake’ Case of Abominable Snowman i. 11 The serried searchlights of the Outer Defences stood straight up into the sky, a palisade of light.

1956 Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 4 167 Bunt also noticed the formation of ice palisades (pipkrakes) in the hollows and ascribes the removal of fine material from the hollows to the melting of these ice crystals.

1985 E. H. Colbert Wandering Lands & Animals (new ed.) i. 19 This high palisade of ancient magmas, which once had welled up from the interior of the earth..had nevertheless been in part broken and fractured.

b. Hairdressing. A wire supporting the hair, as part of a headdress fashionable in the early part of the 17th cent. Now historical.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > accessories worn in the hair > [noun] > supportive wire

wirec1475

palisado1607

palisadea1685

a1685 M. Evelyn Fop-dict. 19 in Mundus Muliebris (1690) Palisade, a Wire sustaining the Hair next to the Dutchess, or first Knot.

1969 R. T. Wilcox Dict. Costume 83/2 From about 1675 into the early eighteenth century, the hair was dressed high off the forehead in clusters of curls arranged over a silk-covered wire frame called a commode or palisade.

c. In plural. With the. A line of high cliffs resembling columns, extending about 15 miles along the western bank of the Hudson River above New York City. Also: any similar formation of cliffs elsewhere.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > cliff > [noun] > specific cliffs

white cliffsa1475

pali1815

palisado1818

palisade1827

1827 M. Beaufoy Tour 41 The curious natural barrier called the ‘Palisades’,..forms its western bank for seven or eight leagues.

1861 N. A. Woods Prince of Wales in Canada & U.S. 405 The mighty [Hudson] river at first hemmed in by lofty cliffs, called the Palisades, which, striped with thin red and black strata, look like coloured palings erected by Nature to keep within bounds the stream.

1886 A. Winchell Walks & Talks in Geol. Field 96 High cliffs of basaltic columns, like those exposed on the Hudson and Columbia rivers, are often called palisades.

1948 Chicago Tribune 20 June vii. 13/5 Often it slides along the base of steep cliffs which will remind you of the Hudson's palisades.

1981 J. McPhee Basin & Range 4 It bursts from its confining source..through the high dark roadcuts of the Palisades.

d. Biology and Pathology. A layer of parallel, often columnar cells, typically arranged around the periphery of the structure of which they form part, or having their long axes perpendicular to its surface; (Botany) the chloroplast-rich layer of mesophyll immediately beneath the upper epidermis of most leaves. Frequently attributive (see Compounds 1).Recorded earliest in palisade tissue n. at Compounds 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of

torula1833

palisade1875

palisade layer1886

cytoarchitecture1908

chain1910

cytoarchitectonics1920

palisading1929

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue [Ger. Palissadengewebe].

1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 62 The rete mucosum between the cells of the palisade and other layers.

1956 R. W. Evans Histol. Appearances Tumours vi. 79 In one of Chase's tumours the cells tended to form palisades.

1965 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 349 The outer leaves on the southern sunny side of a tree commonly possess a deeper palisade..than the ‘shade leaves’ of the northern side.

1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 207 Epidermal cells shaped liked lenses..focus light on the chloroplasts of the palisade below.

Compounds

C1.

a. (Sense 1a.)

palisade trench n.

ΚΠ

1919 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 9 127 Why should not the main ditch and the palisade trench have been carried the whole way round the fort?

1935 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 1 124 In this barrow the posts (set in a palisade-trench) were smaller.

2001 Oxoniensia 65 272 An E.–W. orientated ditch..had a maximum depth of 0.65 m., with a flat bottomed, funnel-shaped profile, which is typical of palisade trenches.

b. (Sense 1b.)

† palisade-hedge n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a hedge > other types of hedge

teen-hedge1638

counter-hedge1642

palisade-hedge1664

palisado hedge1688

beard1810

bullfinch1832

bullfincher1862

cut and laid1919

1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 60 in Sylva Trim up your Palisade Hedges, and Espaliers.

1676 J. Worlidge Vinetum Britannicum 38 It is usual with some to plash them to Poles, to make a Pallisade-hedge.

† palisade-tree n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > wood or assemblage of trees or shrubs > [noun] > planted, cultivated, or valued > hedge or hedgerow > trees grown in

palisade-tree1691

hedge-wood1707

1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 15 Keep your Wall and Palisade-Trees from mounting too hastily.

C2.

palisade cell n. Biology and Pathology any cell forming part of a palisade, esp. that of a leaf.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells

reticular cell1832

torula1833

reserve cell1842

subcell1844

parenchyma cell1857

pedicel cell1858

nettle cell1870

heterocyst1872

prickle cell1872

angioblast1875

palisade cell1875

sextant1875

spindle cell1876

neuroblast1878

body cell1879

plasma cell1882

reticulum cell1882

stem cell1885

Langhans1886

basal cell1889

pole cell1890

myelocyte1891

statocyst1892

mast cell1893

thrombocyte1893

iridocyte1894

precursor1895

nurse cell1896

amacrine1900

statocyte1900

mononuclear1903

oat cell1903

myeloblast1904

trochoblast1904

adipocyte1906

polynuclear1906

fibrocyte1911

akaryote1920

Rouget cell1922

Sternberg–Reed1922

amphicyte1925

monoblast1925

pericyte1925

promyelocyte1925

pituicyte1930

agamete1932

sympathogonia1934

athrocyte1938

progenitor1938

Reed–Sternberg cell1939

submarginal1941

delta cell1942

mastocyte1947

squame1949

podocyte1954

transformed cell1956

transformant1957

spheroplast1958

pinealocyte1961

immunocyte1963

lactotroph1966

mammotroph1966

minicell1967

proheterocyst1970

myofibroblast1971

cybrid1974

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 657 These changes are usually more complete in the ‘pallisade-cells’ on the upper side than in the parenchyma which lies deeper.

1887 W. Hillhouse tr. E. Strasburger Handbk. Pract. Bot. xv. 161 The cells of the upper layer of spongy parenchyma..are fast joined to the inner palisade cells.

1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) In the shade-adapted Begonia the palisade cells are obconical.

palisade layer n. Biology and Pathology = sense 2d.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of

torula1833

palisade1875

palisade layer1886

cytoarchitecture1908

chain1910

cytoarchitectonics1920

palisading1929

1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 285 The subsequent layers of Viallanes (post-retinal fibers, ganglion cell-layer, palisade-layer and chaplet-cells).

1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. vi. 289 Such an abaxial palisade-layer..constitutes, as it were, a miniature copy of the principal adaxial system.

1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) A palisade layer is absent in Selaginella and poorly developed in the fern Dryopteris and the succulent Suaeda.

palisade parenchyma n. Botany the part of the parenchyma of a leaf that makes up the palisade.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue

parenchyma1651

parenchyme1811

suberin1815

mesophyllum1832

prosenchyma1832

cinenchyma1835

bothrenchyma1838

merenchyma1839

pleurenchyma1839

mesophyll1848

trachenchyma1848

inenchyma1851

sterenchyma1856

collenchyma1857

rhytidome1861

procambium1872

palisade tissue1875

trace1875

taphrenchyma1876

phellem1877

ground-tissue1882

palisade parenchyma1882

stone-sclerenchyma1884

stereome1885

aerenchyma1889

chlorenchyma1894

1882 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) i. iii. 139 In ordinary flat leaves we find beneath the epidermis of the upper surface one,..two, or three layers of oblong blunt cells placed perpendicularly to the surface of the leaf... This tissue is sometimes termed palisade parenchyma.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xiii. 285 In the majority of cases the boring larva keeps to the middle tissue..of the leaf, sometimes in the upper half (palisade parenchyma), sometimes in the lower half (spongy parenchyma).

1997 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 84 597 Their cylindrical leaves in cross section exhibited two to three peripheral rings as layers of palisade parenchyma.

palisade tissue n. Botany the tissue that forms the palisade of the leaf.

ΘΚΠ

the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue

parenchyma1651

parenchyme1811

suberin1815

mesophyllum1832

prosenchyma1832

cinenchyma1835

bothrenchyma1838

merenchyma1839

pleurenchyma1839

mesophyll1848

trachenchyma1848

inenchyma1851

sterenchyma1856

collenchyma1857

rhytidome1861

procambium1872

palisade tissue1875

trace1875

taphrenchyma1876

phellem1877

ground-tissue1882

palisade parenchyma1882

stone-sclerenchyma1884

stereome1885

aerenchyma1889

chlorenchyma1894

1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue.

1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxx. 107 It is characteristic of land-plants as opposed to submerged water-plants to possess dorsi-ventral leaves, and in particular palisade tissue.

1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 9434/1 Expression of the fusion gene was ubiquitous in all cell layers, including epidermis, palisade tissue, and the spongy layer.

palisade worm n. any of several large strongyles (threadworms) that infest horses, esp. Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, and S. equinus, so called from having a row of chitinous spicules along the edge of their mouths.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > member of

roundworm1837

nematode1856

nematoid1865

bloodworm1872

heartworm1877

rhabdonema1886

palisade worm1888

kidney worm1893

tunnel-worm1895

nema1917

rhabditoid1937

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > family Strongylidae > member of genus Stongylus > eustrongylus gigas (palisade-worm)

palisade worm1888

1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 685 Strongylus armatus, the palisade Worm..is a common cause of aneurism..in the Horse and Ass.

a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. vii. 135 Many ‘palisade-worms’ or Strongyles are parasites of domesticated animals.

1991 Merck Vet. Man. (ed. 7) 202 The large strongyles of horses are also known as blood worms, palisade worms, sclerostomes or red worms.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).

单词	palisade
释义	palisaden. Brit. /ˌpalᵻˈseɪd/, U.S. /ˌpæləˈseɪd/ Forms: 1500s palaisade, 1500s pallizade, 1500s–1600s pallaisade, 1600s palisad, 1600s paliside (North American), 1600s palizide (North American), 1600s pallasade, 1600s– palisade, 1600s– pallisade, 1700s palisadee (North American), 1800s– palissade (now rare); also Scottish pre-1700 pallisad, pre-1700 pillasad. Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French palissade. Etymology: < Middle French, French palissade (15th cent. in Middle French in sense 1a, 1600 in sense 1b, 1611 in sense 1c), either < palis palis n. + -ade -ade suffix, or < Old Occitan palissada : see palisado n. 1. a. Originally: a fence made of wooden pales or stakes fixed in the ground, forming an enclosure or defence. Subsequently also: a fence made of metal railings. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun] shide-wallc1000 barrierc1380 peel?a1400 bails1523 palisade1588 stockado1608 stockade1614 fraise1775 picket1779 estacade1827 zariba1849 boma1860 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier > enclosing fence or paling hurdisa1352 gratea1400 palis?a1400 palisade1588 palisado1589 ring hedge1607 impalement1611 ring fence1614 palisadoing1661 the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a fence > a palisade hurdisa1352 palis?a1400 palisade1588 palisado1589 staccado1612 stacket1637 steccado1652 palisadoing1661 palisading1729 stockade1858 1588 Narr. Def. Berghen 10 Oct. in Ancaster MSS (Hist. MSS. Comm.) (1907) 212 His choise musqueiters..served that night to great use upon them that broke downe the pallizade. 1600 P. Holland tr. Livy Rom. Hist. xxviii. v. 670 The avenues of the forest Thermopylæ..were stopped up by the Ætolians with a trench and pallaisade. 1622 ‘Mourt’ Relation 22 We found the remainder of an old Fort, or Paliside, which as we conceived had been made by some Christians. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xi, in tr. Virgil Wks. 559 Others aid To ram the Stones, or raise the Palisade. 1736 Neve's City & Country Purchaser's & Builder's Dict. (ed. 3) Palisade, or Palisado,..a sort of slight open pale, or fence, set to beautify a place, or walk. 1777 S. Johnson Let. 4 Sept. (1992) III. 58 Dr. Taylor has put a very elegant iron palisade before his house. 1788 E. Gibbon Decline & Fall (1846) III. xl. 531 A ditch and palisade might be sufficient to resist the..cavalry. 1814 J. Austen Mansfield Park ix. 85 Every room on the west front looked across a lawn to the..avenue immediately beyond tall iron palisades and gates. 1840 R. H. Dana Two Years before Mast vii. 52 Near it was..a long, low brown-looking building, surrounded by something like a palisade, from which an old and dingy-looking Chilian flag was flying. 1885 M. E. Braddon Wyllard's Weird I. 4 The wooden palisade had been removed in the progress of the work. 1927 A. A. Horn Life & Works I. xxi. 243 Dried brushwood had been placed around the pallisade and this was easily pulled out. 1992 R. Rogers Lat. Siege Warfare (1997) iv. 148 Alessandria's defences consisted of a massive earthen rampart topped with a palisade. b. Horticulture. An espalier; a row of trees or shrubs clipped to form an ornamental hedge, esp. as an edging for an alley. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > farming > gardening > equipment and buildings > [noun] > trellis or framework trailc1460 trellis1513 palisado1604 counter-espalier1658 palisade1658 pole hedge1658 treillage1698 trellis-work1712 espalier1736 trellis-frame1766 trainer1836 balloon1881 trellising1913 palm-stand1926 wigwam1961 the world > food and drink > farming > cultivation or tillage > cultivation of plants or crops > cultivation of fruit > [noun] > fruit-frame palisado1604 counter-espalier1658 palisade1658 pole hedge1658 espalier1736 fruit-frame1874 1658 J. Evelyn tr. N. de Bonnefons French Gardiner 14 Concerning Esphaliers (which I will English Palisades) I will shew you severall formes of accommodating them. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner ii. vi. iii. 165 We shear our Palisade's the second time. 1712 J. James tr. A.-J. Dézallier d'Argenville Theory & Pract. Gardening 21 When the Trees are spread, and the Palisades grown up. 1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Gardener To cut the Trees and Pallisades when there is need of it, as well as the Treils and Arbours. 1754 New & Compl. Dict. Arts & Sci. III. 2316/1 Palisade, in gardening, denotes a sort of ornament; being a row of trees which bear branches and leaves from the bottom, cut and spread in manner of a wall along the side of an alley..so as to appear like a wall covered with leaves. 1979 W. H. Adams French Garden v. 109 The severely shaped and geometric elements, such as the palisades, the allées, and the background hedging. 1990 Opera Now May 44/2 Very high palisades or hedges are described as ‘fans’ or ‘curtains’. †c. Chiefly Military. A strong, pointed, wooden stake fixed deeply in the ground with others in a close row, either vertical or inclined, as a defence. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [noun] > pole for palisade or stockade stake1297 palisado1616 storm-pole1647 palisade1697 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis vii, in tr. Virgil Wks. 406 And Palisades about the Trenches plac'd. 1777 W. Robertson Hist. Amer. I. ii. 102 The ramparts were fortified with pallisades. 1828 J. M. Spearman Brit. Gunner 317 Palisades are 9 feet long, and 6 or 7 inches square. When fixed, they are generally planted 3 feet in the ground and about 3 inches asunder. 1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 188/2 They..began to dig a trench, and to heap up a mound, on which the palisades they brought with them were to be driven in. 1857 R. Tomes Americans in Japan xiv. 330 Stakes or palisades are driven in along the cuttings, to prevent the earth from caving. 2. Extended uses. a. A thing resembling or likened to a fence of stakes; (also) a thing resembling a stake in such a fence. ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > [noun] > that which encloses > an enclosing barrier pale1552 wall1594 impalement1598 palisade1601 palisado1619 ring fence1795 1601 P. Holland tr. Pliny Hist. World I. xviii. vii. 558 Seed..contained..within eares..defended (as it were) with a pallaisade of eales [= awn (of barley, etc.)]. 1713 W. Derham Physico-theol. iv. ii. 109 Out of these Cartilages grow a Pallisade of stiff Hairs. 1831 T. Carlyle in Edinb. Rev. Mar. 168 To drive down more or less effectual palisades against that class of persons. 1842 Promethean Mar. 45/1 To trace the ideas of industrialism..would conduct us beyond the palissade of our present studies. 1894 L. Stephen Playground of Europe (new ed.) v. 122 A vast palissade of blue ice-pinnacles. 1941 ‘N. Blake’ Case of Abominable Snowman i. 11 The serried searchlights of the Outer Defences stood straight up into the sky, a palisade of light. 1956 Biuletyn Peryglacjalny 4 167 Bunt also noticed the formation of ice palisades (pipkrakes) in the hollows and ascribes the removal of fine material from the hollows to the melting of these ice crystals. 1985 E. H. Colbert Wandering Lands & Animals (new ed.) i. 19 This high palisade of ancient magmas, which once had welled up from the interior of the earth..had nevertheless been in part broken and fractured. b. Hairdressing. A wire supporting the hair, as part of a headdress fashionable in the early part of the 17th cent. Now historical. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > beautification of the person > beautification of the hair > accessories worn in the hair > [noun] > supportive wire wirec1475 palisado1607 palisadea1685 a1685 M. Evelyn Fop-dict. 19 in Mundus Muliebris (1690) Palisade, a Wire sustaining the Hair next to the Dutchess, or first Knot. 1969 R. T. Wilcox Dict. Costume 83/2 From about 1675 into the early eighteenth century, the hair was dressed high off the forehead in clusters of curls arranged over a silk-covered wire frame called a commode or palisade. c. In plural. With the. A line of high cliffs resembling columns, extending about 15 miles along the western bank of the Hudson River above New York City. Also: any similar formation of cliffs elsewhere. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > cliff > [noun] > specific cliffs white cliffsa1475 pali1815 palisado1818 palisade1827 1827 M. Beaufoy Tour 41 The curious natural barrier called the ‘Palisades’,..forms its western bank for seven or eight leagues. 1861 N. A. Woods Prince of Wales in Canada & U.S. 405 The mighty [Hudson] river at first hemmed in by lofty cliffs, called the Palisades, which, striped with thin red and black strata, look like coloured palings erected by Nature to keep within bounds the stream. 1886 A. Winchell Walks & Talks in Geol. Field 96 High cliffs of basaltic columns, like those exposed on the Hudson and Columbia rivers, are often called palisades. 1948 Chicago Tribune 20 June vii. 13/5 Often it slides along the base of steep cliffs which will remind you of the Hudson's palisades. 1981 J. McPhee Basin & Range 4 It bursts from its confining source..through the high dark roadcuts of the Palisades. d. Biology and Pathology. A layer of parallel, often columnar cells, typically arranged around the periphery of the structure of which they form part, or having their long axes perpendicular to its surface; (Botany) the chloroplast-rich layer of mesophyll immediately beneath the upper epidermis of most leaves. Frequently attributive (see Compounds 1).Recorded earliest in palisade tissue n. at Compounds 2. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of torula1833 palisade1875 palisade layer1886 cytoarchitecture1908 chain1910 cytoarchitectonics1920 palisading1929 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue [Ger. Palissadengewebe]. 1897 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. II. 62 The rete mucosum between the cells of the palisade and other layers. 1956 R. W. Evans Histol. Appearances Tumours vi. 79 In one of Chase's tumours the cells tended to form palisades. 1965 P. Bell & D. Coombe tr. Strasburger's Textbk. Bot. (new ed.) 349 The outer leaves on the southern sunny side of a tree commonly possess a deeper palisade..than the ‘shade leaves’ of the northern side. 1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 207 Epidermal cells shaped liked lenses..focus light on the chloroplasts of the palisade below. Compounds C1. a. (Sense 1a.) palisade trench n. ΚΠ 1919 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 9 127 Why should not the main ditch and the palisade trench have been carried the whole way round the fort? 1935 Proc. Prehistoric Soc. 1 124 In this barrow the posts (set in a palisade-trench) were smaller. 2001 Oxoniensia 65 272 An E.–W. orientated ditch..had a maximum depth of 0.65 m., with a flat bottomed, funnel-shaped profile, which is typical of palisade trenches. b. (Sense 1b.) † palisade-hedge n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > space > relative position > closed or shut condition > that which or one who closes or shuts > a barrier > [noun] > hedge or fence > a hedge > other types of hedge teen-hedge1638 counter-hedge1642 palisade-hedge1664 palisado hedge1688 beard1810 bullfinch1832 bullfincher1862 cut and laid1919 1664 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense 60 in Sylva Trim up your Palisade Hedges, and Espaliers. 1676 J. Worlidge Vinetum Britannicum 38 It is usual with some to plash them to Poles, to make a Pallisade-hedge. † palisade-tree n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > plants > by growth or development > defined by habit > tree or woody plant > wood or assemblage of trees or shrubs > [noun] > planted, cultivated, or valued > hedge or hedgerow > trees grown in palisade-tree1691 hedge-wood1707 1691 J. Evelyn Kalendarium Hortense (ed. 8) 15 Keep your Wall and Palisade-Trees from mounting too hastily. C2. palisade cell n. Biology and Pathology any cell forming part of a palisade, esp. that of a leaf. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > types of cells > [noun] > other types of cells reticular cell1832 torula1833 reserve cell1842 subcell1844 parenchyma cell1857 pedicel cell1858 nettle cell1870 heterocyst1872 prickle cell1872 angioblast1875 palisade cell1875 sextant1875 spindle cell1876 neuroblast1878 body cell1879 plasma cell1882 reticulum cell1882 stem cell1885 Langhans1886 basal cell1889 pole cell1890 myelocyte1891 statocyst1892 mast cell1893 thrombocyte1893 iridocyte1894 precursor1895 nurse cell1896 amacrine1900 statocyte1900 mononuclear1903 oat cell1903 myeloblast1904 trochoblast1904 adipocyte1906 polynuclear1906 fibrocyte1911 akaryote1920 Rouget cell1922 Sternberg–Reed1922 amphicyte1925 monoblast1925 pericyte1925 promyelocyte1925 pituicyte1930 agamete1932 sympathogonia1934 athrocyte1938 progenitor1938 Reed–Sternberg cell1939 submarginal1941 delta cell1942 mastocyte1947 squame1949 podocyte1954 transformed cell1956 transformant1957 spheroplast1958 pinealocyte1961 immunocyte1963 lactotroph1966 mammotroph1966 minicell1967 proheterocyst1970 myofibroblast1971 cybrid1974 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 657 These changes are usually more complete in the ‘pallisade-cells’ on the upper side than in the parenchyma which lies deeper. 1887 W. Hillhouse tr. E. Strasburger Handbk. Pract. Bot. xv. 161 The cells of the upper layer of spongy parenchyma..are fast joined to the inner palisade cells. 1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) In the shade-adapted Begonia the palisade cells are obconical. palisade layer n. Biology and Pathology = sense 2d. ΘΚΠ the world > life > biology > substance > cell > [noun] > arrangement of torula1833 palisade1875 palisade layer1886 cytoarchitecture1908 chain1910 cytoarchitectonics1920 palisading1929 1886 Amer. Naturalist 20 285 The subsequent layers of Viallanes (post-retinal fibers, ganglion cell-layer, palisade-layer and chaplet-cells). 1914 M. Drummond tr. G. Haberlandt Physiol. Plant Anat. vi. 289 Such an abaxial palisade-layer..constitutes, as it were, a miniature copy of the principal adaxial system. 1992 M. Ingrouille Diversity & Evol. Land Plants 46 (caption) A palisade layer is absent in Selaginella and poorly developed in the fern Dryopteris and the succulent Suaeda. palisade parenchyma n. Botany the part of the parenchyma of a leaf that makes up the palisade. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue parenchyma1651 parenchyme1811 suberin1815 mesophyllum1832 prosenchyma1832 cinenchyma1835 bothrenchyma1838 merenchyma1839 pleurenchyma1839 mesophyll1848 trachenchyma1848 inenchyma1851 sterenchyma1856 collenchyma1857 rhytidome1861 procambium1872 palisade tissue1875 trace1875 taphrenchyma1876 phellem1877 ground-tissue1882 palisade parenchyma1882 stone-sclerenchyma1884 stereome1885 aerenchyma1889 chlorenchyma1894 1882 R. Bentley Man. Bot. (ed. 4) i. iii. 139 In ordinary flat leaves we find beneath the epidermis of the upper surface one,..two, or three layers of oblong blunt cells placed perpendicularly to the surface of the leaf... This tissue is sometimes termed palisade parenchyma. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. xiii. 285 In the majority of cases the boring larva keeps to the middle tissue..of the leaf, sometimes in the upper half (palisade parenchyma), sometimes in the lower half (spongy parenchyma). 1997 Amer. Jrnl. Bot. 84 597 Their cylindrical leaves in cross section exhibited two to three peripheral rings as layers of palisade parenchyma. palisade tissue n. Botany the tissue that forms the palisade of the leaf. ΘΚΠ the world > plants > part of plant > cell or aggregate tissue > [noun] > tissue > specific types of tissue parenchyma1651 parenchyme1811 suberin1815 mesophyllum1832 prosenchyma1832 cinenchyma1835 bothrenchyma1838 merenchyma1839 pleurenchyma1839 mesophyll1848 trachenchyma1848 inenchyma1851 sterenchyma1856 collenchyma1857 rhytidome1861 procambium1872 palisade tissue1875 trace1875 taphrenchyma1876 phellem1877 ground-tissue1882 palisade parenchyma1882 stone-sclerenchyma1884 stereome1885 aerenchyma1889 chlorenchyma1894 1875 A. W. Bennett & W. T. T. Dyer tr. J. von Sachs Text-bk. Bot. 465 The chlorophyll-tissue..is developed on the upper side of the leaves..as the so-called Pallisade-tissue. 1909 E. Warming et al. Oecol. Plants xxx. 107 It is characteristic of land-plants as opposed to submerged water-plants to possess dorsi-ventral leaves, and in particular palisade tissue. 1999 Proc. National Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 96 9434/1 Expression of the fusion gene was ubiquitous in all cell layers, including epidermis, palisade tissue, and the spongy layer. palisade worm n. any of several large strongyles (threadworms) that infest horses, esp. Strongylus vulgaris, S. edentatus, and S. equinus, so called from having a row of chitinous spicules along the edge of their mouths. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > member of roundworm1837 nematode1856 nematoid1865 bloodworm1872 heartworm1877 rhabdonema1886 palisade worm1888 kidney worm1893 tunnel-worm1895 nema1917 rhabditoid1937 the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > family Strongylidae > member of genus Stongylus > eustrongylus gigas (palisade-worm) palisade worm1888 the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > phylum Nemathelminthes > [noun] > class Nematoda > family Strongylidae > member of genus Stongylus > stongylus armatus (palisade-worm) palisade worm1888 1888 G. Rolleston & W. H. Jackson Forms Animal Life (ed. 2) 685 Strongylus armatus, the palisade Worm..is a common cause of aneurism..in the Horse and Ass. a1933 J. A. Thomson Biol. for Everyman (1934) I. vii. 135 Many ‘palisade-worms’ or Strongyles are parasites of domesticated animals. 1991 Merck Vet. Man. (ed. 7) 202 The large strongyles of horses are also known as blood worms, palisade worms, sclerostomes or red worms. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022). palisadev. Brit. /ˌpalᵻˈseɪd/, U.S. /ˌpæləˈseɪd/ Forms: 1600s pallasad (Scottish), 1600s–1700s pallisade, 1600s– palisade. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: palisade n. Etymology: < palisade n. Compare Middle French, French palissader to reinforce the banks of a river with stilts (1585), to fortify with a palisade (1680), to train (a tree or shrub) on a palisade or espalier (1703). Compare palisado v. transitive and intransitive. To surround, enclose, or fortify (a place) with a palisade; esp. to fence in (an area). Formerly also: †to train (a tree or shrub) on a palisade or espalier (obsolete). Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > armed hostility > defence > defensive work(s) > palisade or stockade > [verb (transitive)] palisade1632 stacket1637 stockado1647 fraise1706 picket1745 stockade1755 zariba1885 society > occupation and work > industry > building or constructing > building or providing with specific parts > build or provide with specific parts [verb (transitive)] > furnish or surround with fence or hedge haya1050 palea1382 palis?a1400 hain14.. tinec1440 bara1500 mound1515 impale1530 stowerc1555 palisado1607 teen1616 palisade1632 impile1633 cancel1650 wire1691 inrail1714 ring-fence1761 whin-kid1876 the world > space > relative position > condition of being external > enclosing or enclosure > enclose [verb (transitive)] > with a fence or hedge > with a paling palea1382 palis?a1400 impale1530 palisado1607 palisade1632 impile1633 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. viii. 349 The Ditch..is mainly pallasaded with wooden stakes. 1693 J. Evelyn tr. J. de La Quintinie Compl. Gard'ner v. 114 When the Walls are Pargetted with Plaister, we have the Convenience to Ply, or Pallisade the Branches with Nails, and Shreads of Sheep's-Skin... Putting the Stays about the Branch, and fixing it upwards with a Nail, we thus form the Figure of our Trees. 1719 G. London & H. Wise J. de la Quintinie's Compl. Gard'ner (ed. 7) i. 2 There is daily some new Thing to be done, as to Sow, Plant, Prune, Pallisade. 1719 D. Jones Compl. Hist. Turks II. vi. ii. 308 They endeavoured to secure themselves by palisading the same. 1796 H. Hunter tr. J.-H. B. de Saint-Pierre Stud. Nature (1799) I. 269 Jaws palisaded with teeth. 1834 R. M. Bird Calavar I. xv. 163 The bank above them was so palisaded by the sharp and jutting boughs of a prostrate tree. 1850 Fraser's Mag. 42 10 The frowning cliffs that palisade the shore. 1883 Cent. Mag. Jan. 388/2 Thereupon might have been seen this engineer..driving stakes, drawing lines, marking off streets and lots..day by day ditching and palisading. 1933 Jrnl. Rom. Stud. 23 190 The original defences of the fortress..consisted of..a clay bank laced and palisaded with timber. 2003 Ear, Nose & Throat Jrnl. (Nexis) 1 Jan. 19 The ameloblastic cells are columnar epithelial cells palisaded about the periphery of the tumor nests, with a subnuclear vacuolization away from the basement membrane. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.1588v.1632
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palisaden.

Compounds

palisadev.