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单词 ostwald
释义

Ostwaldn.

Brit. /ˈɒs(t)w(ə)ld/, U.S. /ˈɑstˌwɑld/
Origin: From a proper name. Etymon: proper name Ostwald.
Etymology: < the name of Wilhelm Friedrich Ostwald (1853–1932), German physical chemist, winner of the Nobel prize for chemistry in 1909.
Physical Chemistry.
1. Ostwald dilution law n. (also Ostwald's dilution law) a law stating that for dilute solutions of a binary electrolyte the square of the degree of dissociation of the solute, multiplied by its concentration, and divided by one minus the degree of dissociation, is a constant for the solute.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > ions, ionization, or electrolysis > [noun] > electrolysis > law associated with
Ostwald dilution law1897
1897 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 1 564 There appears on page 57 the assertion that the ions in the reactions of qualitative analysis are related through Ostwald's dilution-law, which is of course not true.
1902 H. C. Jones Elements Physical Chem. vii. 354 (heading) Testing the Ostwald dilution law.
1930 C. W. Davies Conductivity of Solutions i. 12 Ostwald's dilution law breaks down completely when it is applied to solutions of the common salts.
1973 A. W. Adamson Textbk. Physical Chem. xii. 538 Weak electrolytes obey the Ostwald dilution law well, and their behavior is thus determined primarily by a dissociation equilibrium.
2003 Analyt. Chem. 75 3074/2 Formic acid has a pKa of 3.75, and from Ostwald's dilution law, a 0.02 M solution can be calculated to be only ∼9% ionized.
2. Ostwald pycnometer n. (also Ostwald's pycnometer) a pycnometer in the form of a bulb joined at the top to a horizontal capillary tube and at the bottom to a U-tube bearing a graduation at the level of the capillary.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > instruments
rammer1660
water hammer1765
saccharometer1784
thermometer1801
alcoholometer1803
alcohometer1809
cryophorus1813
nitrometer1821
alcoometer1825
alcoholmeter1831
blanchimeter1847
wet-bulb1849
absorptiometer1855
microtome1856
argentometer1879
Brix1897
Ostwald pycnometer1898
turbidimeter1905
Ostwald viscometer1911
oedometer1915
impinger1922
polarograph1925
photogoniometer1927
ultramicrotome1953
1898 Jrnl. Amer. Chem. Soc. 20 296 Ostwald's pycnometer, which has the advantage of being much cheaper, was also found to give quite satisfactory results.
1962 A. J. Perry & V. L. Koenig in A. Pirie Lens Metabolism 306 Densities were measured with Ostwald pycnometers.
2002 Industr. & Engin. Chem. Res. 41 4175/1 Next, the clear equilibrium solution was decanted and sampled into a calibrated Ostwald pycnometer over temperature range 293 to 323 K.
3. Ostwald viscometer n. (also Ostwald's viscometer) an instrument in which the viscosity of a liquid is determined from the time taken for a measured volume to pass through a capillary bore in a U-tube.
ΘΚΠ
the world > matter > chemistry > equipment or apparatus > [noun] > instruments
rammer1660
water hammer1765
saccharometer1784
thermometer1801
alcoholometer1803
alcohometer1809
cryophorus1813
nitrometer1821
alcoometer1825
alcoholmeter1831
blanchimeter1847
wet-bulb1849
absorptiometer1855
microtome1856
argentometer1879
Brix1897
Ostwald pycnometer1898
turbidimeter1905
Ostwald viscometer1911
oedometer1915
impinger1922
polarograph1925
photogoniometer1927
ultramicrotome1953
1911 Jrnl. Physical Chem. 15 405 The viscosities of these solutions were determined at 30° in an Ostwald viscometer.
1924 Abstr. Bacteriol. 8 2 Direct inoculation of the sterilized gelatin culture media in Ostwald's viscometer was tried for a period of 3 months.
1997 New Phytologist 137 624/2 Viscosity was measured in a specially constructed apparatus based on an Ostwald viscometer.
4. Ostwald ripening n. a process by which larger particles of a precipitate grow at the expense of smaller particles, owing to components of the precipitate redissolving at the surface of the particles and diffusing through the solvent.
ΚΠ
1922 Jrnl. Industr. & Engin. Chem. 14 1027/1 It has..been supposed that high-speed negative emulsions with coarse grains simply represent a stage produced from fine-grained emulsions by heat treatment and Ostwald ripening.
1964 Acta Metallurgica 12 1399/2 Driven by the interfacial free energy, the larger particles grow larger at the expense of the smaller ones. In keeping with the chemist's language, we will call this stage Ostwald ripening.
1988 Nature 29 Sept. 399/2 Ostwald ripening occurs because the solubility of the precipitates is enhanced near a highly curved interface.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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n.1897
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