painn.1
/peɪn/, U.S. /peɪn/ 1. † c. Law. pain fort and dure: = peine forte et dure at peine n. 1. Obsolete.
a. Punishment; penalty; suffering or loss inflicted for a crime or offence; (sometimes) spec. a fine, a tax. Also in extended use.After 17th cent. only in pains and penalties (chiefly Law); see also sense 1b.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [noun] > pain or suffering inflicted as
pineOE
painc1300
exercisec1386
reproof?a1425
c1300 St. Thomas Becket (Laud) 525 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 121 (MED) Ich hote ov euerechone þat ȝe beon..at Clarindone..For-to confermi þis lawes; ope peyne þat i schal ou sette, Ich hote þat ȝe beon þare.
c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7742 (MED) Þer to he nom gret peine of hom.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 231 (MED) Crist..payed a payne [L. pœnam] for vs alle.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 6691 If he liue a dai or tuin, þe lauerd sal vnderli na pain.
1433–4 in Hist. MSS Comm.: 10th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS Marquis of Ormonde &c. (1885) 295 in Parl. Papers (C. 4576-I) XLII. 1 He shal pay the same payne as afor is saide.
c1450 (a1425) Metrical Paraphr. Old Test. (Selden) 12074 (MED) Þei say..þat þei wyll pay swylk payn no more.
1555 in Rep. Royal Comm. Hist. MSS: Var. Coll. (1907) IV. 283 Also the leke paines and penalties shall ronne and be unto all those free Burgesses.
1577 H. I. tr. H. Bullinger 50 Godlie Serm. I. i. vi. sig. C.vij/2 Condemnation vnto death set as a peine vpon our heads, because of the transgression.
c1650 J. Spalding Memorialls Trubles Scotl. & Eng. (1850) I. 6 That none sould recept supplie, or intertyn onie of thame, wnder gryt panes and perell.
1689 in Colonial Rec. Pennsylvania (1852) I. 309 Which Ordinances..shall be observed inviolably..under paynes therein to be expressed.
1726 J. Swift Gulliver I. i. vii. 118 Whoever shall make water within the Precincts..shall be liable to the Pains and Penalties of High Treason.
1742 A. Pope New Dunciad 335 She..heard thy everlasting yawn confess The pains and penalties of Idleness.
1816 W. Scott Tales of my Landlord 1st Ser. II. 42 Pains, penalties, and threats of dismission were denounced in vain.
1873 A. Trollope Eustace Diamonds III. lxxviii. 323 He did inform his cousin by letter that she would lay herself open to all manner of pains and penalties if she disobeyed such a summons.
1948 All Eng. Law Rep. 25 Dec. II. 1122 Although adultery is a high moral offence, it is not a criminal offence and is not subject to any pains and penalties.
1998 Toronto Star (Nexis) 16 June In other provinces and on the federal level, in many matters, women were still considered to be persons only in terms of pains and penalties, and not rights and privileges as defined by British Common Law.
b. In phrases. on (also under, upon, etc.) pain of ——: with specified punishment, reaction, etc., as the penalty for not fulfilling the command or condition stated, esp. in on pain of death; (also) specifying the crime with which a person is liable to be charged or that which they are liable to forfeit, as on pain of treason, on pain of one's life (see life n. Phrases 4).† in (also of, up, etc.) pain: subject to a penalty or fine for disobedience (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [phrase] > under a penalty of
on (also under, upon, etc.) pain ofa1325
sub poenac1466
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > threat or threatening > [phrase] > threat of specific punishment
in (also of, up, etc.) paina1325
apain of1488
a1325 Statutes of Realm (2011) v. 15 Opon peine to lusen his seruise.
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 3650 It was forboden..Ich man bi way for to gon..Opon pain of her liue.
a1387 J. Trevisa tr. R. Higden Polychron. (St. John's Cambr.) (1869) II. 35 (MED) Walsche men schulde not passe þat diche wiþ wepoun vppon a grete payne.
1399 Rolls of Parl. III. 452/1 The..Lordes..ajuggen..that thei be in peyne of Treson.
c1460 (a1449) J. Lydgate Minor Poems (1934) ii. 814 Ther dar noon officer Peyne of his lyff do noon extorcioun.
c1475 Antichrist & Disciples in J. H. Todd Three Treat. J. Wycklyffe (1851) p. cxxxiii (MED) Crist bad preche, & þei bidden leue in payne of prisonyng.
a1500 (?a1450) Gesta Romanorum (Harl. 7333) (1879) 53 (MED) Ancelmus..edified..a..Castell & sette þere a Stiward, commaundyng to him, vp [v.rr. vpon, on] peyne of deth, for to kepe wele þat castell.
?1530 J. Rastell Pastyme of People sig. *Avv That none shulde ley no violent hande vpon a clerke payne of cursynge.
1580 A. Munday Zelauto 84 I thinke it sufficient that you put her in exyle, with expresse charge in payne of death neuer to returne.
1631 B. Jonson New Inne ii. ii No flattery for't, No lickfoot, pain of losing your proboscis.
1650 J. Howell tr. A. Giraffi Exact Hist. Late Revol. Naples i. 98 That every one upon paine of life shold return to their houses.
1727 J. Swift Let. to very Young Lady in Misc. II. 323 Those Wives, who when their Husbands are gone a Journey, must have a Letter every Post, upon pain of Fits and Hystericks.
1752 J. Louthian Form of Process (ed. 2) 92 To pass upon the Assize of C.D. each under the Pain of One hundred Merks.
1829 R. Southey in Foreign Rev. & Cont. Misc. 3 30 They shall be commanded, on pain of perpetual bondage, to depart out of the said kingdoms.
1884 Times (Weekly ed.) 17 Oct. 14/1 A proclamation ordering the tribes to join him under pain of death.
1898 Shetland News 30 Apr. That none have more swine than four upon a last of land over winter, under the pain of 10 pounds.
1914 E. R. Burroughs Tarzan of Apes i. 16 It was a warning..to refrain on pain of death.
1959 J. Barzun House of Intellect iii. 77 These obligations, which must be discharged day by day under pain of chaos and reprisals.
2002 Capital Times (Madison, Wisconsin) (Nexis) 12 Aug. 7 a These facts are all well known. Upon pain of perjury, there is not an actuary in the world who'd tell you otherwise.
ΚΠ
1531 St. German's Secunde Dyaloge Doctour & Student (new ed.) xli. f. cv He shall haue peyn [1532 payne] forte & dure.
1590 H. Swinburne Briefe Treat. Test. & Willes ii. f. 54 If he be indited at the Princes suite, and so beeing arraigned vpon that inditement will not answer, but standeth mute or dumbe, whereupon he is to receiue paine (as it is tearmed) Forte & Dure, and bee pressed to death.
a1634 E. Coke 2nd Pt. Inst. Lawes Eng. (1642) 179 This Act [sc. Statute of Westminster I, c.12] describeth what persons shall be punished by Paine fort & dure.., but setteth not downe..what the punishment is.
1658 E. Phillips New World Eng. Words Pain fort & dure, signifying in Common Law, an especial punishment for those that being arraigned of felony refuse to put themselves upon the ordinary trial of God and the Country, and thereby are mute and dumb.]
2. The punishment or suffering thought to be endured by souls in hell, purgatory, etc.; (also) an instance or particular form of such punishment. Also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > the supernatural > deity > hell > [noun] > torment of Hell
witec825
pineOE
wormc1000
woec1175
painc1300
second deathc1384
penancec1395
burning marl1667
penancy1682
torment1852
society > authority > punishment > torture > [noun] > judicial
painc1300
questiona1538
gehenne1646
c1300 St. Mary Magdalen (Laud) 643 in C. Horstmann Early S.-Eng. Legendary (1887) 480 (MED) God us schilde fram peyne and to heouene us bringue!
c1330 Body & Soul (Auch.) (1889) 54 (MED) O point of our payn to abat, In alle þe warld nis no leche.
?a1425 (?c1350) Northern Passion (Rawl.) 1961 (MED) Þan sall þi fader com fra payne And dwell in paradyso o-gayne.
c1450 (c1350) Alexander & Dindimus (Bodl.) (1929) 747 Ȝe schulle be punched and put in paine for evere.
1544 J. Bale Brefe Chron. Syr J. Oldcastell in Harl. Misc. (Malh.) I. 261 Euery man..is a pilgrym, eyther towardes blesse or els towardes payne.
1569 R. Grafton Chron. II. 345 Whosoeuer dyed in that time, and gaue his goodes to further that voyage, he was cleane absolued from paine and from sinne.
1629 W. Mure Sonnets in Wks. (1898) I. 58 Of paine to come the gallouse is but arles.
1671 J. Milton Samson Agonistes 501 I Gods counsel have not kept..: A sin That Gentiles in thir Parables condemn To thir abyss and horrid pains confin'd. View more context for this quotation
1722 W. Philips Hibernia Freed v. 57 Then shall I laugh at Hell's severest Pain, And scorn the Tortures all thy Priests can feign.
1858 W. E. Aytoun Bothwell (ed. 3) v. xii. 154 Why live I longer, since I know That prayer and penitence are vain; Since hope is dead for me below, And hell can give no ghastlier pain?
1877 P. J. Bailey Festus (ed. 10) xxix. 487 Yea, who the depths of deity can conceive, That only see its surface creature-wards? Their punishment is partly to believe Hell's pain perpetual; but it ends.
1916 J. Joyce Portrait of Artist iii There are no contraries or admixtures of any kind to temper or soften in the least the pains of hell.
1999 Boston Herald (Nexis) 11 June s15 Love, the most sentimentalized subject in the world, is a wholly unreasonable, often distressing and destructive emotion... It can make the pains of hell seem like a walk in the park.
3. † e. In plural. A disorder characterized by the formation of sores on the feet and legs of horses (perhaps mud fever). Obsolete.
a. Physical or bodily suffering; a continuous, strongly unpleasant or agonizing sensation in the body (usually in a particular part), such as arises from illness, injury, harmful physical contact, etc.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun]
sorec825
acheeOE
wrakeOE
trayOE
woe?a1200
pinec1200
sorrowc1225
teenc1225
grievousness1303
dolec1320
balea1325
painc1330
warkingc1340
dolour?c1370
sufferance1422
offencea1425
angerc1440
sufferingc1450
penalty?1462
penality1496
grief1509
stress1533
sufferance1597
somatalgia1607
suffering1609
tort1632
miserya1825
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 8455 (MED) What for sorwe & eke for paine, Sche les winde.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. 3319 (MED) Whanne a man for peine cride, The Bole of bras..gapeth wyde.
?a1450 Agnus Castus (Stockh.) (1950) 132 (MED) Þat mylk men vse..for peyne of teth.
1486 Bk. St. Albans sig. cvijv Hawkys that haue payne in theyr croupes.
a1500 (?a1475) Guy of Warwick (Cambr. Ff.2.38) 264 (MED) For payne reste y ne maye.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. xi. sig. L4 Loud he yelded for exceeding paine.
1655 W. Sales Theophania 29 Ervillius, who besides the pain of his wounds, bore so great a part in his Masters sufferings, that he enjoyed but little rest, plainly overheard all that he said.
1722 R. Wodrow Hist. Sufferings Church of Scotl. (1837) II. ii. xiii. §5. 458/1 At the ninth [stroke in the torture of the boot] Mr. Mitchel fainted through the extremity of pain.
1742 H. Fielding Joseph Andrews II. iv. xi. 263 The Beau hopped about the Room, shaking his Head; partly from Pain, and partly from Anger. View more context for this quotation
1877 H. James American xxii. 403 He had a fit of his great pain, and he asked her for his medicine.
1916 E. H. Porter Just David xi. 149 The kitten cried out with the pain.
1946 J. Hersey Hiroshima ii. 46 Others, because of pain, held their arms up as if carrying something in both hands.
1988 Independent 12 Aug. 1 Signs of a heart attack are pain in the centre of the chest.
b. A single unpleasant or agonizing physical sensation. Also in plural.See aches and pains at ache n.1 Phrases.
ΚΠ
c1375 G. Chaucer Monk's Tale 3792 God for his manace hym so soore smoot With invisible wounde ay incurable That in his guttes carf it so and boot That hise peynes weren inportable.
?c1450 in G. Müller Aus Mittelengl. Medizintexten (1929) 130 A charme for peynys in theth. ‘Sancta Apolonia, [etc.].’
1483 W. Caxton tr. A. Chartier Curial sig. iijv We after ouermoche drynkyng of wynes and grete paynes lye doun ofte in beddes ful of vermyne.
1553 J. Brende tr. Q. Curtius Rufus Hist. x. f. 208 He felt a payne in hys bely.
1587 M. Grove Pelops & Hippodamia (1878) 86 Ixion nayled on the whirling wheele, Which hellish stubs & irksom pains doth feele.
1678 A. Behn Sir Patient Fancy v. i Are you not troubled with a pain in your Head Sir?
1727 R. Bradley Chomel's Dictionaire Oeconomique (Dublin ed.) at Arsenick It causes great Pains, Rendings,..violent Vomitings.
1764 Philos. Trans. 1763 (Royal Soc.) 53 347 She complained of most excruciating stabbing pains in both breasts.
1832 G. Downes Lett. from Continental Countries I. 168 I was..attacked with a violent pain in my stomach, which yielded only to a strong dram of wormwood water.
1895 R. W. Chambers King in Yellow (1909) 148 Then again something struck my ankle, and a sharp pain shot through me.
1911 L. Cohen Reminisc. Kimberley xviii. 323 I cannot eat, am sick of a morning, have pains in my legs, back, and head.
2000 Here's Health May 53/2 If you have a pain, work out when it started, how often it happens, what it feels like and so on.
c. The state or condition of consciousness arising from mental or physical suffering (opposed to pleasure; cf. pleasure-pain n. at pleasure n. Compounds 2.); distress; (occasionally) an instance of this. Frequently with in. Also in plural in same sense.Frequently in to put out of (one's) pain and variants: to destroy, put down (a wounded or suffering animal or (occasionally) person). Also figurative.In early use: esp. suffering inflicted as punishment (cf. sense 1); later, except in Philosophy and Psychology contexts, increasingly hard to separate from senses 3a and 4a.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [noun] > cause of annoyance or vexation
thornc1230
dreicha1275
painc1375
cumbrance1377
diseasec1386
a hair in one's necka1450
molestationc1460
incommodity?a1475
melancholya1475
ensoigne1477
annoyance1502
traik1513
incommode1518
corsie1548
eyesore1548
fashery1558
cross1573
spite1577
corrosive1578
wasp1588
cumber1589
infliction1590
gall1591
distaste1602
plague1604
rub1642
disaccommodation1645
disgust1654
annoyment1659
bogle1663
rubber1699
noyancea1715
chagrins1716
ruffle1718
fasha1796
nuisance1814
vex1815
drag1857
bugbear1880
nark1918
pain in the neck (also arse, bum, etc.)1933
sod1940
chizz1953
the world > life > death > killing > killing for specific reason > kill for specific reason [verb (transitive)] > mercy killing
to put out of (one's) painc1375
to put (a person or animal) out of (his or her) misery (also pain)1792
euthanatize1873
euthanize1975
c1375 G. Chaucer Monk's Tale B.3779 Goddes peple hadde he moost in hate; Hem wolde he sleen in torment and in payne.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 2096 Of every lust thende is a peine.
c1475 (c1445) R. Pecock Donet (1921) 9 (MED) Þe soule..schal eft soone in þe eende of þis worlde be couplyd aȝen to þe body, forto dwelle so euere to gidere in ioye or in peyne.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Hist. Reynard Fox (1970) 31 Reynert the foxe..saide to Isegrym shorte my payne.
1483 ( tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage of Soul (Caxton) (1859) v. i. 69 Now ben ended the peynes and tormentes.
c1515 Ld. Berners tr. Bk. Duke Huon of Burdeux (1882–7) lxvii. 231 In grete payne & mysery we must vse the resydew of our lyues.
1598 G. Chapman Blinde Begger of Alexandria sig. D2 But euery pleasure hath a payne they say.
1611 Bible (King James) Rev. xxi. 4 There shall bee no more death, neither sorrow, nor crying, neither shall there bee any more paine . View more context for this quotation
1639 J. Shirley Maides Revenge v. sig. I3v I would I were hang'd To be out of my paine.
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost iv. 910 So wise he judges it to fly from pain However, and to scape his punishment. View more context for this quotation
1757 E. Burke Philos. Enq. Sublime & Beautiful i. §2. 3 Pain and pleasure are simple ideas, incapable of definition.
1783 Ainsworth's Thes. Linguæ Latinæ (new ed.) iv. at Lysimachus Lysimachus..at his request gave him a cup of poison to put him out of his pain.
1849 T. B. Macaulay Hist. Eng. I. iv. 433 The king was in great pain, and complained that he felt as if a fire was burning within him.
1883 A. Barratt Physical Metempiric 152 The simple reaction, which physically is expressed as the Law of Self-conservation, psychically as the Principle of following Pleasure and avoiding Pain.
1895 T. Hardy Jude iv. ii. 268 The rabbit repeated its cry. Jude could rest no longer till he had put it out of its pain.
1913 J. Muir Story of my Boyhood i. 25 He must be mortally wounded..and now we must kill him to put him out of pain.
1955 R. S. Thomas Song at Year's Turning 35 O blest are they, without pain or fretting.
1996 Times 13 Nov. 16/2 She was wearing huge constructivist heels. She was in pain.
d. Chiefly in plural. The physical suffering experienced when giving birth; labour.Now usually with preceding adjective or noun, esp. in labour pains (see labour n. Compounds 1).
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > source or principle of life > birth > confinement > [noun] > labour or pains
cothec1000
throea1200
pining throesc1225
travailc1300
showera1350
paina1398
travailinga1400
throng1540
labouring1598
travail pang1652
travail pain1662
labour pains1703
mother-pain1709
mother-pang1710
breeding sicknessa1714
bearing pain1787
troublea1825
birth throe1837
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > types of pain > [noun] > pain of childbirth
paina1398
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 280v Þe hynde haþ grete trauayle and peyne whan sche calueþ.
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 3488 (MED) In trauelling..ful herd it was þair moder pain [a1400 Trin. Cambr. Muchel was þe modir peyn].
a1425 (c1395) Bible (Wycliffite, L.V.) (Royal) (1850) John xvi. 21 Sche hath borun a sone, now sche thenkith not on the peyne.
a1475 Sidrak & Bokkus (Lansd.) (Ph.D. diss., Univ. of Washington) (1965) 6888 (MED) She is not of þe might Þe peine of childinge to suffre right.
1539 Bible (Great) 1 Sam. iv. 19 She bowed her selfe, and traueled, for her paynes cam vpon her.
?1609 G. Chapman tr. Homer Twelue Bks. Iliads iv. 65 Feeling soudainely the paines of Childe-birth.
1663 J. Howell Poems Several Emergent Occasions in Poems Several Choice 117 Hail, gentle Goddesse, Midwifes Queen Which pregnant Wombs from pain dost free.
a1704 T. Brown 1st Satyr Persius Imitated in Wks. (1707) I. i. 78 Here a Pert Sot, with six Months Pains brings forth, A strange, mishapen, and ridiculous Birth.
1797 R. Southey Hannah in Eng. Eclogues 19 She bore unhusbanded a mother's pains.
1883 J. M. Duncan Clin. Lect. Dis. Women (ed. 2) viii. 56 Brought about..by the..contractions of the uterus in ‘pains’.
1915 D. H. Lawrence Rainbow ii. 64 The pains began, Mrs. Brangwen was put to bed, the midwife came.
1990 D. Ackerman Nat. Hist. Senses ii. 103 In some cultures, the father experiences a false pregnancy..and takes to bed with childbirth pains.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of horses > [noun] > disorders of feet or hooves
pains1440
mellitc1465
false quarter1523
gravelling?1523
founder1547
foundering1548
foot evil1562
crown scab1566
prick1566
quittor bone1566
moltlong1587
scratches1591
hoof-bound1598
corn1600
javar1600
frush1607
crepance1610
fretishing1610
seam1610
scratchets1611
kibe1639
tread1661
grease1674
gravel1675
twitter-bone1688
cleft1694
quittor1703
bleymes1725
crescent1725
hoof-binding1728
capelet1731
twitter1745
canker1753
grease-heels1753
sand-crack1753
thrush1753
greasing1756
bony hoof1765
seedy toe1829
side bone1840
cracked heel1850
mud fever1872
navicular1888
coronitis1890
toe-crack1891
flat-foot1894
Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 390 (MED) Peynys, yvyl yn horsys fete.
a1500 Care of Horses (Cambr.) f. 70v The paynys gowith in þe hele & hit comyth off a grete abundance off blode þat is falle down in-to þe fete.
1598 J. Florio Worlde of Wordes A disease in a horse which we call the paines.
1610 G. Markham Maister-peece ii. lxxviii. 350 The paines is a certaine vlcerous scabbe growing in the pastornes of a horse, betwixt the fetlocke and the heele.
1726 W. Gibson Farrier's Dispensatory (ed. 2) i. 13 A Cataplasm made of Plantain, with Powder of Camphire, is very serviceable in the Pains, and watery Sores of the Legs and Pasterns.
1796 J. Hunter Compl. Dict. Farriery & Horsemanship Pains, or Watery Sores, on the legs and pasterns of horses, are frequently occasioned by a sharp serous matter oozing through the pores, causing the hair to fall off.
f. Scottish, English regional (Northumberland), and Irish English (northern). In plural. Usually with the. Rheumatism.
ΚΠ
1795 J. Sinclair Statist. Acct. Scotl. XIX. 129 Several old people complain much of what they call the pains, or rheumatism.
1827 R. Chambers Picture Scotl. I. 222 The brownie of Bodsbeck..is remembered by tradition as a little grotesque creature, that, either from natural decrepitude, or from his wounds at Bothwell, or from ‘the pains’..walked double.
1894 R. O. Heslop Northumberland Words 522 He's just fair crippled wi' the pains.
1894 P. H. Hunter James Inwick xx An' there's me: as fu' o' the pains as I can haud.
1931 R. Girvan in Sc. National Dict. (1968) VII. 11/1 I hae naethin' much tae compleen o' for ma years, but, och man, I'm wild whiles wi' the pains.
1943 M. McLaverty White Mare & Other Stories 32 ‘If you get another attack of the pains it's us'll have to suffer,’ put in Kate, ‘attending you morning, noon, and night.’
4. † b. spec. Distress caused by fear of possible evil; anxiety, apprehension. With infinitive or adverbial phrase. Obsolete.
a. Mental distress or suffering; anguish, grief; an instance of this.Sometimes difficult to distinguish from sense 3c.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > [noun]
sorec888
teeneOE
sorrowOE
workOE
wrakeOE
careOE
gramec1000
harmOE
howc1000
trayOE
woweOE
angec1175
derfnessc1175
sytec1175
unwinc1175
wosithc1200
ail?c1225
barrat?c1225
derf?c1225
grief?c1225
misease?c1225
misliking?c1225
ofthinkingc1225
passion?c1225
troublec1230
pinec1275
distress1297
grievancea1300
penancea1300
cumbermentc1300
languorc1300
cumbering1303
were1303
angera1325
strifea1325
sweama1325
woea1325
painc1330
tribulationc1330
illa1340
threst1340
constraintc1374
troublenessc1380
afflictiona1382
bruisinga1382
miseasetya1382
pressurec1384
exercisec1386
miscomfortc1390
mislikea1400
smarta1400
thronga1400
balec1400
painfulnessc1400
troublancec1400
smartness?c1425
painliness1435
perplexity?a1439
penalty?1462
calamity1490
penality1496
cumber?a1513
sussy1513
tribule1513
afflict?1529
vexation of spirit1535
troublesomeness1561
hoe1567
grievedness1571
tribulance1575
languishment1576
thrall1578
tine1590
languorment1593
aggrievedness1594
obturbation1623
afflictedness1646
erumny1657
pathos1684
shock1705
dree1791
vex1815
wrungnessa1875
dukkha1886
thinkache1892
sufferation1976
c1330 (?a1300) Sir Tristrem (1886) l. 2622 (MED) Tristrem..sikeþ..Wiþ sorwe and michel pain.
c1385 G. Chaucer Knight's Tale 1815 I knowe of loues peyne And woot how sore it kan a man distreyne.
c1440 S. Scrope tr. C. de Pisan Epist. of Othea (St. John's Cambr.) (1970) 30 He that berith the fardel of envie hath perpetuel peyne.
1489 (a1380) J. Barbour Bruce (Adv.) ii. 520 Thai..wald partenerys off thar paynys be.
a1500 (?c1400) Sir Triamour (Cambr.) (1937) 607 (MED) Hyt dothe the kyng mekyll payne when he þenkyþ how syr Roger was slayne.
1568 A. Scott Poems (1896) xxviii. 1 To luve vnluvit it is ane pane.
1656 A. Cowley Misc. 35 in Poems A Mighty pain to Love it is, And 'tis a pain that pain to miss, But of all pains the greatest pain It is to love, but love in vain.
1753 S. Richardson Hist. Sir Charles Grandison IV. 51 I remember with pain the pain I gave to your generous heart.
1845 F. Douglass Narr. Life F. Douglass x. 92 I regarded this separation as a final one. It caused me more pain than anything else.
1895 T. Hardy Jude v. vi. 374 Little Time..would..repeat inquiries and remarks..; and cause Sue, and Jude when he heard them, a great deal of pain and sadness.
a1902 S. Butler Way of All Flesh (1903) lxvii. 302 He still felt deeply the pain his disgrace had inflicted upon his father and mother.
1980 T. Ireland Catherine Loves i. 9 Catherine thought of her own most secret pain.
1998 P. Jooste Dance with Poor Man's Daughter (1999) 13 It was not my lot to suffer the pain of discrimination.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > fear > apprehension > [noun] > apprehension
doubta1225
feara1300
werea1300
suspiciona1340
doubtancea1400
suspectc1400
dwerec1440
suspensec1440
doubting1486
frayed1536
doubtfulness1576
pain1582
preapprehension1628
apprehension1656
alarm1733
1582 New Test. translated from Lat. Vulgate xii Being with child, she cried travailing in birth, and was in pain to be delivered.
1668 R. Mountagu in Buccleuch MSS (Hist. MSS Comm.) (1899) I. 420 I am in a great deal of pain to know how my horses have performed the journey.
1722 D. Defoe Moll Flanders 198 I am not in any pain about being seen, or being publick or conceal'd.
1759 Ann. Reg. 1758 113/2 The public was in great pain for the Admirals..left..in sight of six large French ships of war.
a1793 G. White Observ. Quadrupeds in Nat. Hist. Selborne (1802) II. 211 The foster mother [sc. a cat] became jealous of her charge [sc. young squirrels], and in pain for their safety.
1820 J. Keats Isabella in Lamia & Other Poems 62 ‘Love, Isabel!’ said he, ‘I was in pain Lest I should miss to bid thee a good morrow.’
1847 C. Dickens Dombey & Son (1848) xxiv. 246 If a book were read aloud, and there were anything in the story that pointed to an unkind father, she was in pain for their application of it to him; not for herself.
5.
a. Trouble taken in accomplishing or attempting something; difficulty; (also in weakened use) hardship or suffering involved in the effort of doing something. Formerly also; †an instance of taking trouble (obsolete).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > [noun]
arvethnessc1000
painc1330
difficultya1382
hardnessc1384
wondsome?a1400
hardheada1425
painfulnessa1530
difficult?1532
difficultness1549
awkness1587
uneasiness1594
difficileness1612
arduity1623
problem1641
difficacity1656
going1678
arduousness1731
catch-arse1970
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > trouble taken to accomplish anything
whilec1175
painc1330
pine?c1335
teenc1380
adoc1400
labourc1405
painsc1480
trouble1577
fatigue1669
c1330 (?a1300) Arthour & Merlin (Auch.) (1973) 8367 (MED) Harans biseged and dede his peine, Þe cite to winne of Dorkeine.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. 2678 (MED) If thei techen to restreigne Mi love, it were an ydel peine To lerne a thing which mai noght be.
?a1430 T. Hoccleve Mother of God l. 108 in Minor Poems (1970) i. 55 Do your bysy peyne To wasshe away our cloudeful offense.
1476 J. Paston in Paston Lett. & Papers (2004) I. 495 I have moche payne to gete so moche mony.
a1522 G. Douglas in tr. Virgil Æneid (1957) i. Prol. 109 And ȝit, forsuith, I set my besy pane, As that I suld, to mak it braid and plane.
1589 R. Lane in R. Hakluyt Princ. Navigations iii. 742 Thus sir, I haue..set downe vnto you, what my labour with the rest of the gentlemen, and poore men of our company, (not without both payne, and perill which the lorde in his mercy many wayes deliuered vs from) could yeelde vnto you.
1603 G. Owen Descr. Penbrokshire (1892) viii. 62 The husbandman that spareth paine spareth thrifte.
1633 P. Fletcher Purple Island x. xl. 144 A thousand Knights woo'd her with busie pain.
1702 Eng. Theophrastus 305 A man would not employ the least pain in the acquisition of sciences, if [etc.].
1768 Woman of Honor I. 23 Taking some pain to excuse the girl's carelessness.
1877 R. L. Stevenson in Cornhill Mag. July 84 I know there are people in the world who cannot feel grateful unless the favour has been done them at the cost of pain and difficulty.
1895 ‘H. Haliburton’ Dunbar: Poems adapted for Mod. Readers 12 Maun wi' foreign markets mell, An' gets weel bitten for his pain.
1987 Sunday Times 6 Dec. 69/3 We are taking a realistic view..by cutting our own salaries. We wanted the remuneration pain to start at the top.
1993 F. Kippax Other People's Blood (BNC) ‘Why don't you come to my auntie's with me?.. You could meet a millionaire or two.’ ‘Oh sure, and die of bloody boredom for my pain.’
b. In plural.† (b) With singular agreement. Obsolete.
(a) Trouble taken in accomplishing or attempting something; labour, toil, exertions; careful and attentive effort. Frequently in phrases, as to be at pains, to go to pains, to take pains (now often with great or a similar intensifier).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > [noun] > trouble taken to accomplish anything
whilec1175
painc1330
pine?c1335
teenc1380
adoc1400
labourc1405
painsc1480
trouble1577
fatigue1669
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > [noun] > care or pains
teenc1380
painsc1480
cark1482
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)]
tillc897
stightlea1375
stretcha1375
wrestlea1382
to put it forthc1390
to put one's hand(s) to (also unto)a1398
paina1400
takea1400
to do one's busy pain (also care, cure, diligence)?a1430
to make great force?c1450
makec1485
to stir one's stumpsa1500
to bestir one's stumps1549
to make work1574
put1596
bestira1616
operate1650
to lay out1659
to be at pains1709
exerta1749
tew1787
maul1821
to take (the) trouble1830
to pull outc1835
bother1840
trouble1880
to buck up1890
hump1897
to go somea1911
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > care or heed [verb (intransitive)] > bestow care and effort
to do one's (busy) curea1400
paina1400
to do one's busy pain (also care, cure, diligence)?a1430
take1528
to be at pains1709
c1480 (a1400) St. Andrew 437 in W. M. Metcalfe Legends Saints Sc. Dial. (1896) I. 76 I haf ȝarninge with paynis quhill I þe kene, how þe tynt sawlis of almen [etc.].
a1500 (c1477) T. Norton Ordinal of Alchemy (BL Add.) (1975) 746 (MED) Moche trowble & peynes ye may reche.
a1538 T. Starkey Dial. Pole & Lupset (1989) 38 Apply themselfys to theyr laburys & paynys for the susteynyng of the hole body.
1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Epist. sig. **2v They haue nought but..their paines for their sweate, and..their labour for their trauaile.
1608 G. Chapman Conspiracie Duke of Byron iv. sig. G What idle paines have you bestowd to see A poore ould woman?
?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 437 Wh[itelocke] was able to give them satisfaction having taken pains to inform himself therin.
1709 J. Swift Let. conc. Sacramental Test 4 The University was at the pains of Publishing a Latin Paper to justify themselves.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth II. 176 A person born deaf, may, by time, and sufficient pains, be taught..to speak, and, by the motions of the lips, to understand what is said to him.
1808 W. Scott Marmion i. xiii. 35 Yet much he praised the pains he took, And well those pains did pay.
1886 J. Ruskin Præterita I. xii. 426 He..spared no pains on his daughter's education.
1925 A. Loos in Harper's Bazar Mar. 132/2 I am taking special pains with my diary from now on as I am really writing for Gerry.
2000 N.Y. Times Mag. 14 May 54/3 He picks a few campaign themes and goes to great pains to keep his candidates on message.
ΚΠ
?1533 T. Cranmer Let. 22 Nov. in Bp. G. Burnet Hist. Reformation (1715) III. Collect. Rec. ii. 46 Ye woll be contented to take this Peynes.
1542 N. Udall tr. Erasmus Apophthegmes f. 51 (margin) The peines of teachyng is woorthie great wages.
1582 R. Mulcaster 1st Pt. Elementarie Peroration 230 I might haue spared this pains in requiring your frindship.
?c1663 B. Whitelocke Diary (1990) 274 Order for an Act to incorporate Scotland into one Common wealth w[i]th England,..Wh[itelockes] pains was used in it.
1671 H. M. tr. Erasmus Colloquies 230 Recompensing one pains with another.
1711 R. Steele Spectator No. 32. ⁋3 One of the Seniors (whom by the by Mr. President had taken all this Pains to bring over) sat still.
1794 Marquis of Buckingham Let. 2 Jan. in Hist. MSS Comm.: 14th Rep.: App. Pt. V: MSS J. B. Fortescure (1894) II. 489 in Parl. Papers (C. 7572) L. 1 I am sure you have taken every pains to do whatever you imagined might best forward my wishes.
a1862 H. D. Thoreau Maine Woods (1864) ii. 116 All this pains I took because I did not wish to be obliged to say merely that the moose was very large.
1884 Law Rep.: Queen's Bench Div. 13 488 He..took every pains to arrive at a proper conclusion.
c. for one's pains: in return for one's (esp. futile) labour or trouble.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > behaviour > reciprocal treatment or return of an action > reward or a reward > as reward or in recompense [phrase]
to meedOE
to meeding?a1300
in revenge for (also of)1553
for one's painsa1563
a1563 J. Bale Brefe Comedy Iohan Baptystes in Harleian Misc. (1744) I. 106 For your peynes ye haue appoynted by the emproure Your stypende wages.
1599 G. Chapman Humerous Dayes Myrth sig. C4 Now she stops..and rates him for his paines.
c1600 in Balfour's Practicks (1754) 599 The uther half to the wardane for his panis.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Merry Wives of Windsor (1623) iii. iv. 100 Giue my sweet Nan this Ring: there's for thy paines . View more context for this quotation
1678 J. Bunyan Pilgrim's Progress 183 You..are like to have nothing but your travel for your paines . View more context for this quotation
1713 J. Addison in Guardian 20 July 2/1 When I talk of practising to fly, silly People think me an Owl for my Pains.
1778 F. Burney Evelina I. xxi. 148 If you hadn't come, you might have stayed..and have been a beggar for your pains.
1854 H. D. Thoreau Walden 21 I got only my labor for my pains.
1889 J. Corbett Monk xi. 154 The old general, in a fit of exasperation, publicly gave him a sound thrashing for his pains.
1930 A. P. Herbert Water Gipsies xi. 145 They had worked hard for many minutes, and were a few feet higher for their pains.
1997 J. Seabrook Deeper viii. 267 He was gone for two years and returned with no money, nothing to show for his pains but a wonderful set of chess pieces he had whittled himself during his two years in the wilderness.
6. colloquial.
a. Chiefly U.S. to give (a person) a pain: to be annoying or tiresome to (a person). Now usually more fully to give (a person) a pain in the neck (also in the arse, etc.).
ΚΠ
1884 C. F. Lummis Let. 10 Dec. in Lett. from Southwest (1989) 142 That began to give me a pain.
1908 R. E. Knowles Web of Time xiv. 144 ‘There's naethin' like the guid auld oatmeal.’ ‘You Scotch folks give me a pain,’ broke in David.
1911 Washington Post 8 Oct. e3 Aw, you pikers gimme a pain in the neck.
1924 P. G. Wodehouse Leave it to Psmith ix. 188 He got there first, damn him! Wouldn't that give you a pain in the neck!
1951 J. D. Salinger Catcher in Rye iv. 27 He gave out a big yawn while he said that. Which is something that gives me a royal pain in the ass.
1990 S. Morgan Homeboy i. 4 Squares gave Rings'n'Things a pain in the bahakas.
b. An annoying or tiresome person or thing; a source of irritation; a nuisance. Also more fully pain in the neck (also arse, bum, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > state of annoyance or vexation > [noun] > cause of annoyance or vexation
thornc1230
dreicha1275
painc1375
cumbrance1377
diseasec1386
a hair in one's necka1450
molestationc1460
incommodity?a1475
melancholya1475
ensoigne1477
annoyance1502
traik1513
incommode1518
corsie1548
eyesore1548
fashery1558
cross1573
spite1577
corrosive1578
wasp1588
cumber1589
infliction1590
gall1591
distaste1602
plague1604
rub1642
disaccommodation1645
disgust1654
annoyment1659
bogle1663
rubber1699
noyancea1715
chagrins1716
ruffle1718
fasha1796
nuisance1814
vex1815
drag1857
bugbear1880
nark1918
pain in the neck (also arse, bum, etc.)1933
sod1940
chizz1953
1933 E. B. White Let. Mar. (1976) 112 All through the campaign I thought Mr. R. was something of a pain.
1937 J. Weidman I can get it for you Wholesale xxviii. 268 She's a pain in the rear end.
1967 W. Soyinka Kongi's Harvest 14 Your uncle is a pain in the neck.
1982 Canberra Times 27 Feb. 14/7 The character of Mark..may be everything Mrs Peyton's notional readers yearn for, but he strikes me as a right royal pain in the bum, if ever there was one.
1994 Observer 18 Sept. (Review section) 19/1 Metafiction, fiction which self-consciously signals its status as fiction, is usually a pain.
2000 J. Goodwin Danny Boy i. 20 Only eighteen and already a complete pain in the arse.
Compounds
C1.
a. General attributive.
pain sensation n.
ΚΠ
1892 Philos. Rev. 1 415 Most of the facts which we have noted for the separateness of pain sensations speak as well for the independence of pleasure.
1905 E. B. Titchener Exper. Psychol. II. ii. iii. 95 The sensations of pain are very different from either the temperature or the pressure sensations... I could almost posit an area for the pressure sensations, but the pain sensations seemed to have no bigness at all.
1991 Philadelphia Inquirer 15 Aug. a16/1 A..neurotransmitter that relays pain sensations from the spinal cord to the brain.
pain sense n.
ΚΠ
1891 Cent. Mag. Dec. 288/2 Nor..do animals seem to have the acuteness of pain-sense to which we have arrived.
1938 L. H. Maxson & W. W. Babcock Spinal Anesthesia i. 1 Spinal analgesia is the correct technical term when pain sense alone is abolished without the loss of the epicritical faculties.
1985 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 308 347 The pain sense has an extensive cortical representation.
pain sensibility n.
ΚΠ
1897 Mind 6 137 Pain sensibility to sensory stimulation varies with the conditions.
1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xi. 359/2 Lesions..of the lemniscal system at any level may lead to profound alterations in pain sensibility.
1996 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) B. 351 437/1 The dual mechanisms of peripheral and central sensitization..may cooperate in the genesis of abnormal pain sensibility.
b. Instrumental.† pain-chastened adj. Obsolete
pain-afflicted adj.
ΚΠ
a1644 F. Quarles Solomons Recantation (1645) ii. 35 And like a pain-afflicted stripling, play With some new Toy, to while thy grief away.
1990 Business & Health (Nexis) 8 22 The company looks after pain-afflicted workers on a case-by-case basis in a number of ways.
pain-bought adj.
ΚΠ
1835 T. N. Talfourd Ion ii. i. 57 In the dark chamber where my mother lay, Faint with the sense of pain-bought happiness.
a1906 P. L. Dunbar Coll. Poetry (1993) 117 Breathing a fortitude Pain-bought.
ΚΠ
1890 W. Carleton City Legends 168 Her husband she met with a pain-chastened grace.
pain-dimmed adj.
ΚΠ
1871 F. R. Havergal Ministry of Song (ed. 2) 3 Sing of the gentle Saviour..And the pain-dimmed eye will brighten As the soothing verses flow.
1916 Times 23 June 10/1 Will the entreaty in its [sc. a horse's] pain-dimmed eyes be left unheeded?
pain-distorted adj.
ΚΠ
1845 C. Mackay Legends of Isles 85 And that venerable head..up he raised..And..gazed On that pain-distorted cheek.
1998 Belfast News Let. (Nexis) 19 Aug. 6 His pain-distorted face softens only when he is asked what his wife was like. ‘She was a lovely, gentle person.’
pain-drawn adj.
ΚΠ
1857 Househ. Words 24 Oct. 398/1 Beguile The pain-drawn lips to curve into a smile.
1904 Westm. Gaz. 29 Dec. 8/3 Some few..rest on couches, wan smiles stealing across their pain-drawn faces.
1996 Gazette (Montreal) (Nexis) 16 Mar. e5 He walks the line..separating self-mythology from songwriting, self-destruction from pain-drawn inspiration, country from rock.
pain-racked adj.
ΚΠ
1752 F. Gentleman Sejanus ii. i. 25 His Pain-rack'd Soul burst from its earthly Cage, And fleeting left the breathless Coarse behind.
1888 H. Morten Sketches Hosp. Life 11 I prayed that they were not coming to touch my painracked limbs.
1999 G. E. Christianson Greenhouse ii. 15 In the bucolic hamlet of Down, a pain-racked Charles Darwin was completing the sequel to his 1859 magnum opus On the Origin of Species.
pain-shot adj.
ΚΠ
1911 M. Beerbohm Zuleika Dobson iv. 44 He was gazing at the girl with pain-shot eyes.
1991 Stud. Eng. Lit. 1500–1900 31 478 I have argued that this pain-shot heroism is basically uplifting.
pain-stricken adj.
ΚΠ
1848 E. C. Gaskell Mary Barton I. x. 175 Creatures who..crawl through life with moody hearts and pain-stricken bodies.
1894 Mod. Lang. Notes 9 8/2 The pleasure-loving and pain-stricken populace.
1995 Melody Maker 25 Mar. 11/1 Their aggressively pain-stricken ‘World Of Noise’ LP.
pain-worn adj.
ΚΠ
1834 Tait's Edinb. Mag. New Ser. 1 134/2 Above the little pain-worn thing The sailor's widow wept.
1886 W. D. Howells Indian Summer xv. 245 Mrs. Bowen came in to them, looking pale and pain-worn.
1902 J. K. Jerome Paul Kelver viii. 123 Long physical suffering had chased the wantonness away for ever from the pain-worn mouth.
pain-wrung adj.
ΚΠ
1815 E. B. Norton Alcon Malanzore i. 6 Unlike thine other prisons, Spain, were here No shrieking penitent, no pain-wrung tear.
1894 M. Colborne-Veel Story of Marah v, in Fairest of Angels & Other Verse 14 The little pain-wrung brow grew calm again.
1916 M. Couthouy Smith N.Y. Times in C. E. Holman In Day of Battle 157 For brave songs breaking From pain-wrung lips—We praise Thee, O God!
c. Objective.† pains-hating adj. Obsolete
pain-assuaging adj.
ΚΠ
1598 A. M. tr. J. Guillemeau Frenche Chirurg. 49 b/1 Payne-assuaging clisteryes, made of freshe milcke.
a1800 W. Cowper tr. Homer Iliad iv, in Wks. (1835–7) IX. 94 One..shall dress The wound with drugs of pain-assuaging power.
2002 Star Phoenix (Saskatoon, Sask.) (Nexis) 25 Oct. a3 An inter-institution team of researchers are examining the pain-assuaging qualities of tetrodotoxin, a potentially fatal poison found in certain varieties of puffer fish.
pain-bearing adj. and n.
ΚΠ
1884 ‘E. Lyall’ We Two III. iii. 60 No pain she had ever suffered had been a wasted thing, nor had it merely taught her personally some needful lesson; it had been rather her allotted service, her share of pain-bearing, sin-bearing, Christ-following,..given to her as one of the best of gifts by the Father himself.
1904 N.E.D. at Pain sb.1 Pain-bearing.
2002 Daily Mail (Nexis) 25 Sept. 41 The researchers were unable to say why coffee did not boost men's pain-bearing abilities.
pain-dispelling adj.
ΚΠ
1870 W. C. Bryant tr. Homer Iliad I. v. 153 Pæan with his pain-dispelling balms Healed him.
1930 E. Blom tr. R. Specht Johannes Brahms xiv. 231 Tears of loneliness flow so calm and pain-dispelling.
pain-giving adj.
ΚΠ
1832 J. F. Cooper Heidenmauer I. x. 168 Nay, 'tis no pain-giving penance I ask.
1934 R. V. C. Bodley Japanese Omelette iv. 30 The geta..supposed to fit the sole of a Japanese foot..are, to my mind, the most paingiving form of footwear ever devised.
2000 Sunday Times (Nexis) 22 Oct. Kenneth Hesketh's Torturous Instruments..is inspired by Hieronymous Bosch's depiction of hell, but there is nothing grotesque or pain-giving about the way the instruments are used in this fleet and felicitous, elegantly planned movement.
ΚΠ
1864 E. B. Pusey Daniel ix. 562 Indolent, conceited, soft, pains-hating.
pain-inflicting adj.
ΚΠ
1798 E. Moody Poetic Trifles 178 We approach'd the pain-inflicting Cave.
1883 Amer. Naturalist 17 617 Anger implies..the effort to remove or attack any pain-inflicting agency.
1995 Amer. Hist. Rev. 100 p. iv Some reformers shifted attention from the effort to eradicate pain-inflicting practices to their privatization.
pain-killing adj.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > anaesthetization, pain-killing, etc. > [adjective] > pain killing
anodyne1543
anodynous1657
anodynic1847
pain-killing1865
analgesic1868
hypalgesic1911
neuroleptanalgesic1961
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > analgesic > [adjective]
anodyne1543
paregorical1651
paregoric1678
antalgic1753
pain-killing1865
analgetic1867
opioid1959
morphinomimetic1968
1865 C. T. Brooks tr. J. P. F. Richter Hesperus 168 Any poor body whose..gashes required a sponge or pain-killing drops.
1935 Science 6 Dec. 11/1 The pain-killing effect lasts from twenty minutes to an hour.
2001 Washington Post 22 Aug. a4/5 The drugs..provide the same pain-killing effects as aspirin and..ibuprofen.
pain-producing adj.
ΚΠ
1848 C. H. Meeker tr. ‘J. H. Rausse’ Misc. Graefenberg Water-cure 225 By this false act of digestion, no pain-producing substances are engendered.
1974 V. B. Mountcastle et al. Med. Physiol. (ed. 13) I. xi. 357/2 The identity of the pain-producing neurohumor activated by cellular injury has proved elusive.
1995 Amer. Family Physician (Nexis) 52 875 This technique can be especially helpful in localizing tubo-ovarian abscesses or other types of pain-producing ovarian pathology.
pain-relieving adj.
ΚΠ
1859 Times 23 Nov. 11/4 (advt.) Indigestion cured at last by Menthanodyne or Pain-relieving Mint.
1908 Practitioner Dec. 850 The experiment was absolute proof of the pain-relieving quality of congestion.
1999 Chem. in Brit. Mar. 16/1 The chemicals responsible for the reputed pain-relieving effects of cherries are mainly anthocyanins.
C2. † pain-piss n. Obsolete painful urination, strangury.
pain barrier n. the point of greatest pain, esp. during extreme physical exertion, beyond which pain diminishes.
ΚΠ
1953 Times 14 Oct. 4/1 (advt.) Rheumatic sufferers! Penetrate the ‘pain barrier’. Here is soothing, healing warmth deep down where you feel the pain!
1963 Times 30 Oct. 4/4 There is a pain barrier to break through in swimming and every member of our team will have gone through the barrier before they leave for Tokyo.
1998 Mirror 27 Apr. 2/2 A group of Mirror readers ran through the pain barrier yesterday for a spectacular charity success in the London Marathon.
pain behaviour n. behaviour characteristic or indicative of pain.
ΚΠ
1953 G. E. M. Anscombe tr. L. Wittgenstein Philos. Investig. i.119 When I imagine that someone who is laughing is really in pain I don't imagine any pain-behaviour, for I see just the opposite.
1989 Independent 9 May 14 ‘Pain behaviour’ such as wincing at every movement, is played down.
pain clinic n. a place or institution, often a specialized hospital department, dedicated to the investigation and treatment of pain.
ΚΠ
1947 N.Y. Times 6 Sept. 19/2 The New York University College of Medicine has opened a special ‘pain’ clinic to instruct medical specialists and educators throughout the United States in the nerve block technique of anesthetics.
1967 Anaesthesia 22 568 In the earlier years of the Pain Clinic all the injections were given as out-patient procedures.
2002 Daily Tel. 28 June 21/1 I have fibromyalgia, with tender painful muscles. I've been referred to a pain clinic, but wonder if you have anything to suggest?
pain-free adj. and adv. free from pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > physical sensation > physical sensibility > sensuous pleasure > physical comfort > [adjective] > free from pain or discomfort
eathOE
easyc1440
smartless1593
pain-free1629
pangless1727
unirritated1793
passionless1859
1629 J. Gaule Practique Theories Christs Predict. 176 Men neyther shrinke, nor shrike..when they perceiue their Bodies pierce-free, or paine-free.
1904 Jrnl. Philos., Psychol. & Sci. Methods 1 191 The pain-free spots of the inner surface of the cheek are sensitive to pressure.
1989 Psychol. Today Sept. 32/2 After learning better eating habits and making other lifestyle changes, they were walking four or five miles pain-free.
pain management n. the control and regulation of pain, esp. by means of medication.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medical treatment > types of treatment generally > [noun] > other miscellaneous treatments
majoration1626
relaxant1661
diaeresis1706
blistering1711
Perkinism1798
tranquillizing1801
tractoration1803
tractorism1827
moxibustion1833
traction1841
remediation1850
moxocausis1857
bed-rest1872
aerotherapeutics1876
aerotherapy1876
metallotherapy1877
block1882
counter-irritation1882
bacteriotherapy1886
mechanotherapy1890
mobilization1890
seismotherapy1901
bacterization1902
replacement therapy1902
biotherapy1912
occupational therapy1915
protein therapy1917
psychophysicotherapeutics1922
recovery programme1922
plombage1933
bacteriostasis1936
oestrogenization1960
hyperalimentation1962
vegetablization1963
pain management1966
palliative care1967
gene therapy1970
1966 N.Y. State Jrnl. Med. 66 (title) Pain management in cancer.
1999 T. Parsons Man & Boy (2000) xxx. 252 I was telling your mother that pain management is very sophisticated these days.
pain pill n. colloquial (originally and chiefly U.S.) a painkiller.
ΚΠ
1941 L. Hughes Let. 1 Feb. in L. Hughes & C. Van Vechten Remember me to Harlem (2001) 182 Dopey with pain pills for two weeks.
2001 Mirror (Nexis) 12 Oct. 16 He's still a hypochondriac and insomniac who takes ‘pain pills’ and sleeping tablets but he said farewell to cocaine years ago.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > a disease > disorders of internal organs > urinary disorders > [noun] > difficulty in urination
dysury1398
chaudpissea1400
strangurya1400
droppell-piss1527
strangullion1530
strangurion1547
suppression1564
drop-piss1578
hot piss1578
pain-piss1614
ischuria1675
paruria1822
1614 G. Markham Cheape & Good Husb. i. 21 (heading) Of the pain in the Kidnyes, pain-pisse, or the Stone.
1698 in A. W. C. Hallen Acct. Bk. Sir J. Foulis (1894) 241 To John Carss for the bassie horss curing of the bats or painpiss.
pain point n. Physiology = pain spot n.; also in extended use.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > part of body > [noun] > surface > sensitive points on
pressure point1882
pressure spot1887
hot spot1888
pain spot1888
cold spot1895
pain point1897
touch spot1897
1897 tr. T. A. Ribot Psychol. Emotions 27 Goldscheider..admits pain-points (points sensible to pain), but not a specific organ for pain nor special nerves to transmit it.
1954 S. Rothman Physiol. & Biochem. Skin v. 136/2 Itching is produced with great ease when the stimulus is weak and repetitive and when several pain points are stimulated simultaneously.
2003 PR Week (Nexis) 10 Mar. 15 We've learned there is a gap between what sales thinks the customer wants, and what are the customer's real pain points.
pain-proof adj. having immunity from pain.
ΚΠ
1903 ‘M. Twain’ in N. Amer. Rev. Jan. 3 No C[hristian] S[cience] family would consider itself..pain-proof without an Annex.
2002 Daily Tel. (Nexis) 29 June 12 What parent's heart is pain-proof when their child's best friend suddenly ditches them for someone new?
pain relief n. the alleviation of pain, usually by means of medication.
ΚΠ
1935 Isis 23 254 Trephining..may have been accomplished, insofar as pain relief was concerned, by the operator chewing a cud of coca leaves, the juice of which could be dropped upon the wound.
1995 Independent 6 Mar. 3/2 It would be right to give drinks, to feed orally, to treat pressure sores and to give pain relief.
pain reliever n. a medication which alleviates pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > healing > medicines or physic > medicines for specific purpose > analgesic > [noun]
paregoric1671
antalgic1753
painkiller1849
analgesic1874
analgetic1877
pain reliever1920
1920 Times 26 Nov. 15/1 (advt.) All chemists stock Genasprin... You will find it a marvellous pain-reliever in Headache, Toothache, [etc.].
1996 Amer. Health June 20/1 All other pain relievers..have the potential to cause gastrointestinal irritation and bleeding.
pain spot n. Physiology a small spot on the surface of the skin that is sensitive to pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > life > the body > part of body > [noun] > surface > sensitive points on
pressure point1882
pressure spot1887
hot spot1888
pain spot1888
cold spot1895
pain point1897
touch spot1897
1888 W. Stirling tr. L. Landois Text-bk. Human Physiol. (ed. 3) xiv. 831 The pain-spots can be isolated by means of a needle, or electrically.
1927 J. B. S. Haldane & J. S. Huxley Animal Biol. v. 126 Stimulation of a single pain-spot will only cause movement after a long time or never.
1998 R. L. Gregory Oxf. Compan. to Mind 278 Von Frey showed that pain is a special skin modality, separate from these sensations and also from pressure. He went on to map out ‘pain spots’.
pain threshold n. the point beyond which a stimulus causes pain; the upper limit of tolerance to pain.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > [noun] > limit of tolerance to
pain threshold1895
1895 Science 11 Jan. 46/2 Experiments were..described giving the relation of area and duration and of velocity and mass for the pain threshold.
1969 ‘I. Drummond’ Man with Tiny Head xvi. 182 Sandro guessed that his pain-threshold would be high and that he would give nothing away.
1990 Physiotherapy 76 741/2 However one..measures stress, the actual level which causes distress is, like pain threshold, unique to each individual.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
painn.2
/peɪn/, /ˈpã/, /pan/, U.S. /peɪn/, /pæn/ Now historical.† 1. Bread. Also figurative. Cf. pandemain n. Obsolete.Frequent in Piers Plowman.† 2. Cookery. A kind of rissole made with breadcrumbs. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > [noun]
breadeOE
loafc950
painc1400
pannam1567
the staff of life1638
batch1648
buster1835
rooty1846
breadstuff1856
needle and thread1859
punk1891
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xiv. 313 (MED) Pacyence is payn for pouerte hymselue, And sobrete swete drynke.
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. x. 92 Ther is payn and peny-ale as for a pytaunce y-take.
a1425 (a1376) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1867) A. viii. l. 106 Prophete his payn eet [c1390 Vernon Þe pophetes peyneden hem In penaunce and wepyng].
a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 138 Take youre loof of light payne..and with the egge of þe knyfe nyghe your hand ye kett.
?a1500 in G. Henslow Med. Wks. 14th Cent. (1899) 54 (MED) Take 2 pound of rosyn an[d] stampe and put þer-to a quartron or more of payn and an vnce of turmentyne, [etc.].
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > bread > bread dish > [noun]
pain1706
raft1894
1706 Phillips's New World of Words (new ed.) (at cited word) In Cookery, Pains signifie certain Messes proper for Side-dishes, so call'd as being made of Bread, stuff'd with several sorts of Farces and Ragoos.
1747 H. Glasse Art of Cookery ii. 48 To make Partridges Pains. Take two roasted Partridges and the Flesh of a large Fowl..and the Crumb of a two-penny Loaf..mix all well together..make your Pains on Paper of a round Figure.
1863 J. S. Le Fanu House by Church-yard I. 73 [A roast roach] eats deliciouthly [sic] with farced pain or gammon pain.
1971 R. Howe Mrs Groundes-Peace's Old Cookery Notebk. 118 Payn, puff or light fritter made in a pan.]
Compounds
ΘΚΠ
the world > food and drink > food > dishes and prepared food > pastry > pasty > [noun]
pasty1296
pain puffa1425
pastetha1425
petty pernya1425
petit pâté?c1425
patty1660
overflap1692
pattypan1694
patty-cake1788
puff pastry1788
turn-over1798
pielet1881
a1425 (a1399) Forme of Cury (BL Add.) 204 in C. B. Hieatt & S. Butler Curye on Inglysch (1985) 145 Payn puff. Eodem modo flat payn puff, but make it more tendre þe past.
a1450 in T. Austin Two 15th-cent. Cookery-bks. (1888) 61 (MED) Le iij cours..Payn Puffe.
1508 Bk. Keruynge (de Worde) sig. A.ivv For standarde venyson roste..pecocke with his tayle..plouer rabettes grete byrdes larkes, doucettes paynpuffe.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
painv.
/peɪn/, U.S. /peɪn/ 1. † b. intransitive. = sense 1a. Obsolete. † c. transitive. To take pains about, to attempt with effort. Obsolete.In quot. a1500 with that-clause.† d. transitive (in passive). To be put to trouble; to be obliged to exert oneself. Obsolete. rare.
a. transitive (reflexive). To take pains or trouble; to exert oneself with care and attention; to endeavour or strive for a particular result. Usually with infinitive. Now rare and somewhat archaic.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself [verb (reflexive)] > take trouble
apainc1315
painc1330
anpainc1380
enpaync1380
pinec1400
trouble?a1513
becumber1550
c1330 (?c1300) Guy of Warwick (Auch.) l. 1987 Michel him peyned sir Gij, & Herhaud of Ardern..Þis Almayns þai han ouercome.
c1387–95 G. Chaucer Canterbury Tales Prol. 139 She..peyned hire to countrefete cheere Of court.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. vii. 42 (MED) Pledoures shulde peynen hem to plede for such.
1481 W. Caxton tr. Siege & Conqueste Jerusalem (1893) xxx. 64 The other that cam aftir peyned them moche for to goo more wysely.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 5 (MED) She peyned hir gretly to do as he hir taughte.
1596 E. Spenser Second Pt. Faerie Queene iv. vi. sig. F6 She her paynd with womanish art To hide her wound. View more context for this quotation
1614 W. Raleigh Hist. World i. iv. iii. §9. 227 Eumenes pained himselfe to carrie succour to his left wing.
1660 G. Mackenzie Aretina iii. 304 The Synod had pained themselves oft, to draw him to be their Leader, thinking it easie to perswade a young Prince to be an absolute King.
1700 J. Dryden Chaucer's Cock & Fox in Fables 248 While he pain'd himself to raise his Note.
1870 J. R. Lowell My Study Windows 217 Men still pain themselves to write Latin verses.
1889 ‘M. Twain’ Connecticut Yankee ix. 111 For I see well he paineth himself and enforceth him to do great deeds.
1914 G. R. Woodward & H. Mattingly tr. St. John of Damascus Barlaam & Ioasaph 183 They..kept the contemplation of future happiness and everlasting punishment immovable from their hearts, and pained themselves to labour, that they might not lose eternal glory.
1989 Chicago Tribune (Nexis) 22 Dec. 1 c Party-poopers in the astronomical community have pained themselves from time to time to point out that ISR names are not sanctioned by the International Astronomical Union.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > endeavour > attempt [verb (transitive)]
fandOE
assayc1300
tryc1315
provec1330
adventurea1387
sayc1390
paina1400
havec1400
practisea1450
afforcec1487
afond1488
attempta1538
procure1574
endeavour1581
offer1611
poacha1616
attent1620
to venture at1623
essay1641
attentate1656
smacka1657
tempt1697
to try at1794
to have a go1802
to make a (good, poor, etc.) fist1833
tackle1847
to have or take a whack at1891
to make (or have, etc.) a stab at (something)1895
to have a dash (at)1916
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)]
tillc897
stightlea1375
stretcha1375
wrestlea1382
to put it forthc1390
to put one's hand(s) to (also unto)a1398
paina1400
takea1400
to do one's busy pain (also care, cure, diligence)?a1430
to make great force?c1450
makec1485
to stir one's stumpsa1500
to bestir one's stumps1549
to make work1574
put1596
bestira1616
operate1650
to lay out1659
to be at pains1709
exerta1749
tew1787
maul1821
to take (the) trouble1830
to pull outc1835
bother1840
trouble1880
to buck up1890
hump1897
to go somea1911
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > care or heed [verb (intransitive)] > bestow care and effort
to do one's (busy) curea1400
paina1400
to do one's busy pain (also care, cure, diligence)?a1430
take1528
to be at pains1709
the world > action or operation > manner of action > care, carefulness, or attention > take care about [verb (transitive)] > take pains with
paina1400
labourc1449
a1400 (a1325) Cursor Mundi (Vesp.) 28166 Quen i sagh my neghbur wele fare..I paind oft at him vn-spede, Bath in will and word and dede.
a1450 Partonope of Blois (Univ. Coll. Oxf.) (1912) 4215 (MED) They peyned [v.r. paynede] freshly to fyght bothe.
1484 W. Caxton tr. Subtyl Historyes & Fables Esope vi In vayne thou hast payned and laboured.
a1545 Now synge We x, in J. Skelton Poet. Wks. (1843) I. 146 Stand fast in faythe,..And payne to lyue in honeste.
a1827 W. Blake in D. V. Erdman Notebk. William Blake (1973) n115 Never pain to tell thy love, Love that never told can be.
ΚΠ
c1460 (?c1400) Tale of Beryn 2109 (MED) For ouȝt þat he couth peyn, He must to þe Steward.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 155 (MED) Kay..payned that his company gate ouer.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > manner of action > effort or exertion > exert oneself or make an effort [verb (intransitive)] > be obliged to
pain1785
1785 G. Crabbe News-paper 14 We..are pain'd to keep our sickly works alive.
2. intransitive. To suffer physical pain; to suffer emotional pain, sorrow, or distress. Now archaic and rare. Cf. paining n.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > suffer mental pain [verb (intransitive)]
tholec897
throwOE
smarta1200
pinea1225
to well in woea1350
painc1350
labourc1450
to fight sore at heart1490
tear1666
c1350 (a1333) William of Shoreham Poems (1902) 37 (MED) Seue ȝer þou scholdest, man, O dea[d]lyche senne peyny.
c1400 (?a1387) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Huntington HM 137) (1873) C. xxii. 324 Þe croys..Þat crist..for mankynde on peynede.
c1450 C. d'Orleans Poems (1941) 26 (MED) When y payne, then she for laughtir grent.
c1525 J. Rastell New Commodye Propertes of Women sig. Biv Where is the pacient that so is paynyng.
1591 S. Daniel Sonnet xi, in Sir P. Sidney Astrophel & Stella 68 So shalt thou cease to plague, and I to paine.
1885 W. Pater Marius the Epicurean II. 213 Christ, paining in him, set forth a copy to the rest.
1977 M. Helprin Refiner's Fire iii. ii. 86 Marshall pained to be with her... All he could think was how much he loved Lydia.
3.
a. transitive. To cause physical hurt or bodily pain to; to inflict physical suffering upon; to torment; to torture.In quot. c1400: to inconvenience physically.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > suffer pain [verb (transitive)] > cause pain
aileOE
grieve?c1225
girdc1275
painc1375
putc1390
sorea1400
troublec1400
anguisha1425
vex?c1425
urn1488
suffera1500
exagitate1532
fire1602
trachle1889
c1375 G. Chaucer Monk's Tale 3794 Many a mannes guttes dide he peyne [v.r. payne].
a1398 J. Trevisa tr. Bartholomaeus Anglicus De Proprietatibus Rerum (BL Add.) f. 165 Some soules ben ypeyned [L. puniuntur] þer Inne.
c1400 (c1378) W. Langland Piers Plowman (Laud 581) (1869) B. xii. 247 (MED) Þe pennes of þe pecok payned [v.rr. peyneth, peined] hym in his fliȝte.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 11958 A body vp on a cross dystreyned And..gretly peyned.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 651/2 It payneth me very sore to speke, I am so horse.
1590 E. Spenser Faerie Queene i. ii. sig. B7v Cold & heat me paines.
?1624 G. Chapman tr. Βατραχομυομαχια in tr. Crowne Homers Wks. 11 So I lay Sleepless, and pain'd with headache.
1744 S. Fielding Adventures David Simple II. iv. iv. 238 Pulling him by the Ear in such a manner, that it had pained him ever since.
1761 F. Sheridan Mem. Miss Sidney Bidulph I. 231 I contrived to hobble (for my ancle pained me exceedingly) to the place I mentioned.
1828 W. Scott Fair Maid of Perth vii, in Chron. Canongate 2nd Ser. III. 162 But your arm, my lord,..Does it not pain you?
1897 B. Stoker Dracula ix. 112 My face is ghastly pale, and my throat pains me.
1961 N. Roy Black Albino ii. 50 Though his back pained him rarely he was getting into a kind of hunched and twisted position when he walked.
1995 A. Levy Every Light in House Burnin' xvi. 177 It's paining him a lot, I don't know what to do.
b. transitive. To inflict emotional or mental suffering upon, cause distress to; to grieve, hurt the feelings of, upset.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > emotion > suffering > cause of mental pain or suffering > cause mental pain or suffering to [verb (transitive)]
heavyc897
pineeOE
aileOE
sorryeOE
traya1000
sorrowOE
to work (also do) (a person) woeOE
angerc1175
smarta1200
to work, bake, brew balec1200
derve?c1225
grieve?c1225
sitc1225
sweam?c1225
gnawc1230
sughc1230
troublec1230
aggrievea1325
to think sweama1325
unframea1325
anguish1340
teen1340
sowa1352
distrainc1374
to-troublea1382
strain1382
unglad1390
afflicta1393
paina1393
distressa1400
hita1400
sorea1400
assayc1400
remordc1400
temptc1400
to sit (or set) one sorec1420
overthrow?a1425
visit1424
labour1437
passionc1470
arraya1500
constraina1500
misgrievea1500
attempt1525
exagitate1532
to wring to the worse1542
toil1549
lament1580
adolorate1598
rankle1659
try1702
to pass over ——1790
upset1805
to touch (also get, catch, etc.) (a person) on the raw1823
to put (a person) through it1855
bludgeon1888
to get to ——1904
to put through the hoop(s)1919
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) iv. 414 (MED) Noman mihte him more peine.
?a1425 tr. Catherine of Siena Orcherd of Syon (Harl.) (1966) 113 (MED) Wille aloone is cause whi man is poneschid and peyned.
a1500 tr. Thomas à Kempis De Imitatione Christi (Trin. Dublin) (1893) 105 I peynyng [L. affligens] þe wiþ sorwes spare þe not.
c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxix. 79 in Coll. Wks. (1998) II. 84 Whome thou painest, more they paine.
1611 Bible (King James) Joel ii. 6 Before their face the people shall be much pained . View more context for this quotation
1680 Revenge; or, Match in Newgate ii. 11 I have such soft things to whisper to thee, as pains me to conceal.
1763 F. Brooke Hist. Lady Julia Mandeville (ed. 2) II. 30 It pains me to wound your delicacy, by saying I mean the difference of your fortunes.
1780 A. Young Tour Ireland (1887) 85 There is not a single view but what pains one in the want of wood.
1838 E. Bulwer-Lytton Alice I. ii. ii. 139 These gifts Caroline could not refuse, without paining her young friend.
1881 A. Trollope Dr. Wortle's School II. vii. 144 It pains me to feel that I have to give her credit for her skill.
1892 R. L. Stevenson & L. Osbourne Wrecker vi. 93 The only thing that pains me is the portrait: I own I thought that a success.
1952 E. Templeton Island of Desire ii. ii. 153 It pained her to observe her mother's behaviour with her husband.
1999 T. Chevalier Girl with Pearl Earring (2000) 143 It must have pained her to pass up the chance to boast.
c. intransitive. Chiefly literary. To cause emotional or mental suffering or distress.
ΚΠ
1807 G. Crabbe Parish Reg. i, in Poems 47 Transports that pain'd and joys that agoniz'd.
1856 E. B. Browning Aurora Leigh ii. 65 When I die and leave you, out you go,..Unhoused, unfed, my dear, poor brother's lamb, (Ah heaven,—that pains!)—without a right to crop A single blade of grass beneath these trees..!
1905 J. London Love of Life in McClure's Mag. Dec. 154/2 It was only life that pained. There was no hurt in death.
d. intransitive. colloquial. Of a limb, joint, etc.: to ache, be painful.
ΘΚΠ
the world > health and disease > ill health > pain > be painful [verb (intransitive)]
pain1904
1904 J. London Sea-wolf xxvii. 258 Though stoutly mittened, my fingers were cold, and they pained from the grip on the steering-oar.
1967 W. Styron Confessions Nat Turner i. 21 I'd be mighty grateful if you could get them to ease off these chains. My shoulders pain something fierce.
1991 R. Mistry Such Long Journey (1992) 214 ‘Is it paining somewhere? What's wrong?’ He rushed to the sofa and held her.
a. transitive. Chiefly Law. To inflict a penalty upon; to punish. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)]
threac897
tighta1000
beswinkc1175
punisha1325
chastise1362
paina1375
justifya1393
wage1412
reformc1450
chasten1526
thwart over thumba1529
chastifyc1540
amerce?1577
follow1579
to rap (a person) on the knuckles (also fingers)1584
finea1616
mulcta1620
fita1625
vindicate1632
trounce1657
reward1714
tawse1790
sort1815
to let (a person) have it1823
visit1836
to catch or get Jesse1839
to give, get goss1840
to have ita1848
to take (a person) to the woodshed1882
to give (one) snuff1890
soak1892
give1906
to weigh off1925
to tear down1938
zap1961
slap1968
a1375 (c1350) William of Palerne (1867) 2898 (MED) Þat huge hert..putte hem [sc. a lion & a leopard] in hire prisoun to peyne hem.
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) ii. 2075 (MED) Say..hou thou wolt that I be peined For such Semblant as I have feigned.
?c1430 (c1383) J. Wyclif Eng. Wks. (1880) 11 (MED) He þat steliþ an oxe..is a þef and gretly peyned bi mannus lawe.
a1500 (a1460) Towneley Plays (1897–1973) 80 (MED) Put them in hold, And loke ye payn theym many fold.
a1533 Ld. Berners tr. A. de Guevara Golden Bk. M. Aurelius (1546) sig. Nn.v Thou haste iusticied the Iustyce, and none dare peyne the.
1570 in Court Minutes Surrey & Kent Sewer Comm. (London County Council) (1909) 57 Here befor pained xijd euerye rodde.
b. transitive. Law. To enjoin under (threat of) penalty. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > punishment > [verb (transitive)] > render liable to
undercast1382
pain1516
impose1568
penalize1854
sanction1956
1516 J. Skayman Skayman's Bk. Aug. in Farming & Gardening in Late Medieval Norfolk (Norfolk Rec. Soc.) (1997) 113 At the seid curte..the miller..[was] peynyd that he doth no mor soo.
1570 in Court Minutes Surrey & Kent Sewer Comm. (London County Council) (1909) 57 Further we paine him in double paine to doe it before the firste of Maye nexte.
1607 Henley-in-Arden Rolls (1890) Wee paine all the Alehowse keepers, that they and euery of them make holsome & good drinke bothe ale & Beare.
1620 J. Wilkinson Treat. Statutes conc. Coroners & Sherifes (new ed.) 148 If there was any thing pained at the last court to be done, and as yet is not done, you must enquire who hath made defalt therein.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, March 2005; most recently modified version published online June 2022).
<
n.1c1300
n.2c1400
v.c1330- at halves
- at hand
- at hand unto
- at handicuffs
- at hands
- at haphazard
- at haphazards
- at hard
- at hard meat
- at hazard
- at hazards
- at heads and points
- at heart
- at heck and manger
- at heel
- at heels
- at height
- at help
- at her majesty's pleasure
- at high etc risk
- at high wish
- at his majesty's pleasure
- at his obey
- at his own expenditure
- at his own weapon or weapons