† orfn.¹

Forms: Old English–Middle English orf, Middle English horf, Middle English oref, Middle English oreue, Middle English orff, Middle English orue.

Origin: A word inherited from Germanic.

Etymology: < a Germanic base, not exemplified in the cognate languages, but probably ultimately < an ablaut variant (weak grade) of the Indo-European base of erf n.¹; perhaps compare Old Swedish orf portion of household furnishings.

Obsolete.

Cattle; livestock.

ΘΚΠ

the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock

feec900

auchtOE

orfOE

avers1292

storea1300

bestialc1350

cattlea1400

ware1422

quickc1450

goods1472

stock?1523

chattel1627

live goods1635

team1655

creature1662

livestocka1687

living stock1690

farming stock1749

farm animal1805

fat-stock1881

the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > bos taurus or ox > [noun] > oxen or cattle

rothereOE

neateOE

orfOE

erf1154

nowtsc1175

field beasta1382

nolt1437

cattle1555

neat cattle1619

chattel1627

beefc1706

horned cattle1781

cows1869

bullamacow1887

beeves-

OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. viii. 210 Gif hit cuce orf bið.

OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. xi. 212 Þæt forstolone orf & þæs orfes ceapgyld.

OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xii. 16 He hæfde ða on orfe & on þeowum, on oluendum & on assum mycele æhta.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Domitian A.viii) anno 1010 Menn & orf [lOE Laud menn & yrfe] ofslogan eal þæt hi to comon.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 39 (MED) Ac þe gode herdes wakieð..ouer here orf.

?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 35 Þus man hine sceal læcnie: He hine forhabban wyð feala cunna metas and drencas and wyð ȝebræd flæsc and wið ælces orffes flæsc...þe cudu ceowe.

c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 15879 Quale com on orue.

c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 1157 (MED) Þu bodest cualm of oreue [a1300 Jesus Oxf. orue].

c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7764 Manne orf [a1400 Trin. Cambr.v.r. best] deide al agrounde, so gret qualm þer com þof.

a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 410 Schepherdes..Into the breres thei forcacche Her Orf, for that thei wolden lacche With such duresce.

c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 6 At London schippes mest, & wyn at Wyncestre. At Herford schep & orf.

Compounds

† orf-qualm n. Obsolete cattle plague, murrain.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > murrain

orf-qualmOE

murraina1382

hasty1683

rinderpest1828

steppe-murrain1865

cattle-plague1866

OE Wulfstan Sermo ad Anglos (Nero) (1957) 269 Stalu & cwalu, stric & steorfa, orfcwealm & uncoþu.

lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1103 Ðis wæs swiðe gedeorfsum gear her on lande..þurh orfcwealm.

a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 61 (MED) He binimeð us ure agte, oðer þurh fur oðer þurh þiefes..oðer þurh orf qualm.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

orfn.²

Brit.

/ɔːf/, U.S.

/ɔrf/, Scottish English

/ɔrf/

Origin: Probably a borrowing from Scandinavian.

Etymology: Probably ultimately (with metathesis) < a form in a Scandinavian language (compare Old Icelandic hrufa and cognates at rove n.²).It is uncertain whether English regional (Yorkshire) hurf, urf, orf, denoting various skin conditions of animals, shows the same word or a parallel borrowing; compare:1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. 362 Orf... Scurf on an animal's skin.1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 95/1 Orf.., applied to a running sore on cattle.

Veterinary Medicine (originally Scottish).

An infectious disease of sheep and goats (sometimes affecting humans as a zoonosis), caused by a poxvirus and characterized by pustules and scabs of the lips, muzzle, and often other skin areas such as the coronets. Also called scabby mouth.

ΘΚΠ

the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > disorders of cattle or sheep > other disorders

shotc1500

foul?1523

redwater1594

blacklega1722

garget1725

dunt1784

black water1800

cothe1800

fardel-bound1825

navel ill1834

bluetongue1867

heartwater1880

orf1890

tick-borne fever1921

strike1932

1890 T. Walley in Jrnl. Compar. Pathol. & Therapeutics 3 357 The term ‘Orf,’ as applied to a disease affecting the foot and the leg of the sheep, is unfamiliar to all except those who live in the localities in which it is employed, and particularly so to English veterinary surgeons.

1907 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. 19 149 A lot of lambs will arrive home from the market with a few of them showing symptoms of what is locally known as ‘orf’. This is a disease of the skin showing raw blotches, chiefly affecting the feet about the coronet of the hoof.

1948 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 60 405 The virus of orf could produce lesions in man.

1959 News Chron. 9 July 5/5 Live sheep..have been found to be suffering from orf, a skin disease.

1972 Country Life 30 Mar. 812/3 The flock is then dipped, vaccinated against orf and allowed to scavenge.

1997 Farmers Guardian 19 Sept. 20/7 All lambs also receive injections against watery mouth and orf.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

orfadv.prep.

Brit.

/ɔːf/, U.S.

/ɔrf/

Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: off adv., prep., n., and adj.

Etymology: Representing a regional, colloquial, or affected pronunciation of off adv., prep., n., and adj. (see etymological note s.v. O n.¹).

A. adv.

= off adv.

ΘΚΠ

the world > space > place > absence > [adverb]

offeOE

outena1200

hereout?c1225

wayc1275

orf1845

the world > space > direction > [adverb] > away from some thing or place

awayeOE

outeOE

frowardOE

offOE

yondwardc1275

yonwarda1387

waywardsc1390

fromwarda1547

offward1582

fromwardsa1661

orf1845

1845 J. H. Ingraham Marie ix. 41 Yes, massa; and dat is no place for dis nigger no longer; so he come here for hide little while, and morrow he go orf.

1866 in H. Sperber & T. Trittschuh Amer. Polit. Terms (1962) 111/1 There wuz an immense crowd, but the Czar uv all the Amerikas didn't get orf his speech here.

1916 Anzac Bk. 22/2 'Ow er yer orf fer socks, cobber?

1955 M. Allingham Beckoning Lady iv. 55 Just then orf come 'is 'at, and lord luvaduck!

1976 M. Butterworth Remains to be Seen v. 82 Do you mind awfully if I push orf? There's a point-to-point.

1994 I. Walsh Shooter in Acid House 5 I'm orf home. You should go too.

B. prep.

= off prep.

ΚΠ

1889 E. Dowson Let. 18 Feb. (1967) 36 I have not felt myself since my generous allowance of the potent green on Thursday & was right ‘orf’ the fascinating fluid yesterday.

1950 S. Grapes Boy John Lett. (1974) 28 Aunt Agatha cleared out our front roum, took orl the likenesses orf the sideboard an the mantelpiece.

1998 Viz June 26/3 We can hole up here 'till the heat's orf.

This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).

n.¹OE

n.²1890

adv.prep.1845

单词	orf
释义	† orfn.¹ Forms: Old English–Middle English orf, Middle English horf, Middle English oref, Middle English oreue, Middle English orff, Middle English orue. Origin: A word inherited from Germanic. Etymology: < a Germanic base, not exemplified in the cognate languages, but probably ultimately < an ablaut variant (weak grade) of the Indo-European base of erf n.¹; perhaps compare Old Swedish orf portion of household furnishings. Obsolete. Cattle; livestock. ΘΚΠ the world > animals > domestic animal > [noun] > livestock feec900 auchtOE orfOE avers1292 storea1300 bestialc1350 cattlea1400 ware1422 quickc1450 goods1472 stock?1523 chattel1627 live goods1635 team1655 creature1662 livestocka1687 living stock1690 farming stock1749 farm animal1805 fat-stock1881 the world > animals > mammals > group Ungulata (hoofed) > group Ruminantia (sheep, goats, cows, etc.) > bos taurus or ox > [noun] > oxen or cattle rothereOE neateOE orfOE erf1154 nowtsc1175 field beasta1382 nolt1437 cattle1555 neat cattle1619 chattel1627 beefc1706 horned cattle1781 cows1869 bullamacow1887 beeves- OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. viii. 210 Gif hit cuce orf bið. OE Laws of Edgar (Nero E.i) iv. xi. 212 Þæt forstolone orf & þæs orfes ceapgyld. OE Ælfric Old Eng. Hexateuch: Gen. (Claud.) xii. 16 He hæfde ða on orfe & on þeowum, on oluendum & on assum mycele æhta. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Domitian A.viii) anno 1010 Menn & orf [lOE Laud menn & yrfe] ofslogan eal þæt hi to comon. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 39 (MED) Ac þe gode herdes wakieð..ouer here orf. ?a1200 (?OE) Peri Didaxeon (1896) 35 Þus man hine sceal læcnie: He hine forhabban wyð feala cunna metas and drencas and wyð ȝebræd flæsc and wið ælces orffes flæsc...þe cudu ceowe. c1275 (?a1200) Laȝamon Brut (Calig.) (1978) 15879 Quale com on orue. c1275 (?c1250) Owl & Nightingale (Calig.) (1935) 1157 (MED) Þu bodest cualm of oreue [a1300 Jesus Oxf. orue]. c1325 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Calig.) 7764 Manne orf [a1400 Trin. Cambr.v.r. best] deide al agrounde, so gret qualm þer com þof. a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) Prol. 410 Schepherdes..Into the breres thei forcacche Her Orf, for that thei wolden lacche With such duresce. c1425 (c1300) Chron. Robert of Gloucester (Harl.) 6 At London schippes mest, & wyn at Wyncestre. At Herford schep & orf. Compounds † orf-qualm n. Obsolete cattle plague, murrain. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle > [noun] > murrain orf-qualmOE murraina1382 hasty1683 rinderpest1828 steppe-murrain1865 cattle-plague1866 OE Wulfstan Sermo ad Anglos (Nero) (1957) 269 Stalu & cwalu, stric & steorfa, orfcwealm & uncoþu. lOE Anglo-Saxon Chron. (Laud) anno 1103 Ðis wæs swiðe gedeorfsum gear her on lande..þurh orfcwealm. a1200 MS Trin. Cambr. in R. Morris Old Eng. Homilies (1873) 2nd Ser. 61 (MED) He binimeð us ure agte, oðer þurh fur oðer þurh þiefes..oðer þurh orf qualm. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). orfn.² Brit. /ɔːf/, U.S. /ɔrf/, Scottish English /ɔrf/ Origin: Probably a borrowing from Scandinavian. Etymology: Probably ultimately (with metathesis) < a form in a Scandinavian language (compare Old Icelandic hrufa and cognates at rove n.²).It is uncertain whether English regional (Yorkshire) hurf, urf, orf, denoting various skin conditions of animals, shows the same word or a parallel borrowing; compare:1868 J. C. Atkinson Gloss. Cleveland Dial. 362 Orf... Scurf on an animal's skin.1876 C. C. Robinson Gloss. Words Dial. Mid-Yorks. 95/1 Orf.., applied to a running sore on cattle. Veterinary Medicine (originally Scottish). An infectious disease of sheep and goats (sometimes affecting humans as a zoonosis), caused by a poxvirus and characterized by pustules and scabs of the lips, muzzle, and often other skin areas such as the coronets. Also called scabby mouth. ΘΚΠ the world > health and disease > ill health > animal disease or disorder > disorders of cattle, horse, or sheep > [noun] > disorders of cattle or sheep > other disorders shotc1500 foul?1523 redwater1594 blacklega1722 garget1725 dunt1784 black water1800 cothe1800 fardel-bound1825 navel ill1834 bluetongue1867 heartwater1880 orf1890 tick-borne fever1921 strike1932 1890 T. Walley in Jrnl. Compar. Pathol. & Therapeutics 3 357 The term ‘Orf,’ as applied to a disease affecting the foot and the leg of the sheep, is unfamiliar to all except those who live in the localities in which it is employed, and particularly so to English veterinary surgeons. 1907 Trans. Highland & Agric. Soc. 19 149 A lot of lambs will arrive home from the market with a few of them showing symptoms of what is locally known as ‘orf’. This is a disease of the skin showing raw blotches, chiefly affecting the feet about the coronet of the hoof. 1948 Brit. Jrnl. Dermatol. 60 405 The virus of orf could produce lesions in man. 1959 News Chron. 9 July 5/5 Live sheep..have been found to be suffering from orf, a skin disease. 1972 Country Life 30 Mar. 812/3 The flock is then dipped, vaccinated against orf and allowed to scavenge. 1997 Farmers Guardian 19 Sept. 20/7 All lambs also receive injections against watery mouth and orf. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). orfadv.prep. Brit. /ɔːf/, U.S. /ɔrf/ Origin: A variant or alteration of another lexical item. Etymon: off adv., prep., n., and adj. Etymology: Representing a regional, colloquial, or affected pronunciation of off adv., prep., n., and adj. (see etymological note s.v. O n.¹). A. adv. = off adv. ΘΚΠ the world > space > place > absence > [adverb] offeOE outena1200 hereout?c1225 wayc1275 orf1845 the world > space > direction > [adverb] > away from some thing or place awayeOE outeOE frowardOE offOE yondwardc1275 yonwarda1387 waywardsc1390 fromwarda1547 offward1582 fromwardsa1661 orf1845 1845 J. H. Ingraham Marie ix. 41 Yes, massa; and dat is no place for dis nigger no longer; so he come here for hide little while, and morrow he go orf. 1866 in H. Sperber & T. Trittschuh Amer. Polit. Terms (1962) 111/1 There wuz an immense crowd, but the Czar uv all the Amerikas didn't get orf his speech here. 1916 Anzac Bk. 22/2 'Ow er yer orf fer socks, cobber? 1955 M. Allingham Beckoning Lady iv. 55 Just then orf come 'is 'at, and lord luvaduck! 1976 M. Butterworth Remains to be Seen v. 82 Do you mind awfully if I push orf? There's a point-to-point. 1994 I. Walsh Shooter in Acid House 5 I'm orf home. You should go too. B. prep. = off prep. ΚΠ 1889 E. Dowson Let. 18 Feb. (1967) 36 I have not felt myself since my generous allowance of the potent green on Thursday & was right ‘orf’ the fascinating fluid yesterday. 1950 S. Grapes Boy John Lett. (1974) 28 Aunt Agatha cleared out our front roum, took orl the likenesses orf the sideboard an the mantelpiece. 1998 Viz June 26/3 We can hole up here 'till the heat's orf. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). < n.¹OEn.²1890adv.prep.1845
随便看	strong-looking strong-made strong-minded strong-mindedly strong-mindedness strong-muscled strong-nerved strong-scenting strong-set strong-siding strong-smelling strong-stressed strong-tempered strong-water man strong-water shop strong-willed strongarm strongarm man strongarm one's way strongarmed strongarming strongarms strongback strongbacked strongbeating

† orfn.1

Compounds

orfn.2

orfadv.prep.

† orfn.¹

orfn.²