| 释义 |
orphann.adj. Origin: A borrowing from Latin. Etymon: Latin orphanus. Etymology: < post-classical Latin orphanus a person, especially a child, both of whose parents have died, also orphaned, bereaved, deprived of protection, advantages (Vetus Latina, Vulgate) < ancient Greek ὀρϕανός orphan, also orphaned, bereaved, deprived of protection or benefits < the same Indo-European base as orb adj. With the rare Middle English forms orfayn , orphen compare Anglo-Norman orphain , orphaine and Middle French orfene , orphene (c1200 in Old French). Compare Spanish huérfano (1170), Portuguese órfão (1057 as †orfano ; also 1152 as †orfona (feminine), 13th cent. as †orphão ), Old Occitan orfe (late 12th cent.), Catalan orfe (1289), Italian orfano (14th cent.). Compare also orphenin n. and adj., orphelin adj. and n.Attested slightly earlier denoting an Indian people:c1400 (?a1300) Kyng Alisaunder (Laud) (1952) 4948 Anoþer folk woneþ þere biside, Orphani hij hatteþ wyde. The β forms show excrescent -t (see T n.). A. n.society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > [noun] > orphan a1450 (c1410) H. Lovelich xxii. 232 (MED) Oure God, þe Ryhtwos loveth Ryht Wel, The Orphanees he gouerneth Ech del. 1484 W. Caxton tr. (1926) iii. 38 Thoffyce of a knyght is to mayntene and deffende wymmen wydowes and orphanes [Fr. orphelins]. 1579 T. Palfreyman (new ed.) vii. vi. f. 169v Innocent persons, Orphanes, widowes, and poore men. 1597 M. Drayton f. 14 Mak'st mee an Orphane ere my father die. 1632 T. Heywood sig. K4 Sweete Orphant do; thy fathers dead already. 1720 A. Pope tr. Homer VI. xxii. 629 The Day, that to the Shades the Father sends, Robs the sad Orphan of his Father's Friends. 1768 W. Jones 46 Ye friendless orphans, and ye dowerless maids. 1848 J. J. S. Wharton at Orphan In London the Lord Mayor and Aldermen have the custody of the orphans of deceased freemen, and also the keeping of their lands and goods. 1849 H. Stephens (ed. 2) I. 596/2 When a lamb is left an orphan..[it is necessary] to mother it..upon another ewe. 1852 10 71 It will be impossible to conclude that, when the Legislature speaks of an orphan, it meant to designate alone a minor whose parents are dead. 1885 30 394/1 To keep the friends of the deceased from eating and drinking his widow and orphans out of house and home. 1957 89 290/2 It was his opinion that a boy was an orphan when his parent or parents abandoned him. 1992 31 Aug. 53 Moved by the plight of orphans and waifs, she took them into her own home, adopting a total of seven children over the years. 2. society > society and the community > social relations > lack of social communication or relations > solitude or solitariness > [noun] > state of being left alone or forlorn > person 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 242 b/2 Thenne he assembled twelue freres of the Couent of Bouloyne and to thende that he wold not leue them and disheryted and orphanes [Fr. orphelins] he made his testament. 1697 J. Dryden tr. Virgil Æneis xii, in tr. Virgil 587 This Royal Scepter..shall never more Shoot out in Branches..; (An Orphan now, cut from the Mother Earth By the keen Axe). 1799 W. Godwin IV. viii. 185 You wish to be a father to the human race;..I image myself as making the human race an orphan. 1844 E. B. Barrett II. 134 They..Are orphans of the earthly love and heavenly. 1859 E. Gaskill 328 These poor last folks must just be content to be godfatherless orphans and Dissenters, all their lives. 1936 R. Campbell 51 The light incense, orphan of the flame, survives the basar fuel it has charred. 1995 5 Mar. a17/3 Highly radioactive wastes are the main orphan of the nuclear era, having found no permanent home over the decades. society > travel > means of travel > a conveyance > vehicle > powered vehicle > [noun] > motor vehicle > of specific design or brand > discontinued 1942 L. V. Berrey & M. Van den Bark §81/7 Orphan, a discontinued make. 1948 H. L. Mencken Suppl. II. 724 Orphan, or off-breed, an obsolete model. 1967 W. Morris & M. Morris II. 280 Load, orphan, pig,..and iron all designate poor cars. 2001 (Nexis) 25 Jan. f1 Replacement parts [for Daihatsus, Peugeots, Sterlings and Yugos] are expensive and hard to find, and no one wants to work on those orphans. society > communication > printing > printed matter > arrangement or appearance of printed matter > [noun] > distinct passage, beginning on new line > line at end of paragraph 1980 Dec. 120/2 Elimination of widow and orphan lines. 1990 655 When the last line of a paragraph appears alone at the top of a page it is called an widow. When the first line of a paragraph appears alone at the bottom of a page it is called an orphan. Some dictionaries and style books call both types of lines a widow. 1991 June 354/3 With widows and orphans control you can make sure that paragraphs aren't split awkwardly. B. adj. 1. society > society and the community > kinship or relationship > kinsman or relation > child > relationship to parent > [adjective] > having (specific) parents > having no parents c1450 (a1425) (Selden) 4495 Scho [sc. Naomi] tuke ruth furth to be hyr by, And in þat land scho leued orfayn. 1483 W. Caxton tr. J. de Voragine 409 b/2 Whan Machomete was orphane [Fr. orphelin] of fader & moder he was under the gouernaunce of his uncle. 1589 W. Warner (new ed.) vi. xxxii. 143 Queene mother and her kindred hild the Orphane King awhile. c1595 Countess of Pembroke Psalme lxviii. 10 in (1998) II. 78 Prepare his path, who..Doth sitt a father to the Orphan sonn. a1616 W. Shakespeare (1623) v. v. 38 You Orphan heires of fixed destiny, Attend your office, and your quality. View more context for this quotation 1755 T. Smollett tr. M. de Cervantes II. iii. xvi. 298 And I beg your worship will consider the orphan state of my daughter. 1815 W. Scott iv. xvii. 151 Thou art a patron all too wild And thoughtless, for this orphan child. 1854 S. T. Dobell iv. 26 An orphon fawn That ran beside the cubless lioness. 1908 L. M. Montgomery vi. 69 Did you ever suppose you'd see the day when you'd be adopting an orphan girl? 1962 R. Tullipan 13 Then he got the bright idea of bringin' in orphan kids and working the soulcase off them until they turn eighteen and have to be paid more money. 1992 (Diocese of Oxf.) Apr. 4/5 I am Jewish, but was brought up within the Christadelphian community which adopted many Jewish orphan refugees from Hitler's Germany. the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > [adjective] > exposed to danger > vulnerable > without protection like that of parent 1664 N. Ingelo v. 114 [God] doth not abandon the Orphan World to..blind Chance. 1883 P. Schaff II. vii. §42. 425 It was probably the martyrdom of Peter and Paul that induced John to take charge of the orphan churches. 1931 10 Jan. 16/6 Virginians ask whether the line will be retained by the Baltimore and Ohio as an ‘orphan’ one, or will be merged with the Chesapeake Western. 1985 26 Aug. 8/3 On occasions when luggage is checked onto a flight and the passenger fails to turn up, the flight will be delayed until the ‘orphan luggage’ can be accounted for and security fears allayed. 1975 292 162/1 The few drugs that have been developed have been aptly called ‘orphan’ drugs because they lack the active support that is needed for their development. 1977 28 Nov. 56/2 They are fighting what they call ‘orphan diseases’, a group of widely differing illnesses that have one thing in common: no one has done very much to develop drugs for them. 1985 118 219 To stimulate pharmaceutical manufacturers to pursue the development of drugs for rare conditions, the Orphan Drug Act was enacted by Congress on January 4, 1983. 1990 25 Aug. 96/3 I was interested to know what defined an orphan drug. Apparently, it is one that is medically useful, for instance, against a rare disease, but is not a commercial proposition. 2000 7 Feb. 67/1 The big drug manufacturers aren't interested in investing research funds in a disease that claims only twenty-five thousand patients in the United States—a statistic that places it in the category of ‘orphan diseases’. Compounds C1. General attributive. 1878 ‘G. Eliot’ College Breakfast Party in July 167 Love forsaken sends out orphan cries. 1987 E. Simpson (1988) i. i. 18 Had I been as uninhibited about expressing my previously denied longings, I might have echoed Tolstoy's belated orphan cry. 1753 R. Glover iv. ii. 43 Our love's dear pledges, who before me rise In orphan woe, defenceless and forsaken. 1808 A. M. Grant (ed. 2) v. 74 The plaints of orphan woe, and infants' cries. 2001 (Nexis) 1 Apr. 1 c The children [in an orphan asylum] made their own entertainment. Crying contests were popular. They'd brag about their orphan woes and sing a tear-jerker. C2. 1993 (Nexis) 23 Mar. Insurance companies have surged today on the back of a statement from United Friendly Group saying that the insurer is making moves to redistribute what are called ‘orphan assets’ to holders of the group's policies and shares. 2002 Feb. 4/1 Because the orphan assets are considered ‘surplus to requirements’, insurance companies are looking at ways of distributing them and clarifying ownership. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for orphans or children 1806 R. Heber Let. 13 Sept. in A. Heber (1830) I. ix. 317 Halle is only remarkable for a large public school and orphan asylum. 1921 E. O'Neill Diff'rent ii, in 281 He'll go and leave all he's got to some lousey orphan asylum. 2003 (Nexis) 4 Oct. (Local section) 6 b Mr. Kelley was born in Baltimore and raised at the German Orphan Asylum..in Catonsville. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for orphans or children 1736 (title) An abstract of the regulations and statutes of the Charity-School, Orphan Hospital and Workhouse at Edinburgh. 1770 65/2 The children of the orphan-hospital..were ranged in two lines. 1857 R. G. Mayne (1860) An orphan-hospital, or institution for bringing up orphaned children in. 1949 9 36 Establishing orphan hospitals for legitimate children. society > inhabiting and dwelling > inhabited place > dwelling place or abode > institutional homes > [noun] > for orphans or children 1711 C. Mather Diary 25 Mar. in (1897) 5 58 A present of Gold for his orphan-house. 1832 G. Downes I. 159 The Preachers' Church, and that of the Orphan-house. 1997 (Nexis) 30 Nov. 1 I lived in an orphan house in Mexico with other kids like me. society > law > administration of justice > judicial body, assembly, or court > [noun] > specific inheritance or probate courts 1568 Order 24 July in (City of London Corporation Records) XVI. f. 383v One of the Aldermen of this cytty..shall syt every Fryday wekely at eight of the clok in the forenone in the orphanes court. 1680 55 The Orphants Court..is held before the Major and Aldermen of the City of London, who are Guardians to the Children of all Freemen of London that are under the age of 21 years at the time of their fathers decease. 1784 lxx. 136 The Orphan's Court shall have full power and authority to hear and determine all disputes and controversies..respecting..any lands, tenements, goods, chattels or estate, belonging..to any orphan or person under age. 1870 J. Pinkerton 27 A sale of real estate by order of Orphans' Court..must be public. 1994 J. Barth 151 An Orphan's Court judge for Dorchester County who out of civic-spiritedness..ran for..office the year we twins were born. 1954 J. L. Melnick in 44 572/1 The detection of new viruses, provisionally called ‘orphan viruses’ (as we know so little to what diseases they belong) from patients suspected of having nonparalytic poliomyelitis. 1955 16 Dec. 1188/1 These viruses—some of which have been referred to in previous literature as ‘orphan viruses’ and others as ‘human enteric viruses’—are now classified as the ‘enteric cytopathogenic human orphan (ECHO) group’. 1961 P. L. Carpenter ix. 110 A considerable number of viruses recently isolated from the feces of healthy as well as ill individuals are not known to produce disease... These viruses..are called orphan viruses, and those isolated from humans are known as ECHO viruses. 2002 147 447 The original frog virus isolates (e.g., frog viruses 1-3) would likely have been considered orphan viruses since they were isolated from apparently healthy frogs. Derivatives ?1614 W. Drummond Urania in When..brauest Mindes liue Orphane-like forlorne. a1871 A. Cary (1903) 174 The half smothered sobs, and the orphan-like calling. 1990 D. Potter (BNC) Where they stood close to any of the orphan-like trees their electric brightness was captured in the mesh of dusty leaves. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). orphanv. Origin: Formed within English, by conversion. Etymon: orphan n. Etymology: < orphan n. Compare earlier orphaned adj., and also earlier orphanize v. the world > life > death > cause of death > bereavement by death > bereave [verb (transitive)] > of parents 1814 R. Southey iii. 40 One hour hath orphan'd me, and widow'd me. 1832 T. De Quincey Cæsars in Oct. 605/1 It is, or it is not, according to the nature of men, an advantage to be orphaned at an early age. 1898 W. K. Johnson 148 Ye shall not long live orphaned of the light! 1971 9 Jan. 9/1 Two cars have been orphaned on Market Street extended and have sat there—abandoned—for some time. 1995 25 Sept. 10/4 A woman who wants to be an MP effectively ditches her husband and orphans her children. 2002 35 114/2 Born of a long line of artisanal glassmakers, orphaned at an early age. Derivatives a1876 J. Eadie (1877) 92 This orphaning separation had been for ‘the season of an hour’. 1983 S. Donaldson 16 No orphaning misstep or betrayal could occur between hoof and earth. 1990 20 Jan. 167/2 Uncertainty..followed the ‘orphaning’ of two embryos in Victoria after the death of their parents in an aeroplane crash. This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, September 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022). <  n.adj.a1450 v.1814 |
