baublen.

Brit.

/ˈbɔːbl/, U.S.

/ˈbɔb(ə)l/,

/ˈbɑb(ə)l/

Forms: Middle English babil, Middle English babull, Middle English babulle, Middle English babylle, Middle English–1500s babel, Middle English–1500s babyl, Middle English–1500s babyll, Middle English–1600s bable, 1500s babble, 1500s babell, 1500s babill, 1500s– bauble, 1500s– bawble.

Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymons: French babel, baubel.

Etymology: Apparently < Old French babel, baubel child's toy, trinket, little present (13th cent., rare), of uncertain origin (see note). In branch II. apparently also connected with babble v.², although the nature of the relationship is unclear (see note).Origin of the Old French word. The origin of the Old French word is unclear. It may be related to Anglo-Norman beubelet , beaubelet jewel ( < beau beautiful (see beau adj.) + belet jewel ( < bel beautiful (see beau adj.) + -et -et suffix¹)). Compare post-classical Latin baubellum jewel, trinket (c1200 in a British source). Alternatively it may show a suffixed reflex of a Romance base with connotations of indistinct speech and hence childishness and foolishness, ultimately < the syllable /ba/ which is characteristic of early infantile vocalization (compare babble v.¹). Compare the later Middle French babole , Middle French, French babiole trinket, child's toy (16th cent.), although this may have arisen independently after a similar formation in another Romance language; compare Italian †babbolo childish thing (17th cent., rare) and also post-classical Latin babulus babbler, fool (2nd cent. a.d. in Apuleius), Old Occitan babau fool. Historical development of the English word. Branch II. apparently shows some connection with babble v.² The branch may show an internal sense development of sense 1, perhaps with reference to the resemblance of the loose metal weights to a hanging ornament, in which case it may have influenced (or have been influenced by) babble v.² Alternatively, this branch could originally have shown a distinct word derived directly < babble v.² (perhaps in turn with influence from branch I. of bauble n.). Branch III. could conceivably have developed from either of these starting points; the development was probably influenced by both branches, and probably reinforced by the connotations of foolishness of babble v.² and related words.

I. An ornament, trinket, or toy, and related senses.

a. A small ornament, piece of jewellery, decorative accessory, etc., that is showy or attractive but typically inexpensive or of little value; a trinket, a knick-knack.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > [noun] > cheap or gaudy > gewgaw or trinket

baublec1330

gaudc1430

gayc1475

strincate1489

trim-tram1523

gewgawa1529

trinketa1533

toy1548

gaudy1555

baublery1583

trinkilo1631

jingle-jangle1640

prettiness1649

trinkum1665

knacka1677

knick-knack1682

trinkum-trankum1699

knick-knacket1793

knick-knackery1812

trankum1819

gaw1822

pretty1882

trinklet1897

mathom1954

tchotchke1968

c1330 Simonie (Auch.) (1991) l. 272 Nu nis no squier of pris..But if þat he bere a babel and a long berd.

?c1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 237 This febyll world..Promoteth his louers for a lytell while, But at the last he yeveth hem a bable.

1584 R. Wilson Three Ladies of London sig. B.ii^v Amber, Jeat, Corall, Christall, and euery such bable, That is slight, prettie and pleasant.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. iii. 82 It is [a] paltrie cap,..a bauble, a silken pie.

1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) ii. iii. ii. 292 Wherein lyes their worth & sufficiency? in a few cotes of armes..and such like bables.

1740 H. Walpole Corr. I. 69 A little box of bawbles that I have bought for presents.

1755 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 386 I send you enclosed what I am sure you will value above a Bath bauble,—the picture of a friend.

1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 22 Forester looked upon a watch as a useless bauble.

1877 L. Dande Blue Blood xi. 185 He lifted..earings and necklace of imitation pearls. Then his brow contracted as he held the pretty baubles in his hand.

1969 M. H. Wolf Vermont is always with You 81 Mail-order catalogues are filled with an incongruous assortment of shiny luxurious gifts,..treasures that will be cherished for a lifetime and baubles that will be broken or forgotten.

2012 Times 1 Mar. 67/4 In another life she would have been designing sparkly baubles to hang around the neck.

b. A decoration hung on a Christmas tree, (now) esp. a small, light, brightly-coloured or shiny ball made of glass or plastic.In earliest use perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a.Now rare in North American use, where the more general term ornament is more common.

ΚΠ

1862 Observer 28 Dec. 7/3 There was a Christmas tree of giant growth, covered with tempting baubles.

1872 Janesville (Wisconsin) Gaz. 17 Dec. Others..make of their Christmas-trees mere show-pieces, on which to arrange artistically the glittering baubles, the stars, angels, etc.

1896 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 26 Dec. 6/4 As hollow and fragile as the glass baubles which are put on Christmas trees.

1980 N.Y. Times 14 Dec. xi. 26 The Scotch pine near the bookcase is dressed for a party and so are we. The tree sparkles, its baubles shine.

1992 Ideal Home (BNC) Dec. 42 The tree has pride of place, decorated with purple, red and gold baubles with strings of pearl beads and silver cord garlands draped from branch to branch for a touch of elegance.

2020 Irish Times (Nexis) 5 Dec. 16 Bringing an evergreen tree into our homes before Christmas to decorate with lights and baubles is one of the most enduring traditions of the festive season.

†2. An object for children to play with; a toy, a plaything. Obsolete.

ΘΚΠ

society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > [noun]

beaubeletc1205

juelet1340

trifle1375

geara1400

gaudc1430

jape1436

playing thing1440

baublea1475

playock1508

gewgawa1529

toy?1565

gay1577

gambol1579

ruggle1598

frolic1650

playthinga1674

wally1692

sporting-piece1740

playferea1774

play material1897

play-pretty1905

a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 117 He þat no good can..He shalle neuer y-thryve, þerfore take to hym a babulle.

1528 J. Skelton Honorificatissimo: Replycacion agaynst Yong Scolers sig. Av^v Marked in your cradels To beare fagottes for babyls.

1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. B4^v To beguile mine appetite as women do their children..when they giue them a bable to play withall.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Poupée, a babie; a puppet or bable.

1652 Sectary Dissected 24 Give the childe his bable before he cry.

1814 R. Southey Roderick xix. 70 The little hand which there Played with the bauble.

1915 Altamont (N.Y.) Enterprise 10 Dec. There is hardly a new war tool of importance which has not to some degree furnished a pattern for a child's bauble.

3. figurative and extended uses denoting a person or thing regarded as inferior or of little importance.In some uses perhaps influenced by sense 7a.

†a. derogatory. A religious practice, ceremony, object, etc., regarded as meaningless, worthless, or superstitious: (more generally) a superstitious belief, practice, etc. Cf. toy n. 4b, trinket n.¹ 3. Obsolete except as a specific use of sense 3d.Frequently used during the English Reformation by Protestant writers to refer to religious practices and objects associated with Roman Catholicism.

ΘΚΠ

society > faith > aspects of faith > superstition > [noun] > instance

freita1300

superstitiona1450

bauble1548

1548 W. Turner New Dialogue Messe sig. B.vii^v They must breake the hooste in .iii. partes..wyth all the other superstitions toyes and bables aboue rehersed.

1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 456 Their Agnus Dei, their graines of the Trinitie, and such other gaudes and bables.

1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cci. 628 All..in that Popedome..is but a confused hotchpotch of all maner of superstitions... What a thing is it if we shall now fashion our selues lyke vnto them, and suffer a sort of pelting bables or ceremonies to bee layd vppon vs?

1613 G. Wither Abuses Stript ii. i. sig. N5 If the salt fall toward them at table, Or any such like superstitious bable, Their mirth is spoild.

1650 R. Stapleton tr. F. Strada De Bello Belgico ii. 42 Others..perswaded them not to suffer a new Tribunal to be erected, to bolster up the Romish bawbles, and the Spanish superstition.

1707 E. Ward Hudibras Redivivus II. vii. 24 In Triumph, thus the Popish Bauble, Was carry'd by the scoundrel Rabble.

1927 Theosophy (Los Angeles) Dec. 91 One could wish that the Catholic Church had refrained from..hanging about his neck that bauble of meretricious superstition [sc. canonization].

b. A person regarded as of little importance or worth; (now usually) a person, esp. a woman, regarded as amusing or attractive but unimportant.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > one who is unimportant

unknownc1390

pawnc1450

semi-cipher?1550

bauble1570

Jack with the feather1581

nobody1583

winterling1585

squash1600

rush candle1628

niflec1635

nullity1657

nonentity1710

featherweight1812

underscrub1822

nyaff1825

small fish1836

no-account1840

little fish1846

peanut1864

commonplacer1874

sparrow-fart1886

Little Willie1901

pipsqueak1905

nebbish1907

pie-biter1911

blob1916

smallie1930

no-count1932

zilch1933

Mickey Mouse1935

muzhik1945

nerd1951

nothingburger1953

nerk1955

non-person1959

no-mark1982

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > one who is unimportant > puppet or toy

hackneya1500

toy1573

creature1587

puppet1592

motion1602

baublea1616

plaything1680

dummy1866

1570 Tressoun of Dumbartane in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 171 But thow, vaine bable, bouistrit up in pryde.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. i. 132 Thither comes this bauble, by this hand she fals thus about my neck.

1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. Pref. p. xvii Nor can I bring him [sc. the Coxcomb] in without an Apology for interrupting my worthy Audience with a Bauble of his Nothingness.

1820 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 24 Oct. George of England must feel..how heartily despised and entirely useless a bauble he is.

1903 H. Clifford Free Lance of Today vi. 46 It is so delightful to find someone like yourself, who..sees in a woman an object worthy of worship, not a mere bauble, a plaything.

2003 H. Turtledove Jaws of Darkness (2004) 209 She was madly in love with Iskakis... She was just a bauble to him. And how will he use her, now?

c. A small or flimsy boat, esp. one considered likely to sink when bearing a heavy load or in rough seas. Cf. bauble boat at Compounds 1. Now rare.

ΘΚΠ

society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > [noun] > small vessel > small boat > and fragile

bauble1596

walnut-shell1614

cockleshell1786

wash-deck tub1878

1596 W. Raleigh Discoverie Guiana (new ed.) 36 Being doubtful how to carrie victuals for so long a time in such bables.

a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. i. 27 His Shipping (Poore ignorant Baubles)..Like Egge-shels mou'd vpon their Surges, crack'd As easily 'gainst our Rockes.

1719 King of Pirates 79 We durst not put out to Sea in such a Bauble of a Boat as we had under us.

1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. iv. 168 It was impossible such a bawble as that could pass round Cape Horn.

1880 H. W. French Castle Foam vii. 58 She unbound a light canoe. The prince looked doubtfully at the frail bauble.

1983 N. Springer Golden Swan 8 He knew that cold, swelling, limitless expanse that surrounded Isle—and amidst all that vastness a speck, a floating cockleshell, a mere bauble of a boat, a coracle.

d. A matter or thing of little or no value or importance; a trifle. Also: something that is superficially appealing but of little or no intrinsic worth.

ΘΚΠ

the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > that which is unimportant > worthless

hawc1000

turdc1275

fille1297

dusta1300

lead1303

skitc1330

naught1340

vanityc1340

wrakea1350

rushc1350

dirt1357

fly's wing1377

goose-wing1377

fartc1390

chaff?a1400

nutshella1400

shalec1400

yardc1400

wrack1472

pelfrya1529

trasha1529

dreg1531

trish-trash1542

alchemy1547

beggary?1548

rubbish1548

pelfa1555

chip1556

stark naught1562

paltry?1566

rubbish1566

riff-raff1570

bran1574

baggage1579

nihil1579

trush-trash1582

stubblea1591

tartar1590

garbage1592

bag of winda1599

a cracked or slit groat1600

kitchen stuff1600

tilta1603

nothing?1608

bauble1609

countera1616

a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop1620

buttermilk1630

dross1632

paltrement1641

cattle1643

bagatelle1647

nothingness1652

brimborion1653

stuff1670

flap-dragon1700

mud1706

caput mortuuma1711

snuff1778

twaddle1786

powder-post1790

traffic1828

junk1836

duffer1852

shice1859

punk1869

hogwash1870

cagmag1875

shit1890

tosh1892

tripe1895

dreck1905

schlock1906

cannon fodder1917

shite1928

skunk1929

crut1937

chickenshit1938

crud1943

Mickey Mouse1958

gick1959

garbo1978

turd1978

pants1994

1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus sig. B Young men and maides should be trayned vp in Musicke, not to the end their mindes might be incited to wantonnesse by those bawbles, which make Art to be so vilely reputed of: but [etc.].

1630 J. Taylor Great Eater of Kent 13 The Spanish potato, he holds as a bable, and the Italian figge he esteemes as poyson.

1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus in Wks. (1731) I. 184 Of Figs..the White, the Blue, and the Tawny: The last is very small, bears ill, and I think but a Bawble.

1838 T. B. Macaulay in G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay (1876) II. i. 29 The Right Honourable before my name is a bauble.

1871 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos xiv. 195 Are all earthly joys, and honours, and pleasures a bauble, compared with..the splendours of immortality?

1950 H. M. Robinson Cardinal v. 562 The grandeur of earthly pomp, the gauds of fame, the baubles of power, and the transient adulation of men—all, all would vanish as a spark amid darkness.

2020 Scottish Daily Mail (Nexis) 17 Oct. 113 When other broadcasters saw Scottish football as a worthless bauble, Sky agreed to shell out £25 million per annum for the next five years.

4. slang. In plural. The testicles. Cf. ball n.¹ 12a, jewel n. 7.In quot. 1654 as part of an extended pun relating to procreation, and perhaps with a more general bawdy allusion to the male genitals; cf. sense 8.

ΚΠ

1654 Mercurius Fumigosus No. 27. 234 For shame Old-Cooks destroy not Eggs in bawbles, When the good souls do need them to make Cawdles.

1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Bawbels, or bawbles,..a man's testicles.

1971 R. M. Koster Prince (1979) xxxiv. 270 They tug the shorts under my butt, bunch in my baubles.

2000 P. Carey True Hist. Kelly Gang (2001) 44 I punched him in the bawbles.

a2007 J. Gardner Moriarty (2008) ix. 128 I'm to kick 'em in the baubles if they try anything on.

†II. Senses referring to an instrument with a ball or mass of lead attached.

5. A spiked lead ball at the end of a scourge or whip; (also) a whip terminating in such an object or objects. Obsolete.

ΚΠ

c1390 Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 359 Þe Iewes..maden hem scorges wiþ babeles [a1450 Harl. 2406 balles] of led & scharpe prikkes on þe endes and beoten Cristes precious bodi þer-wiþ.

a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 191 (MED) Eche scorge had viij babelys of leed on þe ende, & euery babyl was ful of scharp prekelys as it had ben þe rowelys of a spor.

c1450 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Calig.) (1985) l. 519 Mony a þowsand deuelles full kene..hyede hem..Tho wrecched sowlus to bete & payne, Wyth brenn[ande] bables [1451 Royal babilles, a1500 Adv. baelys] on hem þey [d]onge.

6. An instrument for weighing or measuring (consisting of a stick with lead weights fixed or suspended at one end). Obsolete. [Bauble is here used to gloss Latin pegma (see quots. 1440, 1570) and Latin librilla (see quots. a1425, 1440). Classical Latin pegma denotes some kind of theatrical scaffolding (see pegma n.), but in post-classical Latin the word is also found in British glossarial sources from the 12th cent. denoting an instrument for measuring or weighing. Post-classical Latin librilla is attested from the 13th cent. denoting an instrument for measuring weight consisting of a stick with lead weights at one end (also 15th-cent. in a British glossarial source).]

ΘΚΠ

the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > other weighing apparatus

poundereOE

auncel1298

baublea1425

shaft1429

poundrelc1450

peson1459

trebuchet1550

handsale1607

trolley-scale1909

a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 37^v Librella, a bable.

Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 20 Babulle or bable [1499 Pynson babyll], librilla, pegma.

1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Kiii^v/2 Bable, pegma.

III. A jester's staff, and related senses.Also more fully fool's bauble.

a. A short staff carried by a fool or jester as a mock emblem of office. Cf. marotte n. 1. Now chiefly historical.A fool's bauble was typically adorned at the end with a miniature replica of a fool's head (sometimes with an ass's ears), or sometimes with a pouch or bladder filled with sand, dried peas, etc.

ΘΚΠ

society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > staff or rod > mock, as carried by jester

baublea1393

society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > performance of jester or comedian > [noun] > jester's bauble

baublea1393

marotte1611

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 3955 The kinges fol..that with his babil pleide.

a1500 Roberd of Cisyle (Cambr. Ff.2.38) (1879) l. 160 ‘Thou art a fole,’ seyde the aungell..‘Thy babull schall be thy dygnyte.’

1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. lxxix. 428 Fashioned like a fooles bable.

1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. i. 79 An ideot holds his bauble for a God.

1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Fol If all fooles bables bore, wood would be very deere.

1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. xiii. 326 The licensed jester..brandished his bauble.

1863 Archaeol. Jrnl. June 181 The head of a fool's marotte or bauble, of brass, with a long peaked hood attached.

1998 V. K. Janik Fools & Jesters in Lit., Art & Hist. 6 Holbein's fool wears a hood with ass's ears and bells and carries a bauble with a fool's head on its end.

2001 B. K. Otto Fools are Everywhere (2007) ii. 50 Nicolo becomes court jester to the new king, complete with cap and bauble.

†b. As a metonym for foolishness in expressions indicating that a person has acted foolishly or been made to look a fool, e.g. to deserve the bauble, to give (a person) the bauble. Obsolete.Cf. to crown with a marotte at marotte n. 1.

ΚΠ

1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xliii Suche is a fole and well worthy a babyll.

1599 Master Broughtons Lett. Answered v. 17 Not sparing the holy fathers of the Church..but giuing some the bable..befooling the penner of the Creede.

1606 J. Day Ile of Guls sig. H4 If in any thing your wits deserue the bable tis in that.

c. Used with contemptuous or dismissive reference to the ceremonial mace of the British House of Commons (cf. mace n.² 2a). Usually with reference or allusion to a reported use by Oliver Cromwell when dissolving the Rump Parliament; see quots. 1653, a1675.In some later uses probably influenced by sense 1a.

ΚΠ

1653 S. Mewce Let. 21 Apr. in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 7 The Generall [sc. Cromwell]..made a sharp speech..and then comanded that bable the mace to bee taken awaye.

a1675 B. Whitelocke Memorials Eng. Affairs (1682) anno 1653 529/2 He [sc. Cromwell] bid one of his Soldiers to take away that fools bable, the Mace.

1836 C. MacFarlane Bk. Table-talk I. xlv. 254 However desirous any member may be to ask the prisoner a question, he cannot do so, because the mace is not on the table... The Speaker..is the only person allowed to speak when his bauble is away.

1845 Parl. Deb. 3rd Ser. 77 859 The sooner some new Cromwell appears, and removes ‘that bauble’, and turns us all out, the better.

1988 Guardian (Nexis) 20 May Mr Brown..returned to Parliament yesterday after a 28-day suspension... He [had] picked up the mace and dropped it to the floor, denting it slightly... Mr Brown was unapologetic. ‘If that bauble or ornament is more important than all the struggle there is something wrong with this party.’

2019 @jeffsafc 28 Aug. in twitter.com (accessed 19 Oct. 2021) Waiting for #BorisJohnson to throw the mace onto the floor and shout, ‘Away with this fool's bauble’.

†8. slang. The penis. Obsolete.Usually punning on sense 7a, and sometimes alluding to the once popular idea (sometimes expressed as a proverb: see quots. 1633, 1749) that a man of impaired intelligence would have a larger penis than others.

ΚΠ

1593 Passionate Morrice sig. B3 He..was pleased by her, with wagging his bawble, and ringing his bell, while she pickt his pocket and cut his pursse... A prettie sleight of a slattering Slut.

1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. iii. 85 This driueling loue is like a great naturall, that runs vp and downe to hide his bable in a hole.

a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iv. iv. 30 I would giue his wife my bauble sir to doe her seruice.

1633 J. Ford 'Tis Pitty shee's Whore i. sig. B4 They say a fooles bable is a Ladies playfellow.

1667 Ballad in J. H. Wilson Court Satires Restoration (1976) 11 Tom fool may thank G. for his bauble.

1707 Fifteen Plagues of Maiden-Head 8 Her Husband's bauble is so short, That when he Hunts, he never shews her Sport.

1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 189 It was full manifest that he inherited, and largely too, the prerogative of majesty, which distinguishes that otherwise most unfortunate condition, and gives rise to the vulgar saying, ‘That a fool's bauble is a lady's play-fellow’.

Compounds

C1. As a modifier, designating something small, trifling, or insignificant. Esp. (and earliest) in bauble boat: a small or flimsy boat (cf. sense 3c, baubling adj. 1). Now rare.

ΚΠ

1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 34 How many shallow bauble boates dare saile, Vpon her ancient brest.

1730 C. Coffey Female Parson ii. iii. 25 Have I thus long spent my Hopes in vain, put of from time to time with trifling Scruples of that Bauble Virtue, the foolish Niceness of your artful Sex?

1798 W. Cowper Poems: On Receipt Mother's Picture 5 Delighted with my bauble coach.

1816 T. Ashe Soldier of Fortune I. xxv. 237 Many bauble boats have courage to set their sails on a smooth ocean.

1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country i. 47 Yonder bauble world Of silvered glass.

1932 G. L. Bickersteth tr. Dante Paradiso iii. xxiii. 205 No sea-way for a bauble-boat [It. picciola barca] is this cut by my daring keel.

C2.

† bauble-bearer n. Obsolete a jester, a court fool (cf. sense 7a).

ΚΠ

1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) l. 2656 in Wks. (1931) II. 250 Thir Iuglaris, Iestouris, and ydill hensouris, Thir cariowris, and thir quynte sensouris, Thir babill beraris, and thair bairdis.

1896 Godey's Mag. Mar. 299/1 History..is full of accounts of little folk who supplanted the court-jesters, and spoke with even more courage than the bauble-bearers.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022).

单词	bauble
释义	baublen. Brit. /ˈbɔːbl/, U.S. /ˈbɔb(ə)l/, /ˈbɑb(ə)l/ Forms: Middle English babil, Middle English babull, Middle English babulle, Middle English babylle, Middle English–1500s babel, Middle English–1500s babyl, Middle English–1500s babyll, Middle English–1600s bable, 1500s babble, 1500s babell, 1500s babill, 1500s– bauble, 1500s– bawble. Origin: Apparently a borrowing from French. Etymons: French babel, baubel. Etymology: Apparently < Old French babel, baubel child's toy, trinket, little present (13th cent., rare), of uncertain origin (see note). In branch II. apparently also connected with babble v.², although the nature of the relationship is unclear (see note).Origin of the Old French word. The origin of the Old French word is unclear. It may be related to Anglo-Norman beubelet , beaubelet jewel ( < beau beautiful (see beau adj.) + belet jewel ( < bel beautiful (see beau adj.) + -et -et suffix¹)). Compare post-classical Latin baubellum jewel, trinket (c1200 in a British source). Alternatively it may show a suffixed reflex of a Romance base with connotations of indistinct speech and hence childishness and foolishness, ultimately < the syllable /ba/ which is characteristic of early infantile vocalization (compare babble v.¹). Compare the later Middle French babole , Middle French, French babiole trinket, child's toy (16th cent.), although this may have arisen independently after a similar formation in another Romance language; compare Italian †babbolo childish thing (17th cent., rare) and also post-classical Latin babulus babbler, fool (2nd cent. a.d. in Apuleius), Old Occitan babau fool. Historical development of the English word. Branch II. apparently shows some connection with babble v.² The branch may show an internal sense development of sense 1, perhaps with reference to the resemblance of the loose metal weights to a hanging ornament, in which case it may have influenced (or have been influenced by) babble v.² Alternatively, this branch could originally have shown a distinct word derived directly < babble v.² (perhaps in turn with influence from branch I. of bauble n.). Branch III. could conceivably have developed from either of these starting points; the development was probably influenced by both branches, and probably reinforced by the connotations of foolishness of babble v.² and related words. I. An ornament, trinket, or toy, and related senses. 1. a. A small ornament, piece of jewellery, decorative accessory, etc., that is showy or attractive but typically inexpensive or of little value; a trinket, a knick-knack. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > beautification > types of ornamentation > [noun] > cheap or gaudy > gewgaw or trinket baublec1330 gaudc1430 gayc1475 strincate1489 trim-tram1523 gewgawa1529 trinketa1533 toy1548 gaudy1555 baublery1583 trinkilo1631 jingle-jangle1640 prettiness1649 trinkum1665 knacka1677 knick-knack1682 trinkum-trankum1699 knick-knacket1793 knick-knackery1812 trankum1819 gaw1822 pretty1882 trinklet1897 mathom1954 tchotchke1968 c1330 Simonie (Auch.) (1991) l. 272 Nu nis no squier of pris..But if þat he bere a babel and a long berd. ?c1500 in C. Brown Relig. Lyrics 15th Cent. (1939) 237 This febyll world..Promoteth his louers for a lytell while, But at the last he yeveth hem a bable. 1584 R. Wilson Three Ladies of London sig. B.ii^v Amber, Jeat, Corall, Christall, and euery such bable, That is slight, prettie and pleasant. a1616 W. Shakespeare Taming of Shrew (1623) iv. iii. 82 It is [a] paltrie cap,..a bauble, a silken pie. View more context for this quotation 1628 R. Burton Anat. Melancholy (ed. 3) ii. iii. ii. 292 Wherein lyes their worth & sufficiency? in a few cotes of armes..and such like bables. 1740 H. Walpole Corr. I. 69 A little box of bawbles that I have bought for presents. 1755 M. Delany Autobiogr. & Corr. (1861) III. 386 I send you enclosed what I am sure you will value above a Bath bauble,—the picture of a friend. 1801 M. Edgeworth Forester in Moral Tales I. 22 Forester looked upon a watch as a useless bauble. 1877 L. Dande Blue Blood xi. 185 He lifted..earings and necklace of imitation pearls. Then his brow contracted as he held the pretty baubles in his hand. 1969 M. H. Wolf Vermont is always with You 81 Mail-order catalogues are filled with an incongruous assortment of shiny luxurious gifts,..treasures that will be cherished for a lifetime and baubles that will be broken or forgotten. 2012 Times 1 Mar. 67/4 In another life she would have been designing sparkly baubles to hang around the neck. b. A decoration hung on a Christmas tree, (now) esp. a small, light, brightly-coloured or shiny ball made of glass or plastic.In earliest use perhaps simply a contextual use of sense 1a.Now rare in North American use, where the more general term ornament is more common. ΚΠ 1862 Observer 28 Dec. 7/3 There was a Christmas tree of giant growth, covered with tempting baubles. 1872 Janesville (Wisconsin) Gaz. 17 Dec. Others..make of their Christmas-trees mere show-pieces, on which to arrange artistically the glittering baubles, the stars, angels, etc. 1896 Brooklyn Daily Eagle 26 Dec. 6/4 As hollow and fragile as the glass baubles which are put on Christmas trees. 1980 N.Y. Times 14 Dec. xi. 26 The Scotch pine near the bookcase is dressed for a party and so are we. The tree sparkles, its baubles shine. 1992 Ideal Home (BNC) Dec. 42 The tree has pride of place, decorated with purple, red and gold baubles with strings of pearl beads and silver cord garlands draped from branch to branch for a touch of elegance. 2020 Irish Times (Nexis) 5 Dec. 16 Bringing an evergreen tree into our homes before Christmas to decorate with lights and baubles is one of the most enduring traditions of the festive season. †2. An object for children to play with; a toy, a plaything. Obsolete. ΘΚΠ society > leisure > entertainment > toy or plaything > [noun] beaubeletc1205 juelet1340 trifle1375 geara1400 gaudc1430 jape1436 playing thing1440 baublea1475 playock1508 gewgawa1529 toy?1565 gay1577 gambol1579 ruggle1598 frolic1650 playthinga1674 wally1692 sporting-piece1740 playferea1774 play material1897 play-pretty1905 a1475 J. Russell Bk. Nurture (Harl. 4011) in Babees Bk. (2002) i. 117 He þat no good can..He shalle neuer y-thryve, þerfore take to hym a babulle. 1528 J. Skelton Honorificatissimo: Replycacion agaynst Yong Scolers sig. Av^v Marked in your cradels To beare fagottes for babyls. 1590 ‘Pasquil’ First Pt. Pasquils Apol. sig. B4^v To beguile mine appetite as women do their children..when they giue them a bable to play withall. 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues Poupée, a babie; a puppet or bable. 1652 Sectary Dissected 24 Give the childe his bable before he cry. 1814 R. Southey Roderick xix. 70 The little hand which there Played with the bauble. 1915 Altamont (N.Y.) Enterprise 10 Dec. There is hardly a new war tool of importance which has not to some degree furnished a pattern for a child's bauble. 3. figurative and extended uses denoting a person or thing regarded as inferior or of little importance.In some uses perhaps influenced by sense 7a. †a. derogatory. A religious practice, ceremony, object, etc., regarded as meaningless, worthless, or superstitious: (more generally) a superstitious belief, practice, etc. Cf. toy n. 4b, trinket n.¹ 3. Obsolete except as a specific use of sense 3d.Frequently used during the English Reformation by Protestant writers to refer to religious practices and objects associated with Roman Catholicism. ΘΚΠ society > faith > aspects of faith > superstition > [noun] > instance freita1300 superstitiona1450 bauble1548 1548 W. Turner New Dialogue Messe sig. B.vii^v They must breake the hooste in .iii. partes..wyth all the other superstitions toyes and bables aboue rehersed. 1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 456 Their Agnus Dei, their graines of the Trinitie, and such other gaudes and bables. 1583 A. Golding tr. J. Calvin Serm. on Deuteronomie cci. 628 All..in that Popedome..is but a confused hotchpotch of all maner of superstitions... What a thing is it if we shall now fashion our selues lyke vnto them, and suffer a sort of pelting bables or ceremonies to bee layd vppon vs? 1613 G. Wither Abuses Stript ii. i. sig. N5 If the salt fall toward them at table, Or any such like superstitious bable, Their mirth is spoild. 1650 R. Stapleton tr. F. Strada De Bello Belgico ii. 42 Others..perswaded them not to suffer a new Tribunal to be erected, to bolster up the Romish bawbles, and the Spanish superstition. 1707 E. Ward Hudibras Redivivus II. vii. 24 In Triumph, thus the Popish Bauble, Was carry'd by the scoundrel Rabble. 1927 Theosophy (Los Angeles) Dec. 91 One could wish that the Catholic Church had refrained from..hanging about his neck that bauble of meretricious superstition [sc. canonization]. b. A person regarded as of little importance or worth; (now usually) a person, esp. a woman, regarded as amusing or attractive but unimportant. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > one who is unimportant unknownc1390 pawnc1450 semi-cipher?1550 bauble1570 Jack with the feather1581 nobody1583 winterling1585 squash1600 rush candle1628 niflec1635 nullity1657 nonentity1710 featherweight1812 underscrub1822 nyaff1825 small fish1836 no-account1840 little fish1846 peanut1864 commonplacer1874 sparrow-fart1886 Little Willie1901 pipsqueak1905 nebbish1907 pie-biter1911 blob1916 smallie1930 no-count1932 zilch1933 Mickey Mouse1935 muzhik1945 nerd1951 nothingburger1953 nerk1955 non-person1959 no-mark1982 the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > one who is unimportant > puppet or toy hackneya1500 toy1573 creature1587 puppet1592 motion1602 baublea1616 plaything1680 dummy1866 1570 Tressoun of Dumbartane in J. Cranstoun Satirical Poems Reformation (1891) I. 171 But thow, vaine bable, bouistrit up in pryde. a1616 W. Shakespeare Othello (1622) iv. i. 132 Thither comes this bauble, by this hand she fals thus about my neck. View more context for this quotation 1728 J. Morgan Compl. Hist. Algiers I. Pref. p. xvii Nor can I bring him [sc. the Coxcomb] in without an Apology for interrupting my worthy Audience with a Bauble of his Nothingness. 1820 Daily National Intelligencer (Washington) 24 Oct. George of England must feel..how heartily despised and entirely useless a bauble he is. 1903 H. Clifford Free Lance of Today vi. 46 It is so delightful to find someone like yourself, who..sees in a woman an object worthy of worship, not a mere bauble, a plaything. 2003 H. Turtledove Jaws of Darkness (2004) 209 She was madly in love with Iskakis... She was just a bauble to him. And how will he use her, now? c. A small or flimsy boat, esp. one considered likely to sink when bearing a heavy load or in rough seas. Cf. bauble boat at Compounds 1. Now rare. ΘΚΠ society > travel > travel by water > vessel, ship, or boat > [noun] > small vessel > small boat > and fragile bauble1596 walnut-shell1614 cockleshell1786 wash-deck tub1878 1596 W. Raleigh Discoverie Guiana (new ed.) 36 Being doubtful how to carrie victuals for so long a time in such bables. a1616 W. Shakespeare Cymbeline (1623) iii. i. 27 His Shipping (Poore ignorant Baubles)..Like Egge-shels mou'd vpon their Surges, crack'd As easily 'gainst our Rockes. View more context for this quotation 1719 King of Pirates 79 We durst not put out to Sea in such a Bauble of a Boat as we had under us. 1748 B. Robins & R. Walter Voy. round World by Anson ii. iv. 168 It was impossible such a bawble as that could pass round Cape Horn. 1880 H. W. French Castle Foam vii. 58 She unbound a light canoe. The prince looked doubtfully at the frail bauble. 1983 N. Springer Golden Swan 8 He knew that cold, swelling, limitless expanse that surrounded Isle—and amidst all that vastness a speck, a floating cockleshell, a mere bauble of a boat, a coracle. d. A matter or thing of little or no value or importance; a trifle. Also: something that is superficially appealing but of little or no intrinsic worth. ΘΚΠ the mind > attention and judgement > importance > unimportance > [noun] > that which is unimportant > worthless hawc1000 turdc1275 fille1297 dusta1300 lead1303 skitc1330 naught1340 vanityc1340 wrakea1350 rushc1350 dirt1357 fly's wing1377 goose-wing1377 fartc1390 chaff?a1400 nutshella1400 shalec1400 yardc1400 wrack1472 pelfrya1529 trasha1529 dreg1531 trish-trash1542 alchemy1547 beggary?1548 rubbish1548 pelfa1555 chip1556 stark naught1562 paltry?1566 rubbish1566 riff-raff1570 bran1574 baggage1579 nihil1579 trush-trash1582 stubblea1591 tartar1590 garbage1592 bag of winda1599 a cracked or slit groat1600 kitchen stuff1600 tilta1603 nothing?1608 bauble1609 countera1616 a pair of Yorkshire sleeves in a goldsmith's shop1620 buttermilk1630 dross1632 paltrement1641 cattle1643 bagatelle1647 nothingness1652 brimborion1653 stuff1670 flap-dragon1700 mud1706 caput mortuuma1711 snuff1778 twaddle1786 powder-post1790 traffic1828 junk1836 duffer1852 shice1859 punk1869 hogwash1870 cagmag1875 shit1890 tosh1892 tripe1895 dreck1905 schlock1906 cannon fodder1917 shite1928 skunk1929 crut1937 chickenshit1938 crud1943 Mickey Mouse1958 gick1959 garbo1978 turd1978 pants1994 1609 J. Dowland tr. A. Ornithoparchus Micrologus sig. B Young men and maides should be trayned vp in Musicke, not to the end their mindes might be incited to wantonnesse by those bawbles, which make Art to be so vilely reputed of: but [etc.]. 1630 J. Taylor Great Eater of Kent 13 The Spanish potato, he holds as a bable, and the Italian figge he esteemes as poyson. 1690 W. Temple Ess. Gardens of Epicurus in Wks. (1731) I. 184 Of Figs..the White, the Blue, and the Tawny: The last is very small, bears ill, and I think but a Bawble. 1838 T. B. Macaulay in G. O. Trevelyan Life & Lett. Macaulay (1876) II. i. 29 The Right Honourable before my name is a bauble. 1871 J. R. Macduff Memories of Patmos xiv. 195 Are all earthly joys, and honours, and pleasures a bauble, compared with..the splendours of immortality? 1950 H. M. Robinson Cardinal v. 562 The grandeur of earthly pomp, the gauds of fame, the baubles of power, and the transient adulation of men—all, all would vanish as a spark amid darkness. 2020 Scottish Daily Mail (Nexis) 17 Oct. 113 When other broadcasters saw Scottish football as a worthless bauble, Sky agreed to shell out £25 million per annum for the next five years. 4. slang. In plural. The testicles. Cf. ball n.¹ 12a, jewel n. 7.In quot. 1654 as part of an extended pun relating to procreation, and perhaps with a more general bawdy allusion to the male genitals; cf. sense 8. ΚΠ 1654 Mercurius Fumigosus No. 27. 234 For shame Old-Cooks destroy not Eggs in bawbles, When the good souls do need them to make Cawdles. 1785 F. Grose Classical Dict. Vulgar Tongue Bawbels, or bawbles,..a man's testicles. 1971 R. M. Koster Prince (1979) xxxiv. 270 They tug the shorts under my butt, bunch in my baubles. 2000 P. Carey True Hist. Kelly Gang (2001) 44 I punched him in the bawbles. a2007 J. Gardner Moriarty (2008) ix. 128 I'm to kick 'em in the baubles if they try anything on. †II. Senses referring to an instrument with a ball or mass of lead attached. 5. A spiked lead ball at the end of a scourge or whip; (also) a whip terminating in such an object or objects. Obsolete. ΚΠ c1390 Charter Abbey Holy Ghost (Vernon) in C. Horstmann Yorkshire Writers (1895) I. 359 Þe Iewes..maden hem scorges wiþ babeles [a1450 Harl. 2406 balles] of led & scharpe prikkes on þe endes and beoten Cristes precious bodi þer-wiþ. a1438 Bk. Margery Kempe (1940) i. 191 (MED) Eche scorge had viij babelys of leed on þe ende, & euery babyl was ful of scharp prekelys as it had ben þe rowelys of a spor. c1450 (c1400) Vision of Tundale (Calig.) (1985) l. 519 Mony a þowsand deuelles full kene..hyede hem..Tho wrecched sowlus to bete & payne, Wyth brenn[ande] bables [1451 Royal babilles, a1500 Adv. baelys] on hem þey [d]onge. 6. An instrument for weighing or measuring (consisting of a stick with lead weights fixed or suspended at one end). Obsolete. [Bauble is here used to gloss Latin pegma (see quots. 1440, 1570) and Latin librilla (see quots. a1425, 1440). Classical Latin pegma denotes some kind of theatrical scaffolding (see pegma n.), but in post-classical Latin the word is also found in British glossarial sources from the 12th cent. denoting an instrument for measuring or weighing. Post-classical Latin librilla is attested from the 13th cent. denoting an instrument for measuring weight consisting of a stick with lead weights at one end (also 15th-cent. in a British glossarial source).] ΘΚΠ the world > relative properties > measurement > measurement by weighing > equipment for weighing > [noun] > a weighing apparatus > other weighing apparatus poundereOE auncel1298 baublea1425 shaft1429 poundrelc1450 peson1459 trebuchet1550 handsale1607 trolley-scale1909 a1425 Medulla Gram. (Stonyhurst) f. 37^v Librella, a bable. Promptorium Parvulorum (Harl. 221) 20 Babulle or bable [1499 Pynson babyll], librilla, pegma. 1570 P. Levens Manipulus Vocabulorum sig. Kiii^v/2 Bable, pegma. III. A jester's staff, and related senses.Also more fully fool's bauble. 7. a. A short staff carried by a fool or jester as a mock emblem of office. Cf. marotte n. 1. Now chiefly historical.A fool's bauble was typically adorned at the end with a miniature replica of a fool's head (sometimes with an ass's ears), or sometimes with a pouch or bladder filled with sand, dried peas, etc. ΘΚΠ society > authority > office > symbol of office or authority > [noun] > staff or rod > mock, as carried by jester baublea1393 society > leisure > the arts > performance arts > performance of jester or comedian > [noun] > jester's bauble baublea1393 marotte1611 a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) vii. l. 3955 The kinges fol..that with his babil pleide. a1500 Roberd of Cisyle (Cambr. Ff.2.38) (1879) l. 160 ‘Thou art a fole,’ seyde the aungell..‘Thy babull schall be thy dygnyte.’ 1578 H. Lyte tr. R. Dodoens Niewe Herball iii. lxxix. 428 Fashioned like a fooles bable. 1594 W. Shakespeare Titus Andronicus v. i. 79 An ideot holds his bauble for a God. View more context for this quotation 1611 R. Cotgrave Dict. French & Eng. Tongues at Fol If all fooles bables bore, wood would be very deere. 1821 W. Scott Kenilworth II. xiii. 326 The licensed jester..brandished his bauble. 1863 Archaeol. Jrnl. June 181 The head of a fool's marotte or bauble, of brass, with a long peaked hood attached. 1998 V. K. Janik Fools & Jesters in Lit., Art & Hist. 6 Holbein's fool wears a hood with ass's ears and bells and carries a bauble with a fool's head on its end. 2001 B. K. Otto Fools are Everywhere (2007) ii. 50 Nicolo becomes court jester to the new king, complete with cap and bauble. †b. As a metonym for foolishness in expressions indicating that a person has acted foolishly or been made to look a fool, e.g. to deserve the bauble, to give (a person) the bauble. Obsolete.Cf. to crown with a marotte at marotte n. 1. ΚΠ 1509 A. Barclay Brant's Shyp of Folys (Pynson) f. xliii Suche is a fole and well worthy a babyll. 1599 Master Broughtons Lett. Answered v. 17 Not sparing the holy fathers of the Church..but giuing some the bable..befooling the penner of the Creede. 1606 J. Day Ile of Guls sig. H4 If in any thing your wits deserue the bable tis in that. c. Used with contemptuous or dismissive reference to the ceremonial mace of the British House of Commons (cf. mace n.² 2a). Usually with reference or allusion to a reported use by Oliver Cromwell when dissolving the Rump Parliament; see quots. 1653, a1675.In some later uses probably influenced by sense 1a. ΚΠ 1653 S. Mewce Let. 21 Apr. in E. M. Thompson Corr. Family of Hatton (1878) I. 7 The Generall [sc. Cromwell]..made a sharp speech..and then comanded that bable the mace to bee taken awaye. a1675 B. Whitelocke Memorials Eng. Affairs (1682) anno 1653 529/2 He [sc. Cromwell] bid one of his Soldiers to take away that fools bable, the Mace. 1836 C. MacFarlane Bk. Table-talk I. xlv. 254 However desirous any member may be to ask the prisoner a question, he cannot do so, because the mace is not on the table... The Speaker..is the only person allowed to speak when his bauble is away. 1845 Parl. Deb. 3rd Ser. 77 859 The sooner some new Cromwell appears, and removes ‘that bauble’, and turns us all out, the better. 1988 Guardian (Nexis) 20 May Mr Brown..returned to Parliament yesterday after a 28-day suspension... He [had] picked up the mace and dropped it to the floor, denting it slightly... Mr Brown was unapologetic. ‘If that bauble or ornament is more important than all the struggle there is something wrong with this party.’ 2019 @jeffsafc 28 Aug. in twitter.com (accessed 19 Oct. 2021) Waiting for #BorisJohnson to throw the mace onto the floor and shout, ‘Away with this fool's bauble’. †8. slang. The penis. Obsolete.Usually punning on sense 7a, and sometimes alluding to the once popular idea (sometimes expressed as a proverb: see quots. 1633, 1749) that a man of impaired intelligence would have a larger penis than others. ΚΠ 1593 Passionate Morrice sig. B3 He..was pleased by her, with wagging his bawble, and ringing his bell, while she pickt his pocket and cut his pursse... A prettie sleight of a slattering Slut. 1597 W. Shakespeare Romeo & Juliet ii. iii. 85 This driueling loue is like a great naturall, that runs vp and downe to hide his bable in a hole. View more context for this quotation a1616 W. Shakespeare All's Well that ends Well (1623) iv. iv. 30 I would giue his wife my bauble sir to doe her seruice. View more context for this quotation 1633 J. Ford 'Tis Pitty shee's Whore i. sig. B4 They say a fooles bable is a Ladies playfellow. 1667 Ballad in J. H. Wilson Court Satires Restoration (1976) 11 Tom fool may thank G. for his bauble. 1707 Fifteen Plagues of Maiden-Head 8 Her Husband's bauble is so short, That when he Hunts, he never shews her Sport. 1749 J. Cleland Mem. Woman of Pleasure II. 189 It was full manifest that he inherited, and largely too, the prerogative of majesty, which distinguishes that otherwise most unfortunate condition, and gives rise to the vulgar saying, ‘That a fool's bauble is a lady's play-fellow’. Compounds C1. As a modifier, designating something small, trifling, or insignificant. Esp. (and earliest) in bauble boat: a small or flimsy boat (cf. sense 3c, baubling adj. 1). Now rare. ΚΠ 1609 W. Shakespeare Troilus & Cressida i. iii. 34 How many shallow bauble boates dare saile, Vpon her ancient brest. 1730 C. Coffey Female Parson ii. iii. 25 Have I thus long spent my Hopes in vain, put of from time to time with trifling Scruples of that Bauble Virtue, the foolish Niceness of your artful Sex? 1798 W. Cowper Poems: On Receipt Mother's Picture 5 Delighted with my bauble coach. 1816 T. Ashe Soldier of Fortune I. xxv. 237 Many bauble boats have courage to set their sails on a smooth ocean. 1873 R. Browning Red Cotton Night-cap Country i. 47 Yonder bauble world Of silvered glass. 1932 G. L. Bickersteth tr. Dante Paradiso iii. xxiii. 205 No sea-way for a bauble-boat [It. picciola barca] is this cut by my daring keel. C2. † bauble-bearer n. Obsolete a jester, a court fool (cf. sense 7a). ΚΠ 1568 ( D. Lindsay Satyre (Bannatyne) l. 2656 in Wks. (1931) II. 250 Thir Iuglaris, Iestouris, and ydill hensouris, Thir cariowris, and thir quynte sensouris, Thir babill beraris, and thair bairdis. 1896 Godey's Mag. Mar. 299/1 History..is full of accounts of little folk who supplanted the court-jesters, and spoke with even more courage than the bauble-bearers. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2022). < n.c1330
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