pandan.¹

Brit.

/ˈpandə/, U.S.

/ˈpændə/

Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French panda.

Etymology: < French panda (F. G. de Cuvier, in Hist. des mammifères (1825) III. Carnivores. l. Juin); further etymology unknown.The word was apparently < a local language of Nepal, but this has not been definitely traced in Nepali. It is probably an alteration of the second element of Nigálya-pónya , cited as a local name in Nepal and Sikkim by B. H. Hodgson in Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1847) 16 ii. 1116, referring to the panda's eating of bamboo shoots. This appears to be a hybrid Nepali and Tibetan term < Nepali nigālyā cane-eating (also in colloquial use in sense ‘leopard’; compare the red panda's alternative name cat-bear ) + a regional Tibetan second element representing an animal name (compare Tibetan pho-ña (formerly transliterated p'o-nya ) messenger, envoy). The element pōnya is also sometimes cited on its own (in form poonya ) as meaning ‘eater of bamboo’. Both Hodgson and Thomas Hardwicke (who had read the first description of the lesser panda to the Linnaean Society in 1821, unpublished until after Cuvier's classification: see Trans. Linn. Soc. (1827) 15 161–5), at first rejected the name panda , preferring the common name wah (see wah n.).

1. Now more fully red panda, lesser panda. An arboreal, chiefly herbivorous, raccoon-like mammal, Ailurus fulgens, of the south-eastern Himalayas and parts of eastern Asia, about the size of a large cat, with reddish-brown fur and a long bushy ring-marked tail. Also called bear-cat, cat-bear.The red panda is now usually placed in the raccoon family, Procyonidae, of which it is considered to be the only Old World representative. It has also been placed in a separate family, either on its own ( Ailuridae) or with the giant panda ( Ailuropidae): see also the note at sense 2.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Procyonidae (raccoons) > [noun] > genus Ailurus (red panda)

panda1834

bearcat1876

cat-bear1888

red bear-cat1890

red panda1955

1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom 59 The Panda appears to approximate to the Raccoon in its canini, and what is known of its other teeth.

1835 W. Swainson On Nat. Hist. Quadrupeds 107 The panda..has been discovered only of late years, in the mountains of India. It has been termed the most beautiful of all known quadrupeds.

1861 J. G. Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. (Edinb. UL: new ed.) I. 420 This beautiful creature is a native of Nepal, where it is known under the different names of Panda, Chitwa, and Wah.

1901 C. J. Cornish Living Animals 126 The bear Cat or Panda.

1955 F. Bourlière Mammals of World vi. 184 The Red Panda is a solitary animal.

1971 L. H. Matthews Life of Mammals II. ix. 266 The red or lesser panda..inhabits parts of western China and the slopes of the Himalayas.

1986 Nature 30 Oct. 769/2 If the lesser panda is a raccoon..then all of its near relatives would be in the Americas, since there is not a single other living raccoon relative in the Old World.

1995 Guardian 23 Mar. (OnLine section) 8/4 Red pandas focus almost exclusively on bamboo leaves, selecting each with great care and meticulously nipping off one or two leaves at a time.

2. More fully giant panda. A rare bearlike mammal with characteristic black and white markings, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, native to a few mountainous areas of forest in China and feeding almost exclusively on bamboo shoots and roots. More fully (North American) panda bear.The giant panda was originally regarded by zoologists as a bear, following the first scientific description in 1869 by the French missionary Armand David (1826–1900). Its relationship to the red panda was believed established in 1901 on the basis of their teeth, and it was consequently often placed with the red panda in the families Procyonidae or Ailuropidae. As a result of genetic studies the giant panda is now again placed in the bear family, Ursidae.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Procyonidae (raccoons) > [noun] > genus Ailuropoda (panda)

wah1858

panda1887

1887 Decatur (Illinois) Daily Republican 20 June 4/2 In appearance the newly-discovered cousin of the panda is extremely striking. It resembles a large bear in size and appearance... The new panda is only found in the highest forests, where it is said to live upon vegetable food.

1901 E. R. Lankester in Trans. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 8 165 Æluropus must be removed from association with the Bears..and is no longer to be spoken of as ‘the Parti-coloured Bear’, but as ‘the Great Panda’.

1910 Encycl. Brit. V. 372/2 The parti-coloured bear or giant panda..forms in some degree a connecting link between the bears and the true panda.

1939 Los Angeles Times 20 Nov. 5/1 Santa..spends all the time talking to his North Pole helpers on his radio polar-phone... ‘Be sure and mix in some panda bears with the teddy bears.’

1940 N. Mitford Pigeon Pie ix. 140 Ming, the panda, would soon eat no food until one of them was played to her.

1966 R. Morris & D. Morris Men & Pandas vi. 105 There were panda postcards.., panda toys (almost obliterating the teddy bear for a brief period), panda novelties, panda strip-cartoons, panda brooches, and panda hats.

1995 Independent 15 Nov. 7/1 (caption) There are 1,500 giant pandas left in China.

2003 Art in Amer. Feb. 126/1 On view were..a color photograph of a panda bear behind a green curtain printed with U.S. dollar bills.

3. In extended use, with reference to the black-and-white markings of a giant panda.

a. In the U.K.: a type of pedestrian crossing distinguished by black-and-white chevrons marked on the road, and having traffic warning lights activated by people wishing to cross. More fully panda crossing.Cf. pelican crossing at pelican n. 9, zebra crossing n. at zebra n. Compounds 3.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [noun] > part where pedestrians can cross

street crossing1826

crosswalk1904

pedestrian crossing1933

Belisha crossing1934

zebra crossing1934

overcross1950

zebra1951

ped xing1961

panda crossing1962

pelican crossing1966

puffin1992

1962 Daily Tel. 7 Mar. 15/7 ‘Panda’ pedestrian crossings are to be introduced..to supplement zebra crossings. Their warning lights will be operated by push-buttons and they will be given a 12-month trial.

1962 Daily Tel. 7 Mar. 15/7 Differences in appearance between the ‘Pandas’ and the zebras are that the black-and-white carriageway markings at the ‘Pandas’ will be altered in shape from rectangles to blunted chevrons.

1962 Times 3 Apr. 12/6 Panda crossings, introduced yesterday, held up Croydon's evening traffic.

1965 A. Christie At Bertram's Hotel xi. 106 On the whole, the Canon was not what we would call accident prone... Whilst taking no care or thought, they could still survive even a Panda crossing.

2000 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 25 Aug. 31 A New type of push-button pedestrian crossing, to be known as the X-Way, was planned to replace the Panda crossing.

b. British colloquial. More fully panda car. A police patrol car having a broad white stripe painted on a dark background. Also attributive.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > police car

police cruiser1858

police car1881

prowl car1922

cruiser1929

unit1929

patrol car1931

scout car1933

squad car1938

Z-car1961

black and white1965

panda1966

squad1974

1966 Guardian 13 Sept. 8/4 Special one-man patrol cars—painted blue with a broad white stripe and known as ‘Pandas’.

1969 J. Wainwright Take-over Men i. 13 What about your Panda Patrols? Your closed-circuit television?

1971 Daily Tel. 10 May 2/2 It was felt that panda drivers should be warned that the vehicles were not meant to be pursuit cars.

1974 ‘A. Gilbert’ Nice Little Killing vi. 82 He got out his old second-hand car—the village bobby didn't rate a panda.

1990 F. Fyfield Trial by Fire (1991) vii. 120 The fire must have been going ten minutes by the time the panda car spotted it.

Compounds

panda eyes n. areas of dark skin around a person's eyes, caused by smudged make-up, lack of sleep, etc., likened to the markings of a giant panda; (also) tan lines around the eyes created by wearing glasses, goggles, etc., during prolonged exposure to the sun; occasionally in singular, esp. as a modifier.

ΚΠ

1960 Coventry Evening Tel. 1 Apr. 19/2 Eye make-up is important... Panda eyes are out. That heavy-smudged black rim round the eye has disappeared. It is now nothing more than an upward flick of the eye-pencil in the corner of the eye.

1974 Leitrim Observer 13 July 11/4 Don't sunbathe in dark glasses, or you'll end up with pale-ringed 'panda' eyes and a nose like Rudolph the reindeer.

1985 Gay Times Sept. 30 [Dusty Springfield] is looking naturally vivacious, with tousled white-blonde hair and a toned down version of her notorious panda eye make-up.

1993 Daily Mirror 12 Mar. 3/2 Charles got his bright hooter and panda-eyes on a six-day skiing holiday.

2001 Southland (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. Those panda eyes are a telltale sign of a man who doesn't sleep at night.

2007 Irish Independent 22 Dec. (Weekend section) 29/2 You'll always recognise the hard-core skiers with panda eyes, because their glasses are never off while they are on the slopes.

2021 Sunday Express (Nexis) 5 Dec. (S Mag.) 68 Last night's beautifully coiffed hair is a tangled mess, their precisely applied mascara now giving them panda eyes.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2022).

单词	panda
释义	pandan.¹ Brit. /ˈpandə/, U.S. /ˈpændə/ Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French panda. Etymology: < French panda (F. G. de Cuvier, in Hist. des mammifères (1825) III. Carnivores. l. Juin); further etymology unknown.The word was apparently < a local language of Nepal, but this has not been definitely traced in Nepali. It is probably an alteration of the second element of Nigálya-pónya , cited as a local name in Nepal and Sikkim by B. H. Hodgson in Jrnl. Asiatic Soc. Bengal (1847) 16 ii. 1116, referring to the panda's eating of bamboo shoots. This appears to be a hybrid Nepali and Tibetan term < Nepali nigālyā cane-eating (also in colloquial use in sense ‘leopard’; compare the red panda's alternative name cat-bear ) + a regional Tibetan second element representing an animal name (compare Tibetan pho-ña (formerly transliterated p'o-nya ) messenger, envoy). The element pōnya is also sometimes cited on its own (in form poonya ) as meaning ‘eater of bamboo’. Both Hodgson and Thomas Hardwicke (who had read the first description of the lesser panda to the Linnaean Society in 1821, unpublished until after Cuvier's classification: see Trans. Linn. Soc. (1827) 15 161–5), at first rejected the name panda , preferring the common name wah (see wah n.). 1. Now more fully red panda, lesser panda. An arboreal, chiefly herbivorous, raccoon-like mammal, Ailurus fulgens, of the south-eastern Himalayas and parts of eastern Asia, about the size of a large cat, with reddish-brown fur and a long bushy ring-marked tail. Also called bear-cat, cat-bear.The red panda is now usually placed in the raccoon family, Procyonidae, of which it is considered to be the only Old World representative. It has also been placed in a separate family, either on its own ( Ailuridae) or with the giant panda ( Ailuropidae): see also the note at sense 2. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Procyonidae (raccoons) > [noun] > genus Ailurus (red panda) panda1834 bearcat1876 cat-bear1888 red bear-cat1890 red panda1955 1834 H. McMurtrie tr. G. Cuvier Animal Kingdom 59 The Panda appears to approximate to the Raccoon in its canini, and what is known of its other teeth. 1835 W. Swainson On Nat. Hist. Quadrupeds 107 The panda..has been discovered only of late years, in the mountains of India. It has been termed the most beautiful of all known quadrupeds. 1861 J. G. Wood Illustr. Nat. Hist. (Edinb. UL: new ed.) I. 420 This beautiful creature is a native of Nepal, where it is known under the different names of Panda, Chitwa, and Wah. 1901 C. J. Cornish Living Animals 126 The bear Cat or Panda. 1955 F. Bourlière Mammals of World vi. 184 The Red Panda is a solitary animal. 1971 L. H. Matthews Life of Mammals II. ix. 266 The red or lesser panda..inhabits parts of western China and the slopes of the Himalayas. 1986 Nature 30 Oct. 769/2 If the lesser panda is a raccoon..then all of its near relatives would be in the Americas, since there is not a single other living raccoon relative in the Old World. 1995 Guardian 23 Mar. (OnLine section) 8/4 Red pandas focus almost exclusively on bamboo leaves, selecting each with great care and meticulously nipping off one or two leaves at a time. 2. More fully giant panda. A rare bearlike mammal with characteristic black and white markings, Ailuropoda melanoleuca, native to a few mountainous areas of forest in China and feeding almost exclusively on bamboo shoots and roots. More fully (North American) panda bear.The giant panda was originally regarded by zoologists as a bear, following the first scientific description in 1869 by the French missionary Armand David (1826–1900). Its relationship to the red panda was believed established in 1901 on the basis of their teeth, and it was consequently often placed with the red panda in the families Procyonidae or Ailuropidae. As a result of genetic studies the giant panda is now again placed in the bear family, Ursidae. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > mammals > group Unguiculata or clawed mammal > family Procyonidae (raccoons) > [noun] > genus Ailuropoda (panda) wah1858 panda1887 1887 Decatur (Illinois) Daily Republican 20 June 4/2 In appearance the newly-discovered cousin of the panda is extremely striking. It resembles a large bear in size and appearance... The new panda is only found in the highest forests, where it is said to live upon vegetable food. 1901 E. R. Lankester in Trans. Linn. Soc.: Zool. 8 165 Æluropus must be removed from association with the Bears..and is no longer to be spoken of as ‘the Parti-coloured Bear’, but as ‘the Great Panda’. 1910 Encycl. Brit. V. 372/2 The parti-coloured bear or giant panda..forms in some degree a connecting link between the bears and the true panda. 1939 Los Angeles Times 20 Nov. 5/1 Santa..spends all the time talking to his North Pole helpers on his radio polar-phone... ‘Be sure and mix in some panda bears with the teddy bears.’ 1940 N. Mitford Pigeon Pie ix. 140 Ming, the panda, would soon eat no food until one of them was played to her. 1966 R. Morris & D. Morris Men & Pandas vi. 105 There were panda postcards.., panda toys (almost obliterating the teddy bear for a brief period), panda novelties, panda strip-cartoons, panda brooches, and panda hats. 1995 Independent 15 Nov. 7/1 (caption) There are 1,500 giant pandas left in China. 2003 Art in Amer. Feb. 126/1 On view were..a color photograph of a panda bear behind a green curtain printed with U.S. dollar bills. 3. In extended use, with reference to the black-and-white markings of a giant panda. a. In the U.K.: a type of pedestrian crossing distinguished by black-and-white chevrons marked on the road, and having traffic warning lights activated by people wishing to cross. More fully panda crossing.Cf. pelican crossing at pelican n. 9, zebra crossing n. at zebra n. Compounds 3. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > route or way > way, path, or track > road > parts of road > [noun] > part where pedestrians can cross street crossing1826 crosswalk1904 pedestrian crossing1933 Belisha crossing1934 zebra crossing1934 overcross1950 zebra1951 ped xing1961 panda crossing1962 pelican crossing1966 puffin1992 1962 Daily Tel. 7 Mar. 15/7 ‘Panda’ pedestrian crossings are to be introduced..to supplement zebra crossings. Their warning lights will be operated by push-buttons and they will be given a 12-month trial. 1962 Daily Tel. 7 Mar. 15/7 Differences in appearance between the ‘Pandas’ and the zebras are that the black-and-white carriageway markings at the ‘Pandas’ will be altered in shape from rectangles to blunted chevrons. 1962 Times 3 Apr. 12/6 Panda crossings, introduced yesterday, held up Croydon's evening traffic. 1965 A. Christie At Bertram's Hotel xi. 106 On the whole, the Canon was not what we would call accident prone... Whilst taking no care or thought, they could still survive even a Panda crossing. 2000 Evening Post (Nottingham) (Nexis) 25 Aug. 31 A New type of push-button pedestrian crossing, to be known as the X-Way, was planned to replace the Panda crossing. b. British colloquial. More fully panda car. A police patrol car having a broad white stripe painted on a dark background. Also attributive. ΘΚΠ society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > motor car > [noun] > police car police cruiser1858 police car1881 prowl car1922 cruiser1929 unit1929 patrol car1931 scout car1933 squad car1938 Z-car1961 black and white1965 panda1966 squad1974 1966 Guardian 13 Sept. 8/4 Special one-man patrol cars—painted blue with a broad white stripe and known as ‘Pandas’. 1969 J. Wainwright Take-over Men i. 13 What about your Panda Patrols? Your closed-circuit television? 1971 Daily Tel. 10 May 2/2 It was felt that panda drivers should be warned that the vehicles were not meant to be pursuit cars. 1974 ‘A. Gilbert’ Nice Little Killing vi. 82 He got out his old second-hand car—the village bobby didn't rate a panda. 1990 F. Fyfield Trial by Fire (1991) vii. 120 The fire must have been going ten minutes by the time the panda car spotted it. Compounds panda eyes n. areas of dark skin around a person's eyes, caused by smudged make-up, lack of sleep, etc., likened to the markings of a giant panda; (also) tan lines around the eyes created by wearing glasses, goggles, etc., during prolonged exposure to the sun; occasionally in singular, esp. as a modifier. ΚΠ 1960 Coventry Evening Tel. 1 Apr. 19/2 Eye make-up is important... Panda eyes are out. That heavy-smudged black rim round the eye has disappeared. It is now nothing more than an upward flick of the eye-pencil in the corner of the eye. 1974 Leitrim Observer 13 July 11/4 Don't sunbathe in dark glasses, or you'll end up with pale-ringed 'panda' eyes and a nose like Rudolph the reindeer. 1985 Gay Times Sept. 30 [Dusty Springfield] is looking naturally vivacious, with tousled white-blonde hair and a toned down version of her notorious panda eye make-up. 1993 Daily Mirror 12 Mar. 3/2 Charles got his bright hooter and panda-eyes on a six-day skiing holiday. 2001 Southland (N.Z.) Times (Nexis) 16 Nov. Those panda eyes are a telltale sign of a man who doesn't sleep at night. 2007 Irish Independent 22 Dec. (Weekend section) 29/2 You'll always recognise the hard-core skiers with panda eyes, because their glasses are never off while they are on the slopes. 2021 Sunday Express (Nexis) 5 Dec. (S Mag.) 68 Last night's beautifully coiffed hair is a tangled mess, their precisely applied mascara now giving them panda eyes. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online December 2022). pandan.² Brit. /ˈpandə/, /ˈpʌndə/, U.S. /ˈpɑndə/ Origin: Of multiple origins. Partly a borrowing from Panjabi. Partly a borrowing from Hindi. Etymons: Panjabi paṇḍā; Hindi paṇḍā. Etymology: < Panjabi paṇḍā and its cognate Hindi paṇḍā < Sanskrit paṇḍita learned, wise (compare pundit n.). Hinduism. Esp. among Vaishnavas: a Brahmin holding as a hereditary position the superintendence of a particular temple, ghat, or place of pilgrimage, and who is usually an expert in ritual and genealogy and acts as a family priest. ΚΠ 1905 G. R. Hearn in Man 5 154 Into this [shrine], some eight days before the Holi festival, the Panda enters and spends his time in prayer and fasting, his only food being milk. 1938 J. Nehru Let. 4 May in Freedom's Daughter (1989) iii. 393 We..spent the night there in a panda's house. 1992 World (BBC) Apr. 27/3 When I met him he was engaged in conversation with the pandas. These are the ritual-specialists and record-keeping priests, many of whom specialise in fleecing pilgrims. This is a new entry (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹1834n.²1905
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pandan.1

Compounds

pandan.2

pandan.¹

pandan.²