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单词 pap
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papn.1

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/, Scottish English /pap/, /pɔp/, Irish English /pæp/
Forms: Middle English papp, Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap; Scottish pre-1700 paep, pre-1700 paip, pre-1700 paipe, pre-1700 paippe, pre-1700 palp, pre-1700 papp, pre-1700 1700s pape, pre-1700 1700s– pap, pre-1700 1800s paup, pre-1700 1800s pawp, 1900s– paap.
Origin: Of uncertain origin. Perhaps a borrowing from Latin. Or perhaps a borrowing from early Scandinavian. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: Latin papilla.
Etymology: Origin uncertain. Perhaps < classical Latin papilla nipple (see papilla n.), or perhaps < early Scandinavian, though not recorded in Scandinavian languages until much later (compare Swedish regional pappe , papp , Norwegian regional pappe , Danish papa ; compare also North Frisian pap , pape breast; probably of imitative origin; perhaps compare Lithuanian papas (imitative and children's language) nipple), or perhaps an imitative formation within Middle English (compare pap n.2). Compare mama n.1
Now archaic and regional (chiefly Scottish and English regional (northern)).
1.
a. A woman's breast or (now rare) nipple. Also figurative. Now chiefly archaic and Scottish, English regional (northern), Irish English, and U.S. (Midland).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple
papc1175
teat?a1200
pap-head?a1425
big?a1439
wartc1440
teat headc1500
nipplec1510
spin1525
dug1530
spean1573
bud1593
milk papa1616
niplet1648
dud1679
mamilla1684
duddlea1708
diddy1788
tittya1825
knob1941
nip1970
c1175 Ormulum (Burchfield transcript) l. 6441 Hiss moderr..fedde himm wiþþ þatt illke millc Þatt comm off hire pappe.
a1250 (?a1200) Ancrene Riwle (Titus) (1963) 117 Eadmodnesse..hailses meaðlesliche..on his moder teares, O þe pappes [c1230 Corpus Cambr. tittes] þat he seac.
c1330 St. Katherine (Auch.) 532 in C. Horstmann Altengl. Legenden (1881) 2nd Ser. 254/1 (MED) Bot þou forsake Jhesu Crist..þine pappes of þi brest Wiþ iren hokes schal be rent.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 16659 Blisced..þe papp þat neuer suken was.
a1450 in T. Wright Songs & Carols (1856) 48 (MED) As che hym tok al in here lap, He tok that maydyn be the pap..And sok his fille.
1509 S. Hawes Pastime of Pleasure (1928) xxx. 146 Her pappes rounde & therto ryght praty.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Luke xi. 27 The pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] which gave the sucke.
1554 D. Lindsay Dialog Experience & Courteour 4012 in Wks. (1931) I. 318 The baren paupis, than thay sall blys.
1600 J. Pory tr. J. Leo Africanus Geogr. Hist. Afr. Introd. 33 These women..seare off their left paps, that they might not be an hinderance vnto them in their shooting.
1670 J. Dryden Tyrannick Love v. i. 54 Her Paps then let the bearded Tenters stake.
1701 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 3) ii. 236 Nature hath not given Paps to Men.
1768 A. Ross Fortunate Shepherdess i. 30 An' for her temper maik she ne'er had nane, She'd mak twa paps cast out on ae breastbane.
1828 P. Buchan Anc. Ballads & Songs N. Scotl. I. 108 Mend up the fire, my fause brother, It scarce comes to my pap.
1849 J. L. Motley Merry-mount I. v. 53 Thou perverse contemner of the holy mother church..who would have suckled thee with her wings, and sheltered thee in the shadow of her paps.
1889 Æ. Binns Wilsden Originals 2 Ahs'll clap tha on to her bosom, theear is thi pap.
1904 L. Binyon Death of Adam 157 Surely my bosom hath not forgotten Cain, Who sucked the tender first milk from its paps.
1995 A. Warner Morvern Callar (1996) 39 I stood with my arms folded on my paps, like this.
2002 N. Tosches In Hand of Dante 192 Had she lived, she would have ceased to be adored and would have been as plain and graying wife, with fallen paps, unpoetried.
b. The teat of a female animal. Now chiefly Scottish, English regional (northern), and Irish English.
ΚΠ
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 54 Beestis wiþ fewe pappis [L. vbera] hauen fewe children.
?a1450 J. Arderne in 17th Internat. Congr. Med. (1914) xxiii. 125 (MED) The sore..hadde pappys lyke to the pappys of ane hoownd.
a1522 G. Douglas tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) iv. vii. 12 Bot of sum cruel tygir of Araby The pappis the fosterit in the wod Hyrcany.
1599 T. Nashe Lenten Stuffe 37 A sagging paire of cheeks like a sows paps that giues suck.
1634 T. Herbert Relation Some Yeares Trauaile 212 The Mannatee or Cow-fish..creepes vpon her paps.
1691 J. Ray Wisdom of God 87 Multiparous quadrupeds, as Dogs, as Swine, are furnished with a multitude of Paps.
1759 R. Brown Compl. Farmer 49 She had as many teats or paps as pigs.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 299 The distinctions of quadrupedes, or animals with paps, as he [sc. Buffon] calls them.
1802 W. Paley Nat. Theol. xiv. 276 In the sow, the bitch, the rabbit,..which have numerous litters, the paps are numerous.
1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh viii. 354 Some red colossal cow, with mighty paps.
1909 tr. A. Manzoni I Promessi Sposi xxxv. 603 One would run at the cry of a famished child, lift it from the ground, and carry it to a goat..; and applying it to the creature's paps, would [etc.].
1953 Jrnl. Amer. Folklore 66 25 ‘Timothy,’ said the man, ‘does that cow yield milk from her four paps?’
1988 Manch. Guardian Weekly (Nexis) 15 May 15 The drawing would be not more than a rather banal parody of religious worship if the divine animal were not flaunting two rows of paps like some goddess of fertility.
c. A man's nipple or breast. Now rare (chiefly archaic in later use).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple > of male
pap?a1425
mamilla1684
tut1702
?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 3160 (MED) Þe schere spere sone glyde he gert Vnder þe Papp to Ihesu hert.
1470 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 415 He is lowere..them my lytell Tom by the schorderys, and more lytell above hys pappe.
1526 Bible (Tyndale) Rev. i. 13 One lyke vnto the sonne of man..gyrd aboute the pappes [so 1611; c1384 Wycliffite, E.V. teetis] with a golden gyrdle.
?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 65 He strooke him, at his breasts right pappe.
1650 S. Sheppard Amandus & Sophronia iii. iii. 114 He beheld him almost covered in his own gore, having two wounds, the one on his side, the other betwixt his paps.
1712 J. Arbuthnot App. to John Bull Still in Senses i. 9 Whether the said Timothy Trim and Jack, were the same Person? which was prov'd..by a Mole under the left Pap.
1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure I. 117 The plat-form of his snow-white bosom..presented, on the vermillion summet of each pap, the idea of a rose about to blow.
1845 W. G. Simms Wigwam & Cabin 1st Ser. 38 Ben..shoots John..or, maybe, stabs him under his left pap, or any where you please.
1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad II. xv. 103 Beneath the pap, it smote him as he came.
1907 J. Davidson Triumph of Mammon v. ii. 125 At my touch..His wounds, they seemed to mutter, and his paps Were seethed in blood.
1987 R. Hall Kisses of Enemy (1989) 37 The loose rolls of his waist and paps sagged to their familiar shape.
†2. A small round tumour or swelling; a pimple. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > swelling > [noun] > a swelling or protuberance
ampereOE
kernelc1000
wenc1000
knot?c1225
swella1250
bulchc1300
bunchc1325
bolninga1340
botcha1387
bouge1398
nodusa1400
oedemaa1400
wax-kernel14..
knobc1405
nodule?a1425
more?c1425
bunnyc1440
papa1450
knurc1460
waxing kernel?c1460
lump?a1500
waxen-kernel1500
bump1533
puff1538
tumour?1541
swelling1542
elevation1543
enlarging1562
knub1563
pimple1582
ganglion1583
button1584
phyma1585
emphysema?1587
flesh-pimple1587
oedem?a1591
burgeon1597
wartle1598
hurtle1599
pough1601
wart1603
extumescence1611
hulch1611
peppernel1613
affusion1615
extumescency1684
jog1715
knibloch1780
tumefaction1802
hunch1803
income1808
intumescence1822
gibber1853
tumescence1859
whetstone1886
tumidity1897
Osler's node1920
a1450 Late Middle Eng. Treat. on Horses (1978) 121 If þou se pappes in þe brynkes of wondes or blaknus with-ynne..þat is uerei signe of ded flesche.
1552 R. Huloet Abcedarium Anglico Latinum Pappe or pyle in the fundment of a man Annates.
1639 T. de Gray Compl. Horseman ii. x. 217 This whay is also good to cure..Barbs, Pappes, and all Feavers.
1721 N. Bailey Universal Etymol. Eng. Dict. Barbes, a Disease in black Cattle and Horses, known by two Paps under their Tongue.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 109 After the skin [of the porcupine] is taken off, there appear a kind of paps on those parts of the body from whence the large quills proceed.
3. A mountain, hill, or other natural eminence whose shape resembles that of a woman's breast; esp. each of a pair or group of more or less conical hill summits rising side by side.Frequently (with capital initial) in the names of such summits, esp. in Scotland.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the earth > land > landscape > high land > hill or mountain > [noun] > summit > conical
pike1555
pap1613
cone1830
1613 T. Best Jrnl. 7 Aug. in Voy. to E. Indies (1934) 64 Then did the 2 hometts or paps beare of us N. and by W.
1632 W. Lithgow Totall Disc. Trav. iii. 123 The length of Troy hath been..fifteene English miles; lying along the sea side betweene the three Papes of Ida.
1703 M. Martin Descr. W. Islands Scotl. 231 There are four Hills of a considerable heighth; the two highest are well known to Sea-faring Men, by the Name of the Paps of Jurah.
1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. ix. 228 We observed two remarkable hummocks, such as are usually called paps.
1834 C. Darwin Diary 28 Aug. (1933) 243 A never failing delight was to mount the little pap of rock..which stands in the middle of the city.
1873 W. Black Princess of Thule xxv. 414 The great ‘Paps of Jura’ were hidden in the mist.
1936 H. Quigley Highlands Scotl. vi. 96 It takes some resolution to move down the Pap itself and wander along the monotonous ridge of Aonach Eagach.
1988 Great Outdoors July 37/3 The final ‘pap’..stayed impressively steep; a conical pile of conglomerate sandstone.
4. Scottish. The uvula. Usually more fully as pap of the halse (also pap of the hass).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > digestive or excretive organs > digestive organs > mouth > [noun] > uvula
tongue of the throat1398
uvulac1400
uve?1527
uvule?1527
columella1585
gargareon1653
pap of the hass1788
staphyle1808
1788 J. Mill Diary (1889) 84 A severe cold, which brought down the Uvula or Pape so call'd.
1814 C. I. Johnstone Saxon & Gaël I. vii She got sic a load o' cauld at that ball, the pap o' her hass down, an' a' defaite thegither.
1874 A. Hislop Bk. Sc. Anecd. 28 There was an unco kittlin' in the paup o' his hass.
1895 H. Ochiltree Redburn v Gapin' as if ye had a barley awn sticking i' the pap o' yer hass.
1914 County Folklore (F.L.S.) 7 406 In relaxed throat the condition is referred to as ‘the pap o' the hass being down’. It is believed that there is one single hair in the head, which, if found and pulled, will ‘bring the pap o' the hass up’.
1945 Weekly Scotsman 14 Apr. A wee bit ‘kittle at the pap o' the hass’.
2003 www.memorybank.org.uk 22 Oct. (O.E.D. Archive) As I walked in with her I says, ‘Well what's the trouble with wee Jeannie?’ ‘Oh,’ she says, ‘the pap o' the halse drappit.’

Compounds

† pap-bone n. Obsolete rare (perhaps) each of the pair of ribs beneath the breast.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > structural parts > bone or bones > rib > [noun] > specific rib
pap-bone1581
short rib1592
ribsparec1633
abdominal rib1822
1581 R. Mulcaster Positions xiv. 65 This kinde of laughing..oftimes therewith both the papbones be loosed.
† pap-head n. Obsolete a nipple.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > external parts of body > trunk > front > breast or breasts (of woman) > [noun] > nipple
papc1175
teat?a1200
pap-head?a1425
big?a1439
wartc1440
teat headc1500
nipplec1510
spin1525
dug1530
spean1573
bud1593
milk papa1616
niplet1648
dud1679
mamilla1684
duddlea1708
diddy1788
tittya1825
knob1941
nip1970
?a1425 tr. Guy de Chauliac Grande Chirurgie (N.Y. Acad. Med.) f. 143 Þe pap heued [?c1425 Paris tete; L. papillus] is so profounded þat þe childe may not take it.
1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. clix. 469 In the searing you shall see the ends of the veines start out like pape heads.
† pap pox n. Obsolete cowpox.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > cowpox
cowpox1798
vaccine pock1799
vaccine1800
vaccinia1800
vacciola1801
pap pox1887
1887 C. Creighton Nat. Hist. Cow-pox & Vaccinal Syphilis 157 The name of it [sc. cow-pox] in Norfolk was pap-pox.
1889 Lancet 9 Mar. 503/2 A possible origin of the term Cow-pox or Pap-pox.
† pap shell n. Obsolete a limpet.
ΘΚΠ
the world > animals > invertebrates > subkingdom Metazoa > grade Triploblastica or Coelomata > class Gastropoda > [noun] > superorder Branchifera > order Prosobranchiata > section Holostomata > limpet > member of superfamily Patellacea
limpetc1050
limpin1585
centre fish1668
pap shell1678
flidder1769
1678 M. Lister Historiæ Animalium Angliæ 195 Patella ex livido cinerea, striata. A Flither, Limpet, or Papshell.
1778 E. M. da Costa Brit. Conchol. 1 Patella..the Limpet, Flither, or Pap Shell.
1842 Hist. Berwickshire Naturalists' Club 2 No. 10. 36 The Limpet..shell is often used to apply Fuller's earth, and similar remedies, to the sore nipples of nurses; hence probably the origin of ‘Pap-shell’, which Lister tells us is one of its English names.
† pap-vein n. Obsolete rare a mammary vein.
ΚΠ
1615 H. Crooke Μικροκοσμογραϕια 157 The Mammarie or Pap-veines and Arteries.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.2

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/ (in sense 1b)South African English /pʌp/, West African English /pap/
Forms: Middle English–1600s pape, Middle English–1600s papp, Middle English–1600s pappe, Middle English– pap, 1500s paup (Scottish), 1900s– pop (Jamaican, in sense 1b).
Origin: Of uncertain origin.
Etymology: Origin uncertain: apparently ultimately related are Middle Dutch pap , pappe (Dutch pap ), Middle Low German pap- (in papmōs gruel), Middle High German pappe , pap (German Pappe , Papp , also in sense ‘paste, glue’), Old Danish pappe (Danish pap ), also Old French pape (11th cent. in Rashi), papa (13th cent.; French regional (Walloon) pape ), Spanish papa (1495), Portuguese papa (13th cent.), Italian pappa (c1310) all in sense ‘gruel (esp. for infants)’, classical Latin pappa (also pāpa ) a child's word for food, although the relationships among these words are uncertain, and it is possible that the word may have arisen independently in more than one language. Perhaps ultimately imitative of the sound made by an infant in opening and shutting the lips, as associated with the notion of food (compare pap n.1), or perhaps < a (reduplicated) syllable /pa/ which is characteristic of early infantile vocalization (compare papa n.2). In South African use (sense 1b) < South African Dutch (Afrikaans) pap porridge < Dutch pap . Compare pap v.1
1.
a. Semi-liquid food, such as that considered suitable for babies or invalids, usually made from bread, meal, etc., moistened with water or milk; bland soft or moist food. Now archaic and historical.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > consistency of food > [noun] > sloppy food
pap1286
messa1500
pults?1550
slop1658
slip-slop1675
soss1691
slop-dash1817
slosh1819
sozzle1823
slush1898
the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food
milkeOE
pap1286
pap-meat1440
kitchen physic1566
mammaday1593
suckling meatsc1610
embamma1623
kitchen medicine1684
pappy1807
pobs1824
baby food1832
pobbies1848
1286 in J. L. Fisher Medieval Farming Gloss. (1968) 26/1 Pap.
a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 47v Pappatum, pappe.
c1450 Med. Recipes (BL Add. 33996) in F. Heinrich Mittelengl. Medizinbuch (1896) 173 (MED) Strawe in þy poudres..as þou woldest strewe flour in to a chyldes pap.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 98 (MED) He ordeynid for fostering..of this childe..iij norisis, scil. on to wasshe his clothis, anoþere to fede or to pasture him with pappe, [etc.].
1548 Hall's Vnion: Henry VI f. lxxxix Will you haue an Englishe infant, whiche liueth with pappe to bee your kyng and gouernor?
1608 E. Topsell Hist. Serpents 257 Of the pap of Barly, and the broth of Lupines make a cataplasme.
1688 R. Holme Acad. Armory iii. 84/1 Pap, of Nurses called papes, is Milk and Flour boiled together.
1749 H. Fielding Tom Jones I. i. iii. 15 He now gave Mrs. Deborah positive Orders to..call up a Maid-servant to provide it Pap and other things. View more context for this quotation
1782 W. Cowper Conversation in Poems 236 Give it the breast or stop its mouth with pap!
1839 C. M. Kirkland New Home xviii. 121 As I pass for an oracle in the matter of paps and possets, I had frequent communication with my now happy neighbor.
1896 T. C. Allbutt et al. Syst. Med. I. 392 To begin with milky arrowroot..then to pass on to boiled pap of breadcrumb and milk.
1923 F. H. Kitchin Divers. Dawson 292 Nobody could buttle like James who had not been born in a pantry and taken pap out of silver spoons.
1972 P. O'Brian Post Captain v. 102 There was a dear old biddy that fed me pap.
2002 New Statesman (Nexis) 4 Nov. The thought of tasting bottled infant pap hardly made the expanding stomach sing.
b. In South Africa, West Africa, and the Caribbean: porridge, esp. porridge made from maize meal (see also mealie-pap n. at mealie n. Compounds 2).In Jamaican usage frequently in form pop.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > soup or pottage > porridges > [noun]
polentaOE
papelotec1400
pottagea1500
crowdy-mowdy?a1513
drowsen1519
pease porridge?1548
plum pottage1574
sowens1582
grout1587
orgementa1590
plum porridge1591
loblolly1597
pease pottage1600
girt-brew1620
washbrew1620
lentil-porridge1622
hominy1630
porridgea1643
samp1643
nettle-pottage1659
nettle-porridge1661
crowdie1668
suppawn1670
mush1671
rockahominy1674
stirabouta1691
praiseach1698
sagamité1698
brochan1700
atole1716
burgoo1750
purry1751
fungee1789
pepper porridge1803
kasha1808
mamaliga1808
skilligalee1819
bean-porridge1821
skilly1839
sap porridge1842
corn-mush1846
oatmeal mush1850
pap1858
ugali1860
oatmeal1873
mealie-meal1880
mealie-pap1880
uji1889
sadza1899
nsima1907
putu papa1910
posho1927
putu1949
ogi1957
whey-porridge-
1858 T. Shone Diary 29 May in P. M. Silva Diaries T. Shone, 1820 Settler (M.A. thesis, Rhodes Univ. Grahamstown) (1982) 301 Dry bread and pap for dinner, with coffee and tea.
1879 E. L. Price Journals (1956) The boy was grinding some Sechwana corn wh...is a red & round grain, and the old woman..made pap of it.
1924 M. W. Beckwith Jamaica Anansi Stories 57 So after de dinner de pop was hot.
1979 F. Iyayi Violence iv. 58 Surely they ought to eat something. She would make some pap for both of them.
1988 Sunday Gleaner (Kingston, Jamaica) 10 Jan. 19 a/4 West Africans have for centuries been mixing it with water and adding it to such maize-based foods as kafa, agidi and pap.
1995 Z. Mda Ways of Dying (1997) vi. 134 She is carrying scraps of pap in a brown paper bag.
2018 www.businessinsider.co.za (S. Afr.) 22 May During the drought in SA's northern provinces, maize prices spiked and South Africans switched from pap to eating more bread.
2.
a. Anything of the soft, semi-liquid consistency of pap (sense 1), esp. something made by mixing a solid or powdery substance with water or some other liquid; a pulp, mash, or paste. Now rare except in relation to foodstuffs.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > constitution of matter > semi-fluidity > [noun] > a semi-fluid substance or mass
sklucec1430
pap1435
slurryc1440
cream1540
batter1601
slabbermenta1620
swill1665
soss1691
porridge1700
cremor1701
sludge1702
semifluid1731
sludder1796
sloppery1832
slob1885
slabber1887
slather1928
gunk1949
R. Misyn tr. R. Rolle Fire of Love 90 Flee we þerfor bodily and warldly lufe..qwos flowre is anoytt with gall, & þe pape of neddyrs.
a1684 J. Evelyn Diary anno 1678 (1955) IV. 141 They cull the raggs..then they stamp them in troughs to a papp, with pestles or hammers like the powder mills.
1692 J. Ray Wisdom of God (ed. 2) i. 139 An oily Pap or Liniment.
1718 J. Chamberlayne tr. B. Nieuwentyt Relig. Philosopher I. iv. 40 A sort of Pap, which the Anatomists call Chylus.
1770 J. Baetti Journey from London to Genoa (ed. 3) III. 228 A mess of garvanzos (chick-peas) baked to a pap in oil, and seasoned with garlick, onions, and pepper.
1812 J. Ellison Amer. Captive i. i. 12 Sul. Tell me, you are not materially injured, I hope, by this rude slave? Zeph. Injured? all pap!—mummy!
1839 A. Ure Dict. Arts 1010 The clay..is conveyed into a cylindrical vat, to be worked into a pap with water.
1969 E. Brathwaite in K. Ramchand & C. Gray West Indian Poetry (1972) 78 She would go chug-chugging with a jar of milk until its white pap turned to yellow butter.
†b. The pulp of an apple. Obsolete.Formerly often used, esp. when softened by roasting, as a medium in which to take medicine.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > prepared fruit and dishes > [noun] > fruit pulp
pap1594
sass1830
1594 H. Plat Diuers Chimicall Concl. Distillation 45 in Jewell House [To] be giuen in powder, in the pappe of an apple.
a1625 J. Fletcher Humorous Lieut. iv. iii, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) 139 My head's almost beaten into th'pap of an Apple.
a1691 R. Boyle Medicinal Exper. (1692) I. i. 1 Let the Patient take it at Bed-time in the Pap of an Apple.
1761 L. Sterne Life Tristram Shandy III. xvi. 72 A child's head is naturally as soft as the pap of an apple.
3. figurative and in figurative contexts.
a. Something easily acquired or understood but lacking in value or substance; light intellectual or spiritual fare (in early use occasionally in neutral contexts; later almost always depreciative). Now usually: spec. trivial or unsophisticated reading matter, etc.; undemanding (esp. commercial) entertainment.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > literature > a written composition > [noun] > worthless or trivial
pap1548
scribble1577
scribbling1711
dab1729
scribblement1785
fluff1906
non-book1960
1548 N. Udall et al. tr. Erasmus Paraphr. Newe Test. I. Pref. 14 Pappe for yonglinges in the feith.
1607 J. Donne Lett. (1651) 13 Many doctrines..have place in the pap of Catechismes.
1647–8 A. Wood Life 15 Feb. (1891) I. 140 Who fed with the papp of Aristotle at twenty or thirtie yeares of age, and suck at the duggs of their mother the University.
1767 D. Garrick Peep behind Curtain Prol. That you, kind nurse, wou'd fondle't on your lap, And rear it with applause, that best of pap.
1774 G. Colman Man of Business Prol. His brats..Brought up on playhouse pap, they waule and cry.
1826 W. Scott Jrnl. 14 Sept. (1939) 230 No man that ever wrote a line despised the pap of praise so heartily as I do.
1894 H. H. Gardener Unofficial Patriot 223 A self-indulgent moralist, who feeds expensive pap to his personal conscience, but gives a stone to his starving neighbor!
1937 Hispania 20 224 Small wonder that they shout ‘hooey!’ ‘boloney!’ ‘bunk!’ when they read the expurgated, noncontroversial pap of our old culture-content readers.
1973 J. Berryman Recovery (1974) 147 He..scrounged around among the usual crud and pap and peptalk until, sticking to it—bonanza! an actual discussion.
1993 Sun 31 May 21/3 An aspiring screenwriter sees his profound drama turned into commercial pap by Hollywood.
b. U.S. colloquial. Political appointments, favours, or grants, esp. obtained through patronage, bribery, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > acquisition > [noun] > that which is obtained or acquired > a political appointment, favour, etc.
pap1825
1808 J. N. Barker Indian Princess Pref. I vehemently importune ye to be convinced, that for my bantling I desire neither rattle nor bells; neither the lullaby of praise, nor the pap of patronage.]
1825 Delaware (Ohio) Patron 10 Feb. 3/2 An irresistible desire..to serve the state, and to taste a little of the ‘Treasury Pap’, impelled us towards the capital.
1841 Congress. Globe 26th Congress 2 Sess. App. 300/2 The very new States are nursed from their chrysalis territorial condition into existence upon Federal pap from the Executive spoon.
1894 Voice (N.Y.) 6 Sept. 1/6 The Prohibition Party is the only party that is not controlled by public pap-seeking politicians.
1939 Fortune Oct. 71/1 From north and south, from east and west, there came party hacks and politicians after their pap.
1977 Lebende Sprachen 22 10/2 The spoils of office, the rewards for political activities..are called sweets, fat, spices, pap (baby food), plum, pie, persimmon, melon, pork, grease, and gravy.
†4. pap with a hatchet (and variants alluding to this phrase): harsh or violent treatment administered where something moderate or agreeable was expected, esp. as an act of correction or punishment; (perhaps also occasionally) a benefit conferred by force, or in such a way as to constitute a punishment. Obsolete.The quots. seem to imply an ironical use referring to punishment by a nurse of an infant, though the context of most of the early quots. makes it clear that they actually refer to the violent repression of religious dissent.The name of the author of the early work with this title (see quot. 1589, a pamphlet in the Marprelate controversy; now usually attributed to John Lyly) is given as ‘Pap-hatchet’ by Nashe and Gabriel Harvey.
ΚΠ
1568 Newe Comedie Iacob & Esau v. x. sig. G.iij I would he were rocked or dandled in your lappe: Or I would with this fauchon I might geue him pap.]
1579 J. Stubbs Discouerie Gaping Gulf sig. E8 Had not Lignerolls mouth ben stopped with papp and the hatchet as they say.
1587 J. Bridges Def. Govt. Church of Eng. 151 When Herod bathed the infants in their owne bloud..did God meane, they should have such Pappe with an Hatchet, and that Princes should be nourses on that fashion?
1589 J. Lyly (title) Pappe with an hatchet... Or Cracke me this nut. Or A countrie cuffe, that is, a sound boxe of the eare, for the idiot Martin to hold his peace.
1594 J. Lyly Mother Bombie i. iii. sig. B3 They giue vs pap with a spoon before we can speake, and when we speake for that wee loue, pap with a hatchet.
a1612 J. Harington Epigrams (1615) sig. D4 You sucke out bloud, and bite your nurses teats. Learne, learne, to aske your milke, for if you snatch it, The nurse must send your babes pap with a hatchet.
1615 A. Niccholes Disc. Marriage & Wiving ix. 30 He that so old seekes for a nurse so yong, shall haue pappe with a Hatchet for his comfort.
1719 in T. D'Urfey Wit & Mirth IV. 329 A Custard was to him, Pap with a Hatchet.
1809 W. Oldys & T. Park in Harleian Misc. II. 171 (note) ‘Pap with a hatchet’ seems to have been a cant phrase for doing a kind thing in an unkind manner, as it would be, so to feed an infant.]

Compounds

C1.
a. General attributive and appositive. See also pap-boat n.
† pap bottle n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1857 T. Hughes Tom Brown's School Days ii. ii. 256 Put him in with plenty of cotton-wool, and a pap-bottle.
1879 ‘M. Twain’ in M. B. Vallin Mark Twain (1992) 113 When he ordered his pap bottle, and it wasn't warm, did you talk back? Not you. You went to work and warmed it.
pap food n.
ΚΠ
1905 Daily Chron. 13 May 4/5 Too prolonged use of artificially digested and ‘pap-foods’ must be avoided.
2000 Africa News (Nexis) 19 Sept. The supervising Minister of Works..is merely a chef preparing and dishing out pap food to assumed party faithfuls and potential thugs in anticipation of future elections.
† pap-meat n. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food otherwise characterized > [noun] > invalid or infants food
milkeOE
pap1286
pap-meat1440
kitchen physic1566
mammaday1593
suckling meatsc1610
embamma1623
kitchen medicine1684
pappy1807
pobs1824
baby food1832
pobbies1848
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 382 Papmete for chylder, papatum.
1869 Ld. Tennyson Pelleas & Ettarre 188 Keep him off, And pamper him with papmeat, if ye will.
1901 M. F. Barber Gathering of Brother Hilarius iii. i. 120 He is still young, and of sound teeth..whereas thou and I, Brother, are as babes needing pap-meat.
† pap pan n. Obsolete
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > cooking vessel or pot > [noun] > pan > pan for specific food
pap pan1421
omelette frying-pan1846
1421 in A. H. Thomas Cal. Plea & Mem. Rolls London Guildhall (1943) IV. 93 (MED) [One small] pappepanne [and one small] braspanne.
1557 in E. Roberts & K. Parker Southampton Probate Inventories, 1447–1575 (1992) I. 78 A posnett, a papp pan, a chaffin dishe.
pap spoon n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > setting table > table utensils > [noun] > cutlery > spoon > types of
maidenhead1495
slipc1530
Apostle spoon1631
tea-spoon1686
hall-spoon1688
pap spoon1691
tablespoon1741
dessert-spoon1808
salt-spoon1820
monkey spoon1833
Puritan spoon1875
sugar shell1895
seal-top1898
slotted spoon1900
absinthe spoon1905
trifid1927
1691 in J. S. Moore Clifton & Westbury Probate Inventories (1981) 160 Two silver pap s [p] onnes.
1841 R. W. Emerson Conservative in Lect. in Wks. II. 274 His social frame is..a universe in slippers and flannels, with bib and pap-spoon.
1985 ‘J. Gash’ Pearlhanger (1986) xi. 99 I turned my nose up at a baby's feeding spoon—pap spoon, they're called.
b. Objective.
† pap-devourer n. Obsolete
ΚΠ
1841 W. M. Thackeray St. Philip's Day at Paris in Wks. (1900) XIII. 552 The fools..who have gratified the young pap-devourer with the present of a fine sword.
pap maker n.
ΚΠ
1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. B2v I warrant you the cunning Pap-maker knewe what he did, when he made choyse of no other spoone than a hatchet for such a mouth.
1838 Lady's Bk. (Electronic text) Feb. I had no idea you had such a propensity to dry nursing, or I should have before promoted you as pap and panada maker in general.
2002 Global News Wire (S. Afr. Press Assoc.) (Nexis) 19 Apr. (headline) Pap maker and ‘roaring’ scarecrow among inventions.
C2.
pap-warmer n. now historical a contrivance for keeping food or drink warm, esp. during the night.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > equipment for food preparation > stove or cooker > [noun] > food warmer
Mary's bath1600
Saint Mary's bath1612
water plate1721
hot closet1798
water bath1806
bain-marie1822
hotplate1861
steam table1861
rechaud1906
pap-warmer1920
warming oven1950
veilleuse1955
warming drawer1972
1920 W. J. Pountney Old Bristol Potteries x. 141 Another most interesting piece..is a caudle cup or pap warmer.
1989 Toronto Star (Nexis) 22 Jan. e3 Pap-warmers were ceramic, spirit-lamp double boilers used for preparing the infant food made from bread or flour, water and beer or wine.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.3

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Forms: also with capital initial.
Origin: Either (i) formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Or (ii) a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymons: papa n.2; pop n.6
Etymology: Either shortened < papa n.2, or representing a regional or colloquial pronunciation of pop n.6 Compare pappy n.1
Chiefly U.S. colloquial.
A father. Chiefly used in the vocative, or preceded by a possessive adjective (as ‘my mama’); also without article in the manner of a proper name (cf. papa n.1, pop n.6). Also: an older man (sometimes as a title).
ΘΚΠ
the world > people > person > old person > old man > [noun]
old maneOE
bevara1275
beauperec1300
vieillard1475
Nestor?c1510
old gentleman1526
haga1529
velyarda1529
old fellow?1555
old sire1557
granfer1564
vecchioc1570
ageman1571
grave-porer1582
grandsire1595
huddle-duddle1599
elder1600
pantaloon1602
cuffc1616
crone1630
old boya1637
codger?1738
dry-beard1749
eld1796
patriarch1819
oubaas1824
old chap1840
pap1844
pop1844
tad1877
old baas1882
senex1898
finger1904
AK1911
alte kacker1911
poppa stoppa1944
madala1960
Ntate1975
society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > parent > father > [noun]
fatherOE
sirec1250
authora1398
flesh-fathera1400
genitor1447
daddy1523
dad1533
bab1598
patera1600
dada1672
relieving officer1677
papa1681
pappy1722
baba1771
pa1773
governor1783
paw1826
fatherkin1839
pop1840
bap1842
pap1844
da1851
baba1862
puppa1885
pops1893
poppa1897
pot and pan1900
papasana1904
daddy-o1913
bapu1930
baby-father1932
abba1955
birth father1977
1834 G. L. Stevens Patriot ii. iii. 55 Let me have the other arm, grand-pap?]
1844 Knickerbocker 23 15 They said, pap wasn't at home.
1854 M. J. Holmes Tempest & Sunshine v. 69 Come here, and shake your old pap's paw.
1886 C. M. Yonge Chantry House I. xxi. 207 She never took liberties with him, nor called him Pap or any other ridiculous name.
1909 C. B. Chrysler White Slavery 114 Show them how to get tips from the old paps.
1924 W. M. Raine Troubled Waters ii. 24 There can't any of you..run me out the way you did Pap Thomson.
1931 W. Faulkner Sanctuary xiv. 124 ‘You'll have to cook... There's Pap.’ ‘You can give him some cold bread.’
1996 T. Clancy Executive Orders liii. 726 My pap was real big on getting people registered to vote.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

Papn.4

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Forms: also with lower-case initial.
Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: Papanicolaou n.
Etymology: Shortened < Papanicolaou n.
attributive, esp. in Pap smear, Pap test: a smear of cells taken from the cervix of the womb, analysed for evidence of cervical cancer; = Papanicolaou n.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > diagnosis or prognosis > tests > [noun] > specific test
pneobiomantia1846
blood test1851
drug test1863
Romberg test1872
Rinne1881
Romberg's sign1884
tuberculin test1892
guaiac test1894
agglutination1896
percolation test1899
Pirquet test1908
skin test1908
Wassermann1909
Romberg1915
Pandy('s) test1916
glucose tolerance test1917
Kolmer1921
patch test1922
skin testing1923
provocation1924
Kolmer–Wassermann1925
Queckenstedt1928
Kline1929
Prausnitz–Küstner1929
cross-match1930
Mantoux test1931
paraffin test1935
Paul–Bunnell test1935
stress test1937
Burpee test1939
lepromin test1939
patch testing1941
pinprick1941
breath test1945
provocation test1948
protamine titration1949
Coombs test1950
smear test1950
Schilling test1955
tanned-(red-)cell1956
amniocentesis1958
Pap smear1963
Pap test1963
drugs test1967
Schultz–Charlton1974
amnio1984
cross-matching-
1963 E. M. Greisheimer & J. R. Troyer Physiol. & Anat. (ed. 8) xx. 789 The so-called ‘Pap’ test is so named after Papanicolaou, who with Stockard called attention to the importance of the changes in the vaginal epithelium first in lower animals in connection with estrous cycles.
1969 Awake! 8 Nov. 15/1 A study conducted at the University of Chicago ‘reportedly shows a sixfold increase in positive Pap smears..among women who have taken oral contraceptives’.
1973 Sci. Amer. July 22/3 Of the estimated 2·6 million women served last year by organized family-planning programs,..eight in 10 had annual breast examinations and Pap tests.
1973 Nation (Barbados) 16 Dec. 10/4 I'd like to see all of the women who should be having pap smears coaxed into their doctor's offices.
1977 Spare Rib May 20/4 Pap smear and breast cancer tests could have been lost.
1994 Canad. Women Stud. Fall 101/1 Along with Pap screening, cervicography would identify women who require referral for colposcopy without biopsy or LLETZ electrosurgery.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papn.5

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Forms: 1900s– pap, 1900s– papp.
Origin: Formed within English, by clipping or shortening. Etymon: paparazzo n.
Etymology: Shortened < paparazzo n.
slang (originally British).
A paparazzo.Recorded earliest in pap-press.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > photographer > [noun] > professional
cameraman1883
press photographer1901
photojournalist1938
staff photographer1941
lensman1951
paparazzo1961
paparazzi1981
pap1988
1988 Guardian 7 Nov. 17/3 The genuine problems with his [sc. Prince Charles'] marriage..are magnified a thousandfold by the baleful prism of the pap-press.
1993 Evening Standard 1 Apr. 12/3 Whether the unruly bunch of Continental paps now gathered in Lech would see their work in such hallowed terms must be rather doubtful.
1995 Hobart Mercury (Nexis) 22 Dec. If she is not bobbing her boobs at the ‘papps’ in New York, she is buttoned-up with the dying in some Hampshire hospice.
2000 I. Edward-Jones My Canapé Hell (2001) ix. 234 She goes down the stairs and braves the paps on the doorstep who shout first, ‘Abigail!’ and ‘Oi’ after her.
2008 N.Y. Daily News 9 Jan. 22 The duo recently noshed at Kobe Club, giving paps ample opportunity to get some shots of them.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papadj.

Brit. /pʌp/, U.S. /pɑp/, South African English /pʌp/
Origin: A borrowing from Afrikaans. Etymon: Afrikaans pap.
Etymology: < Afrikaans pap < South African Dutch pap porridge (see pap n.2).
Originally and chiefly South African colloquial.
1. Of poor quality, weak; lacking in substance or merit.
ΚΠ
1912 H. H. Juta Reminisc. of Western Circuit 77 Your Dutch is too ‘pap’.
1973 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) I've brought you the black cistern—the white ones are made of such pap plastic these days.
1987 Grocott's Mail (Grahamstown, S. Afr.) 28 Apr. 3 The NP was too ‘pap’ to govern.
2. Of a person: exhausted, washed out; lacking in physical or mental strength.
ΚΠ
1934 C. P. Swart Suppl. to Pettman's Africanderisms 133 I'm feeling ‘pap’ (exhausted).
1970 M. Dikobe Marabi Dance 21 ‘Men like George are pap.’ She thought of her father, still respected by the Malaitas as their king.
1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) In this heat I feel so pap—no energy at all.
3. Of food: soft, tasteless.
ΚΠ
1958 L. G. Green S. Afr. Beachcomber 114 Snoek is one of the fish which must never be hung up to dry in the moonlight, or it will become pap.
1982 Sunday Times (Johannesburg) Mag. 6 I find it a bit ‘pap’ as a chip.
1991 in Dict. S. Afr. Eng. on Hist. Princ. (1996) (at cited word) Don't buy those bananas they are pap.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.1

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Forms: Middle English pappe, 1600s papp, 1700s– pap, 1800s– pop (Scottish).
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.2
Etymology: < pap n.2 Compare classical Latin pappāre (also papāre), Old French paper (c1200), Italian pappare (a1367; also 1598 in Florio in sense ‘to feede with pap’), Catalan papar (1372), Spanish papar (1570), Middle High German papen (German pappen, now only in sense ‘to glue, stick’), Middle Dutch pappen, all in sense ‘to eat (esp. of infants), to eat mash’. Compare also (with suffixation) Middle High German papelen to feed infants (German päppeln).
Now rare.
†1. transitive. To feed or indulge with pap. Also with up. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > providing or receiving food > feed or nourish [verb (transitive)] > feed up or overfeed
cramc1325
pamperc1390
pampa1400
papa1400
engorge1497
pompa1529
feed1552
frank?1567
grudge1642
to feed into1843
a1400 Bk. to Mother (Egerton) in T. Wright & J. O. Halliwell Reliquiæ Antiquæ (1845) I. 41 (MED) The devil..stirith him to pappe and pampe her fleische, desyrynge delicous metis and drynkis.
a1640 J. Fletcher & P. Massinger Custome of Countrey iv. iv, in F. Beaumont & J. Fletcher Comedies & Trag. (1647) sig. Ccv/2 O that his body were not flesh and fading. But I'le so papp him up—nothing too deare for him.
1820 Examiner No. 657. 721/1 It had been..swaddled, and papped, and called beautiful like its father.
1878 E. Jenkins Haverholme 97 The babies..were taken in, and papped, and provided with toys and soothing syrups.
2. transitive. To treat with pap; to apply a pap or pulp to; (Scottish Weaving) to treat (the warp) with papping (papping n.). Also with up.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > treatment by topical applications > treat by topical applications [verb (transitive)] > apply paste to
pap1658
1658 W. Johnson tr. F. Würtz Surgeons Guid i. viii. 34 Which moisture..turnes into a water, as we see it in such wounds which are thus papp'd up.
1769 J. De Mages et al. Brit. Patent 937 (1856) 3 The wool is..dyed, washed,..combed, spun into worsted, reeled,..papt or sized, then is fit for the weaver.
1893 R. Hall Schools & Schoolboy Life 28 Weavers..who considered they had a prescriptive right to the ground for the purpose of ‘poppin' their webs’.
3. transitive. To make into pap. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > food manufacture and preparation > preparation for table or cooking > general preparation processes > perform general preparation processes [verb (transitive)] > liquidize or purée
soupify1831
purée1899
pap1927
liquidize1972
1927 Observer 6 Feb. 14/4 This does not mean papping food for babes; it means speaking intelligibly to grown-ups.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.2

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Forms: 1700s– pap, 1900s– pap-pap.
Origin: Perhaps a variant or alteration of another lexical item. Or perhaps an imitative or expressive formation. Etymon: pop v.1
Etymology: Perhaps a variant of pop v.1, or perhaps a parallel imitative formation. Perhaps compare tap v.2
intransitive. To make a popping or tapping noise; to fall, drop, etc., in such a way as to make a sound of this kind.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > hearing and noise > degree, kind, or quality of sound > sudden or violent sound > explosive sound > [verb (intransitive)] > pop
to make a pot at1532
pop1576
pap1791
plock1931
blip1946
1791 in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 30/1 For down the sweat is frae me pappin', Like auld field pease.
1843 W. M. Thackeray Ravenswing ii, in Fraser's Mag. May 599/1 Big square-toed shoes with which he went papping down the street.
1878 W. Penman Echoes from Ingleside 119 He pappet on his bended knee.
1992 Grain Spring 58 She was smiling to herself and pap-papping on the steering wheel with her fingers.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

papv.3

Brit. /pap/, U.S. /pæp/
Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: pap n.5
Etymology: < pap n.5
slang (originally and chiefly British).
transitive. Of a paparazzo: to photograph. Frequently in passive. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
society > leisure > the arts > visual arts > photography > action of taking photograph > photograph [verb (transitive)] > in specific manner
to fire away1859
stereograph1860
flashlight1886
shoot1890
snap1890
Kodak1891
snapshot1898
mug1899
mutoscope1899
telephotograph1899
mutograph1908
photomaton1927
soft-focus1928
minicam1937
microfiche1975
pap1993
1993 Sunday Tel. 14 Nov. 13 The Swedish crown princess, who is 16 and has ‘never been papped’, comes cheap.
1994 Independent (Nexis) 11 May 21 Night is a good time for ‘papping’ celebrities and I'm often called from my bed to follow up a tip-off.
2003 Glamour Aug. 66/1 Celebrity is one of those unhelpful things, in Cate's eyes. Like the time she was papped at a bus stop in London.
2007 ‘P. Simmonds’ Tamara Drewe She was giving Brent a BJ and he got one of his mates to pap her on his phone.
2008 Observer 13 Apr. (Mag.) 9/4 The difference between your basic Y2K celebrity and the new improved eco-celeb is that the new one has her privates papped getting out of a Prius.
This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2011; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1c1175n.21286n.31844n.41963n.51988adj.1912v.1a1400v.21791v.31993
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