papn.¹

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/, Scottish English

/pap/,

/pɔp/, Irish English

/pæp/

Forms: Middle English papp, Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap; Scottish pre-1700 paep, pre-1700 paip, pre-1700 paipe, pre-1700 paippe, pre-1700 palp, pre-1700 papp, pre-1700 1700s pape, pre-1700 1700s– pap, pre-1700 1800s paup, pre-1700 1800s pawp, 1900s– paap.

Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from Latin. Or perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: Latin papilla.

Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < classical Latin papilla nipple (see papilla n.), or perhaps < early Scandinavian, though not recorded in Scandinavian languages until much later (compare Swedish regional pappe , papp , Norwegian regional pappe , Danish papa ; compare also North Frisian pap , pape breast; probably of imitative origin; perhaps compare Lithuanian papas (imitative and children's language) nipple), or perhaps an imitative formation within Middle English (compare pap n.²). Compare mama n.¹

Now archaic and regional (chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern)).

a. A woman's breast or (now rare) nipple. Also figurative. Now chiefly archaic and Scottish, English regional (northern), Irish English, and U.S. (Midland).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple

papc1175

teat?a1200

pap-head?a1425

big?a1439

wartc1440

teat headc1500

nipplec1510

spin1525

dug1530

spean1573

bud1593

milk papa1616

niplet1648

dud1679

mamilla1684

duddlea1708

diddy1788

tittya1825

knob1941

nip1970

c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6441 Hiss moderr..fedde himm wiþþ þatt illke millc Þatt comm off hire pappe.

a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Titus) (1963) 117 Eadmodnesse..hailses meaðlesliche..on his moder teares, O þe pappes [c1230 Corpus Cambr. tittes] þat he seac.

c1330 St. Katherine (Auch.) 532 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 254/1 (MED) Bot þou forsake Jhesu Crist..þine pappes of þi brest Wiþ iren hokes schal be rent.

a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 16659 Blisced..þe papp þat neuer suken was.

a1450 in T. Wright Songs & Carols (1856) 48 (MED) As che hym tok al in here lap, He tok that maydyn be the pap..And sok his fille.

1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xxx. 146 Her pappes rounde & therto ryght praty.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xi. 27 The pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] which gave the sucke.

1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 4012 in Wks. (1931) I. 318 The baren paupis, than thay sall blys.

1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. Introd. 33 These women..seare off their left paps, that they might not be an hinderance vnto them in their shooting.

1670 J. Dryden Tyrannick Love v. i. 54 Her Paps then let the bearded Tenters stake.

1701 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 3) ii. 236 Nature hath not given Paps to Men.

1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 30 An' for her temper maik she ne'er had nane, She'd mak twa paps cast out on ae breastbane.

1828 P. Buchan Anc. Ballads & Songs N. Scotl. I. 108 Mend up the fire, my fause brother, It scarce comes to my pap.

1849 J. L. Motley Merry-mount I. v. 53 Thou perverse contemner of the holy mother church..who would have suckled thee with her wings, and sheltered thee in the shadow of her paps.

1889 Æ. Binns Wilsden Originals 2 Ahs'll clap tha on to her bosom, theear is thi pap.

1904 L. Binyon Death of Adam 157 Surely my bosom hath not forgotten Cain, Who sucked the tender first milk from its paps.

1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 39 I stood with my arms folded on my paps, like this.

2002 N. Tosches In Hand of Dante 192 Had she lived, she would have ceased to be adored and would have been as plain and graying wife, with fallen paps, unpoetried.

b. The teat of a female animal. Now chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), and Irish English.

ΚΠ

a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 54 Beestis wiþ fewe pappis [L. vbera] hauen fewe children.

?a1450 J. Arderne in 17th Internat. Congr. Med. (1914) xxiii. 125 (MED) The sore..hadde pappys lyke to the pappys of ane hoownd.

a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iv. vii. 12 Bot of sum cruel tygir of Araby The pappis the fosterit in the wod Hyrcany.

1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 37 A sagging paire of cheeks like a sows paps that giues suck.

1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 212 The Mannatee or Cow-fish..creepes vpon her paps.

1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 87 Multiparous quadrupeds, as Dogs, as Swine, are furnished with a multitude of Paps.

1759 R. Brown Compl. Farmer 49 She had as many teats or paps as pigs.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 299 The distinctions of quadrupedes, or animals with paps, as he [sc. Buffon] calls them.

1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xiv. 276 In the sow, the bitch, the rabbit,..which have numerous litters, the paps are numerous.

1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh viii. 354 Some red colossal cow, with mighty paps.

1909 tr. A. Manzoni I Promessi Sposi xxxv. 603 One would run at the cry of a famished child, lift it from the ground, and carry it to a goat..; and applying it to the creature's paps, would [etc.].

1953 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 66 25 ‘Timothy,’ said the man, ‘does that cow yield milk from her four paps?’

1988 Manch. Guardian Weekly (Nexis) 15 May 15 The drawing would be not more than a rather banal parody of religious worship if the divine animal were not flaunting two rows of paps like some goddess of fertility.

c. A man's nipple or breast. Now rare (chiefly archaic in later use).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple > of male

pap?a1425

mamilla1684

tut1702

?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 3160 (MED) Þe schere spere sone glyde he gert Vnder þe Papp to Ihesu hert.

1470 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 415 He is lowere..them my lytell Tom by the schorderys, and more lytell above hys pappe.

1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. i. 13 One lyke vnto the sonne of man..gyrd aboute the pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] with a golden gyrdle.

?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 65 He strooke him, at his breasts right pappe.

1650 S. Sheppard Amandus & Sophronia iii. iii. 114 He beheld him almost covered in his own gore, having two wounds, the one on his side, the other betwixt his paps.

1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 9 Whether the said Timothy Trim and Jack, were the same Person? which was prov'd..by a Mole under the left Pap.

1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 117 The plat-form of his snow-white bosom..presented, on the vermillion summet of each pap, the idea of a rose about to blow.

1845 W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin 1st Ser. 38 Ben..shoots John..or, maybe, stabs him under his left pap, or any where you please.

1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad II. xv. 103 Beneath the pap, it smote him as he came.

1907 J. Davidson Triumph of Mammon v. ii. 125 At my touch..His wounds, they seemed to mutter, and his paps Were seethed in blood.

1987 R. Hall Kisses of Enemy (1989) 37 The loose rolls of his waist and paps sagged to their familiar shape.

†2. A small round tumour or swelling; a pimple. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > swelling > [noun] > a swelling or protuberance

ampereOE

kernelc1000

wenc1000

knot?c1225

swella1250

bulchc1300

bunchc1325

bolninga1340

botcha1387

bouge1398

nodusa1400

oedemaa1400

wax-kernel14..

knobc1405

nodule?a1425

more?c1425

bunnyc1440

papa1450

knurc1460

waxing kernel?c1460

lump?a1500

waxen-kernel1500

bump1533

puff1538

tumour?1541

swelling1542

elevation1543

enlarging1562

knub1563

pimple1582

ganglion1583

button1584

phyma1585

emphysema?1587

flesh-pimple1587

oedem?a1591

burgeon1597

wartle1598

hurtle1599

pough1601

wart1603

extumescence1611

hulch1611

peppernel1613

affusion1615

extumescency1684

jog1715

knibloch1780

tumefaction1802

hunch1803

income1808

intumescence1822

gibber1853

tumescence1859

whetstone1886

tumidity1897

Osler's node1920

a1450 Late Middle Eng. Treat. on Horses (1978) 121 If þou se pappes in þe brynkes of wondes or blaknus with-ynne..þat is uerei signe of ded flesche.

1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Pappe or pyle in the fundment of a man Annates.

1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman ii. x. 217 This whay is also good to cure..Barbs, Pappes, and all Feavers.

1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Barbes, a Disease in black Cattle and Horses, known by two Paps under their Tongue.

1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 109 After the skin [of the porcupine] is taken off, there appear a kind of paps on those parts of the body from whence the large quills proceed.

3. A mountain, hill, or other natural eminence whose shape resembles that of a woman's breast; esp. each of a pair or group of more or less conical hill summits rising side by side.Frequently (with capital initial) in the names of such summits, esp. in Scotland.

ΘΚΠ

the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill or mountain > [noun] > summit > conical

pike1555

pap1613

cone1830

1613 T. Best Jrnl. 7 Aug. in Voy. to E. Indies (1934) 64 Then did the 2 hometts or paps beare of us N. and by W.

1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 123 The length of Troy hath been..fifteene English miles; lying along the sea side betweene the three Papes of Ida.

1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 231 There are four Hills of a considerable heighth; the two highest are well known to Sea-faring Men, by the Name of the Paps of Jurah.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. ix. 228 We observed two remarkable hummocks, such as are usually called paps.

1834 C. Darwin Diary 28 Aug. (1933) 243 A never failing delight was to mount the little pap of rock..which stands in the middle of the city.

1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxv. 414 The great ‘Paps of Jura’ were hidden in the mist.

1936 H. Quigley Highlands Scotl. vi. 96 It takes some resolution to move down the Pap itself and wander along the monotonous ridge of Aonach Eagach.

1988 Great Outdoors July 37/3 The final ‘pap’..stayed impressively steep; a conical pile of conglomerate sandstone.

4. Scottish. The uvula. Usually more fully as pap of the halse (also pap of the hass).

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > uvula

tongue of the throat1398

uvulac1400

uve?1527

uvule?1527

columella1585

gargareon1653

pap of the hass1788

staphyle1808

1788 J. Mill Diary (1889) 84 A severe cold, which brought down the Uvula or Pape so call'd.

1814 C. I. Johnstone Saxon & Gaël I. vii She got sic a load o' cauld at that ball, the pap o' her hass down, an' a' defaite thegither.

1874 A. Hislop Bk. Sc. Anecd. 28 There was an unco kittlin' in the paup o' his hass.

1895 H. Ochiltree Redburn v Gapin' as if ye had a barley awn sticking i' the pap o' yer hass.

1914 County Folklore (F.L.S.) 7 406 In relaxed throat the condition is referred to as ‘the pap o' the hass being down’. It is believed that there is one single hair in the head, which, if found and pulled, will ‘bring the pap o' the hass up’.

1945 Weekly Scotsman 14 Apr. A wee bit ‘kittle at the pap o' the hass’.

2003 www.memorybank.org.uk 22 Oct. (O.E.D. Archive) As I walked in with her I says, ‘Well what's the trouble with wee Jeannie?’ ‘Oh,’ she says, ‘the pap o' the halse drappit.’

Compounds

† pap-bone n. Obsolete rare (perhaps) each of the pair of ribs beneath the breast.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [noun] > specific rib

pap-bone1581

short rib1592

ribsparec1633

abdominal rib1822

1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xiv. 65 This kinde of laughing..oftimes therewith both the papbones be loosed.

† pap-head n. Obsolete a nipple.

ΘΚΠ

the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple

papc1175

teat?a1200

pap-head?a1425

big?a1439

wartc1440

teat headc1500

nipplec1510

spin1525

dug1530

spean1573

bud1593

milk papa1616

niplet1648

dud1679

mamilla1684

duddlea1708

diddy1788

tittya1825

knob1941

nip1970

?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 143 Þe pap heued [?c1425 Paris tete; L. papillus] is so profounded þat þe childe may not take it.

1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. clix. 469 In the searing you shall see the ends of the veines start out like pape heads.

† pap pox n. Obsolete cowpox.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > cowpox

cowpox1798

vaccine pock1799

vaccine1800

vaccinia1800

vacciola1801

pap pox1887

1887 C. Creighton Nat. Hist. Cow-pox & Vaccinal Syphilis 157 The name of it [sc. cow-pox] in Norfolk was pap-pox.

1889 Lancet 9 Mar. 503/2 A possible origin of the term Cow-pox or Pap-pox.

† pap shell n. Obsolete a limpet.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > limpet > member of superfamily Patellacea

limpetc1050

limpin1585

centre fish1668

pap shell1678

flidder1769

1678 M. Lister Historiæ Animalium Angliæ 195 Patella ex livido cinerea, striata. A Flither, Limpet, or Papshell.

1778 E. M. da Costa Brit. Conchol. 1 Patella..the Limpet, Flither, or Pap Shell.

1842 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 No. 10. 36 The Limpet..shell is often used to apply Fuller's earth, and similar remedies, to the sore nipples of nurses; hence probably the origin of ‘Pap-shell’, which Lister tells us is one of its English names.

† pap-vein n. Obsolete rare a mammary vein.

ΚΠ

1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 157 The Mammarie or Pap-veines and Arteries.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.²

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/ (in sense 1b)South African English

/pʌp/, West African English

/pap/

Forms: Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s papp, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap, 1500s paup (Scottish), 1900s– pop (Jamaican, in sense 1b).

Origin: Of uncertain origin.

Etymology: Origin uncertain: apparently ultimately related are Middle Dutch pap , pappe (Dutch pap ), Middle Low German pap- (in papmōs gruel), Middle High German pappe , pap (German Pappe , Papp , also in sense ‘paste, glue’), Old Danish pappe (Danish pap ), also Old French pape (11th cent. in Rashi), papa (13th cent.; French regional (Walloon) pape ), Spanish papa (1495), Portuguese papa (13th cent.), Italian pappa (c1310) all in sense ‘gruel (esp. for infants)’, classical Latin pappa (also pāpa ) a child's word for food, although the relationships among these words are uncertain, and it is possible that the word may have arisen independently in more than one language. Perhaps ultimately imitative of the sound made by an infant in opening and shutting the lips, as associated with the notion of food (compare pap n.¹), or perhaps < a (reduplicated) syllable /pa/ which is characteristic of early infantile vocalization (compare papa n.²). In South African use (sense 1b) < South African Dutch (Afrikaans) pap porridge < Dutch pap . Compare pap v.¹

a. Semi-liquid food, such as that considered suitable for babies or invalids, usually made from bread, meal, etc., moistened with water or milk; bland soft or moist food. Now archaic and historical.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > sloppy food

pap1286

messa1500

pults?1550

slop1658

slip-slop1675

soss1691

slop-dash1817

slosh1819

sozzle1823

slush1898

the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food

milkeOE

pap1286

pap-meat1440

kitchen physic1566

mammaday1593

suckling meatsc1610

embamma1623

kitchen medicine1684

pappy1807

pobs1824

baby food1832

pobbies1848

1286 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 26/1 Pap.

a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 47^v Pappatum, pappe.

c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 173 (MED) Strawe in þy poudres..as þou woldest strewe flour in to a chyldes pap.

a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 98 (MED) He ordeynid for fostering..of this childe..iij norisis, scil. on to wasshe his clothis, anoþere to fede or to pasture him with pappe, [etc.].

1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. lxxxix Will you haue an Englishe infant, whiche liueth with pappe to bee your kyng and gouernor?

1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 257 Of the pap of Barly, and the broth of Lupines make a cataplasme.

1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 84/1 Pap, of Nurses called papes, is Milk and Flour boiled together.

1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. iii. 15 He now gave Mrs. Deborah positive Orders to..call up a Maid-servant to provide it Pap and other things.

1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 236 Give it the breast or stop its mouth with pap!

1839 C. M. Kirkland New Home xviii. 121 As I pass for an oracle in the matter of paps and possets, I had frequent communication with my now happy neighbor.

1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 392 To begin with milky arrowroot..then to pass on to boiled pap of breadcrumb and milk.

1923 F. H. Kitchin Divers. Dawson 292 Nobody could buttle like James who had not been born in a pantry and taken pap out of silver spoons.

1972 P. O'Brian Post Captain v. 102 There was a dear old biddy that fed me pap.

2002 New Statesman (Nexis) 4 Nov. The thought of tasting bottled infant pap hardly made the expanding stomach sing.

b. In South Africa, West Africa, and the Caribbean: porridge, esp. porridge made from maize meal (see also mealie-pap n. at mealie n. Compounds 2).In Jamaican usage frequently in form pop.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > soup or pottage > porridges > [noun]

polentaOE

papelotec1400

pottagea1500

crowdy-mowdy?a1513

drowsen1519

pease porridge?1548

plum pottage1574

sowens1582

grout1587

orgementa1590

plum porridge1591

loblolly1597

pease pottage1600

girt-brew1620

washbrew1620

lentil-porridge1622

hominy1630

porridgea1643

samp1643

nettle-pottage1659

nettle-porridge1661

crowdie1668

suppawn1670

mush1671

rockahominy1674

stirabouta1691

praiseach1698

sagamité1698

brochan1700

atole1716

burgoo1750

purry1751

fungee1789

pepper porridge1803

kasha1808

mamaliga1808

skilligalee1819

bean-porridge1821

skilly1839

sap porridge1842

corn-mush1846

oatmeal mush1850

pap1858

ugali1860

oatmeal1873

mealie-meal1880

mealie-pap1880

uji1889

sadza1899

nsima1907

putu papa1910

posho1927

putu1949

ogi1957

whey-porridge-

1858 T. Shone Diary 29 May in P. M. Silva Diaries T. Shone, 1820 Settler (M.A. thesis, Rhodes Univ. Grahamstown) (1982) 301 Dry bread and pap for dinner, with coffee and tea.

1879 E. L. Price Journals (1956) The boy was grinding some Sechwana corn wh...is a red & round grain, and the old woman..made pap of it.

1924 M. W. Beckwith Jamaica Anansi Stories 57 So after de dinner de pop was hot.

1979 F. Iyayi Violence iv. 58 Surely they ought to eat something. She would make some pap for both of them.

1988 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 10 Jan. 19 a/4 West Africans have for centuries been mixing it with water and adding it to such maize-based foods as kafa, agidi and pap.

1995 Z. Mda Ways of Dying (1997) vi. 134 She is carrying scraps of pap in a brown paper bag.

2018 www.businessinsider.co.za (S. Afr.) 22 May During the drought in SA's northern provinces, maize prices spiked and South Africans switched from pap to eating more bread.

a. Anything of the soft, semi-liquid consistency of pap (sense 1), esp. something made by mixing a solid or powdery substance with water or some other liquid; a pulp, mash, or paste. Now rare except in relation to foodstuffs.

ΘΚΠ

the world > matter > constitution of matter > semi-fluidity > [noun] > a semi-fluid substance or mass

sklucec1430

pap1435

slurryc1440

cream1540

batter1601

slabbermenta1620

swill1665

soss1691

porridge1700

cremor1701

sludge1702

semifluid1731

sludder1796

sloppery1832

slob1885

slabber1887

slather1928

gunk1949

R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 90 Flee we þerfor bodily and warldly lufe..qwos flowre is anoytt with gall, & þe pape of neddyrs.

a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1678 (1955) IV. 141 They cull the raggs..then they stamp them in troughs to a papp, with pestles or hammers like the powder mills.

1692 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 2) i. 139 An oily Pap or Liniment.

1718 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher I. iv. 40 A sort of Pap, which the Anatomists call Chylus.

1770 J. Baetti Journey from London to Genoa (ed. 3) III. 228 A mess of garvanzos (chick-peas) baked to a pap in oil, and seasoned with garlick, onions, and pepper.

1812 J. Ellison Amer. Captive i. i. 12 Sul. Tell me, you are not materially injured, I hope, by this rude slave? Zeph. Injured? all pap!—mummy!

1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1010 The clay..is conveyed into a cylindrical vat, to be worked into a pap with water.

1969 E. Brathwaite in K. Ramchand & C. Gray West Indian Poetry (1972) 78 She would go chug-chugging with a jar of milk until its white pap turned to yellow butter.

†b. The pulp of an apple. Obsolete.Formerly often used, esp. when softened by roasting, as a medium in which to take medicine.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > prepared fruit and dishes > [noun] > fruit pulp

pap1594

sass1830

1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 45 in Jewell House [To] be giuen in powder, in the pappe of an apple.

a1625 J. Fletcher Humorous Lieut. iv. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) 139 My head's almost beaten into th'pap of an Apple.

a1691 R. Boyle Medicinal Exper. (1692) I. i. 1 Let the Patient take it at Bed-time in the Pap of an Apple.

1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. xvi. 72 A child's head is naturally as soft as the pap of an apple.

3. figurative and in figurative contexts.

a. Something easily acquired or understood but lacking in value or substance; light intellectual or spiritual fare (in early use occasionally in neutral contexts; later almost always depreciative). Now usually: spec. trivial or unsophisticated reading matter, etc.; undemanding (esp. commercial) entertainment.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > worthless or trivial

pap1548

scribble1577

scribbling1711

dab1729

scribblement1785

fluff1906

non-book1960

1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. 14 Pappe for yonglinges in the feith.

1607 J. Donne Lett. (1651) 13 Many doctrines..have place in the pap of Catechismes.

1647–8 A. Wood Life 15 Feb. (1891) I. 140 Who fed with the papp of Aristotle at twenty or thirtie yeares of age, and suck at the duggs of their mother the University.

1767 D. Garrick Peep behind Curtain Prol. That you, kind nurse, wou'd fondle't on your lap, And rear it with applause, that best of pap.

1774 G. Colman Man of Business Prol. His brats..Brought up on playhouse pap, they waule and cry.

1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 14 Sept. (1939) 230 No man that ever wrote a line despised the pap of praise so heartily as I do.

1894 H. H. Gardener Unofficial Patriot 223 A self-indulgent moralist, who feeds expensive pap to his personal conscience, but gives a stone to his starving neighbor!

1937 Hispania 20 224 Small wonder that they shout ‘hooey!’ ‘boloney!’ ‘bunk!’ when they read the expurgated, noncontroversial pap of our old culture-content readers.

1973 J. Berryman Recovery (1974) 147 He..scrounged around among the usual crud and pap and peptalk until, sticking to it—bonanza! an actual discussion.

1993 Sun 31 May 21/3 An aspiring screenwriter sees his profound drama turned into commercial pap by Hollywood.

b. U.S. colloquial. Political appointments, favours, or grants, esp. obtained through patronage, bribery, etc.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > possession > acquisition > [noun] > that which is obtained or acquired > a political appointment, favour, etc.

pap1825

1808 J. N. Barker Indian Princess Pref. I vehemently importune ye to be convinced, that for my bantling I desire neither rattle nor bells; neither the lullaby of praise, nor the pap of patronage.]

1825 Delaware (Ohio) Patron 10 Feb. 3/2 An irresistible desire..to serve the state, and to taste a little of the ‘Treasury Pap’, impelled us towards the capital.

1841 Congress. Globe 26th Congress 2 Sess. App. 300/2 The very new States are nursed from their chrysalis territorial condition into existence upon Federal pap from the Executive spoon.

1894 Voice (N.Y.) 6 Sept. 1/6 The Prohibition Party is the only party that is not controlled by public pap-seeking politicians.

1939 Fortune Oct. 71/1 From north and south, from east and west, there came party hacks and politicians after their pap.

1977 Lebende Sprachen 22 10/2 The spoils of office, the rewards for political activities..are called sweets, fat, spices, pap (baby food), plum, pie, persimmon, melon, pork, grease, and gravy.

†4. pap with a hatchet (and variants alluding to this phrase): harsh or violent treatment administered where something moderate or agreeable was expected, esp. as an act of correction or punishment; (perhaps also occasionally) a benefit conferred by force, or in such a way as to constitute a punishment. Obsolete.The quots. seem to imply an ironical use referring to punishment by a nurse of an infant, though the context of most of the early quots. makes it clear that they actually refer to the violent repression of religious dissent.The name of the author of the early work with this title (see quot. 1589, a pamphlet in the Marprelate controversy; now usually attributed to John Lyly) is given as ‘Pap-hatchet’ by Nashe and Gabriel Harvey.

ΚΠ

1568 Newe Comedie Iacob & Esau v. x. sig. G.iij I would he were rocked or dandled in your lappe: Or I would with this fauchon I might geue him pap.]

1579 J. Stubbs Discouerie Gaping Gulf sig. E8 Had not Lignerolls mouth ben stopped with papp and the hatchet as they say.

1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 151 When Herod bathed the infants in their owne bloud..did God meane, they should have such Pappe with an Hatchet, and that Princes should be nourses on that fashion?

1589 J. Lyly (title) Pappe with an hatchet... Or Cracke me this nut. Or A countrie cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the eare, for the idiot Martin to hold his peace.

1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie i. iii. sig. B3 They giue vs pap with a spoon before we can speake, and when we speake for that wee loue, pap with a hatchet.

a1612 J. Harington Epigrams (1615) sig. D4 You sucke out bloud, and bite your nurses teats. Learne, learne, to aske your milke, for if you snatch it, The nurse must send your babes pap with a hatchet.

1615 A. Niccholes Disc. Marriage & Wiving ix. 30 He that so old seekes for a nurse so yong, shall haue pappe with a Hatchet for his comfort.

1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth IV. 329 A Custard was to him, Pap with a Hatchet.

1809 W. Oldys & T. Park in Harleian Misc. II. 171 (note) ‘Pap with a hatchet’ seems to have been a cant phrase for doing a kind thing in an unkind manner, as it would be, so to feed an infant.]

Compounds

C1.

a. General attributive and appositive. See also pap-boat n.

† pap bottle n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. ii. 256 Put him in with plenty of cotton-wool, and a pap-bottle.

1879 ‘M. Twain’ in M. B. Vallin Mark Twain (1992) 113 When he ordered his pap bottle, and it wasn't warm, did you talk back? Not you. You went to work and warmed it.

pap food n.

ΚΠ

1905 Daily Chron. 13 May 4/5 Too prolonged use of artificially digested and ‘pap-foods’ must be avoided.

2000 Africa News (Nexis) 19 Sept. The supervising Minister of Works..is merely a chef preparing and dishing out pap food to assumed party faithfuls and potential thugs in anticipation of future elections.

† pap-meat n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food

milkeOE

pap1286

pap-meat1440

kitchen physic1566

mammaday1593

suckling meatsc1610

embamma1623

kitchen medicine1684

pappy1807

pobs1824

baby food1832

pobbies1848

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 382 Papmete for chylder, papatum.

1869 Ld. Tennyson Pelleas & Ettarre 188 Keep him off, And pamper him with papmeat, if ye will.

1901 M. F. Barber Gathering of Brother Hilarius iii. i. 120 He is still young, and of sound teeth..whereas thou and I, Brother, are as babes needing pap-meat.

† pap pan n. Obsolete

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > pan > pan for specific food

pap pan1421

omelette frying-pan1846

1421 in A. H. Thomas Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1943) IV. 93 (MED) [One small] pappepanne [and one small] braspanne.

1557 in E. Roberts & K. Parker Southampton Probate Inventories, 1447–1575 (1992) I. 78 A posnett, a papp pan, a chaffin dishe.

pap spoon n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > cutlery > spoon > types of

maidenhead1495

slipc1530

Apostle spoon1631

tea-spoon1686

hall-spoon1688

pap spoon1691

tablespoon1741

dessert-spoon1808

salt-spoon1820

monkey spoon1833

Puritan spoon1875

sugar shell1895

seal-top1898

slotted spoon1900

absinthe spoon1905

trifid1927

1691 in J. S. Moore Clifton & Westbury Probate Inventories (1981) 160 Two silver pap s [p] onnes.

1841 R. W. Emerson Conservative in Lect. in Wks. II. 274 His social frame is..a universe in slippers and flannels, with bib and pap-spoon.

1985 ‘J. Gash’ Pearlhanger (1986) xi. 99 I turned my nose up at a baby's feeding spoon—pap spoon, they're called.

b. Objective.

† pap-devourer n. Obsolete

ΚΠ

1841 W. M. Thackeray St. Philip's Day at Paris in Wks. (1900) XIII. 552 The fools..who have gratified the young pap-devourer with the present of a fine sword.

pap maker n.

ΚΠ

1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. B2^v I warrant you the cunning Pap-maker knewe what he did, when he made choyse of no other spoone than a hatchet for such a mouth.

1838 Lady's Bk. (Electronic text) Feb. I had no idea you had such a propensity to dry nursing, or I should have before promoted you as pap and panada maker in general.

2002 Global News Wire (S. Afr. Press Assoc.) (Nexis) 19 Apr. (headline) Pap maker and ‘roaring’ scarecrow among inventions.

C2.

pap-warmer n. now historical a contrivance for keeping food or drink warm, esp. during the night.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > stove or cooker > [noun] > food warmer

Mary's bath1600

Saint Mary's bath1612

water plate1721

hot closet1798

water bath1806

bain-marie1822

hotplate1861

steam table1861

rechaud1906

pap-warmer1920

warming oven1950

veilleuse1955

warming drawer1972

1920 W. J. Pountney Old Bristol Potteries x. 141 Another most interesting piece..is a caudle cup or pap warmer.

1989 Toronto Star (Nexis) 22 Jan. e3 Pap-warmers were ceramic, spirit-lamp double boilers used for preparing the infant food made from bread or flour, water and beer or wine.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.³

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Forms: also with capital initial.

Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: papa n.²; pop n.⁶

Etymology: Either shortened < papa n.², or representing a regional or colloquial pronunciation of pop n.⁶ Compare pappy n.¹

Chiefly U.S. colloquial.

A father. Chiefly used in the vocative, or preceded by a possessive adjective (as ‘my mama’); also without article in the manner of a proper name (cf. papa n.¹, pop n.⁶). Also: an older man (sometimes as a title).

ΘΚΠ

the world > people > person > old person > old man > [noun]

old maneOE

bevara1275

beauperec1300

vieillard1475

Nestor?c1510

old gentleman1526

haga1529

velyarda1529

old fellow?1555

old sire1557

granfer1564

vecchioc1570

ageman1571

grave-porer1582

grandsire1595

huddle-duddle1599

elder1600

pantaloon1602

cuffc1616

crone1630

old boya1637

codger?1738

dry-beard1749

eld1796

patriarch1819

oubaas1824

old chap1840

pap1844

pop1844

tad1877

old baas1882

senex1898

finger1904

AK1911

alte kacker1911

poppa stoppa1944

madala1960

Ntate1975

society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > parent > father > [noun]

fatherOE

sirec1250

authora1398

flesh-fathera1400

genitor1447

daddy1523

dad1533

bab1598

patera1600

dada1672

relieving officer1677

papa1681

pappy1722

baba1771

pa1773

governor1783

paw1826

fatherkin1839

pop1840

bap1842

pap1844

da1851

baba1862

puppa1885

pops1893

poppa1897

pot and pan1900

papasana1904

daddy-o1913

bapu1930

baby-father1932

abba1955

birth father1977

1834 G. L. Stevens Patriot ii. iii. 55 Let me have the other arm, grand-pap?]

1844 Knickerbocker 23 15 They said, pap wasn't at home.

1854 M. J. Holmes Tempest & Sunshine v. 69 Come here, and shake your old pap's paw.

1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. xxi. 207 She never took liberties with him, nor called him Pap or any other ridiculous name.

1909 C. B. Chrysler White Slavery 114 Show them how to get tips from the old paps.

1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters ii. 24 There can't any of you..run me out the way you did Pap Thomson.

1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xiv. 124 ‘You'll have to cook... There's Pap.’ ‘You can give him some cold bread.’

1996 T. Clancy Executive Orders liii. 726 My pap was real big on getting people registered to vote.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Papn.⁴

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Forms: also with lower-case initial.

Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Papanicolaou n.

Etymology: Shortened < Papanicolaou n.

attributive, esp. in Pap smear, Pap test: a smear of cells taken from the cervix of the womb, analysed for evidence of cervical cancer; = Papanicolaou n.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test

pneobiomantia1846

blood test1851

drug test1863

Romberg test1872

Rinne1881

Romberg's sign1884

tuberculin test1892

guaiac test1894

agglutination1896

percolation test1899

Pirquet test1908

skin test1908

Wassermann1909

Romberg1915

Pandy('s) test1916

glucose tolerance test1917

Kolmer1921

patch test1922

skin testing1923

provocation1924

Kolmer–Wassermann1925

Queckenstedt1928

Kline1929

Prausnitz–Küstner1929

cross-match1930

Mantoux test1931

paraffin test1935

Paul–Bunnell test1935

stress test1937

Burpee test1939

lepromin test1939

patch testing1941

pinprick1941

breath test1945

provocation test1948

protamine titration1949

Coombs test1950

smear test1950

Schilling test1955

tanned-(red-)cell1956

amniocentesis1958

Pap smear1963

Pap test1963

drugs test1967

Schultz–Charlton1974

amnio1984

cross-matching-

1963 E. M. Greisheimer & J. R. Troyer Physiol. & Anat. (ed. 8) xx. 789 The so-called ‘Pap’ test is so named after Papanicolaou, who with Stockard called attention to the importance of the changes in the vaginal epithelium first in lower animals in connection with estrous cycles.

1969 Awake! 8 Nov. 15/1 A study conducted at the University of Chicago ‘reportedly shows a sixfold increase in positive Pap smears..among women who have taken oral contraceptives’.

1973 Sci. Amer. July 22/3 Of the estimated 2·6 million women served last year by organized family-planning programs,..eight in 10 had annual breast examinations and Pap tests.

1973 Nation (Barbados) 16 Dec. 10/4 I'd like to see all of the women who should be having pap smears coaxed into their doctor's offices.

1977 Spare Rib May 20/4 Pap smear and breast cancer tests could have been lost.

1994 Canad. Women Stud. Fall 101/1 Along with Pap screening, cervicography would identify women who require referral for colposcopy without biopsy or LLETZ electrosurgery.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.⁵

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Forms: 1900s– pap, 1900s– papp.

Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: paparazzo n.

Etymology: Shortened < paparazzo n.

slang (originally British).

A paparazzo.Recorded earliest in pap-press.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographer > [noun] > professional

cameraman1883

press photographer1901

photojournalist1938

staff photographer1941

lensman1951

paparazzo1961

paparazzi1981

pap1988

1988 Guardian 7 Nov. 17/3 The genuine problems with his [sc. Prince Charles'] marriage..are magnified a thousandfold by the baleful prism of the pap-press.

1993 Evening Standard 1 Apr. 12/3 Whether the unruly bunch of Continental paps now gathered in Lech would see their work in such hallowed terms must be rather doubtful.

1995 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 22 Dec. If she is not bobbing her boobs at the ‘papps’ in New York, she is buttoned-up with the dying in some Hampshire hospice.

2000 I. Edward-Jones My Canapé Hell (2001) ix. 234 She goes down the stairs and braves the paps on the doorstep who shout first, ‘Abigail!’ and ‘Oi’ after her.

2008 N.Y. Daily News 9 Jan. 22 The duo recently noshed at Kobe Club, giving paps ample opportunity to get some shots of them.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papadj.

Brit.

/pʌp/, U.S.

/pɑp/, South African English

/pʌp/

Origin: A borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymon: Afrikaans pap.

Etymology: < Afrikaans pap < South African Dutch pap porridge (see pap n.²).

Originally and chiefly South African colloquial.

1. Of poor quality, weak; lacking in substance or merit.

ΚΠ

1912 H. H. Juta Reminisc. of Western Circuit 77 Your Dutch is too ‘pap’.

1973 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) I've brought you the black cistern—the white ones are made of such pap plastic these days.

1987 Grocott's Mail (Grahamstown, S. Afr.) 28 Apr. 3 The NP was too ‘pap’ to govern.

2. Of a person: exhausted, washed out; lacking in physical or mental strength.

ΚΠ

1934 C. P. Swart Suppl. to Pettman's Africanderisms 133 I'm feeling ‘pap’ (exhausted).

1970 M. Dikobe Marabi Dance 21 ‘Men like George are pap.’ She thought of her father, still respected by the Malaitas as their king.

1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) In this heat I feel so pap—no energy at all.

3. Of food: soft, tasteless.

ΚΠ

1958 L. G. Green S. Afr. Beachcomber 114 Snoek is one of the fish which must never be hung up to dry in the moonlight, or it will become pap.

1982 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) Mag. 6 I find it a bit ‘pap’ as a chip.

1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) Don't buy those bananas they are pap.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.¹

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Forms: Middle English pappe, 1600s papp, 1700s– pap, 1800s– pop (Scottish).

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.²

Etymology: < pap n.² Compare classical Latin pappāre (also papāre), Old French paper (c1200), Italian pappare (a1367; also 1598 in Florio in sense ‘to feede with pap’), Catalan papar (1372), Spanish papar (1570), Middle High German papen (German pappen, now only in sense ‘to glue, stick’), Middle Dutch pappen, all in sense ‘to eat (esp. of infants), to eat mash’. Compare also (with suffixation) Middle High German papelen to feed infants (German päppeln).

Now rare.

†1. transitive. To feed or indulge with pap. Also with up. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > feed up or overfeed

cramc1325

pamperc1390

pampa1400

papa1400

engorge1497

pompa1529

feed1552

frank?1567

grudge1642

to feed into1843

a1400 Bk. to Mother (Egerton) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 41 (MED) The devil..stirith him to pappe and pampe her fleische, desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis.

a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Custome of Countrey iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Cc^v/2 O that his body were not flesh and fading. But I'le so papp him up—nothing too deare for him.

1820 Examiner No. 657. 721/1 It had been..swaddled, and papped, and called beautiful like its father.

1878 E. Jenkins Haverholme 97 The babies..were taken in, and papped, and provided with toys and soothing syrups.

2. transitive. To treat with pap; to apply a pap or pulp to; (Scottish Weaving) to treat (the warp) with papping (papping n.). Also with up.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by topical applications > treat by topical applications [verb (transitive)] > apply paste to

pap1658

1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid i. viii. 34 Which moisture..turnes into a water, as we see it in such wounds which are thus papp'd up.

1769 J. De Mages et al. Brit. Patent 937 (1856) 3 The wool is..dyed, washed,..combed, spun into worsted, reeled,..papt or sized, then is fit for the weaver.

1893 R. Hall Schools & Schoolboy Life 28 Weavers..who considered they had a prescriptive right to the ground for the purpose of ‘poppin' their webs’.

3. transitive. To make into pap. rare.

ΘΚΠ

the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > liquidize or purée

soupify1831

purée1899

pap1927

liquidize1972

1927 Observer 6 Feb. 14/4 This does not mean papping food for babes; it means speaking intelligibly to grown-ups.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.²

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Forms: 1700s– pap, 1900s– pap-pap.

Origin: Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: pop v.¹

Etymology: Perhaps a variant of pop v.¹, or perhaps a parallel imitative formation. Perhaps compare tap v.²

intransitive. To make a popping or tapping noise; to fall, drop, etc., in such a way as to make a sound of this kind.

ΘΚΠ

the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sudden or violent sound > explosive sound > [verb (intransitive)] > pop

to make a pot at1532

pop1576

pap1791

plock1931

blip1946

1791 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 30/1 For down the sweat is frae me pappin', Like auld field pease.

1843 W. M. Thackeray Ravenswing ii, in Fraser's Mag. May 599/1 Big square-toed shoes with which he went papping down the street.

1878 W. Penman Echoes from Ingleside 119 He pappet on his bended knee.

1992 Grain Spring 58 She was smiling to herself and pap-papping on the steering wheel with her fingers.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.³

Brit.

/pap/, U.S.

/pæp/

Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.⁵

Etymology: < pap n.⁵

slang (originally and chiefly British).

transitive. Of a paparazzo: to photograph. Frequently in passive. Also in extended use.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > photograph [verb (transitive)] > in specific manner

to fire away1859

stereograph1860

flashlight1886

shoot1890

snap1890

Kodak1891

snapshot1898

mug1899

mutoscope1899

telephotograph1899

mutograph1908

photomaton1927

soft-focus1928

minicam1937

microfiche1975

pap1993

1993 Sunday Tel. 14 Nov. 13 The Swedish crown princess, who is 16 and has ‘never been papped’, comes cheap.

1994 Independent (Nexis) 11 May 21 Night is a good time for ‘papping’ celebrities and I'm often called from my bed to follow up a tip-off.

2003 Glamour Aug. 66/1 Celebrity is one of those unhelpful things, in Cate's eyes. Like the time she was papped at a bus stop in London.

2007 ‘P. Simmonds’ Tamara Drewe She was giving Brent a BJ and he got one of his mates to pap her on his phone.

2008 Observer 13 Apr. (Mag.) 9/4 The difference between your basic Y2K celebrity and the new improved eco-celeb is that the new one has her privates papped getting out of a Prius.

This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹c1175

n.²1286

n.³1844

n.⁴1963

n.⁵1988

adj.1912

v.¹a1400

v.²1791

v.³1993

单词	pap
释义	papn.¹ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/, Scottish English /pap/, /pɔp/, Irish English /pæp/ Forms: Middle English papp, Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap; Scottish pre-1700 paep, pre-1700 paip, pre-1700 paipe, pre-1700 paippe, pre-1700 palp, pre-1700 papp, pre-1700 1700s pape, pre-1700 1700s– pap, pre-1700 1800s paup, pre-1700 1800s pawp, 1900s– paap. Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from Latin. Or perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: Latin papilla. Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < classical Latin papilla nipple (see papilla n.), or perhaps < early Scandinavian, though not recorded in Scandinavian languages until much later (compare Swedish regional pappe , papp , Norwegian regional pappe , Danish papa ; compare also North Frisian pap , pape breast; probably of imitative origin; perhaps compare Lithuanian papas (imitative and children's language) nipple), or perhaps an imitative formation within Middle English (compare pap n.²). Compare mama n.¹ Now archaic and regional (chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern)). 1. a. A woman's breast or (now rare) nipple. Also figurative. Now chiefly archaic and Scottish, English regional (northern), Irish English, and U.S. (Midland). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple papc1175 teat?a1200 pap-head?a1425 big?a1439 wartc1440 teat headc1500 nipplec1510 spin1525 dug1530 spean1573 bud1593 milk papa1616 niplet1648 dud1679 mamilla1684 duddlea1708 diddy1788 tittya1825 knob1941 nip1970 c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6441 Hiss moderr..fedde himm wiþþ þatt illke millc Þatt comm off hire pappe. a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Titus) (1963) 117 Eadmodnesse..hailses meaðlesliche..on his moder teares, O þe pappes [c1230 Corpus Cambr. tittes] þat he seac. c1330 St. Katherine (Auch.) 532 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 254/1 (MED) Bot þou forsake Jhesu Crist..þine pappes of þi brest Wiþ iren hokes schal be rent. a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 16659 Blisced..þe papp þat neuer suken was. a1450 in T. Wright Songs & Carols (1856) 48 (MED) As che hym tok al in here lap, He tok that maydyn be the pap..And sok his fille. 1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xxx. 146 Her pappes rounde & therto ryght praty. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xi. 27 The pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] which gave the sucke. 1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 4012 in Wks. (1931) I. 318 The baren paupis, than thay sall blys. 1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. Introd. 33 These women..seare off their left paps, that they might not be an hinderance vnto them in their shooting. 1670 J. Dryden Tyrannick Love v. i. 54 Her Paps then let the bearded Tenters stake. 1701 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 3) ii. 236 Nature hath not given Paps to Men. 1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 30 An' for her temper maik she ne'er had nane, She'd mak twa paps cast out on ae breastbane. 1828 P. Buchan Anc. Ballads & Songs N. Scotl. I. 108 Mend up the fire, my fause brother, It scarce comes to my pap. 1849 J. L. Motley Merry-mount I. v. 53 Thou perverse contemner of the holy mother church..who would have suckled thee with her wings, and sheltered thee in the shadow of her paps. 1889 Æ. Binns Wilsden Originals 2 Ahs'll clap tha on to her bosom, theear is thi pap. 1904 L. Binyon Death of Adam 157 Surely my bosom hath not forgotten Cain, Who sucked the tender first milk from its paps. 1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 39 I stood with my arms folded on my paps, like this. 2002 N. Tosches In Hand of Dante 192 Had she lived, she would have ceased to be adored and would have been as plain and graying wife, with fallen paps, unpoetried. b. The teat of a female animal. Now chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), and Irish English. ΚΠ a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 54 Beestis wiþ fewe pappis [L. vbera] hauen fewe children. ?a1450 J. Arderne in 17th Internat. Congr. Med. (1914) xxiii. 125 (MED) The sore..hadde pappys lyke to the pappys of ane hoownd. a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iv. vii. 12 Bot of sum cruel tygir of Araby The pappis the fosterit in the wod Hyrcany. 1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 37 A sagging paire of cheeks like a sows paps that giues suck. 1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 212 The Mannatee or Cow-fish..creepes vpon her paps. 1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 87 Multiparous quadrupeds, as Dogs, as Swine, are furnished with a multitude of Paps. 1759 R. Brown Compl. Farmer 49 She had as many teats or paps as pigs. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 299 The distinctions of quadrupedes, or animals with paps, as he [sc. Buffon] calls them. 1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xiv. 276 In the sow, the bitch, the rabbit,..which have numerous litters, the paps are numerous. 1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh viii. 354 Some red colossal cow, with mighty paps. 1909 tr. A. Manzoni I Promessi Sposi xxxv. 603 One would run at the cry of a famished child, lift it from the ground, and carry it to a goat..; and applying it to the creature's paps, would [etc.]. 1953 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 66 25 ‘Timothy,’ said the man, ‘does that cow yield milk from her four paps?’ 1988 Manch. Guardian Weekly (Nexis) 15 May 15 The drawing would be not more than a rather banal parody of religious worship if the divine animal were not flaunting two rows of paps like some goddess of fertility. c. A man's nipple or breast. Now rare (chiefly archaic in later use). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple > of male pap?a1425 mamilla1684 tut1702 ?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 3160 (MED) Þe schere spere sone glyde he gert Vnder þe Papp to Ihesu hert. 1470 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 415 He is lowere..them my lytell Tom by the schorderys, and more lytell above hys pappe. 1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. i. 13 One lyke vnto the sonne of man..gyrd aboute the pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] with a golden gyrdle. ?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 65 He strooke him, at his breasts right pappe. 1650 S. Sheppard Amandus & Sophronia iii. iii. 114 He beheld him almost covered in his own gore, having two wounds, the one on his side, the other betwixt his paps. 1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 9 Whether the said Timothy Trim and Jack, were the same Person? which was prov'd..by a Mole under the left Pap. 1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 117 The plat-form of his snow-white bosom..presented, on the vermillion summet of each pap, the idea of a rose about to blow. 1845 W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin 1st Ser. 38 Ben..shoots John..or, maybe, stabs him under his left pap, or any where you please. 1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad II. xv. 103 Beneath the pap, it smote him as he came. 1907 J. Davidson Triumph of Mammon v. ii. 125 At my touch..His wounds, they seemed to mutter, and his paps Were seethed in blood. 1987 R. Hall Kisses of Enemy (1989) 37 The loose rolls of his waist and paps sagged to their familiar shape. †2. A small round tumour or swelling; a pimple. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > swelling > [noun] > a swelling or protuberance ampereOE kernelc1000 wenc1000 knot?c1225 swella1250 bulchc1300 bunchc1325 bolninga1340 botcha1387 bouge1398 nodusa1400 oedemaa1400 wax-kernel14.. knobc1405 nodule?a1425 more?c1425 bunnyc1440 papa1450 knurc1460 waxing kernel?c1460 lump?a1500 waxen-kernel1500 bump1533 puff1538 tumour?1541 swelling1542 elevation1543 enlarging1562 knub1563 pimple1582 ganglion1583 button1584 phyma1585 emphysema?1587 flesh-pimple1587 oedem?a1591 burgeon1597 wartle1598 hurtle1599 pough1601 wart1603 extumescence1611 hulch1611 peppernel1613 affusion1615 extumescency1684 jog1715 knibloch1780 tumefaction1802 hunch1803 income1808 intumescence1822 gibber1853 tumescence1859 whetstone1886 tumidity1897 Osler's node1920 a1450 Late Middle Eng. Treat. on Horses (1978) 121 If þou se pappes in þe brynkes of wondes or blaknus with-ynne..þat is uerei signe of ded flesche. 1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Pappe or pyle in the fundment of a man Annates. 1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman ii. x. 217 This whay is also good to cure..Barbs, Pappes, and all Feavers. 1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Barbes, a Disease in black Cattle and Horses, known by two Paps under their Tongue. 1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 109 After the skin [of the porcupine] is taken off, there appear a kind of paps on those parts of the body from whence the large quills proceed. 3. A mountain, hill, or other natural eminence whose shape resembles that of a woman's breast; esp. each of a pair or group of more or less conical hill summits rising side by side.Frequently (with capital initial) in the names of such summits, esp. in Scotland. ΘΚΠ the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill or mountain > [noun] > summit > conical pike1555 pap1613 cone1830 1613 T. Best Jrnl. 7 Aug. in Voy. to E. Indies (1934) 64 Then did the 2 hometts or paps beare of us N. and by W. 1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 123 The length of Troy hath been..fifteene English miles; lying along the sea side betweene the three Papes of Ida. 1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 231 There are four Hills of a considerable heighth; the two highest are well known to Sea-faring Men, by the Name of the Paps of Jurah. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. ix. 228 We observed two remarkable hummocks, such as are usually called paps. 1834 C. Darwin Diary 28 Aug. (1933) 243 A never failing delight was to mount the little pap of rock..which stands in the middle of the city. 1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxv. 414 The great ‘Paps of Jura’ were hidden in the mist. 1936 H. Quigley Highlands Scotl. vi. 96 It takes some resolution to move down the Pap itself and wander along the monotonous ridge of Aonach Eagach. 1988 Great Outdoors July 37/3 The final ‘pap’..stayed impressively steep; a conical pile of conglomerate sandstone. 4. Scottish. The uvula. Usually more fully as pap of the halse (also pap of the hass). ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > uvula tongue of the throat1398 uvulac1400 uve?1527 uvule?1527 columella1585 gargareon1653 pap of the hass1788 staphyle1808 1788 J. Mill Diary (1889) 84 A severe cold, which brought down the Uvula or Pape so call'd. 1814 C. I. Johnstone Saxon & Gaël I. vii She got sic a load o' cauld at that ball, the pap o' her hass down, an' a' defaite thegither. 1874 A. Hislop Bk. Sc. Anecd. 28 There was an unco kittlin' in the paup o' his hass. 1895 H. Ochiltree Redburn v Gapin' as if ye had a barley awn sticking i' the pap o' yer hass. 1914 County Folklore (F.L.S.) 7 406 In relaxed throat the condition is referred to as ‘the pap o' the hass being down’. It is believed that there is one single hair in the head, which, if found and pulled, will ‘bring the pap o' the hass up’. 1945 Weekly Scotsman 14 Apr. A wee bit ‘kittle at the pap o' the hass’. 2003 www.memorybank.org.uk 22 Oct. (O.E.D. Archive) As I walked in with her I says, ‘Well what's the trouble with wee Jeannie?’ ‘Oh,’ she says, ‘the pap o' the halse drappit.’ Compounds † pap-bone n. Obsolete rare (perhaps) each of the pair of ribs beneath the breast. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [noun] > specific rib pap-bone1581 short rib1592 ribsparec1633 abdominal rib1822 1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xiv. 65 This kinde of laughing..oftimes therewith both the papbones be loosed. † pap-head n. Obsolete a nipple. ΘΚΠ the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple papc1175 teat?a1200 pap-head?a1425 big?a1439 wartc1440 teat headc1500 nipplec1510 spin1525 dug1530 spean1573 bud1593 milk papa1616 niplet1648 dud1679 mamilla1684 duddlea1708 diddy1788 tittya1825 knob1941 nip1970 ?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 143 Þe pap heued [?c1425 Paris tete; L. papillus] is so profounded þat þe childe may not take it. 1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. clix. 469 In the searing you shall see the ends of the veines start out like pape heads. † pap pox n. Obsolete cowpox. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > cowpox cowpox1798 vaccine pock1799 vaccine1800 vaccinia1800 vacciola1801 pap pox1887 1887 C. Creighton Nat. Hist. Cow-pox & Vaccinal Syphilis 157 The name of it [sc. cow-pox] in Norfolk was pap-pox. 1889 Lancet 9 Mar. 503/2 A possible origin of the term Cow-pox or Pap-pox. † pap shell n. Obsolete a limpet. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > limpet > member of superfamily Patellacea limpetc1050 limpin1585 centre fish1668 pap shell1678 flidder1769 1678 M. Lister Historiæ Animalium Angliæ 195 Patella ex livido cinerea, striata. A Flither, Limpet, or Papshell. 1778 E. M. da Costa Brit. Conchol. 1 Patella..the Limpet, Flither, or Pap Shell. 1842 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 No. 10. 36 The Limpet..shell is often used to apply Fuller's earth, and similar remedies, to the sore nipples of nurses; hence probably the origin of ‘Pap-shell’, which Lister tells us is one of its English names. † pap-vein n. Obsolete rare a mammary vein. ΚΠ 1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 157 The Mammarie or Pap-veines and Arteries. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papn.² Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ (in sense 1b)South African English /pʌp/, West African English /pap/ Forms: Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s papp, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap, 1500s paup (Scottish), 1900s– pop (Jamaican, in sense 1b). Origin: Of uncertain origin. Etymology: Origin uncertain: apparently ultimately related are Middle Dutch pap , pappe (Dutch pap ), Middle Low German pap- (in papmōs gruel), Middle High German pappe , pap (German Pappe , Papp , also in sense ‘paste, glue’), Old Danish pappe (Danish pap ), also Old French pape (11th cent. in Rashi), papa (13th cent.; French regional (Walloon) pape ), Spanish papa (1495), Portuguese papa (13th cent.), Italian pappa (c1310) all in sense ‘gruel (esp. for infants)’, classical Latin pappa (also pāpa ) a child's word for food, although the relationships among these words are uncertain, and it is possible that the word may have arisen independently in more than one language. Perhaps ultimately imitative of the sound made by an infant in opening and shutting the lips, as associated with the notion of food (compare pap n.¹), or perhaps < a (reduplicated) syllable /pa/ which is characteristic of early infantile vocalization (compare papa n.²). In South African use (sense 1b) < South African Dutch (Afrikaans) pap porridge < Dutch pap . Compare pap v.¹ 1. a. Semi-liquid food, such as that considered suitable for babies or invalids, usually made from bread, meal, etc., moistened with water or milk; bland soft or moist food. Now archaic and historical. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > sloppy food pap1286 messa1500 pults?1550 slop1658 slip-slop1675 soss1691 slop-dash1817 slosh1819 sozzle1823 slush1898 the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food milkeOE pap1286 pap-meat1440 kitchen physic1566 mammaday1593 suckling meatsc1610 embamma1623 kitchen medicine1684 pappy1807 pobs1824 baby food1832 pobbies1848 1286 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 26/1 Pap. a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 47^v Pappatum, pappe. c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 173 (MED) Strawe in þy poudres..as þou woldest strewe flour in to a chyldes pap. a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 98 (MED) He ordeynid for fostering..of this childe..iij norisis, scil. on to wasshe his clothis, anoþere to fede or to pasture him with pappe, [etc.]. 1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. lxxxix Will you haue an Englishe infant, whiche liueth with pappe to bee your kyng and gouernor? 1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 257 Of the pap of Barly, and the broth of Lupines make a cataplasme. 1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 84/1 Pap, of Nurses called papes, is Milk and Flour boiled together. 1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. iii. 15 He now gave Mrs. Deborah positive Orders to..call up a Maid-servant to provide it Pap and other things. View more context for this quotation 1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 236 Give it the breast or stop its mouth with pap! 1839 C. M. Kirkland New Home xviii. 121 As I pass for an oracle in the matter of paps and possets, I had frequent communication with my now happy neighbor. 1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 392 To begin with milky arrowroot..then to pass on to boiled pap of breadcrumb and milk. 1923 F. H. Kitchin Divers. Dawson 292 Nobody could buttle like James who had not been born in a pantry and taken pap out of silver spoons. 1972 P. O'Brian Post Captain v. 102 There was a dear old biddy that fed me pap. 2002 New Statesman (Nexis) 4 Nov. The thought of tasting bottled infant pap hardly made the expanding stomach sing. b. In South Africa, West Africa, and the Caribbean: porridge, esp. porridge made from maize meal (see also mealie-pap n. at mealie n. Compounds 2).In Jamaican usage frequently in form pop. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > soup or pottage > porridges > [noun] polentaOE papelotec1400 pottagea1500 crowdy-mowdy?a1513 drowsen1519 pease porridge?1548 plum pottage1574 sowens1582 grout1587 orgementa1590 plum porridge1591 loblolly1597 pease pottage1600 girt-brew1620 washbrew1620 lentil-porridge1622 hominy1630 porridgea1643 samp1643 nettle-pottage1659 nettle-porridge1661 crowdie1668 suppawn1670 mush1671 rockahominy1674 stirabouta1691 praiseach1698 sagamité1698 brochan1700 atole1716 burgoo1750 purry1751 fungee1789 pepper porridge1803 kasha1808 mamaliga1808 skilligalee1819 bean-porridge1821 skilly1839 sap porridge1842 corn-mush1846 oatmeal mush1850 pap1858 ugali1860 oatmeal1873 mealie-meal1880 mealie-pap1880 uji1889 sadza1899 nsima1907 putu papa1910 posho1927 putu1949 ogi1957 whey-porridge- 1858 T. Shone Diary 29 May in P. M. Silva Diaries T. Shone, 1820 Settler (M.A. thesis, Rhodes Univ. Grahamstown) (1982) 301 Dry bread and pap for dinner, with coffee and tea. 1879 E. L. Price Journals (1956) The boy was grinding some Sechwana corn wh...is a red & round grain, and the old woman..made pap of it. 1924 M. W. Beckwith Jamaica Anansi Stories 57 So after de dinner de pop was hot. 1979 F. Iyayi Violence iv. 58 Surely they ought to eat something. She would make some pap for both of them. 1988 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 10 Jan. 19 a/4 West Africans have for centuries been mixing it with water and adding it to such maize-based foods as kafa, agidi and pap. 1995 Z. Mda Ways of Dying (1997) vi. 134 She is carrying scraps of pap in a brown paper bag. 2018 www.businessinsider.co.za (S. Afr.) 22 May During the drought in SA's northern provinces, maize prices spiked and South Africans switched from pap to eating more bread. 2. a. Anything of the soft, semi-liquid consistency of pap (sense 1), esp. something made by mixing a solid or powdery substance with water or some other liquid; a pulp, mash, or paste. Now rare except in relation to foodstuffs. ΘΚΠ the world > matter > constitution of matter > semi-fluidity > [noun] > a semi-fluid substance or mass sklucec1430 pap1435 slurryc1440 cream1540 batter1601 slabbermenta1620 swill1665 soss1691 porridge1700 cremor1701 sludge1702 semifluid1731 sludder1796 sloppery1832 slob1885 slabber1887 slather1928 gunk1949 R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 90 Flee we þerfor bodily and warldly lufe..qwos flowre is anoytt with gall, & þe pape of neddyrs. a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1678 (1955) IV. 141 They cull the raggs..then they stamp them in troughs to a papp, with pestles or hammers like the powder mills. 1692 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 2) i. 139 An oily Pap or Liniment. 1718 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher I. iv. 40 A sort of Pap, which the Anatomists call Chylus. 1770 J. Baetti Journey from London to Genoa (ed. 3) III. 228 A mess of garvanzos (chick-peas) baked to a pap in oil, and seasoned with garlick, onions, and pepper. 1812 J. Ellison Amer. Captive i. i. 12 Sul. Tell me, you are not materially injured, I hope, by this rude slave? Zeph. Injured? all pap!—mummy! 1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1010 The clay..is conveyed into a cylindrical vat, to be worked into a pap with water. 1969 E. Brathwaite in K. Ramchand & C. Gray West Indian Poetry (1972) 78 She would go chug-chugging with a jar of milk until its white pap turned to yellow butter. †b. The pulp of an apple. Obsolete.Formerly often used, esp. when softened by roasting, as a medium in which to take medicine. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > prepared fruit and dishes > [noun] > fruit pulp pap1594 sass1830 1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 45 in Jewell House [To] be giuen in powder, in the pappe of an apple. a1625 J. Fletcher Humorous Lieut. iv. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) 139 My head's almost beaten into th'pap of an Apple. a1691 R. Boyle Medicinal Exper. (1692) I. i. 1 Let the Patient take it at Bed-time in the Pap of an Apple. 1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. xvi. 72 A child's head is naturally as soft as the pap of an apple. 3. figurative and in figurative contexts. a. Something easily acquired or understood but lacking in value or substance; light intellectual or spiritual fare (in early use occasionally in neutral contexts; later almost always depreciative). Now usually: spec. trivial or unsophisticated reading matter, etc.; undemanding (esp. commercial) entertainment. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > worthless or trivial pap1548 scribble1577 scribbling1711 dab1729 scribblement1785 fluff1906 non-book1960 1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. 14 Pappe for yonglinges in the feith. 1607 J. Donne Lett. (1651) 13 Many doctrines..have place in the pap of Catechismes. 1647–8 A. Wood Life 15 Feb. (1891) I. 140 Who fed with the papp of Aristotle at twenty or thirtie yeares of age, and suck at the duggs of their mother the University. 1767 D. Garrick Peep behind Curtain Prol. That you, kind nurse, wou'd fondle't on your lap, And rear it with applause, that best of pap. 1774 G. Colman Man of Business Prol. His brats..Brought up on playhouse pap, they waule and cry. 1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 14 Sept. (1939) 230 No man that ever wrote a line despised the pap of praise so heartily as I do. 1894 H. H. Gardener Unofficial Patriot 223 A self-indulgent moralist, who feeds expensive pap to his personal conscience, but gives a stone to his starving neighbor! 1937 Hispania 20 224 Small wonder that they shout ‘hooey!’ ‘boloney!’ ‘bunk!’ when they read the expurgated, noncontroversial pap of our old culture-content readers. 1973 J. Berryman Recovery (1974) 147 He..scrounged around among the usual crud and pap and peptalk until, sticking to it—bonanza! an actual discussion. 1993 Sun 31 May 21/3 An aspiring screenwriter sees his profound drama turned into commercial pap by Hollywood. b. U.S. colloquial. Political appointments, favours, or grants, esp. obtained through patronage, bribery, etc. ΘΚΠ the mind > possession > acquisition > [noun] > that which is obtained or acquired > a political appointment, favour, etc. pap1825 1808 J. N. Barker Indian Princess Pref. I vehemently importune ye to be convinced, that for my bantling I desire neither rattle nor bells; neither the lullaby of praise, nor the pap of patronage.] 1825 Delaware (Ohio) Patron 10 Feb. 3/2 An irresistible desire..to serve the state, and to taste a little of the ‘Treasury Pap’, impelled us towards the capital. 1841 Congress. Globe 26th Congress 2 Sess. App. 300/2 The very new States are nursed from their chrysalis territorial condition into existence upon Federal pap from the Executive spoon. 1894 Voice (N.Y.) 6 Sept. 1/6 The Prohibition Party is the only party that is not controlled by public pap-seeking politicians. 1939 Fortune Oct. 71/1 From north and south, from east and west, there came party hacks and politicians after their pap. 1977 Lebende Sprachen 22 10/2 The spoils of office, the rewards for political activities..are called sweets, fat, spices, pap (baby food), plum, pie, persimmon, melon, pork, grease, and gravy. †4. pap with a hatchet (and variants alluding to this phrase): harsh or violent treatment administered where something moderate or agreeable was expected, esp. as an act of correction or punishment; (perhaps also occasionally) a benefit conferred by force, or in such a way as to constitute a punishment. Obsolete.The quots. seem to imply an ironical use referring to punishment by a nurse of an infant, though the context of most of the early quots. makes it clear that they actually refer to the violent repression of religious dissent.The name of the author of the early work with this title (see quot. 1589, a pamphlet in the Marprelate controversy; now usually attributed to John Lyly) is given as ‘Pap-hatchet’ by Nashe and Gabriel Harvey. ΚΠ 1568 Newe Comedie Iacob & Esau v. x. sig. G.iij I would he were rocked or dandled in your lappe: Or I would with this fauchon I might geue him pap.] 1579 J. Stubbs Discouerie Gaping Gulf sig. E8 Had not Lignerolls mouth ben stopped with papp and the hatchet as they say. 1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 151 When Herod bathed the infants in their owne bloud..did God meane, they should have such Pappe with an Hatchet, and that Princes should be nourses on that fashion? 1589 J. Lyly (title) Pappe with an hatchet... Or Cracke me this nut. Or A countrie cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the eare, for the idiot Martin to hold his peace. 1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie i. iii. sig. B3 They giue vs pap with a spoon before we can speake, and when we speake for that wee loue, pap with a hatchet. a1612 J. Harington Epigrams (1615) sig. D4 You sucke out bloud, and bite your nurses teats. Learne, learne, to aske your milke, for if you snatch it, The nurse must send your babes pap with a hatchet. 1615 A. Niccholes Disc. Marriage & Wiving ix. 30 He that so old seekes for a nurse so yong, shall haue pappe with a Hatchet for his comfort. 1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth IV. 329 A Custard was to him, Pap with a Hatchet. 1809 W. Oldys & T. Park in Harleian Misc. II. 171 (note) ‘Pap with a hatchet’ seems to have been a cant phrase for doing a kind thing in an unkind manner, as it would be, so to feed an infant.] Compounds C1. a. General attributive and appositive. See also pap-boat n. † pap bottle n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. ii. 256 Put him in with plenty of cotton-wool, and a pap-bottle. 1879 ‘M. Twain’ in M. B. Vallin Mark Twain (1992) 113 When he ordered his pap bottle, and it wasn't warm, did you talk back? Not you. You went to work and warmed it. pap food n. ΚΠ 1905 Daily Chron. 13 May 4/5 Too prolonged use of artificially digested and ‘pap-foods’ must be avoided. 2000 Africa News (Nexis) 19 Sept. The supervising Minister of Works..is merely a chef preparing and dishing out pap food to assumed party faithfuls and potential thugs in anticipation of future elections. † pap-meat n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food milkeOE pap1286 pap-meat1440 kitchen physic1566 mammaday1593 suckling meatsc1610 embamma1623 kitchen medicine1684 pappy1807 pobs1824 baby food1832 pobbies1848 Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 382 Papmete for chylder, papatum. 1869 Ld. Tennyson Pelleas & Ettarre 188 Keep him off, And pamper him with papmeat, if ye will. 1901 M. F. Barber Gathering of Brother Hilarius iii. i. 120 He is still young, and of sound teeth..whereas thou and I, Brother, are as babes needing pap-meat. † pap pan n. Obsolete ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > pan > pan for specific food pap pan1421 omelette frying-pan1846 1421 in A. H. Thomas Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1943) IV. 93 (MED) [One small] pappepanne [and one small] braspanne. 1557 in E. Roberts & K. Parker Southampton Probate Inventories, 1447–1575 (1992) I. 78 A posnett, a papp pan, a chaffin dishe. pap spoon n. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > cutlery > spoon > types of maidenhead1495 slipc1530 Apostle spoon1631 tea-spoon1686 hall-spoon1688 pap spoon1691 tablespoon1741 dessert-spoon1808 salt-spoon1820 monkey spoon1833 Puritan spoon1875 sugar shell1895 seal-top1898 slotted spoon1900 absinthe spoon1905 trifid1927 1691 in J. S. Moore Clifton & Westbury Probate Inventories (1981) 160 Two silver pap s [p] onnes. 1841 R. W. Emerson Conservative in Lect. in Wks. II. 274 His social frame is..a universe in slippers and flannels, with bib and pap-spoon. 1985 ‘J. Gash’ Pearlhanger (1986) xi. 99 I turned my nose up at a baby's feeding spoon—pap spoon, they're called. b. Objective. † pap-devourer n. Obsolete ΚΠ 1841 W. M. Thackeray St. Philip's Day at Paris in Wks. (1900) XIII. 552 The fools..who have gratified the young pap-devourer with the present of a fine sword. pap maker n. ΚΠ 1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. B2^v I warrant you the cunning Pap-maker knewe what he did, when he made choyse of no other spoone than a hatchet for such a mouth. 1838 Lady's Bk. (Electronic text) Feb. I had no idea you had such a propensity to dry nursing, or I should have before promoted you as pap and panada maker in general. 2002 Global News Wire (S. Afr. Press Assoc.) (Nexis) 19 Apr. (headline) Pap maker and ‘roaring’ scarecrow among inventions. C2. pap-warmer n. now historical a contrivance for keeping food or drink warm, esp. during the night. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > stove or cooker > [noun] > food warmer Mary's bath1600 Saint Mary's bath1612 water plate1721 hot closet1798 water bath1806 bain-marie1822 hotplate1861 steam table1861 rechaud1906 pap-warmer1920 warming oven1950 veilleuse1955 warming drawer1972 1920 W. J. Pountney Old Bristol Potteries x. 141 Another most interesting piece..is a caudle cup or pap warmer. 1989 Toronto Star (Nexis) 22 Jan. e3 Pap-warmers were ceramic, spirit-lamp double boilers used for preparing the infant food made from bread or flour, water and beer or wine. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papn.³ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Forms: also with capital initial. Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: papa n.²; pop n.⁶ Etymology: Either shortened < papa n.², or representing a regional or colloquial pronunciation of pop n.⁶ Compare pappy n.¹ Chiefly U.S. colloquial. A father. Chiefly used in the vocative, or preceded by a possessive adjective (as ‘my mama’); also without article in the manner of a proper name (cf. papa n.¹, pop n.⁶). Also: an older man (sometimes as a title). ΘΚΠ the world > people > person > old person > old man > [noun] old maneOE bevara1275 beauperec1300 vieillard1475 Nestor?c1510 old gentleman1526 haga1529 velyarda1529 old fellow?1555 old sire1557 granfer1564 vecchioc1570 ageman1571 grave-porer1582 grandsire1595 huddle-duddle1599 elder1600 pantaloon1602 cuffc1616 crone1630 old boya1637 codger?1738 dry-beard1749 eld1796 patriarch1819 oubaas1824 old chap1840 pap1844 pop1844 tad1877 old baas1882 senex1898 finger1904 AK1911 alte kacker1911 poppa stoppa1944 madala1960 Ntate1975 society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > parent > father > [noun] fatherOE sirec1250 authora1398 flesh-fathera1400 genitor1447 daddy1523 dad1533 bab1598 patera1600 dada1672 relieving officer1677 papa1681 pappy1722 baba1771 pa1773 governor1783 paw1826 fatherkin1839 pop1840 bap1842 pap1844 da1851 baba1862 puppa1885 pops1893 poppa1897 pot and pan1900 papasana1904 daddy-o1913 bapu1930 baby-father1932 abba1955 birth father1977 1834 G. L. Stevens Patriot ii. iii. 55 Let me have the other arm, grand-pap?] 1844 Knickerbocker 23 15 They said, pap wasn't at home. 1854 M. J. Holmes Tempest & Sunshine v. 69 Come here, and shake your old pap's paw. 1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. xxi. 207 She never took liberties with him, nor called him Pap or any other ridiculous name. 1909 C. B. Chrysler White Slavery 114 Show them how to get tips from the old paps. 1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters ii. 24 There can't any of you..run me out the way you did Pap Thomson. 1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xiv. 124 ‘You'll have to cook... There's Pap.’ ‘You can give him some cold bread.’ 1996 T. Clancy Executive Orders liii. 726 My pap was real big on getting people registered to vote. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). Papn.⁴ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Forms: also with lower-case initial. Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Papanicolaou n. Etymology: Shortened < Papanicolaou n. attributive, esp. in Pap smear, Pap test: a smear of cells taken from the cervix of the womb, analysed for evidence of cervical cancer; = Papanicolaou n. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test pneobiomantia1846 blood test1851 drug test1863 Romberg test1872 Rinne1881 Romberg's sign1884 tuberculin test1892 guaiac test1894 agglutination1896 percolation test1899 Pirquet test1908 skin test1908 Wassermann1909 Romberg1915 Pandy('s) test1916 glucose tolerance test1917 Kolmer1921 patch test1922 skin testing1923 provocation1924 Kolmer–Wassermann1925 Queckenstedt1928 Kline1929 Prausnitz–Küstner1929 cross-match1930 Mantoux test1931 paraffin test1935 Paul–Bunnell test1935 stress test1937 Burpee test1939 lepromin test1939 patch testing1941 pinprick1941 breath test1945 provocation test1948 protamine titration1949 Coombs test1950 smear test1950 Schilling test1955 tanned-(red-)cell1956 amniocentesis1958 Pap smear1963 Pap test1963 drugs test1967 Schultz–Charlton1974 amnio1984 cross-matching- 1963 E. M. Greisheimer & J. R. Troyer Physiol. & Anat. (ed. 8) xx. 789 The so-called ‘Pap’ test is so named after Papanicolaou, who with Stockard called attention to the importance of the changes in the vaginal epithelium first in lower animals in connection with estrous cycles. 1969 Awake! 8 Nov. 15/1 A study conducted at the University of Chicago ‘reportedly shows a sixfold increase in positive Pap smears..among women who have taken oral contraceptives’. 1973 Sci. Amer. July 22/3 Of the estimated 2·6 million women served last year by organized family-planning programs,..eight in 10 had annual breast examinations and Pap tests. 1973 Nation (Barbados) 16 Dec. 10/4 I'd like to see all of the women who should be having pap smears coaxed into their doctor's offices. 1977 Spare Rib May 20/4 Pap smear and breast cancer tests could have been lost. 1994 Canad. Women Stud. Fall 101/1 Along with Pap screening, cervicography would identify women who require referral for colposcopy without biopsy or LLETZ electrosurgery. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papn.⁵ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Forms: 1900s– pap, 1900s– papp. Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: paparazzo n. Etymology: Shortened < paparazzo n. slang (originally British). A paparazzo.Recorded earliest in pap-press. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographer > [noun] > professional cameraman1883 press photographer1901 photojournalist1938 staff photographer1941 lensman1951 paparazzo1961 paparazzi1981 pap1988 1988 Guardian 7 Nov. 17/3 The genuine problems with his [sc. Prince Charles'] marriage..are magnified a thousandfold by the baleful prism of the pap-press. 1993 Evening Standard 1 Apr. 12/3 Whether the unruly bunch of Continental paps now gathered in Lech would see their work in such hallowed terms must be rather doubtful. 1995 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 22 Dec. If she is not bobbing her boobs at the ‘papps’ in New York, she is buttoned-up with the dying in some Hampshire hospice. 2000 I. Edward-Jones My Canapé Hell (2001) ix. 234 She goes down the stairs and braves the paps on the doorstep who shout first, ‘Abigail!’ and ‘Oi’ after her. 2008 N.Y. Daily News 9 Jan. 22 The duo recently noshed at Kobe Club, giving paps ample opportunity to get some shots of them. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papadj. Brit. /pʌp/, U.S. /pɑp/, South African English /pʌp/ Origin: A borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymon: Afrikaans pap. Etymology: < Afrikaans pap < South African Dutch pap porridge (see pap n.²). Originally and chiefly South African colloquial. 1. Of poor quality, weak; lacking in substance or merit. ΚΠ 1912 H. H. Juta Reminisc. of Western Circuit 77 Your Dutch is too ‘pap’. 1973 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) I've brought you the black cistern—the white ones are made of such pap plastic these days. 1987 Grocott's Mail (Grahamstown, S. Afr.) 28 Apr. 3 The NP was too ‘pap’ to govern. 2. Of a person: exhausted, washed out; lacking in physical or mental strength. ΚΠ 1934 C. P. Swart Suppl. to Pettman's Africanderisms 133 I'm feeling ‘pap’ (exhausted). 1970 M. Dikobe Marabi Dance 21 ‘Men like George are pap.’ She thought of her father, still respected by the Malaitas as their king. 1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) In this heat I feel so pap—no energy at all. 3. Of food: soft, tasteless. ΚΠ 1958 L. G. Green S. Afr. Beachcomber 114 Snoek is one of the fish which must never be hung up to dry in the moonlight, or it will become pap. 1982 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) Mag. 6 I find it a bit ‘pap’ as a chip. 1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) Don't buy those bananas they are pap. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papv.¹ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Forms: Middle English pappe, 1600s papp, 1700s– pap, 1800s– pop (Scottish). Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.² Etymology: < pap n.² Compare classical Latin pappāre (also papāre), Old French paper (c1200), Italian pappare (a1367; also 1598 in Florio in sense ‘to feede with pap’), Catalan papar (1372), Spanish papar (1570), Middle High German papen (German pappen, now only in sense ‘to glue, stick’), Middle Dutch pappen, all in sense ‘to eat (esp. of infants), to eat mash’. Compare also (with suffixation) Middle High German papelen to feed infants (German päppeln). Now rare. †1. transitive. To feed or indulge with pap. Also with up. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > feed up or overfeed cramc1325 pamperc1390 pampa1400 papa1400 engorge1497 pompa1529 feed1552 frank?1567 grudge1642 to feed into1843 a1400 Bk. to Mother (Egerton) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 41 (MED) The devil..stirith him to pappe and pampe her fleische, desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis. a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Custome of Countrey iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Cc^v/2 O that his body were not flesh and fading. But I'le so papp him up—nothing too deare for him. 1820 Examiner No. 657. 721/1 It had been..swaddled, and papped, and called beautiful like its father. 1878 E. Jenkins Haverholme 97 The babies..were taken in, and papped, and provided with toys and soothing syrups. 2. transitive. To treat with pap; to apply a pap or pulp to; (Scottish Weaving) to treat (the warp) with papping (papping n.). Also with up. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by topical applications > treat by topical applications [verb (transitive)] > apply paste to pap1658 1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid i. viii. 34 Which moisture..turnes into a water, as we see it in such wounds which are thus papp'd up. 1769 J. De Mages et al. Brit. Patent 937 (1856) 3 The wool is..dyed, washed,..combed, spun into worsted, reeled,..papt or sized, then is fit for the weaver. 1893 R. Hall Schools & Schoolboy Life 28 Weavers..who considered they had a prescriptive right to the ground for the purpose of ‘poppin' their webs’. 3. transitive. To make into pap. rare. ΘΚΠ the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > liquidize or purée soupify1831 purée1899 pap1927 liquidize1972 1927 Observer 6 Feb. 14/4 This does not mean papping food for babes; it means speaking intelligibly to grown-ups. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papv.² Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Forms: 1700s– pap, 1900s– pap-pap. Origin: Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: pop v.¹ Etymology: Perhaps a variant of pop v.¹, or perhaps a parallel imitative formation. Perhaps compare tap v.² intransitive. To make a popping or tapping noise; to fall, drop, etc., in such a way as to make a sound of this kind. ΘΚΠ the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sudden or violent sound > explosive sound > [verb (intransitive)] > pop to make a pot at1532 pop1576 pap1791 plock1931 blip1946 1791 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 30/1 For down the sweat is frae me pappin', Like auld field pease. 1843 W. M. Thackeray Ravenswing ii, in Fraser's Mag. May 599/1 Big square-toed shoes with which he went papping down the street. 1878 W. Penman Echoes from Ingleside 119 He pappet on his bended knee. 1992 Grain Spring 58 She was smiling to herself and pap-papping on the steering wheel with her fingers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). papv.³ Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.⁵ Etymology: < pap n.⁵ slang (originally and chiefly British). transitive. Of a paparazzo: to photograph. Frequently in passive. Also in extended use. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > photograph [verb (transitive)] > in specific manner to fire away1859 stereograph1860 flashlight1886 shoot1890 snap1890 Kodak1891 snapshot1898 mug1899 mutoscope1899 telephotograph1899 mutograph1908 photomaton1927 soft-focus1928 minicam1937 microfiche1975 pap1993 1993 Sunday Tel. 14 Nov. 13 The Swedish crown princess, who is 16 and has ‘never been papped’, comes cheap. 1994 Independent (Nexis) 11 May 21 Night is a good time for ‘papping’ celebrities and I'm often called from my bed to follow up a tip-off. 2003 Glamour Aug. 66/1 Celebrity is one of those unhelpful things, in Cate's eyes. Like the time she was papped at a bus stop in London. 2007 ‘P. Simmonds’ Tamara Drewe She was giving Brent a BJ and he got one of his mates to pap her on his phone. 2008 Observer 13 Apr. (Mag.) 9/4 The difference between your basic Y2K celebrity and the new improved eco-celeb is that the new one has her privates papped getting out of a Prius. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹c1175n.²1286n.³1844n.⁴1963n.⁵1988adj.1912v.¹a1400v.²1791v.³1993
随便看	williamsburg-style williamsburgstyle williamsite willie willie pete willie peter willie-waught willied willies williewaught willily willing willing horse willing nilling willing suspension of disbelief willing-eyed willing-game willing-handed willing-hearted willing-minded willing-mindedness willinger willingest willingeyed willinggame

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