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单词 oppose
释义

opposev.

Brit. /əˈpəʊz/, U.S. /əˈpoʊz/
Forms: Middle English–1600s (1800s (irregular)) opose, Middle English– oppose, 1500s 1700s opposse (perhaps transmission error), 1600s opppose (transmission error); Scottish pre-1700 opose, pre-1700 oppoise, pre-1700 oppos, pre-1700 1700s– oppose.
Origin: A borrowing from French. Etymon: French opposer.
Etymology: < Anglo-Norman opposer, oposer to question, to oppose, object, and Middle French, French opposer to object (12th cent. in Old French as oposer ), to set oneself in opposition, resist (c1224), to set something against or opposite (1321), to place as an obstacle (1580) < classical Latin ob- ob- prefix + Old French, Middle French, French poser pose v.1, after classical Latin oppōnere to set against (see oppone v.; compare compose v., depose v., etc.). With branch I., compare post-classical Latin opponere to dispute (frequently c1282–1592 in British sources), to appose, examine (a1410 in a British source). These were the chief senses of oppose in Middle English, varying with appose v.1, which later became the established form in these senses. Branch II., which is rare in English before the late 16th cent., ultimately represents senses of classical Latin oppōnere : see oppone v. Before 1600 oppone v. was chiefly used in these senses, but subsequently oppose became commoner, as also with compose, depose, dispose, expose, and other words taken to be representatives of classical Latin pōnere. Compare Catalan oposar (14th cent.), Old Occitan opausar.
I. Senses relating to examination or interrogation.
1.
a. transitive. To confront (a person) with hard questions or objections; to interrogate, question; to ask. Occasionally: to accuse. Cf. appose v.1 1. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > language > statement > objection > object [verb (intransitive)]
opposec1380
repugna1382
object?a1425
to stick at ——1525
quarrel1570
except1597
formalize1597
demur1639
the mind > attention and judgement > enquiry > interrogation > question, interrogate [verb (transitive)] > question intensively
apposec1315
opposec1380
demand1526
grate?1538
pump1611
sweat1764
probe1804
draw1854
grill1894
third-degree1928
to put through the wringer1942
c1380 G. Chaucer Second Nun's Tale 363 Almache the prefect..hem opposed and knew al hir entente.
c1395 G. Chaucer Friar's Tale 1597 And answere there by my procuratour To swich thyng as men wole opposen [v.rr. oposyn; pose] me.
c1425 Bk. Found. St. Bartholomew's (1923) 56 (MED) He was callid yn of the preyste and opposid.
a1475 (?a1430) J. Lydgate tr. G. Deguileville Pilgrimage Life Man (Vitell.) 14970 (MED) Oppose hem..What I am..And they wyl telle the.
a1500 (?c1450) Merlin 139 (MED) Guynebaude, the clerke..opposed hym of dyuerse thynges..And Merlyn hym ansuerde.
1530 J. Palsgrave Lesclarcissement 647/1 I oppose one, I make a tryall of his lernyng, or I laye a thyng to his charge, je apose.
1570 T. Norton tr. A. Nowell Catechisme sig. Aiij The maister opposeth the scholar to see how he hath profited.
1607 J. Norden Surueyors Dialogue ii. 39 You seeme to oppose me farre, and the thing you demaund, will require a longer time.
1662 Forbes Baron Court Bk. in Publ. Sc. Hist. Soc. (1919) 2nd Ser. 19 234 The haill tenentis..about the maines vez convenit and oppossit vpon thair oath for carr meill.
b. intransitive. To put objections or (esp. hard or searching) questions; spec. to put forward objections to a philosophical or theological thesis, esp. as a means of qualifying for a degree; = appose v.1 2. Cf. opponent n. 1b. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > testing > debate, disputation, argument > academic or public disputation > debate publicly [verb (intransitive)] > oppose a thesis
opposea1393
course1660
oppugn1714
a1393 J. Gower Confessio Amantis (Fairf.) viii. 1712 (MED) This king unto this maide opposeth, And axeth ferst what was hire name.
1583 A. Nowell et al. True Rep. Disput. E. Campion sig. Ff1v Let me oppose. Is it not reason that I shoulde oppose? Charke... I will..suffer you to oppose and make an argument in this matter.
1690 E. Gee Jesuit's Mem. 176 To the end that fit men may prepare themselves to oppose for the same [scholarships, fellowships, etc.].
1716 M. Davies Athenæ Britannicæ II. 296 He was admitted to the reading of the Sentences, having a little before oppos'd in Divinity, in 1533.
2. transitive. To examine or audit (accounts or goods); = appose v.1 3. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
society > trade and finance > management of money > keeping accounts > keep accounts [verb (transitive)] > audit
control1422
opposec1475
audit1557
appose1601
fit1653
adjust1676
c1475 in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 58 Suche parcelles of pourveyaunces..duly opposed in the countyng-house monethly.
c1475 in Coll. Ordinances Royal Househ. (Harl. 642) (1790) 61 To helpe oppose all the partycular accomptes of offycers.
II. Senses relating to opposition or opponency.
3.
a. transitive. To set (something) against or in opposition to; to place or position as an obstacle. Also: to put forward (a person) as an antagonist. Chiefly with to; also (now rare) with against. Cf. opposition n. 3a.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)] > set in opposition
set1297
gain-set1435
matchc1440
oppone1463
to set upa1586
oppose1600
counterpone1629
antipose1631
antipathize1667
pit1754
antagonize1849
1481 tr. Cicero De Senectute (Caxton) sig. d8 Here..begynneth the fourth parte in the whiche duc Caton answerith..the thrid vituperacyon of defaute opposed to olde age.
1600 W. Shakespeare Merchant of Venice iv. i. 9 I doe oppose my patience to his furie. View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. iv. 80 What, are my dores oppos'd against my passage? View more context for this quotation
1651 T. Hobbes Leviathan iii. xl. 250 It is lawfull now for the Soveraign to punish any man that shall oppose his Private Spirit against the Laws.
1704 J. Swift Full Acct. Battel between Bks. in Tale of Tub 266 Nor could the Modern have avoided present Death, if he had not luckily opposed the Shield that had been given Him by Venus.
1790 A. Smith Theory Moral Sentiments (ed. 6) II. vii. §ii. i. 227 Having opposed to him a vigorous athlete, over whom..the victory was more glorious, and equally certain.
1803 G. Lake in Marquess Wellesley Select. Despatches (1877) 395 The enemy opposed to us a tremendous fire from a numerous artillery.
1868 E. A. Freeman Hist. Norman Conquest II. ix. 422 There was now no such unexceptionable rival to oppose to the Norman.
1916 J. Burroughs Under Apple-trees xiii. 250 The wind might have carried him away.., but he would at least have struggled and opposed his strength to it.
1965 C. S. G. Phillips & R. J. P. Williams Inorg. Chem. I. ix. 312 Galvanic cells consist essentially of two redox couples opposed one against the other.
1988 P. A. Brunt Fall Rom. Republic 432 His enemy..opposed force to force, aided by ‘boni vin’.
b. intransitive. Of a thing: to be against or contrary to. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the world > relative properties > relationship > contrariety or contrast > be contrary to [verb (transitive)]
repugnc1450
oppose1605
contravenea1670
1605 F. Bacon Of Aduancem. Learning ii. sig. Mm2v If it be admitted that Imagination hath power; and that Ceremonies fortifie Imagination,..yet I should hold them vnlawfull, as opposing to that first edict, which God gaue vnto man. View more context for this quotation
4.
a. transitive. To contend, fight, or argue against; to be antagonistic or hostile to; to resist or obstruct (a thing, person, action, etc.).
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (transitive)]
withgo743
to go again ——OE
withsayc1175
again-goc1275
withsitc1300
thwarta1325
to go against ——a1382
counter1382
repugnc1384
adversea1393
craba1400
gainsaya1400
movec1400
overthwart?a1425
to put (also set) one's face againsta1425
traversea1425
contrairc1425
to take again ——c1425
contraryc1430
to take against ——a1450
opposec1485
again-seta1500
gain?a1500
oppone1500
transverse1532
to come up against1535
heave at1546
to be against1549
encounter1549
to set shoulder against1551
to fly in the face of1553
crossc1555
to cross with1590
countermand1592
forstand1599
opposit1600
thorter1608
obviate1609
disputea1616
obstrigillate1623
contradict1632
avert1635
to set one's hand against1635
top1641
militate1642
to come across ——1653
contrariate1656
to cross upon (or on)1661
shock1667
clash1685
rencounter1689
obtend1697
counteract1708
oppugnate1749
retroact?1761
controvert1782
react1795
to set against ——1859
appose-
c1485 ( G. Hay Bk. Law of Armys (2005) 125 It is bathe rycht, and honest..to oppos a man, and gaynsay all..violence vnlauchfully vsurpit.
1598 W. Shakespeare Henry IV, Pt. 1 iv. iv. 32 They shalbe wel oppos'd . View more context for this quotation
a1616 W. Shakespeare Timon of Athens (1623) iii. vi. 20 With a Noble Fury..He did oppose his Foe. View more context for this quotation
1667 J. Milton Paradise Lost ii. 419 Awaiting who appeer'd To second, or oppose, or undertake The perilous attempt. View more context for this quotation
1711 J. Anderson Countrey-man's Let. to Curat 12 There were..some Mad-caps..in the Council that opposed the granting of it.
1774 O. Goldsmith Hist. Earth IV. 342 With these arms alone, it has often been found to oppose the dog, and even the Jaguar.
1823 F. Clissold Narr. Ascent Mont Blanc 21 After some hundred feet of ascent, we found ourselves opposed by a parapet of congealed snow.
1860 J. Tyndall Glaciers of Alps i. ii. 19 They opposed the idea of ascending further.
1884 A. R. Pennington Wiclif viii. 271 The study of the works of that holy man..led him..to oppose the meritoriousness of good works.
1910 Encycl. Brit. I. 498/1 The crown-prince was placed in command of the Saxon forces opposing the Prussian army.
1937 R. A. Dodge & M. J. Thompson Fluid Mech. vii. 127 The component opposing the motion is referred to as the drag.
1995 Sun (Baltimore) 21 Oct. b4/3 The assortment of gun lobbyists..opposed the bill.
b. transitive (reflexive). To act or set oneself in opposition, antagonism, or resistance to or †against.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (reflexive)]
opponea1522
lay1535
oppose1579
to breast oneself against (or to) something1810
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 305 What Lucifer is that, that wil oppose him selfe against the flatt commaundement of the holie ghost.
1581 N. Burne Disput. Headdis of Relig. f. 13v Opposing ȝour selfis to the hail ancient doctors.
a1616 W. Shakespeare Two Gentlemen of Verona (1623) iii. ii. 26 Thou art not ignorant How she opposes her against my will? View more context for this quotation
1676 T. Hobbes tr. Homer Iliads i. 183 Others fear t'opose themselves to me.
1717 A. Pope Eloisa to Abelard in Wks. 431 Oppose thy self to heav'n; dispute my heart.
1819 W. Scott Ivanhoe II. i. 6 He opposed himself to the will of the people, who chose not that he should rule over them.
1859 C. Dickens Tale of Two Cities ii. xiv. 107 You oppose yourself to the profit of the business..and me and my partners suffer.
1949 I. Deutscher Stalin 401 The Profintern (the International of the Red trade unions) had opposed itself to the so-called Amsterdam International.
1987 Associated Press Newswire (Nexis) 16 Sept. My nation which confronted the Nazis and opposed themselves to this invasion.
2001 Independent (Nexis) 8 June (Features section) 9 Grandmother was a very wise woman and never opposed herself to the ideas that we children had.
c. intransitive. To fight, argue, or contend; to offer resistance. Also with against. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > difficulty > opposition > oppose [verb (intransitive)]
to stop one's way1338
contraryc1380
again-laya1382
traversec1400
to make obstaclec1425
warc1460
thwart1519
oppugn1591
oppose1599
oppone1640
throwa1700
antagonize1707
1599 E. Sandys Europæ Speculum (1632) 41 To all such..as should oppose against his Soveraigntie.
1604 W. Shakespeare Hamlet iii. i. 62 Or to take Armes against a sea of troubles, And by opposing, end them. View more context for this quotation
1623 J. Bingham tr. Xenophon Hist. 77 Aske them againe, quoth he, why they oppose against vs in armes.
1640 W. Habington Hist. Edward IV 83 Warwicke opposed against their feare both with language and example.
a1830 Tierney in Westm. Gaz. (1900) 22 Oct. 2/3 The duty of an Opposition is threefold: always to oppose, never to propose, and to turn out the Government.
d. intransitive. With infinitive: to forbid. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > authority > subjection > prohibition > prohibit [verb (transitive)]
forwarnc893
warnc893
forbidOE
forhightc1315
defendc1325
forfend1382
dischargec1450
prohibit?a1475
bidc1475
withsay1484
fenda1500
abara1504
prohibit1526
debara1529
forbodec1540
exempt1553
forspeak1565
disbar1567
forsay1579
enjoin1589
abjudicate1602
countermanda1616
forjudge1675
restrict1766
oppose1814
fen1823
embargo1824
nix1903
ixnay1937
1814 Ld. Byron Corsair ii. iv. 37 My stern vow and order's laws oppose To break or mingle bread with friends or foes.
e. transitive. To contest or contend for (a position or post). Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
society > society and the community > dissent > competition or rivalry > compete with [verb (transitive)] > compete for
to make strife1530
dispute1655
contest1726
opposea1822
to race off1897
a1822 P. B. Shelley tr. P. Calderon Scenes from Magico Prodigioso in Posthumous Poems (1824) 367 I Had so much arrogance as to oppose The chair of the most high Professorship, And obtained many votes.
5.
a. transitive. To put forward, present, or consider by way of contrast or balance; to contrast; to set or hold in opposition to or †against.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > attention and judgement > discovery > comparison > contrast > [verb (transitive)]
oppone1574
oppose1579
contrapose1617
confront1649
counterpose1657
contrast1799
1579 W. Fulke Heskins Parl. Repealed in D. Heskins Ouerthrowne 23 He thinketh Alphonsus good ynough to oppose against Erasmus.
1594 T. Bowes tr. P. de la Primaudaye French Acad. II. 193 When the flesh is opposed and set against the spirite in man, wee vnderstand thereby, not the body only, but also the soule of man.
a1656 Bp. J. Hall Invisible World (1659) ii. iii. 96 Opposing our present condition to the succeeding.
1696 E. Phillips New World of Words (new ed.) at Problematical Belonging to a Problem, which is opposed to a Theoreme.
1736 Bp. J. Butler Analogy of Relig. ii. vii. 239 Supposition, and Possibility, when opposed to historical Evidence, prove nothing.
1751 S. Johnson Rambler No. 139. ⁋6 The tragedy of Samson Agonistes has been..opposed with all the confidence of triumph to the dramatick performances of other nations.
1809 S. T. Coleridge Friend 7 Sept. 52 The Conscience..is already violated when to moral good or evil we oppose things possessing no moral interest.
1875 B. Jowett in tr. Plato Dialogues (ed. 2) IV. 275 Memory and imagination, though we sometimes oppose them, are nearly allied.
1914 F. W. Chandler Aspects Mod. Drama i. 19 He [sc. Ibsen] opposes to the democratic ideal of society levelled down to uniformity, the individualistic ideal of a society levelled up to the great man.
1979 E. Newman Sunday Punch xiii. 109 Opposing the probity and sobriety of his black costume to the gangster black of Barbetta.
2001 N.Y. Rev. Bks. 31 May 281/4 The poet..opposes to these two claims not a third ideology of his own, but an image and emotion.
b. transitive. as opposed to: as distinct from; in contrast with; rather than.
ΚΠ
1653 G. Ashwell Fides Apostolica 20 Credenda, as opposed to the Agenda, or Practicalls of Christianity.
1673 J. Ray N. Countrey Words in Coll. Eng. Words 41 Slape-ale: Lincoln. Plain ale as opposed to Ale medicated with Wormwood or Scurvy-grass, or mixed with any other liquor.
1769 W. Falconer Transl. Phrases & Terms in French Marine in Universal Dict. Marine sig. F3 Encastillé, deep-waisted, or frigate-built; as opposed to galley-built.
1798 Missionary Mag. No. 24. 217 Simplicity and godly sincerity, as opposed to fleshly wisdom, strongly marked his character.
1841 J. S. Mill Let. 1 Mar. in Wks. (1963) XIII. 466 Poetry κατ' ἐξοχήν or poet's poetry as opposed to everybody's poetry.
1881 H. James Portrait of Lady III. ii. 18 Unhappiness was a state of disease; it was suffering as opposed to action.
1921 A. Waley Nō Plays of Japan 21 The difficult term yūgen..means ‘what lies beneath the surface’; the subtle, as opposed to the obvious.
1988 A. Phillips Winnicott i. 9 It was maternal care..that made it possible for the infant self to be enriched, as opposed to overwhelmed, by instinctual experience.
6. transitive. To expose or subject to or against. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > action or operation > harm or detriment > danger > endanger [verb (transitive)] > expose to danger, harm, etc.
expose1474
object?1520
prefer?1541
expone1564
oppose1589
1589 T. Nashe To Students in R. Greene Menaphon Pref. sig. **2v And count it a great peece of arte in an inkhorn man..to oppose his superiours to envie.
a1616 W. Shakespeare King Lear (1623) iv. vi. 29 Was this a face To be oppos'd [1608 exposd] against the iarring windes?
7. transitive. To offer as an incentive. Obsolete. rare.
ΘΚΠ
the mind > possession > giving > offer or action of offering > offer [verb (transitive)]
i-bedea800
bidOE
make?a1160
forthc1200
bihedec1275
proffera1325
yielda1382
dressc1384
to serve fortha1393
dight1393
pretend1398
nurnc1400
offerc1425
profita1450
tent1459
tend1475
exhibit1490
propine1512
presentc1515
oblate1548
pretence1548
defer?1551
to hold forth1560
prefer1567
delatea1575
to give forth1584
tender1587
oppose1598
to hold out1611
shore1787
1598 G. Chapman Blinde Begger of Alexandria sig. A3 Let his true picture through your land be sent. Opposing great rewardes to him that findes him.
8.
a. transitive. To stand or be situated opposite or facing; to face, look in the direction of. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > opposite position > be opposite (something) [verb (transitive)]
oppose1615
encounter1660
subtend1670
answer1789
vis-à-vis1839
1615 G. Sandys Relation of Journey 160 The Frontispiece opposing the South, of an excellent Structure.
1668 N. Culpeper & A. Cole tr. T. Bartholin Anat. (new ed.) i. xxxiii. 75 They are so situate that each possesses a corner, and oppose one another in the manner of a quadrangle.
a1822 P. B. Shelley Homer's Hymn to Mercury xxxv, in Posthumous Poems (1824) 306 He walked..From one side to the other of the road, And with his face opposed the steps he trod.
b. transitive. To place or position directly before or opposite. Usually with to. Obsolete.
ΘΚΠ
the world > space > relative position > opposite position > be opposite (something) [verb (transitive)] > place opposite
object1533
opposea1616
confront1848
a1616 W. Shakespeare Henry VI, Pt. 2 (1623) iv. ix. 44 Oppose thy stedfast gazing eyes to mine, See if thou canst out-face me with thy lookes. View more context for this quotation
1623 W. Shakespeare & J. Fletcher Henry VIII iv. i. 69 Her Grace sate downe..opposing freely The Beauty of her Person to the People. View more context for this quotation
1779 J. Reynolds Disc. Royal Acad., 1778 19 If one figure opposes his front to the spectator.
1815 J. Smith Panorama Sci. & Art II. 180 When two equal magnets oppose their contrary poles to each other.
a1851 J. Baillie Constantine Paleologus i. ii. 239 I will oppose to them a fixed rock, Which they may beat against but cannot shake.
c. transitive. To place (a digit, esp. the thumb) opposite to and touching another digit of the same hand or foot, so that the pads of the digits may be pressed together, or an object gripped. Also with to.
ΚΠ
1802 Philos. Trans. (Royal Soc.) 92 351 The fifth toe is short, and, being opposed to the others, resembles a thumb.
1833 Penny Cycl. I. 183/2 The hinder extremities [of the chimpanzee] are..marked by a thumb—a finger opposed to the other fingers.
1919 Jrnl. Washington Acad. Sci. 9 280 Marsupials took to tree-living habits at a somewhat earlier stage of development while the fourth digit was yet considerably longer than the others, and for that reason more directly opposed by the first digit.
1973 J. Bronowski Ascent of Man xiii. 417 We can oppose the thumb precisely to the forefinger, and that is a special human gesture.
1992 Cambr. Encycl. Human Evol. (1994) vi. i. 204/1 The metatarsal of the great toe shows that this digit could be opposed to the other digits, as is typical of non-human primates.
This entry has been updated (OED Third Edition, June 2004; most recently modified version published online March 2022).
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